专题04 阅读理解说明文（课件）2026年高考英语题型突破之难题易解（题型拆解+方法落地+分层训练）

该高中英语高考复习课件聚焦阅读理解说明文专题，依据考纲要求梳理内容理解、语言分析、推理领悟三大考查维度，通过总分结构、过渡词、说明方法等结构分析，结合2024年全国卷真题（如B篇自动售货亭故事服务、C篇巴比伦微农场、D篇AI书籍介绍），明确细节理解、主旨大意、推理判断等高频考点分布，构建完整答题思路体系。 课件亮点在于“真题精析+技巧落地+素养提升”，如细节题“关键词定位+同词复现”、推理题“逻辑关系分析”，以2024全国卷ⅡB篇25题故事分类为例，剖析“长度分类”考点，培养学生语言能力和思维品质。特设“易错陷阱警示”和“答题模板”，助力学生掌握得分技巧，教师可据此精准把握学情，实现高效备考冲刺。

专题04 阅读理解说明文 “ “ 高考英语题型突破之难题易解 题型拆解+方法落地+分层训练 1.内容理解：能读懂科普知识、社会现象、人文地理等主题的说明文，精准抓取主旨要义，同时获取时间、数据、实验结论等具体细节信息。 2.语言分析：可结合语境猜测专业术语、生僻词的含义；能理清文章总分、并列等说明结构，把握段落间的逻辑关系。 3.推理与领悟：依据文中数据、案例等内容推理得出隐含结论；准确判断作者对说明对象的观点、态度，领会其意图。 考纲要求 模板来自于： 第一PPT https:/// 一、说明文结构 Basic structure: General to specific(总分) Introduction main body: Conclusion: Topic sentence 1+supporting details Topic sentence 2 +supporting details Topic sentence 3 +supporting details ... the first or last sentence of each paragraph (Topic sentence) 一、说明文结构 Additive Transitions（添加过渡词-顺承） What’s more, in addition, furthermore, apart from, besides, moreover Adversative Transitions（转折过渡词） However, but, yet, in contrast, on the contrary, on the other hand, although/ though/while, ... Equivalency Transitions（等同过渡词） Similarly, likewise(同样地), in the same way, equally, also Causal Transitions（因果过渡词）: Therefore, thus, hence, so that, as a result/ consequence, consequently, as/ since, due to, owing to... Summative Transitions（总结过渡词）: in summary, in conclusion, overall, in short, in brief, in a word, all in all The use of transition words 过渡词 一、说明文结构 giving definitions 下定义 making comparisons作比较 listing figures/ numbers列数字 analyzing data/statistics 分析数据 giving examples 举例 experts quotes(引言) 二、说明文类型 1.object description(事物说明) 2.explanation of social phenomena(社会现象) 3.explanation of principles(事理阐释) 4.research report(研究报告) Para 1:Introduction The definition/its origin/ the feature of “graffiti” Para2: history Para3: its value/ significance Para. 4 its value Para.5 conclusion its popularity and influence Para3-4 its significance/ value Analyze passage A apart from... also... Underline the topic sentence and the key words use one or two words to summarize each paragraph. Para 1-2:Introduction How: Topic: Para.3: advantage Para.4: advantage Para.5: advantage Para. 6: bad effect Para.7: bad effect By asking a question Printing food/ having a 3D printer in the kitchen 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Para3-5: advantages of printing food Para6-7: bad effects it’ll be quite easy also be saving.... also help people However,...a disaster What’s more Analyze passage B 三、说明文解题技巧 步骤一：弄清楚说明文的结构： 步骤二： Topic +Supporting information 1 确定位置：首尾段 2.寻找主题句的技能 三、说明文解题技巧 寻找主题句的微技能： (1) 主题句常在Now（如今）后面。 (2) 表转折的词but, however, actually, while, in fact, on the contrary（恰恰相反）, in contrast（相比之下）等后面。 (3) 表总结和分类的词 therefore, thus, in short, conclude, conclusion，category（范畴，种类）等词后面。 (4) 多次重复的词。 (5) 首段出现疑问句以及回答。 三、说明文解题技巧 Supporting information 1.内容 （定义，情况，原因，研究， 工作原理，优缺点 ，结果，意义，应用，解决方案等） 2).bymaking a comparision 1).by giving examples 3).by listing facts 4).by analysing data 2.方式 步骤三: Taking good care of your teeth may be linked to better brain health, according to a study published on the July 5, 2023, online issue of Neurology. “Our study found that gum（牙龈）disease and tooth loss were linked to brain shrinkage（萎缩）in the hippocampus(海马体）, which plays a role in memory and Alzheimer’s disease,” said study author Satoshi Yamaguchi, Ph.D. of Tohoku University in Sendai, Japan. The study involved 172 people without memory problems. Their average age was 67. Participants had dental exams and took memory tests at the beginning of the study. They also had brain scans to measure the volume of their hippocampus at the beginning of the study. This was measured again four years later. For each participant, researchers counted the number of teeth and checked for amount of gum disease. Researchers found that the number of teeth and amount of gum disease was linked to changes in the left hippocampus of the brain. For people with mild gum disease, having fewer teeth was associated with a faster rate of brain shrinkage, which is the same for people with severe gum disease having more teeth. After adjusting for age, researchers found that for people with mild gum disease, the increase in the rate of brain shrinkage due to one less tooth was equal to nearly one year of brain aging. By contrast, for people with severe gum disease the increase in brain shrinkage due to one more tooth was equal to 1.3 years of brain aging. “These results highlight the importance of preserving the health of the teeth and not just maintaining the teeth,” Yamaguchi said. “The findings suggest that controlling the progression of gum disease through regular dental visits is crucial, and that teeth with severe gum disease may need to be removed and replaced with appropriate false ones.” Yamaguchi said future studies are needed with larger groups of people. The limitation of the study is that it was conducted in one region of Japan, so the results may not be applied to other locations. 文章结构 Topic Our study found that gum（牙龈）disease and tooth loss were linked to brain shrinkage（萎缩）in the hippocampus(海马体）.(para. 1) Understanding the process and the result of study...(para. 2--3) The meaning of study... (para. 4) The limitation of the study and future studies...(para. 5) 1.What is Yamaguchi’s study mainly about?   A. Causes of gum disease. B. The symptoms of brain shrinkage. C. Ways to take good care of one’s teeth. D. The connection between the teeth and the brain. 主题 Taking good care of your teeth may be linked to better brain health, according to a study published on the July 5, 2023, online issue of Neurology. “Our study found that gum（牙龈）disease and tooth loss were linked to brain shrinkage（萎缩）in the hippocampus(海马体）, which plays a role in memory and Alzheimer’s disease,” said study author Satoshi Yamaguchi, Ph.D. of Tohoku University in Sendai, Japan. （Para.1） 2. How did researchers reach the conclusion?   A. By making comparisons. B. By referring to previous studies. C. By conducting a survey among dentists.  D.By proving experts’ theory in experiments. 研究过程和方式 The study involved 172 people without memory problems. Their average age was 67. Participants had dental exams and took memory tests at the beginning of the study. They also had brain scans to measure the volume of their hippocampus at the beginning of the study. This was measured again four years later. For each participant, researchers counted the number of teeth and checked for amount of gum disease. Researchers found that the number of teeth and amount of gum disease was linked to changes in the left hippocampus of the brain. For people with mild gum disease, having fewer teeth was associated with a faster rate of brain shrinkage, which is the same for people with severe gum disease having more teeth. After adjusting for age, researchers found that for people with mild gum disease, the increase in the rate of brain shrinkage due to one less tooth was equal to nearly one year of brain aging. By contrast, for people with severe gum disease the increase in brain shrinkage due to one more tooth was equal to 1.3 years of brain aging. （Para.2-3） 3. What do the research findings indicate?  A. Gum disease is increasing among people. B. Keeping teeth healthy is of great importance. C. Removing natural teeth is bad for dental health. D. Doing a routine dental checkup can avoid gum disease. 研究意义 （Para.4） These results highlight the importance of preserving the health of the teeth and not just maintaining the teeth,” Yamaguchi said. “The findings suggest that controlling the progression of gum disease through regular dental visits is crucial, and that teeth with severe gum disease may need to be removed and replaced with appropriate false ones.” 4. What is expected of the future studies according to Yamaguchi?  A. Exploring treatments for gum disease. B. Seeking new methods to improve brain health. C. Involving people from other places in the research. D. Applying the research to relieve Alzheimer’s disease. 未来的研究 Yamaguchi said future studies are needed with larger groups of people. The limitation of the study is that it was conducted in one region of Japan, so the results may not be applied to other locations. （Para.5） 阅读理解：观点展示型-说明文/议论文 判断标志： 文中出现一个新观点，甚至多个相冲突的观点(往往包含一个新提出的新奇观点和其他以往普遍认可的观点)，下文针对相关观点的合理性及原因展开讨论。 主题句特点： 全文中心句可能为观点介绍句 (通常位于第一段或第二段段首)，也可能为解释评价句(通常为文章后半部分评价段落中心句)。 观点展示型 旧观点/新观点 实验论证 举例说明 评价-前景 分析产生原因 介绍原理 分析优缺点 出题点：细节理解/主旨题 出题点：细节理解 出题点：细节理解/观点态度/推理判断 阅读理解：现象解释型-说明文/议论文 判断标志：开篇提出某种自然现象或社会现象，下文主要针对该现象进行说明解释。 主题句特点：留意每种解释的关键词，提炼正向评价句。 现象解释型 现象 解释 影响 现象的特征，背景，发展演变过程等 对现象的成因，发展进行解释 提出解决问题的措施，建议，看法或者评价 出题点：写作目的 出题点：细节理解 出题点：细节理解/推理判断 出题点：细节理解 阅读理解：结论解释型-说明文/议论文 判断标志：1.多采用总-分结构;2.首段(往往首句)出现文章中心句，该句对某个问题、某种现象给出结论，下文对该结论进行举例说明、对比分析或评价。 主题句特点：主题句往往位于文章开头。 结论解释型 研究结果/结论及意义 举例说明 解释结论 专家评议 背景， 研究过程 研究对象， 研究方法， 研究结果 影响/意义/前景/评价/局限/应用 出题点：主旨大意/最佳标题 出题点：细节理解/推断/说明方法 出题点：细节理解/推断情感态度 阅读理解：问题解决型-说明文/议论文 判断标志：文章开头往往介绍某种不利情况、棘手问题或出现设问句，下文可能出现solution、take action等提示词。 主题句特点：主题句多位于文章的结尾。 结论解释型 交代背景/给出问题 分析问题 介绍解决方案 评价 原因和效果 影响/意义/前景/评价/局限/应用 出题点：细节理解/推断情感态度 出题点：细节理解 出题点：细节理解 出题点：主旨大意/最佳标题 真题讲解 2024 全国卷Ⅱ卷 B篇 B篇 新闻报道 说明文 人与______ 社会 【导语】本文是一篇新闻报道。主要报道了旧金山湾区捷运系统(BART)推出自动售货亭提供短篇故事打印服务，旨在满足乘客阅读需求，提升出行体验，Trost认为此举措能吸引更多乘客，对BART的未来持乐观态度，预期乘客量将会增长。 推理判断题 STEP1：划关键词 STEP2：定位信息段 原文定位说明对象 ① Do you ever get to the train station and realize you forgot to bring something to read? Yes, we all have our phones, but many of us still like to go old school and read something printed. ②Well, there’s a kiosk (小亭) for that. In the San Francisco Bay Area, at least. ③“You enter the fare gates (检票口) and you’ll see a kiosk that is lit up and it tells you can get a one-minute, a three-minute, or a five-minute story,” says Alicia Trost, the chief communications officer for the San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit — known as BART. “You choose which length you want and it gives you a receipt-like short story.” 技巧点拨：同词复现/联系上下文抓线索 24. Why did BART start the kiosk program? A. To promote the local culture. B. To discourage phone use. C. To meet passengers’ needs. D. To reduce its running costs. STEP3：比对选项 细节理解题 STEP1：划关键词 STEP2：定位信息段 ③“You enter the fare gates (检票口) and you’ll see a kiosk that is lit up and it tells you can get a one-minute, a three-minute, or a five-minute story,” says Alicia Trost, the chief communications officer for the San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit — known as BART. “You choose which length you want and it gives you a receipt-like short story.” 技巧点拨：同词复现 25. How are the stories categorized in the kiosk? A. By popularity. B. By length. C. By theme. D. By language. STEP3：比对选项 26. What has Trost been doing recently? A. Organizing a story contest. B. Doing a survey of customers. C. Choosing a print publisher. D. Conducting interviews with artists. 细节理解题 ⑤Trost also wants to introduce local writers to local riders. “We wanted to do something where we do a call to artists in the Bay Area to submit stories for a contest,” Trost says. “And as of right now, we’ve received about 120 submissions. The winning stories would go into our kiosk and then you would be a published artist.” 技巧点拨：同词复现 27. What is Trost’s opinion about BART’s future? A. It will close down. B. Its profits will decline. C. It will expand nationwide. D. Its ridership will increase. 细节理解题 技巧点拨：同义替换、点对点定答案（忌无中生有） Can you get some hints from these verbs? negative positive 观点态度 倒数第二段：“At the end of the day all transit agencies right now are doing everything they can to improve the rider experience. So I absolutely think we will get more riders just because of short stories,” she says. 真题讲解 2024 全国卷Ⅱ卷 C篇 C篇 ______ 人与______ 社会 说明文 【导语】文章主要介绍了巴比伦微农场（BMF）的一些主要优势，包括减少食物运输距离、通过云技术远程监控、自动化系统节约水资源、减少化学污染、以及员工的环保生活方式等。 ①We all know fresh is best when it comes to food. However, most produce at the store went through weeks of travel and covered hundreds of miles before reaching the table. While farmer’s markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey, Babylon Micro-Farm (BMF) shortens it even more. ②BMF is an indoor garden system. It can be set up for a family. Additionally, it could serve a larger audience such as a hospital, restaurant or school. The innovative design requires little effort to achieve a reliable weekly supply of fresh greens. ③Specifically, it’s a farm that relies on new technology. By connecting through the Cloud, BMF is remotely monitored. Also, there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time. Because the system is automated, it significantly reduces the amount of water needed to grow plants. Rather than watering rows of soil, the system provides just the right amount to each plant. After harvest, users simply replace the plants with a new pre-seeded pod (容器) to get the next growth cycle started. ④ Moreover, having a system in the same building where it’s eaten means zero emissions (排放) from transporting plants from soil to salad. In addition, there’s no need for pesticides and other chemicals that pollute traditional farms and the surrounding environment. ⑤ BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives. About half of them walk or bike to work. Inside the office, they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic. “We are passionate about reducing waste, carbon and chemicals in our environment,” said a BMF employee. 28. What can be learned about BMF from paragraph 1? A. It guarantees the variety of food. B. It requires day-to-day care. C. It cuts the farm-to-table distance. D. It relies on farmer’s markets. 29. What information does the convenient app offer? A. Real-time weather changes. B. Current condition of the plants. C. Chemical pollutants in the soil. D. Availability of pre-seeded pods. 同义替换 细节理解题 ①We all know fresh is best when it comes to food. However, most produce at the store went through weeks of travel and covered hundreds of miles before reaching the table. While farmer’s markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey, Babylon Micro-Farm (BMF) shortens it even more. ②BMF is an indoor garden system. It can be set up for a family. Additionally, it could serve a larger audience such as a hospital, restaurant or school. The innovative design requires little effort to achieve a reliable weekly supply of fresh greens. ③Specifically, it’s a farm that relies on new technology. By connecting through the Cloud, BMF is remotely monitored. Also, there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time. Because the system is automated, it significantly reduces the amount of water needed to grow plants. Rather than watering rows of soil, the system provides just the right amount to each plant. After harvest, users simply replace the plants with a new pre-seeded pod (容器) to get the next growth cycle started. ④ Moreover, having a system in the same building where it’s eaten means zero emissions (排放) from transporting plants from soil to salad. In addition, there’s no need for pesticides and other chemicals that pollute traditional farms and the surrounding environment. ⑤ BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives. About half of them walk or bike to work. Inside the office, they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic. “We are passionate about reducing waste, carbon and chemicals in our environment,” said a BMF employee. 30. What can be concluded about BMF employees? A. They have a great passion for sports. B. They are devoted to community service. C. They are fond of sharing daily experiences. D. They have a strong environmental awareness. 31. What does the text mainly talk about? A. BMF’s major strengths. B. BMF’s general management. C. BMF’s global influence. D. BMF’s technical standards. 同义替换 推理判断题 主旨大意题 STEP1：划关键词 STEP2：定位信息段 原文定位说明对象 STEP3：比对选项 主题句定位法/高频信息词 真题讲解 2024 全国卷Ⅱ卷 D篇 D篇 ______ 人与______ 社会 说明文 【导语】文章主要介绍了Catriona Campbell所著AI by Design: A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence一书。该书作为应对AI革命挑战的实用指南，以商业视角阐述AI发展现状与前景，强调控制AI的重要性，呼吁各界协同确保人工智能安全发展，以防潜在危机。 ①Given the astonishing potential of AI to transform our lives, we all need to take action to deal with our AI-powered future, and this is where AI by Design: A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence comes in. This absorbing new book by Catriona Campbell is a practical roadmap addressing the challenges posed by the forthcoming AI revolution (变革). ②In the wrong hands, such a book could prove as complicated to process as the computer code (代码) that powers AI but, thankfully, Campbell has more than two decades’ professional experience translating the heady into the understandable. She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic, making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which, by the close, will make you feel almost as smart as AI. ③As we soon come to learn from AI by Design AI is already super-smart and will become more capable, moving from the current generation of “narrow-AI” to Artificial General Intelligence. From there, Campbell says, will come Artificial Dominant Intelligence. This is why Campbell has set out to raise awareness of AI and its future now-several decades before these developments are expected to take place. She says it is essential that we keep control of artificial intelligence, or risk being sidelined and perhaps even worse. ④Campbell’s point is to wake up those responsible for AI-the technology companies and world leaders-so they are on the same page as all the experts currently developing it. She explains we are at a “tipping point” in history and must act now to prevent an extinction-level event for humanity. We need to consider how we want our future with Al to pan out. Such structured thinking, followed by global regulation, will enable us to achieve greatness rather than our downfall. ⑤AI will affect us all, and if you only read one book on the subject, this is it. 32. What does the phrase “In the wrong hands” in paragraph 2 probably mean? A. If read by someone poorly educated. B. If reviewed by someone ill-intentioned. C. If written by someone less competent. D. If translated by someone unacademic. 词句猜测题 ②In the wrong hands, such a book could prove as complicated to process as the computer code (代码) that powers AI but, thankfully, Campbell has more than two decades’ professional experience translating the heady into the understandable. She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic, making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which, by the close, will make you feel almost as smart as AI. 技巧点拨：跨词翻译、猜词理解、选项套句 长难句分析+逻辑 长难句分析 We are trying our best. She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic, making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which, by the close, will make you feel almost as smart as Al. 主句 现在分词短语做______状语 and并列的两个_____从句 定语从句先行词 结果 定语 翻译：她从商业人士(而非学者)的实用角度出发，使得这本指南通俗易懂、内容丰富，读完之后，你会觉得自己几乎和人工智能一样聪明。 33. What is a feature of AI by Design according to the text? A. It is packed with complex codes. B. It adopts a down-to-earth writing style. C. It provides step-by-step instructions. D. It is intended for AI professionals. 推理判断题 ②In the wrong hands, such a book could prove as complicated to process as the computer code (代码) that powers AI but, thankfully, Campbell has more than two decades’ professional experience translating the heady into the understandable. She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic, making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which, by the close, will make you feel almost as smart as AI. 技巧点拨：读题定位，猜词理解 What parts of speech should we find in the text? Nouns? Verbs？Adjectives? 33. What is a feature of AI by Design according to the text? A. It is packed with complex codes. B. It adopts a down-to-earth writing style. C. It provides step-by-step instructions. D. It is intended for AI professionals. 推理判断题 ②In the wrong hands, such a book could prove as complicated to process as the computer code (代码) that powers AI but, thankfully, Campbell has more than two decades’ professional experience translating the heady into the understandable. She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic, making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which, by the close, will make you feel almost as smart as AI. 技巧点拨：读题定位，猜词理解 What parts of speech should we find in the text? Nouns? Verbs？Adjectives? 34. What does Campbell urge people to do regarding AI development? A. Observe existing regulations on it. B. Reconsider expert opinions about it. C. Make joint efforts to keep it under control. D. Learn from prior experience to slow it down. 推理判断题 ③As we soon come to learn from AI by Design AI is already super-smart and will become more capable, moving from the current generation of “narrow-AI” to Artificial General Intelligence. From there, Campbell says, will come Artificial Dominant Intelligence. This is why Campbell has set out to raise awareness of AI and its future now-several decades before these developments are expected to take place. She says it is essential that we keep control of artificial intelligence, or risk being sidelined and perhaps even worse. ④Campbell’s point is to wake up those responsible for AI-the technology companies and world leaders-so they are on the same page as all the experts currently developing it. She explains we are at a “tipping point” in history and must act now to prevent an extinction-level event for humanity. We need to consider how we want our future with Al to pan out. Such structured thinking, followed by global regulation, will enable us to achieve greatness rather than our downfall. 技巧点拨：同词复现/联系上下文抓线索 35. What is the author’s purpose in writing the text? A. To recommend a book on AI. B. To give a brief account of AI history. C. To clarify the definition of AI. D. To honor an outstanding AI expert. 推理判断题 ⑤AI will affect us all, and if you only read one book on the subject, this is it. 技巧点拨：文章主旨，写作目的，注意首尾段 THANK YOU “ “ 高考英语题型突破之难题易解 题型拆解+方法落地+分层训练 $