专题08 必修第三册 Unit 3 课文预习填空+重点单词+重点句型+语法讲解（寒假预习讲义）高一英语外研版

专题08 必修第三册 Unit 3 The world of science 课文预习填空+重点单词+重点句型+语法讲解（寒假预习） 【Understanding ideas】 The New Age of Invention Interviewer: Good evening, and welcome to Between the Pages. This evening, I’ll be talking to Dr Richard Fairhurst, whose new book The New Age of Invention has just been published. Welcome, Richard! Richard: Thank you. It’s a pleasure (please) to be here. Interviewer: I guess you have been asked about the title of your book before. It suggests that the present day is a new age for inventions, but many people might think that the great age of invention is over. Richard: Well, that’s an interesting point. There have been golden ages of invention throughout history. Think of the four great inventions in Ancient China: gunpowder(火药), papermaking(造纸术), printing(印刷术) and the compass(指南针). These things changed the world forever. Then there were the great Western inventions: the steam engine(蒸汽机), the telephone(电话) and the radio(广播). And now, we find ourselves in the great new age of technology. Interviewer: So are most of the new great inventions tech-based? Richard: A lot, yes. For example, advances in virtual reality(虚拟现实) and wearable tech(可穿戴科技设备), as well as the flexible battery(柔性电池), mean we should soon be seeing further developments. In addition(此外), important advances have been made in medicine and environmental (environment) science thanks to increasing computer power. Interviewer: Can you give us some examples? Richard: Sure. New inventions like 3D printers have been used to make replacement (replace) hearts and bone parts. In terms of (在……方面) the environment, it is now possible to create an intelligent walking house. It is capable of using (能够使用) GPS technology to travel to different places, with computing technology controlling (control) its “legs”. What’s more, huge advances in solar technology mean it can be eco-friendly, too. Interviewer: Impressive stuff (东西；发明)! I’ve also been told that you’re an inventor (invent) yourself. Is that correct? Richard: Yes, I am, but I’m only one member of a big team—most inventors now work as part of big international teams. Interviewer: I see. So what is it that inspires us to invent things? Richard: Most inventions start with recognising a problem that needs a solution. This was no doubt the reason behind the invention of the wheel in ancient times, which much later developed into the car. Now, reduced (reduce) energy supplies and environmental pollution have led (lead) to more advances in the technology of new energy vehicles. But what remains important is that we have an incredible desire to think (think) and create, and that’s the real spirit of invention. Interviewer: One last question. This is the one everyone really wants to know: will anybody ever invent a time machine? Richard: I think you’ve been watching too many movies! Nothing like this has been invented (invent) yet and I’d say we’re a long way from an invention like that at the moment! But, as they say, “Never say never!” --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 【Developing ideas】 Franklin’s Experiment: How Much Is True? Benjamin Franklin’s famous experiment with lightning (闪电) has introduced generations of children to science. However, new research suggests that the story may be fiction (虚构) instead of fact. The well-known story is that the American Founding Father and scientist flew a kite during a storm in 1752. At that time, there was much interest in electricity. People wanted to know if lightning was really produced by electricity or something else. Franklin was one of them. He raised the kite with a piece of string tied to it. A metal (金属的) key was attached to (被连接到) the string. A flash of lightning hit the kite, and electricity was conducted (conduct) through the string to the key. Franklin then touched the key with his finger and got an electric shock (收到电击). This, he said, proved (证明) that lightning was a form of electricity. For many years, schools have taught (teach) the story of Franklin’s lightning experiment. More than one generation of schoolchildren has (have) been amazed by his bravery (brave) and his scientific (science) approach to looking for the truth. Franklin, along with many other scientists, has (have) inspired us and taught us that scientific experiments are important in order to establish the truth and to contribute towards later scientific discoveries (discover) and inventions. However, neither the story nor the details of the experiment are entirely (完全地) true. Although it has been proved that Franklin’s experiment took place, more than one scientist has (have) questioned what really happened. The detail about the string and the key is true. But scientists all agree that if Franklin had actually touched the key, he would certainly have died from the electric shock. Scientists often question accepted ideas (质疑被接受的观点) because they want to establish the facts. Some have even questioned the story about the apple that fell (fall) on Newton’s head and led him to come up with (想出) his theory of gravity (重力). In fact, more than one account (记述) suggests that while Newton was certainly inspired by a falling apple, there is no proof (证据) that it hit him on the head. Admittedly (admit), fiction is often more interesting than the truth. People have been more inspired by Franklin’s spirit of scientific exploration (explore) than by the facts themselves. But in science, facts should be proved by experiments and research, and we should not always believe everything we read or hear—even if it is a great story. 知 识 精 讲 Part 1：重点单词 核心单词 词性及含义 词性转换 固定搭配 remain v. 保持；仍然是；留下；剩余；n. 剩余物；遗迹（复数形式） remaining (adj.) 剩余的； remains (n.) 遗迹；剩余物 ◆remain silent 保持沉默； ◆remain seated 保持坐着； ◆remain in touch 保持联系； ◆remain to be done 有待完成 addition n. 加；增加；加法；附加物 add (v.) 增加；添加； additional (adj.) 额外的；附加的 ◆in addition 此外；另外； ◆in addition to 除……之外（还）； injured adj. 受伤的；受损害的； v. 伤害；损害（injure的过去式和过去分词） injure (v.) 伤害；损害； injury (n.) 伤害；损伤； ◆the injured 受伤的人（复数概念）； ◆be injured in 在……中受伤 surrounding adj. 周围的；附近的； n. 周围的事物；环境（复数形式）； surround (v.) 包围；围绕；surroundings (n.) 环境 surrounded (adj.) 被包围的 ◆surrounding areas 周边地区； ◆be surrounded by/with 被……包围； ◆live in pleasant surroundings 生活在舒适的环境中 recognize v. 认出；识别；承认；认可 recognition (n.) 认出；识别； 承认； recognizable (adj.) 可识别的； 可认出的 ◆recognize sb. / sth. 认出某人/某物 ◆recognize...as/to be... 把……认作…… ◆beyond recognition 认不出来 ◆gain recognition 得到认可 attach v. 附上；贴上；连接；使依附；重视 attachment (n.) 附件；依恋；attached (adj.) 附加的；依恋的 ◆attach sth. to sth. 把某物附着在某物上 ◆attach importance to 重视 ◆be attached to 依恋；附属于 prove v. 证明；证实；被发现是；显示出 proof (n.) 证明；证据；proven (adj.) 被证实的 ◆prove (to be) + adj. / n. 被证明是…… ◆It is proved that… 据证明……；据证实…… ◆There is no proof that… 没有证据证明…… account n. 账户；账目；描述；解释； v. 解释；说明；占（比例） accountant (n.) 会计 accountable (adj.) 负有责任的 ◆open an account 开设账户 ◆take into account 考虑 ◆account for 解释；说明；占…比例 ◆on account of 由于；因为 ◆考点跟踪练习◆ 请用括号内动词的适当形式填空。 1. (2023・新课标 Ⅰ 卷改编) To our relief, the ______ (injure) in the accident were all sent to the nearest hospital in time. 答案：injured 解析：考查词性转换。定冠词 the 后接形容词 injured，表示 “受伤的人”，属于 “the + 形容词” 表一类人的用法。 2. (2022・浙江卷模拟) In ______ (add) to the classical music, we will also enjoy some pop songs at the concert. 答案：addition 解析：考查固定搭配。in addition to 为固定短语，意为 “除…… 之外（还）”，故填 add 的名词形式 addition。 3. (2024・山东济南一模改编) The result of the experiment remains ________ (confirm) before we draw a final conclusion. 答案：to be confirmed 解析：考查固定结构和主谓一致。remain to be done 为固定结构，意为 “有待被做”；主语 The result 和confirm之间为被动关系，故填 to be confirmed。 4. (2021・天津卷改编) The old man, who was trapped in the valley, ______ (surround) by a group of kind villagers when he was found. 答案：was surrounded 解析：考查固定搭配和语态。be surrounded by 意为 “被…… 包围”；根据时间状语从句中的 was found 可知用一般过去时，主语 The old man 为单数，故填 was surrounded。 5. (2023・江苏南京二模) Her ______ (recognize) of the hidden problem helped the team avoid a big mistake. 答案：recognition 解析：考查词性转换。形容词性物主代词 Her 后需接名词，recognition 是 recognize 的名词形式，意为 “识别；察觉”，符合语境。 6. (2022・全国甲卷改编) Please attach this label _____ the box before you mail it to the customer. 答案：to 解析：考查固定搭配和祈使句。attach...to... 为固定短语，意为 “把…… 贴到…… 上”，故填 to。 7. (2024・湖北武汉调研) The scientist presented a lot of ______ (prove) to support his new theory at the conference. 答案：proof 解析：考查词性转换。a lot of 后接名词，proof 是 prove 的名词形式，意为 “证据”，且该词为可数或不可数名词，此处用原形即可。 8. (2021・浙江卷改编) It has been ______ (prove) that a balanced diet plays an important role in keeping healthy. 答案：proved 解析：考查固定句型和语态。It has been proved that... 为固定句型，意为 “已证明……”，it 作形式主语，that 从句为真正主语，故填 proved。 9. (2023・广东佛山一模) No one could account ______ the sudden disappearance of the ancient relic in the museum. 答案：for 解析：考查固定搭配。account for 为固定短语，意为 “解释；说明”，故填for。 10. (2024・福建厦门质检) The boy suffered a severe ______ (injure) to his left leg in the football match and had to be carried off the field. 答案：injury 解析：考查词性转换。形容词 severe 后需接名词，injury 是 injure 的名词形式，意为 “伤；损伤”，符合 “左腿严重受伤” 的语境。 11. (2024・四川成都二模) The ______ (surround) villages have developed rapidly since the construction of the new highway. 答案：surrounding 解析：考查词性转换。空后为名词 villages，需用形容词作定语，surrounding 意为 “周围的”，符合语境。 12. (2021・新课标 Ⅱ 卷改编) She ______ (attach) great importance to her children’s education since they were very young. 答案：has attached 解析：考查固定搭配和时态。attach great importance to 意为 “重视”；根据时间状语 since they were very young 可知用现在完成时，主语 She 为单数，故填 has attached。 13. (2023・湖南长沙一模) The truth about the incident ______ (remain) to be revealed, which has attracted much public attention. 答案：remains 解析：考查固定结构和主谓一致。remain to be done 意为 “有待被做”；主语 The truth 为单数，句子用一般现在时，故填 remains。 14. (2024・广东惠州二模) Everyone in the team should be ______ (account) for their own behavior and take responsibility for the project’s result. 答案：accountable 解析：考查词性转换和固定搭配。be accountable for 为固定短语，意为 “对…… 负责”；accountable 是 account 的形容词形式，在句中作表语，符合语境要求。 15. (2024・安徽合肥调研) Many heroes, who are ______ (recognize) as role models by the public, have set good examples for us. 答案：recognized 解析：考查固定搭配和语态。be recognized as 意为 “被认为是；被公认为”；主语 who 指代 heroes，与 recognize 为被动关系，故填 recognized。 Part 2：重点句型 【根据汉语提示完成句子】 1. This evening, I’ll be talking to Dr Richard Fairhurst, whose new book The New Age of Invention has just been published. 今晚的嘉宾是理查德·费尔赫斯特博士，他的新书《新发明时代》刚刚出版。 【核心句型】whose 引导定语从句 本句中先行词是 Dr Richard Fairhurst（指人），whose 引导定语从句修饰该先行词，表示“Dr Richard Fairhurst 的”。本句中 whose 后接名词短语 new book The New Age of Invention，共同构成从句的主语。 ◆whose 引导的定语从句核心作用是表示所属关系，可理解为 “…… 的”，能替代 “of whom”（指人）或 “of which”（指物）的结构。This evening, I’ll be talking to Dr Richard Fairhurst, the new book The New Age of Invention of whom has just been published.（此改写语法正确，但不如原句简洁自然） 【补充】whose 也可修饰指物的先行词，例如： The house whose windows face south is mine. （窗户朝南的那栋房子是我的。先行词 the house 指物） ★注意：在从句中的成分whose 在定语从句中作定语，后必须接名词，不能单独使用。 2. So what is it that inspires us to invent things? 那么，是什么激励着人们去发明创造呢？ 【核心句型】特殊疑问句形式的强调句 陈述句强调句基础结构为：It is/was + 被强调部分 + that + 句子其余部分 它的特殊疑问句句式为：特殊疑问词 + is/was + it + that + 句子其余部分 【拆解分析】 强调句标志词：is it that ①is ：根据句子的时态（一般现在时）和被强调部分是疑问词 what （表单数概念）确定。 ②it ：强调句的形式主语，无实际语义，仅起结构作用。 ③that ：强调句的引导词，连接被强调部分和句子剩余成分，无实际词义；本句中被强调的是主语，只能用 that 引导，不能用 who/whom。 ④句子其余部分：inspires us to invent things这是句子的谓语和宾语成分，即使经过强调句结构变形，这部分的语序仍为陈述语序（主谓宾结构不变）。 ★强调句的核心特点 可验证性判断一个句子是否为强调句，可采用 “去掉 it is/was 和 that，句子结构仍完整” 的方法。本句去掉 is it that 后，调整语序得到：What inspires us to invent things?句子结构完整、语义通顺，符合强调句的验证规则。 ★引导词的选择 ①强调人时，引导词可用 that 或 who/whom（强调主语用 who，强调宾语用 whom）。 ②强调事物 / 时间 / 地点 / 原因等时，引导词只能用 that，不能用 which/when/where/why。 本句强调的是事物（what），因此用 that 引导。 3. But scientists all agree that if Franklin had actually touched the key, he would certainly have died from the electric shock. 但科学家们一致认为，如果富兰克林真的碰到了钥匙，他必定会被电死。 【核心句型】宾语从句中含有对过去情况虚拟的if 条件句 【结构分析】 分析维度 虚拟条件句（if 从句） 虚拟主句 结构 if + 主语 + had + 过去分词 主语 + would + have + 过去分词 （其中would也可用should/could/might） 本句 对应内容 if Franklin had actually touched the key he would certainly have died from the electric shock 动词形式 had touched would have died 情态动词would表 “很可能会”，语气确定 语义 表示与过去事实相反的假设 实际情况：富兰克林并没有真的 去碰那个钥匙 表示基于过去假设产生的虚拟结果 含义：若过去真的碰了钥匙，他大概率会 死于电击，该结果并未真实发生 4. ①More than one scientist has (have) questioned what really happened. ②Franklin, along with many other scientists, has (have) inspired us. 【核心语法】主谓一致 ①短语 more than one + 单数可数名词 作主语时，形式上为单数概念，谓语动词需用单数形式。该结构的核心语义是 “不止一个”，但语法上强调个体的累加，而非复数群体，因此遵循 “形式单数，谓语单数” 的原则。 ②当主语后接 along with, together with, as well as, besides, except 等介词短语时，谓语动词的单复数由介词短语前的主语本身决定，这类介词短语仅作伴随状语，不影响主语的单复数。 ◆考点跟踪练习◆ 请用括号内动词的适当形式填空。 1. (2023・全国乙卷改编) The girl ______ is standing at the school gate is waiting for her mother. 答案：who 解析：考查定语从句。先行词 the girl 指人，从句中缺少主语，故用关系代词 who 引导定语从句。 2. (2022・浙江卷模拟) This is the village ______ I lived with my grandparents for five years. 答案：where 解析：考查定语从句。先行词 the village 表地点，从句中缺少地点状语，故用关系副词 where 引导定语从句。 3. (2024・山东青岛一模) It was in this lab ______ we finished the challenging experiment last week. 答案：that 解析：考查强调句。本句是 It is/was + 被强调部分 + that... 结构，被强调部分是地点状语 in this lab，故填 that。 4. (2021・天津卷改编) More than one worker ______ (be) praised by the manager for their hard work this month. 答案：has been 解析：考查主谓一致。more than one + 单数名词 作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式；结合时间状语 this month 可知用现在完成时，故填 has been。 5. (2023・江苏苏州二模) If I ______ (know) your telephone number yesterday, I would have called you immediately. 答案：had known 解析：考查虚拟语气。本句是对过去情况的虚拟，if 从句需用过去完成时，主句用 would have done 结构，故填 had known。 6. (2022・新课标 Ⅰ 卷改编) The novel, ______ was written by a famous writer, has been translated into over 20 languages. 答案：which 解析：考查定语从句。先行词 the novel 指物，本句是非限制性定语从句，从句中缺少主语，故用关系代词 which 引导。 7. (2024・湖北武汉调研) The teacher, along with her students, ______ (be) going to visit the history museum next Friday. 答案：is 解析：考查主谓一致（就远原则）。主语后接 along with 短语时，谓语动词的单复数由核心主语 the teacher 决定；结合时间状语 next Friday 可知用一般将来时，故填 is。 8. (2021・浙江卷改编) The old man, ______ house was damaged in the storm, was offered a temporary home by the government. 答案：whose 解析：考查定语从句。先行词 the old man 指人，从句中缺少定语修饰 house，表 “老人的房子”，故用关系代词 whose 引导定语从句。 9. (2023・湖南长沙一模) It was his courage and wisdom ______ helped him get out of the dangerous situation 最新高考模拟题 答案：that 解析：考查强调句。被强调部分是主语 his courage and wisdom，符合 It is/was + 被强调部分 + that... 结构，故填 that。 10. (2022・山东济南模拟) If she ______ (have) a better change， she will make it to the top of the list. 答案：has 解析：考查真实条件句。本句不是虚拟语气，而是真实条件句，遵循 “主将从现” 原则，从句用一般现在时，主语 she 是第三人称单数，故填 has。 Part 3：重点语法：现在完成时的被动语态 现在完成时被动语态核心考点 1. 结构构成（重点） ①肯定式：have/has been + 过去分词 The bridge has been built. ②否定式：have/has not been + 过去分词 缩写：haven't/hasn't been + 过去分词） The bridge hasn't been built. ③疑问式：Have/Has + 主语 + been + 过去分词？ 回答对应肯否定形式，提示：have/has随主语单复数变化 Has the bridge been built? 2. 核心用法（重点） ①动作已完成，对现在有影响（标志词：already, yet, just） My phone has been repaired. It works well now. ②动作从过去持续到现在（标志词：for+时间段、since+过去时间/从句） This rule has been used for 10 years. ③强调动作承受者，不强调执行者（可加by引出执行者） Many new houses have been built in the countryside. 3. 与一般过去时被动的区分（难点） ①一般过去时被动： 只说过去的动作，和现在无关 标志词：yesterday, last week, in 2020等具体过去时间 例句：The door has been painted. It looks new now. ②现在完成时被动： 和现在有联系（有影响、持续到现在、到现在的次数） 标志词：for, since, already, yet, just, this month等 例句：The door was painted last week. ◆考点跟踪练习◆ 用括号内动词的适当形式填空 1. (2024·山东潍坊一模) They ______ (finish) their homework already, so they can go out to play now. 答案：have finished 解析：考查现在完成时主动语态。标志词 already 提示动作已完成且对现在有影响（可以出去玩），主语 they 为复数，故填 have finished。 2. (2023·全国乙卷改编) The meeting ______ (hold) yesterday afternoon, and all members attended it. 答案：was held 解析：考查一般过去时被动语态。时间标志词 yesterday afternoon 提示用一般过去时；meeting 与 hold 为被动关系，主语为单数，故填 was held。 3. (2022·浙江卷模拟) My parents ______ (visit) my grandparents twice this month. 答案：have visited 解析：考查现在完成时主动语态。标志词 twice this month 提示动作到现在为止发生的次数，用现在完成时，主语 my parents 为复数，故填 have visited。 4. (2024·湖北武汉调研) A new library ______ (build) in our school since 2022, and it will open next year. 答案：has been built 解析：考查现在完成时被动语态。标志词 since 2022 提示动作从过去持续到现在，library 与 build 为被动关系，主语为单数，故填 has been built。 5. (2021·天津卷改编) He ______ (lose) his keys on the way to work this morning, so he had to call his wife for help. 答案：lost 解析：考查一般过去时主动语态。时间标志词 this morning 此处指过去的具体时间（已结束的上午），动作发生在过去，故填 lose 的过去式 lost。 6. (2023·江苏南京二模) These books ______ (not return) to the library yet. You must return them before Friday. 答案：haven't been returned 解析：考查现在完成时被动语态否定式。标志词 yet 提示用现在完成时，books 与 return 为被动关系，否定形式为 haven't been + 过去分词，故填 haven't been returned。 7. (2022·新课标Ⅰ卷改编) The old man ______ (live) in this village when he was young. 答案：lived 解析：考查一般过去时主动语态。时间状语从句 when he was young 提示动作发生在过去，用一般过去时，故填 live 的过去式 lived。 8. (2024·四川成都一模) The problem ______ (solve) by the teacher already. You don't need to worry about it. 答案：has been solved 解析：考查现在完成时被动语态。标志词 already 提示动作已完成且对现在有影响（无需担心），problem 与 solve 为被动关系，主语为单数，故填 has been solved。 9. (2023·湖南长沙二模) They ______ (plant) many trees in the park last spring. 答案：planted 解析：考查一般过去时主动语态。时间标志词 last spring 提示动作发生在过去，用一般过去时，故填 plant 的过去式 planted。 10. (2022·山东济南模拟) The letter ______ (send) to my friend three days ago, but he hasn't received it yet. 答案：was sent 解析：考查一般过去时被动语态。时间标志词 three days ago 提示用一般过去时；letter 与 send 为被动关系，主语为单数，故填 was sent。 11. (2024·安徽合肥调研) My brother ______ (learn) English for five years. He can speak it fluently now. 答案：has learned 解析：考查现在完成时主动语态。标志词 for five years 提示动作从过去持续到现在，主语 my brother 为单数，故填 has learned。 12. (2023·广东佛山一模) A lot of old buildings ______ (pull) down in the city ten years ago. 答案：were pulled 解析：考查一般过去时被动语态。时间标志词 ten years ago 提示用一般过去时；buildings 与 pull 为被动关系，主语为复数，故填 were pulled。 13. (2022·浙江卷改编) We ______ (not see) each other since we graduated from middle school. 答案：haven't seen 解析：考查现在完成时主动语态否定式。标志词 since 提示动作从过去持续到现在，否定形式为 haven't + 过去分词，故填 haven't seen。 14. (2024·湖北宜昌二模) The results of the exam ______ (announce) just now. Let's go to check them. 答案：were announced 解析：考查一般过去时被动语态。标志词 just now 意为“刚才”，提示用一般过去时；results 与 announce 为被动关系，主语为复数，故填 were announced。 15. (2023·江苏苏州调研) This kind of machine ______ (use) in many factories since it was invented. 答案：has been used 解析：考查现在完成时被动语态。标志词 since 提示动作从过去持续到现在，machine 与 use 为被动关系，主语为单数，故填 has been used。 7 / 11 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题08 必修第三册 Unit 3 The world of science 课文预习填空+重点单词+重点句型+语法讲解（寒假预习） 【Understanding ideas】 The New Age of Invention Interviewer: Good evening, and welcome to Between the Pages. This evening, I’ll be talking to Dr Richard Fairhurst, whose new book The New Age of Invention has just been published. Welcome, Richard! Richard: Thank you. It’s a pleasure (please) to be here. Interviewer: I guess you have been asked about the title of your book before. It suggests that the present day is a new age for inventions, but many people might think that the great age of invention is over. Richard: Well, that’s an interesting point. There have been golden ages of invention throughout history. Think of the four great inventions in Ancient China: gunpowder(火药), papermaking(造纸术), printing(印刷术) and the compass(指南针). These things changed the world forever. Then there were the great Western inventions: the steam engine(蒸汽机), the telephone(电话) and the radio(广播). And now, we find ourselves in the great new age of technology. Interviewer: So are most of the new great inventions tech-based? Richard: A lot, yes. For example, advances in virtual reality(虚拟现实) and wearable tech(可穿戴科技设备), as well as the flexible battery(柔性电池), mean we should soon be seeing further developments. In addition(此外), important advances have been made in medicine and environmental (environment) science thanks to increasing computer power. Interviewer: Can you give us some examples? Richard: Sure. New inventions like 3D printers have been used to make replacement (replace) hearts and bone parts. In terms of (在……方面) the environment, it is now possible to create an intelligent walking house. It is capable of using (能够使用) GPS technology to travel to different places, with computing technology controlling (control) its “legs”. What’s more, huge advances in solar technology mean it can be eco-friendly, too. Interviewer: Impressive stuff (东西；发明)! I’ve also been told that you’re an inventor (invent) yourself. Is that correct? Richard: Yes, I am, but I’m only one member of a big team—most inventors now work as part of big international teams. Interviewer: I see. So what is it that inspires us to invent things? Richard: Most inventions start with recognising a problem that needs a solution. This was no doubt the reason behind the invention of the wheel in ancient times, which much later developed into the car. Now, reduced (reduce) energy supplies and environmental pollution have led (lead) to more advances in the technology of new energy vehicles. But what remains important is that we have an incredible desire to think (think) and create, and that’s the real spirit of invention. Interviewer: One last question. This is the one everyone really wants to know: will anybody ever invent a time machine? Richard: I think you’ve been watching too many movies! Nothing like this has been invented (invent) yet and I’d say we’re a long way from an invention like that at the moment! But, as they say, “Never say never!” --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 【Developing ideas】 Franklin’s Experiment: How Much Is True? Benjamin Franklin’s famous experiment with lightning (闪电) has introduced generations of children to science. However, new research suggests that the story may be fiction (虚构) instead of fact. The well-known story is that the American Founding Father and scientist flew a kite during a storm in 1752. At that time, there was much interest in electricity. People wanted to know if lightning was really produced by electricity or something else. Franklin was one of them. He raised the kite with a piece of string tied to it. A metal (金属的) key was attached to (被连接到) the string. A flash of lightning hit the kite, and electricity was conducted (conduct) through the string to the key. Franklin then touched the key with his finger and got an electric shock (收到电击). This, he said, proved (证明) that lightning was a form of electricity. For many years, schools have taught (teach) the story of Franklin’s lightning experiment. More than one generation of schoolchildren has (have) been amazed by his bravery (brave) and his scientific (science) approach to looking for the truth. Franklin, along with many other scientists, has (have) inspired us and taught us that scientific experiments are important in order to establish the truth and to contribute towards later scientific discoveries (discover) and inventions. However, neither the story nor the details of the experiment are entirely (完全地) true. Although it has been proved that Franklin’s experiment took place, more than one scientist has (have) questioned what really happened. The detail about the string and the key is true. But scientists all agree that if Franklin had actually touched the key, he would certainly have died from the electric shock. Scientists often question accepted ideas (质疑被接受的观点) because they want to establish the facts. Some have even questioned the story about the apple that fell (fall) on Newton’s head and led him to come up with (想出) his theory of gravity (重力). In fact, more than one account (记述) suggests that while Newton was certainly inspired by a falling apple, there is no proof (证据) that it hit him on the head. Admittedly (admit), fiction is often more interesting than the truth. People have been more inspired by Franklin’s spirit of scientific exploration (explore) than by the facts themselves. But in science, facts should be proved by experiments and research, and we should not always believe everything we read or hear—even if it is a great story. 知 识 精 讲 Part 1：重点单词 核心单词 词性及含义 词性转换 固定搭配 remain v. 保持；仍然是；留下；剩余；n. 剩余物；遗迹（复数形式） remaining (adj.) 剩余的； remains (n.) 遗迹；剩余物 ◆remain silent 保持沉默； ◆remain seated 保持坐着； ◆remain in touch 保持联系； ◆remain to be done 有待完成 addition n. 加；增加；加法；附加物 add (v.) 增加；添加； additional (adj.) 额外的；附加的 ◆in addition 此外；另外； ◆in addition to 除……之外（还）； injured adj. 受伤的；受损害的； v. 伤害；损害（injure的过去式和过去分词） injure (v.) 伤害；损害； injury (n.) 伤害；损伤； ◆the injured 受伤的人（复数概念）； ◆be injured in 在……中受伤 surrounding adj. 周围的；附近的； n. 周围的事物；环境（复数形式）； surround (v.) 包围；围绕；surroundings (n.) 环境 surrounded (adj.) 被包围的 ◆surrounding areas 周边地区； ◆be surrounded by/with 被……包围； ◆live in pleasant surroundings 生活在舒适的环境中 recognize v. 认出；识别；承认；认可 recognition (n.) 认出；识别； 承认； recognizable (adj.) 可识别的； 可认出的 ◆recognize sb. / sth. 认出某人/某物 ◆recognize...as/to be... 把……认作…… ◆beyond recognition 认不出来 ◆gain recognition 得到认可 attach v. 附上；贴上；连接；使依附；重视 attachment (n.) 附件；依恋；attached (adj.) 附加的；依恋的 ◆attach sth. to sth. 把某物附着在某物上 ◆attach importance to 重视 ◆be attached to 依恋；附属于 prove v. 证明；证实；被发现是；显示出 proof (n.) 证明；证据；proven (adj.) 被证实的 ◆prove (to be) + adj. / n. 被证明是…… ◆It is proved that… 据证明……；据证实…… ◆There is no proof that… 没有证据证明…… account n. 账户；账目；描述；解释； v. 解释；说明；占（比例） accountant (n.) 会计 accountable (adj.) 负有责任的 ◆open an account 开设账户 ◆take into account 考虑 ◆account for 解释；说明；占…比例 ◆on account of 由于；因为 ◆考点跟踪练习◆ 请用括号内动词的适当形式填空。 1. (2023・新课标 Ⅰ 卷改编) To our relief, the ______ (injure) in the accident were all sent to the nearest hospital in time. 2. (2022・浙江卷模拟) In ______ (add) to the classical music, we will also enjoy some pop songs at the concert. 3. (2024・山东济南一模改编) The result of the experiment remains ________ (confirm) before we draw a final conclusion. 4. (2021・天津卷改编) The old man, who was trapped in the valley, ______ (surround) by a group of kind villagers when he was found. 5. (2023・江苏南京二模) Her ______ (recognize) of the hidden problem helped the team avoid a big mistake. 6. (2022・全国甲卷改编) Please attach this label _____ the box before you mail it to the customer. 7. (2024・湖北武汉调研) The scientist presented a lot of ______ (prove) to support his new theory at the conference. 8. (2021・浙江卷改编) It has been ______ (prove) that a balanced diet plays an important role in keeping healthy. 9. (2023・广东佛山一模) No one could account ______ the sudden disappearance of the ancient relic in the museum. 10. (2024・福建厦门质检) The boy suffered a severe ______ (injure) to his left leg in the football match and had to be carried off the field. 11. (2024・四川成都二模) The ______ (surround) villages have developed rapidly since the construction of the new highway. 12. (2021・新课标 Ⅱ 卷改编) She ______ (attach) great importance to her children’s education since they were very young. 13. (2023・湖南长沙一模) The truth about the incident ______ (remain) to be revealed, which has attracted much public attention. 14. (2024・广东惠州二模) Everyone in the team should be ______ (account) for their own behavior and take responsibility for the project’s result. 15. (2024・安徽合肥调研) Many heroes, who are ______ (recognize) as role models by the public, have set good examples for us. Part 2：重点句型 【根据汉语提示完成句子】 1. This evening, I’ll be talking to Dr Richard Fairhurst, whosenew book The New Age of Invention has just been published. 今晚的嘉宾是理查德·费尔赫斯特博士，他的新书《新发明时代》刚刚出版。 【核心句型】whose 引导定语从句 本句中先行词是 Dr Richard Fairhurst（指人），whose 引导定语从句修饰该先行词，表示“Dr Richard Fairhurst 的”。本句中 whose 后接名词短语 new book The New Age of Invention，共同构成从句的主语。 ◆whose 引导的定语从句核心作用是表示所属关系，可理解为 “…… 的”，能替代 “of whom”（指人）或 “of which”（指物）的结构。This evening, I’ll be talking to Dr Richard Fairhurst, the new book The New Age of Invention of whom has just been published.（此改写语法正确，但不如原句简洁自然） 【补充】whose 也可修饰指物的先行词，例如： The house whose windows face south is mine. （窗户朝南的那栋房子是我的。先行词 the house 指物） ★注意：在从句中的成分whose 在定语从句中作定语，后必须接名词，不能单独使用。 2. So what is it thatinspires us to invent things? 那么，是什么激励着人们去发明创造呢？ 【核心句型】特殊疑问句形式的强调句 陈述句强调句基础结构为：It is/was + 被强调部分 + that + 句子其余部分 它的特殊疑问句句式为：特殊疑问词 + is/was + it + that + 句子其余部分 【拆解分析】 强调句标志词：is it that ①is ：根据句子的时态（一般现在时）和被强调部分是疑问词 what （表单数概念）确定。 ②it ：强调句的形式主语，无实际语义，仅起结构作用。 ③that ：强调句的引导词，连接被强调部分和句子剩余成分，无实际词义；本句中被强调的是主语，只能用 that 引导，不能用 who/whom。 ④句子其余部分：inspires us to invent things这是句子的谓语和宾语成分，即使经过强调句结构变形，这部分的语序仍为陈述语序（主谓宾结构不变）。 ★强调句的核心特点 可验证性判断一个句子是否为强调句，可采用 “去掉 it is/was 和 that，句子结构仍完整” 的方法。本句去掉 is it that 后，调整语序得到：What inspires us to invent things?句子结构完整、语义通顺，符合强调句的验证规则。 ★引导词的选择 ①强调人时，引导词可用 that 或 who/whom（强调主语用 who，强调宾语用 whom）。 ②强调事物 / 时间 / 地点 / 原因等时，引导词只能用 that，不能用 which/when/where/why。 本句强调的是事物（what），因此用 that 引导。 3. But scientists all agree that if Franklin had actually touched the key, he would certainly have died from the electric shock. 但科学家们一致认为，如果富兰克林真的碰到了钥匙，他必定会被电死。 【核心句型】宾语从句中含有对过去情况虚拟的if 条件句 【结构分析】 分析维度 虚拟条件句（if 从句） 虚拟主句 结构 if + 主语 + had + 过去分词 主语 + would + have + 过去分词 （其中would也可用should/could/might） 本句 对应内容 if Franklin had actually touched the key he would certainly have died from the electric shock 动词形式 had touched would have died 情态动词would表 “很可能会”，语气确定 语义 表示与过去事实相反的假设 实际情况：富兰克林并没有真的 去碰那个钥匙 表示基于过去假设产生的虚拟结果 含义：若过去真的碰了钥匙，他大概率会 死于电击，该结果并未真实发生 4. ①More than one scientist has (have) questioned what really happened. ②Franklin, along with many other scientists, has (have) inspired us. 【核心语法】主谓一致 ①短语 more than one + 单数可数名词 作主语时，形式上为单数概念，谓语动词需用单数形式。该结构的核心语义是 “不止一个”，但语法上强调个体的累加，而非复数群体，因此遵循 “形式单数，谓语单数” 的原则。 ②当主语后接 along with, together with, as well as, besides, except 等介词短语时，谓语动词的单复数由介词短语前的主语本身决定，这类介词短语仅作伴随状语，不影响主语的单复数。 ◆考点跟踪练习◆ 请用括号内动词的适当形式填空。 1. (2023・全国乙卷改编) The girl ______ is standing at the school gate is waiting for her mother. 2. (2022・浙江卷模拟) This is the village ______ I lived with my grandparents for five years. 3. (2024・山东青岛一模) It was in this lab ______ we finished the challenging experiment last week. 4. (2021・天津卷改编) More than one worker ______ (be) praised by the manager for their hard work this month. 5. (2023・江苏苏州二模) If I ______ (know) your telephone number yesterday, I would have called you immediately. 6. (2022・新课标 Ⅰ 卷改编) The novel, ______ was written by a famous writer, has been translated into over 20 languages. 7. (2024・湖北武汉调研) The teacher, along with her students, ______ (be) going to visit the history museum next Friday. 8. (2021・浙江卷改编) The old man, ______ house was damaged in the storm, was offered a temporary home by the government. 9. (2023・湖南长沙一模) It was his courage and wisdom ______ helped him get out of the dangerous situation 最新高考模拟题 10. (2022・山东济南模拟) If she ______ (have) a better change， she will make it to the top of the list. Part 3：重点语法：现在完成时的被动语态 现在完成时被动语态核心考点 1. 结构构成（重点） ①肯定式：have/has been + 过去分词 The bridge has been built. ②否定式：have/has not been + 过去分词 缩写：haven't/hasn't been + 过去分词） The bridge hasn't been built. ③疑问式：Have/Has + 主语 + been + 过去分词？ 回答对应肯否定形式，提示：have/has随主语单复数变化 Has the bridge been built? 2. 核心用法（重点） ①动作已完成，对现在有影响（标志词：already, yet, just） My phone has been repaired. It works well now. ②动作从过去持续到现在（标志词：for+时间段、since+过去时间/从句） This rule has been used for 10 years. ③强调动作承受者，不强调执行者（可加by引出执行者） Many new houses have been built in the countryside. 3. 与一般过去时被动的区分（难点） ①一般过去时被动： 只说过去的动作，和现在无关 标志词：yesterday, last week, in 2020等具体过去时间 例句：The door has been painted. It looks new now. ②现在完成时被动： 和现在有联系（有影响、持续到现在、到现在的次数） 标志词：for, since, already, yet, just, this month等 例句：The door was painted last week. ◆考点跟踪练习◆ 用括号内动词的适当形式填空 1. (2024·山东潍坊一模) They ______ (finish) their homework already, so they can go out to play now. 2. (2023·全国乙卷改编) The meeting ______ (hold) yesterday afternoon, and all members attended it. 3. (2022·浙江卷模拟) My parents ______ (visit) my grandparents twice this month. 4. (2024·湖北武汉调研) A new library ______ (build) in our school since 2022, and it will open next year. 5. (2021·天津卷改编) He ______ (lose) his keys on the way to work this morning, so he had to call his wife for help. 6. (2023·江苏南京二模) These books ______ (not return) to the library yet. You must return them before Friday. 7. (2022·新课标Ⅰ卷改编) The old man ______ (live) in this village when he was young. 8. (2024·四川成都一模) The problem ______ (solve) by the teacher already. You don't need to worry about it. 9. (2023·湖南长沙二模) They ______ (plant) many trees in the park last spring. 10. (2022·山东济南模拟) The letter ______ (send) to my friend three days ago, but he hasn't received it yet. 11. (2024·安徽合肥调研) My brother ______ (learn) English for five years. He can speak it fluently now. 12. (2023·广东佛山一模) A lot of old buildings ______ (pull) down in the city ten years ago. 13. (2022·浙江卷改编) We ______ (not see) each other since we graduated from middle school. 14. (2024·湖北宜昌二模) The results of the exam ______ (announce) just now. Let's go to check them. 15. (2023·江苏苏州调研) This kind of machine ______ (use) in many factories since it was invented. 1 / 9 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $