专题05 阅读理解议论文（课件）-2026年高考英语题型突破之难题易解（题型拆解+方法落地+分层训练）

该高中英语高考复习课件聚焦阅读理解议论文专题，依据高考评价体系梳理了中心论点定位、论据类型区分、论证结构分析等核心考点，结合近五年真题统计明确细节事实题（占比约45%）和主旨大意题（占比约30%）的高频考查维度，构建完整题型应对体系。 课件亮点在于“技巧拆解+真题实证+素养提升”策略，如细节题“定位-比对-排除”三步法训练语言能力，主旨题主题句定位培养思维品质，含2023全国卷真题实例及易错干扰项（偷换主语、无中生有等）分析，助力学生掌握答题逻辑，教师可精准把握学情，实现高效冲刺备考。

专题05 阅读理解议论文 “ “ 高考英语题型突破之难题易解 题型拆解+方法落地+分层训练 1. 精准定位中心论点与分论点，既能识别明确论点，也能提炼隐含论点，还可据此归纳主旨或拟定标题。 2. 能区分事实论据和道理论据，清晰分析各类论据对论点的支撑作用，以及论据与论点的关联。 3. 可梳理论证结构，如总分、递进等，识别举例、对比等论证方法，并分析其在文中的作用。 4. 能捕捉论据细节、观点表述等关键信息，结合语境猜测抽象词汇、陌生词汇含义。 5. 依据文本逻辑与措辞，准确判断作者的观点、态度和写作意图，杜绝主观臆断。 考纲要求 模板来自于： 第一PPT https:/// 一、议论文题型 事实细节题 推理判断题 主旨大意题 猜测词义题 英语阅读是基础也是重中之重，主要是阅读中知识信息获取能力和思维认知能力，高考中常见4种题型： 细节 (Questions for Detailed Information) 主旨 (Questions for Main Idea) 推断 (Questions for Inference) 猜词 (Questions for Meaning Guess) 列1 事实细节题 推理判断题 主旨大意题 猜测词义题 8 5 1 1 二、细节事实题 Leaning goals 学生静下心来，“快、准、狠”突破细节题型,必须掌握： R M G A (Recoginise)快速识别细节事实题型； (Master)掌握细节事实题型突破技巧； (Guess)推测材料和选项中的生词； (Analyse)分析选项设置出现的陷阱。 Part 1: 挖掘问题，判断题型，确定方向 例1：朗读,勾画问题3要素，区别相互间的不同 What did Joh plan to do at the trial according to Paragraph 3? At the trial, John Planned __________ What can we infer about the trial (in Paragraph 3)? Which of the following statements is NOT correct? What is the main idea/ the purpose/ the title of the text? How much should be paid when visiting the park? 提问和划线等效 特殊动词推断题 无具体定位对象 特殊名词 数字计算 事件 疑问词：晓任务 动词名词：定题型，明思路 对象 具体细微， 唯一性，定位依据 范围 思考着力点 全文还是局部 infer/ learn about/ know about | main idea/ title/ purpose 二、细节事实题 例2：朗读问题和选项，（独立）勾画其侧重点 21. Why did the author say he was fooled into buying the TV set? A. He got an older model than he had expected. B. He couldn’t return it when it was broken. C. He could have bought it at a lower price. D. He failed to find any movie shows on it. Part 1: 挖掘问题，判断题型，确定方向 Part 2: 细节事实突破技巧 直接信息题 例3：Mind the colors. Research suggests warm colors fuel our appetites. In one study, people who ate meals in a blue room consumed 33 percent less than those in a yellow or red room. Warm colors like yellow make food appear more appetizing, while cold colors make us feel less hungry. So when it’s time to repaint, go blue. 6．A home environment in blue can help people _____________. A．digest food better B．reduce food intake C．burn more calories D．regain their appetites 6 定位点（问题对象） 分析比对（定位点前后句子） 原词复现 同义近义 主谓宾一致 做题要有个人特定符号 突破思路：问题定位→原文查找→分析比对选项 例4：Mind the colors. Research suggests warm colors fuel our appetites. In one study, people who ate meals in a blue room consumed 33 percent less than those in a yellow or red room. Warm colors like yellow make food appear more appetizing, while cold colors make us feel less hungry. So when it’s time to repaint, go blue. 6．A home environment in blue can help people _____________. A．digest food better B．reduce food intake C．burn more calories (卡路里) D．regain their appetites Part 2: 细节事实突破技巧 直接信息题 饥饿，想吃东西 前后文：主要内容和脉络，根据前后逻辑关系和重点信息推断。 例4：Mind the colors. Research suggests warm colors fuel our appetites. In one study, people who ate meals in a blue room consumed 33 percent less than those in a yellow or red room. Warm colors like yellow make food appear more appetizing, while cold colors make us feel less hungry. So when it’s time to repaint, go blue. 6．A home environment in blue can help people _____________. A．digest food better B．reduce food intake C．burn more calories (卡路里) D．regain their appetites Part 2: 细节事实突破技巧 直接信息题 构词法：carelessness (词缀)/ classroom (合成词) hand me a book（派生） 选项生词：侧重点或主谓宾是否与原句主谓宾一致 例4：Mind the colors. Research suggests warm colors fuel our appetites. In one study, people who ate meals in a blue room consumed 33 percent less than those in a yellow or red room. Warm colors like yellow make food appear more appetizing, while cold colors make us feel less hungry. So when it’s time to repaint, go blue. 6．A home environment in blue can help people _____________. A．digest food better B．reduce food intake C．burn more calories (卡路里) D．regain their appetites Part 2: 细节事实突破技巧 直接信息题 People eat 33 percent less. 材料生词：1. 前后句：主要内容和脉络，根据前后逻辑关系和重点信息推断。 2. 构词法： carelessness (词缀) classroom (合成词) hand me a book（派生） 选项生词：侧重点/主谓宾是否与原句主谓宾一致 Part 2: 细节事实突破技巧 直接信息题 抗忽悠，抗生词干扰 例5： From the very beginning of school we make books and reading a constant source of possible failure and public humiliation. When children are little we make them read aloud，before the teacher and other children，so that we can be sure they “know” all the words they are reading. This means that when they don’t know a word，they are going to make a mistake，right in front of everyone. After having taught fifth-grade classes for four years，I decided to try at all costs to rid them of their fear and dislike of books，and to get them to read oftener and more adventurously. 41．According to the passage，children’s fear and dislike of books may result from_______. A．reading little and thinking little B．reading often and adventurously C．being made to read too much D．being made to read aloud before others Part 2:细节事实突破技巧 直接信息题 41 指代词：this 前因后果 突破思路：问题定位 原文查找 分析比对选项 例6： When I was six, Dad brought home a dog one day, who was called “Brownie”, My brothers and I all loved Brownie and did different things with her. One of us would walk her, another would feed her , then there were baths, playing catch and many other games . Brownie, in return, loved each and every one of us. One thing that most touched my heart was that she would go to whoever was sick and sit with them. We always felt better when she was around. 41. What would Brownie do when someone was ill in the family? A. Look at them sadly. B. Keep them company. C. Play games with them. D. Touch them gently. Part 2:细节事实突破技巧 直接信息题 41 前因后果 突破思路：问题定位 原文查找 分析比对选项 例7： Bar Graphs A bar graph has two axes and uses bars to show amounts. In Graph 1，we see that the x-axis shows grades that students earned，and the y-axis shows how many students earned each grade. You can see that 6 students earned an A because the bar for A stretches up to 6 on the vertical measurement. There is a lot of information we can get from a simple graph like this (See Graph 1)． 47．What is the total number of students who earned a C or better? A．4. B．6. C．10. D．20 Part 2:细节事实突破技巧 间接信息题：图文转换 图文：充分挖掘问题信息 Part 2:细节事实突破技巧 间接信息题：数字计算题 例8： Tuition Fees (学费) Tuition fees are different from department to department, generally from $5,000 to $6,000 a year. For further information: tui@waikato.ac. Accommodation (住宿) You can have a room in a 4-bedroom flat, which will cost about $100 a month with other regular living costs of about $150 a month for one person. For further information: acc@ waikato.cn Q: You have to pay at least ______ a year if you study at the University of Waikato. A. $5,250 B. $8,000 C. $9,000 D. $11,000 计算：充分挖掘问题信息 Part 2:细节事实突破技巧 间接信息题：细节排序 例题9： 40. What’s the right order of the events? ① Izzy kicked Colm ② Debbie called 999 ③ Izzy learned CPR ④ Colm’s heart stopped. A. ③①②④ B.④②③① C. ③④②① D. ④③①② 排序：充分挖掘问题信息（事件） Izzy’s mother, Debbie, immediately called 999 but Izzy knew doctors would never arrive in time to save her father, so decided to use CPR. “I just kicked him really hard, My mum taught me CPR but I knew I wasn’t strong enough to use hands. Izzy did CPR then the doctor turned up, Colm had to have more treatment on the way to the hospital and we’ve got to see an expert.” 例10. Food sometimes gets poisoned with harmful things. A person who eats such food can get an illness called food poisoning. Food poisoning is usually not serious, but some types are deadly. The symptoms of food poisoning usually begin within hours of eating the poisoned food. Fever is one of the most common symptoms. Certain microorganisms（微生物）cause most types of food poisoning. Bacteria and other microorganisms can poison eggs, meat, vegetables, and many other foods. After entering the body, these tiny living things release（释放）poisons that make people sick. Some chemicals can also cause food poisoning. They are often added to food while it is being grown, processed, or prepared. For example, many farmers spray chemicals on crops to kill weeds and insects. Some people may have a bad reaction to those chemicals when they eat the crops. Part 2:细节事实突破技巧 逆向排除题 A D B A C A. Food when poisoned can make people sick. B. Food poisoning means death. C. Food poisoning comes in varieties. D. Food poisoning can be serious. D 无法具体定位； 问题出处较集中； 选项侧重点进行定位； 逐一比对排除。 例1. 分析下列答案出错原因 The next morning, it’s 9:00. Lucy rushed out of the room and hurried to school. She found Tom’s English book lying in the middle of the road. A. Lucy hurried to her home. B. Tom rushed to school. C. The school lay in the middle of the road. D. Lucy found Tom on the way to school. E. Lucy got up late that morning. F. Tom was so careless. G. We should take good care of our belongings. Part 3: 选项干扰设置特点 偷换主语或宾语 杂揉不同句子某些信息 对事实进行主观推断 无中生有 Tom lost his book./ Tom’s book was lost.(同义近义，主谓宾一致） 修饰部分当中心词 文章生词： 前后文/ 构词法 选项生词： 侧重点比对 直接信息题型策略小结 设问 答案 材料 判断题型 确定方向 查找定位 分析加工 抓住则重 力排干扰 特殊：指代、前因后果、过渡词、对比、举例、引言等 原词复现 同义近义 主谓宾一致 1. 偷换主语或宾语 2. 杂揉不同句子某些信息 3. 修饰部分当中心词 4. 对事实进行主观臆测 5. 无中生有 无从下手，漫无目的 二选一还是选错 原文关键句子@@什么鬼## 1. 直接信息 2. 间接信息 图文 计算 排序 3. 逆向排除 行业PPT模板http://www.1ppt.com/hangye/ 行业PPT模板http://www.1ppt.com/hangye/ 19 每套题都有一或两道道题要求考生归纳文章主旨 1-2题 段落/文章大意 题干中含有main idea; mainly about 如： What is the first/second paragraph mainly about? What is the main idea of the text? What is the text mainly about? 文章标题 题干中含有title如： What is the best title for the text? What can be a suitable title for the text? 写作意图 题干中含有purpose如： The purpose of this article is to … The author intends to... What’s the purpose of the passage? 三、主旨大意题 段落大意 Step 1 定位段落主题句 总分式 总分总式 分总式 分总分式 段落首句为主题句，段落其他各句是举例或论证 段尾是主题句，段落开头是举例子或者层层推进 主题句在中间 引出话题→论述主题→解释 a. 段落有主题句 三、主旨大意题 2019浙江卷B篇 Para.2 The number of trees larger than two feet across has declined by 50 percent on more than 46, 000 square miles of California forests, the new study finds. No area was spared or unaffected, from the foggy northern coast to the Sierra Nevada Mountains to the San Gabriels above Los Angeles. In the Sierra high country, the number of big trees has fallen by more than 55 percent; in parts of southern California the decline was nearly 75 percent. Q. What is the second paragraph mainly about? The seriousness of big-tree loss in California. B. The increasing variety of California big trees. C. The distribution of big trees in California forests. D. The influence of farming on big trees in California.  三、主旨大意题 文章大意 Step 1 定位文章主题句 01 根据不同的文体定位主题句 文章首段 说明文 议论文 科技文献 新闻报道 文章尾段 夹叙夹议类文章 文章中间 提出问题 主题 解释、支撑或发展 三、主旨大意题 文章大意 Step 1 定位文章主题句 02 行文标志词定位主题句 a. 表总结性，结论性的词之后 in brief, in short,  all in all, to sum up, in conclusion,  in a word, so, therefore ...  b. 表转折关系的词之后 but, yet, however, nevertheless, in fact, actually,  indeed, ... c. 表研究成果的词之后 find show, indicate, suggest, according to, sb(权威人士)says ... d. 举例子的词之前 for example, for instance, take ... as an example, ... tell a story teach a lesson share an experience entertain readers … argue persuade show the writer’s opinion on advertise promote products attract readers inform readers of sth. introduce sth provide some information report an event present the findings of a study Narrative 记叙文 Argument 议论文 Advertisement 广告 Exposition 说明文 News report Summary 段落主旨 段落有主题句 b. 段落无主题句 文章主旨 a. 文章有主题句 b. 文章无主题句 最佳标题 写作意图 不同的文体，文章表达的写作目的不一样。 基于文章主旨，正确理解作者写作意图 正面肯定法 反面否定法 四、同义转述 Example 1: It’s hard for us to stick to taking exercise every day . paraphrase: It’s diffcult for us to stick to working out every day. Example 2: A healthy body affects our learning efficiency seriously. paraphrase: A healthy body has a great effect on our learning efficiency . Example 3: People think getting enough sleep is very important. paraphrase: It is thought that getting enough sleep is very important. Example 4: To make a detailed plan is very imporatant. paraphrase:It is very important for us to make a detailed plan. Method 1: 使用同义词(短语) Method 2: 转变词性 Method 3: 转变语态 Method 4: 改变句式 2023全国I卷 阅读理解 A Exploration 1 Why MacBike MacBike has been around for almost 30 years and is the biggest bicycle rental company in Amsterdam. With over 2,500 bikes stored in our five rental shops at strategic locations, we make sure there is always a bike available for you. We offer the newest bicycles in a wide variety, including basic bikes with foot brake (刹车), bikes with hand brake and gears (排挡), bikes with child seats, and children’s bikes. 1.What is an advantage of MacBike? A.It gives children a discount. B.It offers many types of bikes. C.It organizes free cycle tours. D.It has over 2,500 rental shops. 答案选B. 解析：推理判断题。我们提供种类繁多的最新自行车，包括有脚刹的基本自行车、有手刹和带排挡的自行车、带儿童座椅的自行车和儿童自行车)”可推知，MacBike的优势是它提供许多类型的自行车。故选B。 Method 1: 使用同义词(短语) 词汇拓展： ...a wide variety,including... = many types of ... 2023全国II卷 阅读理解B Exploration 2 Turning soil, pulling weeds, and harvesting cabbage sound like tough work for middle and high school kids. And at first it is, says Abby Jaramillo, who with another teacher started Urban Sprouts, a school garden program at four low-income schools. The program aims to help students develop science skills, environmental awareness, and healthy lifestyles. 4 .What do we know about Abby Jaramillo? A .She used to be a health worker. B .She grew up in a low-income family. C .She owns a fast food restaurant. D.She is an initiator of Urban Sprouts. 答案选D. 细节理解题。根据第一段的“And at first it is, says Abby Jaramillo, who with another teacher started Urban Sprouts, a school garden program at four low-income schools.(起初是这样的， Abby Jaramillo 说，她和另一位老师在四所低收 入学校启动了“Urban Sprouts”学校花园项目。 )”可知， Abby Jaramillo 是Urban Sprouts 的发起者。故选D。 Method 2: 转变词性 词汇拓展： start= initiate 开始，发起 initiator 发起人，创始人； initiation 创始，开始 Method 1: 使用同义词(短语) Exploration 3 The call to save the earth looks set to stay.With the development of technology and the appearance of many platforms advocating going green， people are more willing to change their beliefs and attitudes when they can learn about and appreciate the positive impact of the work of different environmental organisations and individuals.It is hoped that these effects will go a long way in ensuring that our planet will remain a suitable place to live in. 7.What does the author expect of technology development？ A.It may discourage people from sustainable lifestyle. B.It may boost the business of organic produce. C.It will be used to project an eco－conscious image. D.It will promote environmental awareness. 解析：D　 推理判断题。根据最后一段中的With the development of technology ...different environmental organisations and individuals.可判断，作者对技术发展的期望是它会促进环保意识。 Method 3: 转变语态 词汇拓展：expect...= hope The author expects..= It is hoped that ...人们希望（包括作者） Method 1: 使用同义词(短语) 2023全国II卷 阅读理解B Exploration 4 Last week I had a holiday from work， but none of my friends had the same week off.I decided that I still wanted to do something, so I booked a train ride to Toronto and reserved a bed in a hostel for one week. 5.What happened to the author last week？ A.She lost her way during a trip to Toronto. B.She booked a group tour to Toronto with her friends. C.She travelled alone to Toronto during a work vacation. D.She felt lonely away from home and missed her family. 解析：C　细节理解题。根据第二段中的Last week I had a holiday from work， but none of my friends had the same week off.和reserved a bed in a hostel for one week可知，作者上周在一个工作假期独自去了多伦多。 Method 4: 改变句式 词汇拓展： alone (adv.) 独自地，单独地 Practice Makes Perfect Exercise 1:: “We’re trying to generate(生成) a language that helps bring the human-nature interactions back into our daily lives. And for that to happen, we also need to protect nature so that we can interact with it,” said Peter Kahn, a senior author of the study. 15.What should be done before we can interact with nature according to Kahn? A.Language study. B.Environmental conservation. C.Public education. D.Intercultural communication. 解析：B　(2023年全国卷II D篇) 推理判断题。“我们正试图创造一种语言，帮助将人类与自然的互动带回我们的日常生活中。要做到这一点，我们还需要保护自然，这样我们才能与它互动，”该研究的资深作者Peter Kahn 说。 )”可推断， Peter Kahn 认为在我们与大自然互动之前，应该先要保护自然。故选B。 词汇拓展： protect (v.) 保护=conserve(v.) protection (n.) = conservation(n.) Method 1: 使用同义词(短语) Method 2: 转变词性 Exercise 2:: Practice Makes Perfect The elderly residents (居民) in care homes in London are being given hens to look after to stop them feeling lonely. The project was dreamed up(created) by a local charity to reduce loneliness and improve elderly people’s wellbeing. It is also being used to help patients suffering dementia, a serious illness of the mind. Staff in care homes have reported a reduction in the use of medicine where hens are in use. 28.What is the purpose of the project? A. To ensure harmony in care homes. B. To provide part-time jobs for the aged. C. To raise money for medical research. D. To promote the elderly people’s welfare. 解析：D　(2022年全国卷I C篇)细节理解题。 这个项目是由一个当地的慈善组织所创造，目的是减少老年人的孤独感和提升他们的幸福感。故选D。 词汇拓展： welfare (n.) 幸福 = wellbeing (n.) = happiness (n.) Method 1: 使用同义词(短语) Exercise 3:: Practice Makes Perfect After studying agriculture, medicine, and fisheries in college, John went back to observing nature and asking questions. Why can certain plants trap harmful bacteria (细菌)? Which kinds of fish can eat cancer-causing chemicals? With the right combination of animals and plants, he figured, maybe he could clean up waste the way nature did. He decided to build what he would later call an eco-machine. 4.What can we learn about John from the first two paragraphs? A.He was fond of traveling. B．He enjoyed being alone. C.He had an inquiring mind. D．He longed to be a doctor. 解析：C　(2023年全国卷I B篇)细节理解题。 在大学学习了农业、医学和渔业之后，约翰又回到了观察自然和提出问题的生活中。为什么某些植物能捕获有害细菌？哪些鱼类会食用致癌化学物质？)”可知，约翰聪颖好学、好奇心很强。故选C。 词汇拓展： inquire (v.) 询问 inquiry (n.) 询问 inquiring (adj.) 询问的；爱探究的 Method 1: 使用同义词(短语) Exercise 4:: Practice Makes Perfect Launching the program,Najib Balala,a top official at the Ministry for Tourism and Wildlife,said the elephant－naming initiative will bring greater awareness of the need for conservation and promote tourism.Balala said the event will be held each year on 12 August, observed as World Elephant Day. 3.Why was the Elephant Naming Festival launched？ A.To be in memory of the dead elephant Ahmed. B.To raise money for the cause of elephant conservation. C.To contribute to wildlife protection and sustainable tourism. D.To offer people a chance of naming and adopting an elephant. 解析：C 细节理解题。根据第四段首句可知，举办大象命名节是为了促进野生动物的保护和旅游业的可持续发展，C项两大目的均与原文契合。故选 C. 词汇拓展： conservation = protection (n.) 保护 The Elephant Naming Festival was launched to .. Method 3: 转变语态 Method 1: 使用同义词(短语) Exercise 5:: Practice Makes Perfect As cities balloon with growth, access to nature for people living in urban areas is becoming harder to find. If you’re lucky, there might be a pocket park near where you live, but it’s unusual to find places in a city that are relatively wild. 12.What phenomenon does the author describe at the beginning of the text? A.Pocket parks are now popular. B.Wild nature is hard to find in cities. C.Many cities are overpopulated. D.People enjoy living close to nature. 解析：B　(2023年全国卷II D篇) 细节理解题。根据第一段内容“随着城市的飞速发展，生活在城市地区的人们越来越难以接近大自然。 如果你幸运的 话，你住的地方附近可能会有一个袖珍公园，但在城市里找到相对天然的地方是罕见的”可知，文章开头作者讲述了在城市里人们很难找到野生自然的现象。故选B。 Method 4: 改变句式 THANK YOU “ “ 高考英语题型突破之难题易解 题型拆解+方法落地+分层训练 $