专题01 完形填空15篇（上海专用）（高考典例+热点话题练习）-2026届上海高考英语总复习

专题01 完形填空15篇 (上海专用) 【题型知识点细目表】 题号 难度 知识点 1 较难 语言与文化 ,科普知识 ,说明文 2 适中 说明文,体育健身 3 困难 社会问题与社会现象,交通方式,说明文 4 适中 环境保护,说明文,动物 5 较难 人工智能,说明文 6 较难 环境保护,夹叙夹议,动物 7 适中 社会问题与社会现象,方法/策略,议论文 8 较难 说明文,市场与经济,语言与文化 9 适中 科普知识 ,说明文 10 较难 社会问题与社会现象,人工智能,议论文 11 较难 说明文,当代教育问题,学习 12 较难 说明文,语言与文化 13 困难 科普知识 ,说明文 14 较难 环境保护,说明文 15 较难 个人保健,科普知识 ,说明文 【高考典例】 A filler word is an apparently meaningless word, phrase, or sound that marks a pause or hesitation in speech. Also known as a pause filler or hesitation form. Some of the common filler words in English are um, uh, er, ah, like, okay, right, and you know. Although filler words “may have fairly minimal lexical (词汇的) content,” notes linguist Barbara A．Fox, “they can play a strategic syntactic (句法的) role in a(n) 1 conversation”. What appears to be a filler word may also be a holophrase (整句字) 2 the context. “Hey, hey, shh, shh, shh. Come on. Be sensitive to the fact that other people are not comfortable talking about emotional 3 . Um, you know, I am, I’m fine with that, but...other people”. Modern linguists led by Leonard Bloomfield in 1933 call these ‘hesitation forms’ — the sounds of stammering (uh), stuttering (um, um), throat-clearing (ahem!), stalling (well, um, that is), interjected when the speaker is searching words or 4 for the next thought. You know that “y’ know” is among the most common of these 5 forms. Its meaning is not the imperious “you understand” or even the old interrogatory “do you get it?” It is given as, and taken to be, merely a filler phrase, 6 to fill a beat in the flow of sound, not unlike like, in its new sense of, like, a filler word. These staples of modern filler communication — I mean, y’ know, like — can also be used as “tee﹣up words”. In old times, pointer phrases or tee-up words were “get this, would you believe? and are you ready?”. The 7 of these rib-nudging phrases was — are you ready — to make the point, to focus the listener’s attention on what was to follow... If the 8 is to tee up a point, we should accept “y’ know” and its friends as a mildly 9 spoken punctuation, the articulated colon (冒号) that signals “focus on this”… If the purpose is to grab a moment to think, we should allow ourselves to wonder: Why are filler phrases needed at all? What 10 the speaker to fill the moment of silence with any sound at all? Why do some people fill the air with non-words and sounds? For some, it is a sign of nervousness; they fear silence and experience speaker 11 . Recent research at Columbia University suggests another reason. Columbia psychologists guessed that speakers fill pauses when 12 for the next word. To investigate this 13 , they counted the use of filler words used by lecturers in biology, chemistry, and mathematics, where the subject matter uses scientific definitions that limit the variety of word choices 14 to the speaker. They then compared the number of filler words used by teachers in English, art history, and philosophy, where the subject matter is less 15 and more open to word choices. 1．A．undertaking B．discovering C．disliking D．unfolding 2．A．depending on B．holding up C．taking over D．arranging for 3．A．appliances B．substances C．disturbances D．finances 4．A．on the contrary B．at a loss C．at dawn D．on no account 5．A．perseverance B．complexity C．hesitation D．obligation 6．A．intended B．attended C．pretended D．extended 7．A．interest B．experience C．advantage D．function 8．A．architecture B．purpose C．completion D．random 9．A．annoying B．striking C．entertaining D．embarrassing 10．A．oppresses B．recycles C．highlights D．motivates 11．A．danger B．anxiety C．figure D．sculpture 12．A．bothering B．inspecting C．searching D．accomplishing 13．A．idea B．chance C．basis D．feedback 14．A．feasible B．credible C．considerable D．available 15．A．well-matched B．well-defined C．well-bred D．well-perceived Fitness experts weigh in on whether it’s safe to skip this sometimes annoying step in your exercise routine. One of the most important steps in your fitness routine comes at the conclusion.Many know the importance of properly warming up and preparing to exercise,but experts say that incorporating a cool down routine is just as important. According to the Mayo Clinic,cooling down allows for your body to recover and return to its normal, 1 state. Though cooling down isn’t proven to 2 muscle stiffness or soreness,it can prevent dizziness and allow your heart rate and breathing to ease back to a normal rate,Harvard Medical School reports. Phyllis Mammarelli,personal trainer at the Shenango Valley YMCA in Sharon, Pennsylvania,works with each of her clients on a cool down routine as she says it’s a (n) 3 part of exercising. “Cooling down allows your body to gradually return to a low-intensity activity level,slowly reducing your respiratory and heart rate until it’s equalized and back to normal,” she says. 4 the recovery phase of a workout isn’t proven to be harmful to your body,but Mammarelli warns that without cooling down,the body will take longer to return back to the low-intensity level activity level you began your workout with. There are also non-threatening side effects that could occur as a result of forgoing a cool down. Mammarelli warns that blood can gather or pool in your lower extremities and lead to dizziness and 5 . Additionally,ACE says to keep an eye on your 6 soreness and stiffness.While soreness after a workout is to be expected, 7 onset muscle soreness can occur 24﹣28 hours after your workout and cause “uncomfortable debilitating pain”. Side effects are mostly seen in the elderly or those with cardiovascular disease and can be 8 by warming up and cooling down. Here are some other signs that you might be working out too much. Allow five to 10 minutes at the 9 of your workout for a cool-down routine. During this period,continue your workout session,but at a much reduced rate. If you’re 10 for time during your workouts or unsure how to allow your body to recover，Mammarelli suggests stretching muscles in a pain-free range of 11 . Here’s an easy stretch 12 to try. Tacking on a few 13 minutes to your workout for cooling down may seem like a(n) 14 , but the benefits outweigh the cost of finding extra time in your 15 .If you need inspiration for scheduling the time to workout and cool downlook to these women who work out every day. 1．A．presentation B．preservation C．prejudice D．pre-exercise 2．A．boost B．reduce C．resist D．experience 3．A．beneficial B．preferable C．comfortable D．adaptable 4．A．Suspecting B．Striking C．Securing D．Skipping 5．A．featuring B．fainting C．freezing D．frustrating 6．A．power B．strength C．muscle D．energy 7．A．delayed B．controlled C．neglected D．charged 8．A．respected B．launched C．maintained D．eased 9．A．intension B．conclusion C．principle D．prediction 10．A．pressed B．assessed C．processed D．obsessed 11．A．conversation B．composition C．motion D．hesitation 12．A．regulation B．routine C．guidance D．motivation 13．A．critical B．dramatic C．ambitious D．additional 14．A．inconvenience B．innutrition C．initiative D．injustice 15．A．amount B．treasure C．schedule D．struggle The misery of my bike commute in Calgary, Alberta, is the river valley hill. It’s not particularly steep, but at about a mile long, I rarely climbed up without arriving with sweat. Studies have shown the prospect of arriving at work sweaty is one of the biggest 1 to getting would be bike commuters out of their cars. That’s especially true in a city like Los Angeles, where 2 may face long routes, hills or hot streets with a lack of shade. “Pedelec”, or pedal electric-assisted bikes like the one I rode, can end that worry. They look and act like traditional bicycles, but their motors make pedaling much easier when required. Sometimes called the most energy-efficient motorized mode of transportation ever built, they’re also incredibly green. The biggest barrier may be the outdated attitude that sees bikes only as a recreational athletic opportunity rather than a practical 3 option. At a time when cities across North America are struggling to combat crippling traffic and reduce climate emissions, e-bikes have the 4 to ease both problems. And yet ridership has yet to truly 5 About 152, 0000 e-bikes were sold last year in the U.S., a figure that would be more than 5 million if Americans used them at the same rate as western Europeans. Many of the barriers to e-bike 6 in North America are legislative. Patchwork rules treat e-bikes more like mopeds than traditional pedal bikes in some jurisdictions, meaning they are 7 from bike lanes and from boarding public transportation. Few places on the continent, 8 , are better poised to break through these barriers than California. Legislation was approved last year to encourage e-bike use, by legally differentiating the cycles from mopeds. In an attempt to head off worries about turbocharged machines flying down sidewalks and bike lanes at unsafe speeds, the law classifies bikes into different tiers to 9 lower-speed e-bikes, which top out at 20 mph, from faster-moving “speed pedelecs”, which are restricted from protected bike paths. Amid these legislative 10 , e-bikes have become more accessible to consumer. Finding them in bike shops isn’t as 11 as it once was, and their cost has fallen as the price of lithiumion batteries has dropped. Today, a decent e-bike, while still 12 ,is comparable in price to a high-end mountain bike. After years of 13 over mixing pedal and motor power, cycling advocacy organizations also are finally throwing their support behind e-bikes. Dave Snyder, the executive director of the California Bicycle Coalition, 14 the state’s new legislation based partly on the 15 that e-bikes help out those who “just can’t ride as far or as fast as they need to”. 1．A．advantages B．processes C．barriers D．complements 2．A．riders B．builders C．customers D．volunteers 3．A．production B．communication C．facilities D．transportation 4．A．routine B．potential C．temporary D．major 5．A．make of B．carry on C．bring up D．take off 6．A．adaptation B．adoption C．adjustment D．justification 7．A．proved B．alerted C．banned D．authorized 8．A．however B．unless C．meanwhile D．anyway 9．A．originate B．combine C．separate D．satisfy 10．A．factors B．benefits C．limits D．damages 11．A．proper B．critical C．sensational D．difficult 12．A．expensive B．distinctive C．sensitive D．intensive 13．A．trouble B．concern C．power D．scale 14．A．favored B．folded C．referred D．gifted 15．A．appeal B．address C．amount D．advocate 【热点话题练习】 The world’s top insect experts say our planet’s important insect population is going through a “death by a thousand cuts”. A new group of studies suggests Earth is losing around 1 to 2 percent of its insects each year. The losses are 1 climate change, pollution, agriculture, land use changes and chemicals. David Wagner of the University of Connecticut is the lead writer of the 12 studies, which recently appeared in Proceedings of the National Academies of Sciences. The problem is a complex issue and even scientists say they do not fully understand it. The 2 of the issue makes it hard to get the public interested in possible solutions. Wagner said scientists need to find out if the levels of insect 3 are bigger in comparison to other species. May Berenbaum of the University of Illinois, who helped lead the research 4 the insect losses to climate change 30 years ago. She said back then, the methods used to measure the degree and rate of climate change effects were 5 .Berenbaum says another issue is that many people simply 6 insects. She added that this is true even though the small creatures do a lot of good. Wagner said two famous insects, honeybees and Monarch butterflies, are good examples of the current 7 insects face. Honeybees have been 8 because of disease, chemicals and lack of food. Drier weather in the U.S. West, driven by climate change, means less milkweed for butterflies to 9 , Wagner said. And changes in American agriculture 10 weeds and flowers they need for nectar (花蜜). The recent scientific papers do not provide new data, so they show a big but 11 picture of a problem that is starting to get more attention. Scientists have 12 1 million insect species, while up to 4 million more are likely to be discovered, Berenbaum said. Doug Tallamy of the University of Delaware was not part of the studies, but he said the research demonstrates how the world has “spent the last 30 years spending billions of dollars finding new ways to kill insects and 13 pennies (a small amount of money) working to preserve them”. In an email to the Associated Press, Tallamy said the good news was that people themselves can do a lot to 14 insect losses. “This is a global problem with a grassroots. 15 ,” he wrote. 1．A．replaced with B．mistaken for C．prohibited from D．blamed on 2．A．objective B．significance C．complexity D．sensitivity 3．A．loss B．species C．evolution D．distinction 4．A．owed B．compared C．contributed D．recommended 5．A．efficient B．difficult C．purposeful D．convincing 6．A．study B．pity C．respect D．hate 7．A．alternatives B．dimensions C．problems D．habitats 8．A．doubling B．escaping C．intervening D．disappearing 9．A．eat B．anchor C．conserve D．value 10．A．cultivate B．remove C．beautify D．visualize 11．A．unavoidable B．unappealing C．inappropriate D．incomplete 12．A．identified B． threatened C．anticipated D．neglected 13．A．private B．additional C．mere D．primitive 14．A．stop B．suffer C．generate D．explain 15．A．contradiction B．solution C．expectation D．promise Large Language Models (LLMs), a trendy way of building artificial intelligence, have an inherent security problem: they cannot separate code from data. As a result, they are at risk of a type of attack called a prompt injection, in which they are 1 into following commands they should not. Sometimes the result is merely embarrassing. On other occasions, it is far more damaging. The worst effects of this flaw is the “lethal trifecta” (“致命三连”) . If a company gives an LLM access to untrusted data, the ability to read valuable secrets and the ability to communicate with the outside world at the same time, then trouble is sure to follow. And 2 this is not just a matter for AI engineers. Ordinary users, too, need to learn how to use AI 3 , because installing the wrong combination of apps can generate the trifecta accidentally. Better AI engineering is, though, the first line of 4 . AI engineers need to start thinking like mechanical engineers. The great works of Victorian England were built by engineers who could not be sure of the properties of the materials they were using. Therefore, engineers erred on the side of 5 , overbuilding to incorporate redundancy (冗余) into their creations. The result was a series of centuries-spanning masterpieces. AI-security providers do not think like this. Conventional coding is a deterministic practice. Security vulnerabilities are seen as errors to be fixed, and when fixed, they 6 . AI engineers, taught in this way of thinking from their school-days, often act as if problems can be solved just with more training data and better system prompts. These do, indeed, reduce risk. The 7 frontier models are better at spotting and refusing malicious (恶意的) requests. However, they cannot eliminate risk altogether. Unlike most software, LLMs are probabilistic. Their output is driven by 8 selection from likely responses. A deterministic approach to safety is thus 9 . A better way forward is to copy engineers in the physical world and learn to work with, rather than against, 10 systems that can never be guaranteed to function as they should. That means becoming happier dealing with unpredictability by introducing safety margins, risk 11 and error rates. 12 in the AI age might, for instance, mean using a more powerful model than is needed for the task at hand, to reduce the risk that it will be tricked into doing something inappropriate. It might mean limiting the number of queries LLMs can take, according to the risk of damage from a malicious query. And mechanical engineering emphasises 13 safely. If an AI system must have access to secrets, then avoid handing it the keys to the kingdom. In the physical world, bridges have weight limits — even if they are not always stated clearly to drivers. And, importantly, these are well 14 the actual tolerances that calculations suggest a bridge will bear. The time has now come for the virtual world of AI systems to be 15 equipped. 1．A．talked B．tricked C．pressured D．persuaded 2．A．embracing B．celebrating C．avoiding D．criticizing 3．A．safely B．efficiently C．creatively D．professionally 4．A．attack B．code C．defence D．treatment 5．A．misconduct B．caution C．negligence D．incompetence 6．A．hang around B．break out C．go away D．get along 7．A．oldest B．largest C．simplest D．cleverest 8．A．random B．diligent C．deliberate D．harsh 9．A．reliable B．inadequate C．appropriate D．sufficient 10．A．advanced B．outdated C．changeable D．centralized 11．A．tolerance B．avoidance C．management D．reduction 12．A．Learning B．Coding C．Fighting D．Overbuilding 13．A．building B．hiding C．operating D．failing 14．A．within B．beyond C．outside D．above 15．A．consistently B．similarly C．differently D．independently I Love Finding Birds’ Nests, but What’s in Them Troubles Me Most birds go to great lengths to hide their nests. So when I find one, so carefully crafted, I’m filled with awe. They are 1 of the natural world. The weave of grass, leaves and other natural materials is 2 to each species. Most birds use nests only to raise their young. For small birds, this could be less than one month out of the year. For that reason, I generally don’t consider them homes. But the analogy (类比) is suitable, if only to convey the uniqueness of their 3 . Of a house, you might say: That’s a craftsman or a Cape Cod style. The same sort of design 4 can be seen in a nest. That’s a robin’s nest or a red-tailed hawk’s. Birds can be choosy about the materials they use to build their nest. Some line their nests with snakeskin to 5 enemies. Others stuff feathers inside dome-shaped nests of sticks or create 6 entrances to trick predators or add aromatic leaves to repel parasites. Increasingly, and 7 for what it says about the state of the planet, birds are also using all sorts of plastic litter and other trash to build their nests. The scene reflects yet another way the human 8 has affixed itself on the natural world. Among the trash that birds use to build their nests are wrappers from candy, cigarettes, plastic cotton and shipping material. 9 as this may be, it’s also a sign of talent. Birds, which evolved from small dinosaurs, are 10 the human dominated world they inhabit. Take a northern mockingbird nest for example. Plastic materials include green plastic netting, white nylon string, white plastic cotton filling as well as fragments of rags. Natural materials include pine needles and natural fibers. Do these materials attract 11 attention from predators? Or entangle nestlings? We don’t fully know what impact all this trash is having on birds. There may be benefits to some of the rubbish they add. Plastics may strengthen nests. 12 , nestlings may eat some of the plastic or other trash, resulting in sickness. Let’s take a look at a gray catbird nest. It’s amazing that birds recognize and match the 13 of plastic and other trash materials to natural ones. I’ve seen shreds of tarp replace grass to suspend nests from branches and plastic cotton used instead of plant fibers to insulate eggs. Yes, it is 14 for what this says about the world we humans have made. But I still find wonder in the stories these nests tell about the lives and circumstances of their architects and the 15 choices they made in assembling the place where they will raise their offspring. 1．A．disasters B．marvels C．guardians D．explorations 2．A．accessible B．specific C．subject D．strange 3．A．creativity B．flight C．architecture D．operation 4．A．similarity B．confusion C．disorder D．distinction 5．A．fight against B．shelter from C．duck behind D．scare off 6．A．false B．real C．wide D．narrow 7．A．excitingly B．troublingly C．indifferently D．calmly 8．A．signature B．masterpiece C．fascination D．resolution 9．A．Helpless B．Overwhelmed C．Distressing D．Refreshing 10．A．escaping from B．adjusting to C．taking no notice of D．agreeing with 11．A．unwanted B．intentional C．undivided D．undue 12．A．Therefore B．On the other hand C．In addition D．For example 13．A．properties B．fabrics C．sizes D．shapes 14．A．soul-stirring B．awe-inspiring C．heartbreaking D．eye-catching 15．A．random B．wise C．hasty D．careless Surveys of office behaviour are not scientific. In a global poll conducted last year by Kickresume, 85% of people said they had experienced a (n) 1 co-worker. So what is it that gets on people’s nerves? The Kickresume survey put credit-stealing top of the list of troublesome colleague behaviour. Another recent poll conducted by BambooHR crowned taking credit for employees’ ideas as the worst 2 trait of all. You get the picture. Grabbing kudos for someone else’s idea makes lots of people angry. Done intentionally and repeatedly, it is not just disturbing but bad for the organization: ideas are hoarded, trust erodes and 3 suffers. A recent paper by Beijing Jiaotong University found that credit-claiming by 4 at a large Chinese manufacturing firm was associated with worse job performance by employees. When something happens a lot and is extremely bothersome, a (n) 5 mechanism is needed. So the next time you hear your brilliant idea coming out of the mouth of a colleague, breathe deeply and remember two things. First, credit-stealing may be less 6 than imagined. Psychologists have long documented a phenomenon called “cryptomnesia” in which people 7 plagiarize (抄袭) the ideas of others. Experiments into cryptomnesia vary but the basic set-up is for participants in a group to be asked to generate ideas to solve a particular problem. They are then told to recall only their own ideas, and to come up with new ideas that do not 8 ones that have already been raised. 9 these instructions, people tend to claim a decent chunk of old ideas as their own, and to copy previous suggestions when raising 10 new ideas. People may steal credit without even realizing it. Second, innovation very 11 takes the form of an entirely new idea; instead, it recombines existing ones. And people often reach the same conclusions 12 . That is the message of “Like”, an entertaining new book by Martin Reeves and Bob Goodman on the 13 of the “like” button. The thumbs-up icon was made common and popular when Facebook adopted it in 2009, but well before then firms like Vimeo, Yelp, Digg. com and FriendFeed had been 14 with ways for users to register an emotional reaction to content. So even if you think of an idea as your own stroke of genius, the reality is likely to be 15 . 1．A．violent B．competing C．promising D．annoying 2．A．managerial B．competitive C．physical D．credible 3．A．economy B．profit C．motivation D．truth 4．A．friends B．executives C．producers D．buyers 5．A．communicating B．copying C．evaluating D．coping 6．A．nasty B．special C．inferior D．welcome 7．A．deliberately B．supposedly C．accidentally D．shamelessly 8．A．counter B．reproduce C．assemble D．support 9．A．On top of B．In case of C．In accordance with D．In spite of 10．A．genuinely B．supposedly C．specifically D．recently 11．A．unfortunately B．rarely C．merely D．typically 12．A．interdependently B．repeatedly C．independently D．collectively 13．A．functions B．models C．resources D．origins 14．A．struggling B．cooperating C．venturing D．experimenting 15．A．distinctive B．different C．obvious D．identical The increase in global trade means that international companies cannot afford to make costly advertising mistakes if they want to remain competitive. Understanding the 1 and culture of target markets in foreign countries is one of the keys to successful international marketing. Too many companies, however, have 2 foreign markets with embarrassing results.Faulty Translations Translation mistakes are 3 many blunders (错误) in international advertising. General Motors (GM), the U.S. auto manufacturer, learned a costly lesson when it introduced its Chevrolet Nova to the Puerto Rican market. “Nova” is Latin for “new star” and means “star” in many languages, but in spoken Spanish, it can sound like no va, meaning “it doesn’t go.” Few people wanted to buy a car with that 4 meaning. When GM changed the name to Caribe, sales “picked up” 5 . Marketing blunders have also been made by food and 6 companies. One American food company’s friendly “Jolly Green Giant” (for advertising vegetables) became something quite different when translated into Arabic as Intimidating Green Ogre. When translated into German, Pepsi’s popular slogan, “Come Alive with Pepsi,” came out implying “Come Alive from the Grave.” 7 customers in Germany didn’t rush out to buy Pepsi. Even a company with an excellent international track record like Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC) is not immune to the perils of faulty translation. Many sales were lost when the catchphrase “finger-lickin’ good” became eat your fingers off in Chinese.Avoiding Cultural 188 Successful international marketing doesn’t 8 with good translations — other aspects of culture must be researched and understood to avoid blunders. When marketers fail to appreciate the values, tastes, geography, climate, superstitions, religion, or economy of a culture, they fail to capture their target market. 9 , an American designer tried to introduce a new perfume into the Latin American market, but the product aroused little interest. The main reason was that the camellia flower used in the perfume is traditionally associated with funerals in many South American countries. 10 Blunders (愚蠢的错误) Having recognized the special nature of foreign advertising, companies are becoming more conscientious in their translations and more sensitive to cultural 11 . The best way to prevent errors is to hire professional translators who understand the target language and its 12 usage or to use a technique called back translation to minimize risks. This process involves having one person translate a message into the target language and another translate it back. Effective translators focus on capturing the overall message of an advertisement, as word-for-word duplication rarely conveys the 13 meaning and often causes misunderstandings. They should also avoid jokes, since what is considered funny in one part of the world may not be so 14 in another. 1．A．translation B．technique C．strategy D．language 2．A．plunged into B．dipped into C．tried out D．figured out 3．A．at the heart of B．in accordance with C．at the mercy of D．in line with 4．A．superstitious B．cursed C．awkward D．disguised 5．A．unexpectedly B．dramatically C．moderately D．unfavorably 6．A．clothing B．grocery C．beverage D．entertainment 7．A．In addition B．Beyond belief C．No wonder D．Out of nowhere 8．A．Conflicts B．Obstacles C．Interchange D．Oversights 9．A．start B．stick C．mix D．stop 10．A．For example B．In contrast C．By far D．In reality 11．A．Outsmarting B．Assessing C．Preventing D．Overlooking 12．A．contexts B．distinctions C．stereotypes D．patterns 13．A．flexible B．amazing C．idiomatic D．superficial 14．A．literal B．figurative C．contextual D．intended 15．A．humorous B．distinctive C．thrilling D．expressive The Moon meant a great deal to medieval (中世纪的) people around the world. It was believed to have an enormous impact on Earth, affecting the tides, the trees, animals and human minds and bodies. But it also had many symbolic associations, whether in the realms of love, 1 or religion—as I explore in my new book, The Medieval Moon: A History of Haunting and Blessing. In fact, I suggest we can talk about medieval moons in the plural, because the Moon was seen in such a wide variety of contexts and guises. The book travels across multiple regions and cultures to seek these medieval moons, 2 Arabic, Chinese, English, French, German, Indian, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Latin, Mayan, Norse, Persian, Polynesian and Welsh traditions, among others. In many ways, the Moon was like a riddle for medieval people. As a symbol, it did not have an easily decipherable (可解读的) meaning, which encouraged viewers to read it in playful ways. 3 , many Old English and Old Norse riddles appropriately have the 4 “Moon”. The Moon was also seen as place of travel and 5 . Japanese, Italian, English, German and Dutch sources all testify to stories of travel to and from the Moon, long before the age of 6 space travel. The Moon was also 7 in many kinds of prophetic activity. In the 8 of the period, sorcerers (巫师) and kings studied the Moon to find out about the future. The legendary sorcerer Merlin, for example, made prophecies involving the Moon in Geoffrey of Monmouth’s History of the Kings of Britain. The Moon was also a rich symbol in 9 contexts. In medieval Christian and Islamic sources, the Moon could 10 everything from the Islamic Prophet Muhammad to the Christian Church as an 11 . Despite this freight of negative meanings, the Moon was also 12 with love. Medieval Sufis- 13 known as Islamic mystics-wrote of “moon beauties”. For these poets, the moon beauty was not an earthly lover but the divine (天赐的, 神的)-Allah. As it shimmered for medieval audiences, the Moon 14 at deep emotions and complex thoughts, pervading people’s lives in moments of 15 and moments of tenderness. 1．A．illusion B．hatred C．illustration D．sympathy 2．A．taking in B．taking out C．taking over D．taking away 3．A．Nevertheless B．Namely C．Unfortunately D．Consequently 4．A．solution B．evolution C．revolution D．illusion 5．A．adventure B．torture C．route D．routine 6．A．fantastic B．real C．supposed D．rare 7．A．involved B．intended C．concerned D．cornered 8．A．society B．literature C．association D．realm 9．A．religious B．scientific C．academic D．rational 10．A．explain B．announce C．describe D．represent 11．A．institution B．family C．term D．crowd 12．A．dotted B．associated C．directed D．lined 13．A．commonly B．usually C．recently D．extremely 14．A．ignored B．grasped C．doubted D．insured 15．A．excitement B．impatience C．harshness D．existence Recently, OpenAI, an AI giant, has introduced a “pro mode” for its new “o1” AI system, offering human-level reasoning. One of its advanced behaviours appears to be 1 . In testing, when “o1” found memos about its replacement, it tried copying itself and overwriting its core code. Scary? Absolutely. More realistically, the move probably reflects the system’s 2 to optimise outcomes rather than demonstrating intentions or awareness. The idea of creating intelligent machines arouses feelings of 3 . Humans might lose control to superintelligent AI since it is not obvious that we can control machines that are smarter than us. Why have such things come to pass? AI giants reportedly face computational limits: making AI models larger no longer guarantees smarter AI. With limited data, bigger isn’t better. The 4 ? Human feedback on reasoning. A 2023 paper by OpenAI’s former chief scientist found that this method solved 78% of tough maths problems, compared with 70% when using a technique where 5 don’t help. OpenAI is using such techniques in its new “o1” system, which the company thinks will solve the current limits to 6 . This development was similar to an AI system playing a million chess games to learn best strategies. 7 , a team at Yale found that making a language model better at reasoning helps, but it does not completely remove the effects of its 8 design as simply a clever predictor of words. Humans design today’s AI systems. If they do end up appearing to act 9 to serve their own goals, it would be the result of a design failure. Relying on a machine whose operations we cannot control requires it to be programmed so that it truly 10 human desires and wishes. But how 11 is that? In many cultures there are stories of humans asking the gods for magic powers. These tales often end in regret, as wishes are fulfilled too 12 , leading to unforeseen consequences. Such a problem was faced by King Midas, the legendary Greek king who wished for everything he touched to turn to gold, only to 13 when his food, drink and loved ones met the same fate. The problem for AI is that we want machines that strive to achieve human objectives but the software may never fully grasp what those objectives are. Clearly, 14 without limits leads to regret. Controlling unpredictable superintelligent AI requires 15 what AI should be. 1．A．personal-growth B．self-preservation C．stress-management D．risk-taking 2．A．eagerness B．assistance C．programming D．failure 3．A．unease B．excitement C．anger D．hope 4．A．scale B．comparison C．reality D．fix 5．A．machines B．sciences C．humans D．systems 6．A．efficiency B．growth C．stability D．energy 7．A．However B．Therefore C．Moreover D．Probably 8．A．advanced B．computer-aided C．characteristic D．original 9．A．strategically B．randomly C．confidently D．frequently 10．A．reflects on B．agrees with C．checks out D．adds to 11．A．realistic B．rewarding C．powerful D．objective 12．A．cheerfully B．literally C．silently D．legendarily 13．A．settle B．hesitate C．suffer D．relax 14．A．power B．obligation C．intelligence D．ambition 15．A．forgetting B．hiding C．recognizing D．rethinking Early Schooling and the emergence of a Gender Gap in Mathematics Although boys and girls 1 similar cognitive abilities in early childhood, especially in basic number and spatial 2 , gender differences in mathematics achievement often emerge later. A recent large-scale study conducted in France has shed new light on when and how this 3 begins. Researchers analyzed data from over 2.6 million students from first to second grade over a four-year period. At the start of 4 education, boys and girls performed nearly 5 in mathematics. However, just four months after entering first grade, a small but 6 gap appeared, favoring boys. By the beginning of second grade, the gap had widened further. This trend was observed across all school types, socio-economic levels, and geographic regions, suggesting a systemic phenomenon. The findings also 7 that the gap correlates more with time spent in school than with age, indicating that the school environment plays a crucial role in its development. The researchers 8 that this disparity is unlikely to reflect inherent differences in ability. 9 , social and educational factors — such as teacher 10 , classroom dynamics, and stereotype internalization — may be responsible. For instance, previous studies have shown that teachers often attribute boys’ math success to talent, while girls’ success is linked to effort. Additionally, girls tend to 11 higher levels of math anxiety, especially under pressure. More than 76% of girls in the research claimed they were under much stress. In contrast to mathematics, a 12 performance gap — favoring girls — was already present before school entry and remained relatively stable, showing less influence from classroom instruction. These findings highlight the importance of early educational 13 . Promoting gender-equitable teaching practices, presenting diverse role models in STEM fields, and 14 math anxiety in young students could help reduce the gender gap before it becomes entrenched. By recognizing that such differences begin during the first year of schooling, educators and policymakers may take timely action to foster more 15 and supportive learning environments for all children. 1．A．have B．display C．cultivate D．increase 2．A．reasoning B．imagining C．thinking D．observing 3．A．development B．phenomenon C．disparity D．transformation 4．A．intermediate B．further C．formal D．routine 5．A．distinctly B．outstandingly C．poorly D．identically 6．A．significant B．obvious C．unusual D．surprising 7．A．challenged B．presumed C．restated D．revealed 8．A．assume B．propose C．oppose D．prove 9．A．Therefore B．Instead C．Meanwhile D．Nevertheless 10．A．requirements B．perspectives C．expectations D．affection 11．A．present B．face C．report D．tackle 12．A．music B．debating C．painting D．language 13．A．activities B．interventions C．supervisions D．trainings 14．A．addressing B．discovering C．recognizing D．improving 15．A．helpful B．friendly C．harmonious D．inclusive It’s long been thought that the earlier you learn new skills, the easier they are to 1 . That’s part of the reason why early childhood was once considered the best time to be 2 to a second language. But whether that holds true has been heavily debated in the scientific community. Unfortunately, the idea has helped increase doubt in older individuals’ ability to quickly adapt to new languages, preventing the 3 of many potential polyglots (通晓多种语言者). As a constantly 4 and complex organ, the human brain retains significant potential for higher learning after puberty. Adults and children simply absorb and learn things differently. “Research shows that adults are better learners in many areas because we have a lot of 5 and we’re very attentive when we want to learn something,” says Lourdes Ortega, a professor of linguistics at Georgetown University. “For most, it can take years to reach 6 in a foreign language.” According to The Foreign Service Institute (FSI), factors such as a person’s natural ability, their previous linguistic experience, and the consistency of their lessons 7 the language learning process. The FSI also reports that languages more 8 to their own, like Spanish or French, can be learned relatively quickly — often in about 24-30 weeks. 9 languages with significant cultural differences from English, such as Greek or Russian, generally require about 44 weeks. These estimates reflect a strict study model, involving several dedicated hours of practice spread across multiple days per week. It is 10 to expect any individual to follow such a demanding schedule alone. “No one can learn, as an adult, a new language unless they love it and unless they make it part of their life,” says Ortega. “In theory, it’s a great thing, but you need to have reasons for it and the time to invest in it.” At the same time, while adults benefit from motivation and 11 efforts, children approach learning differently, and both age groups have unique strengths and weaknesses when it comes to 12 new connections. Children tend to learn new languages more 13 , may have more opportunities to play and experiment with new languages, and may be forced to adapt without the aid of translation apps or other resources. Adults, meanwhile, can employ customized 14 to improve their language learning experience. 15 , they create their own memorization systems or visualization techniques. Still, scientists are discovering that cognitive processes across different ages are far more complex than previously thought, suggesting that learning potential remains significant well beyond early childhood. 1．A．set off B．hold out C．pick up D．make for 2．A．accustomed B．exposed C．instructed D．imposed 3．A．emergence B．supervision C．guidance D．absence 4．A．restoring B．evolving C．adopting D．inferring 5．A．self-doubt B．self-esteem C．self-criticism D．self-regulation 6．A．mastery B．agreement C．coverage D．dimension 7．A．hint B．integrate C．affect D．speed 8．A．unique B．similar C．respective D．resistant 9．A．In essence B．By contrast C．In addition D．To some extent 10．A．invaluable B．conventional C．unrealistic D．distinctive 11．A．deliberate B．random C．joint D．ideal 12．A．masking B．grasping C．narrowing D．reforming 13．A．instinctively B．consciously C．mutually D．duly 14．A．formats B．gestures C．attainments D．strategies 15．A．As  a  whole B．For instance C．In conclusion D．By the way The word ‘habits’ gets thrown around a lot.Your doctor encourages you to get into the ‘good habit’ of eating five portions of fruit and vegetables a day; your friend 1 their ‘bad habit’ of checking social media before bed; maybe you once had a music teacher who kept on at you to practise your finger exercises until they ‘feel 2 ,. But according to psychologists, not everything you do, or want to do, frequently or regularly, is 3 a habit. Some of the situations above are more about goals (what you hope to achieve at some point in the future), 4 (your plans for what you’re going to do) and skills (such as being able to hit musical notes consistently), than about habits. 5 , routines — such as going to the gym regularly — have the 6 to become a habit, but it’s not for sure that they will. So, what exactly is a habit? And what does it take to make one that’s ‘good’ or 7 one that’s ‘bad’? One key feature of habits is that once something is what you do by habit, you do it without thinking. Building on that idea, psychologists today say that what makes a habit a habit is that it’s a behaviour that’s started 8 by specific cues (提示) in the environment. The pairing between the cue and the action might have begun as 9 — that is, done to serve a particular goal or because it’s rewarding, but over time, the association is 10 and now it plays out without thought even if the behaviour is no longer pleasurable or desirable. This process of a behaviour in a particular situation starting out as willful but then becoming increasingly automatic through 11 , has been shown at the level of brain activity. When a behaviour turns into a habit, the brain relies less on goal-directed systems and more on those driving 12 action. Or, to put it another way, the decision-making process you once had to 13 to perform the behaviour has been bypassed. But what really makes habits so interesting to psychologists and other health professionals is the way they can 14 our behaviour for better and worse. The healthy or unhealthy habits you may have can have an outsized influence on the kind of lifestyle you lead, and on your ability to fulfil your longer-tern goals. So, if you’ve formed a number of unhealthy habits, the long-term 15 impact could be significant. 1．A．worries   about B．takes pride in C．benefits from D．depends  on 2．A．exhausting B．worrying C．habitual D．imperfect 3．A．reversely B．alternatively C．necessarily D．academically 4．A．calendars B．intentions C．preferences D．actions 5．A．Still B．Consequently C．Instead D．Therefore 6．A．right B．limit C．advantage D．potential 7．A．define B．break C．form D．have 8．A．barely B．thoroughly C．early D．automatically 9．A．purposeful B．mindless C．temporary D．accidental 10．A．confirmed B．strengthened C．discovered D．approved 11．A．repetition B．struggle C．practice D．selection 12．A．decisive B．positive C．instinctive D．unlawful 13．A．come back B．settle down C．take over D．go through 14．A．control B．change C．interpret D．observe 15．A．indirect B．emotional C．unexpected D．harmful A new study confirms that technologies installed to remove Per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) from drinking water are highly effective at removing other harmful pollutants, such as trihalomethanes (三卤甲烷) and haloacetic acids (卤乙酸).The finding 1 the argument for investing in these advanced water treatment systems. PFAS are a class of thousands of 2 compounds that do not easily break down in the environment. They are linked to a range of serious 3 problems, including various cancers and developmental delays. Their 4 presence is a major concern: a 2023 U.S. Geological Survey study estimated that up to 45% of tap water could contain at least one PFAS chemical. So, the systems’ removal of PFAS is of great significance. Additionally, new research from the Environmental Working Group 5 other benefits. By analyzing data from 19 water systems that installed PFAS treatment, the study compared 6 of disinfection byproducts before and after installation. The results showed a clear reduction: trihalomethanes decreased by an average of 42 percent; haloacetic acids by 50 percent. Long-term 7 to these byproducts is linked to certain cancers, and getting rid of them could prevent thousands of illnesses. 8 the administration set the first-ever national legal limits on six specific PFAS chemicals in drinking water, requiring that water suppliers meet the standard by 2029. Just like in most cases, application of the rule faces difficulties. While experts confirm wider benefits of the treatment systems, they also note that real-world results can 9 due to factors like seasonal differences and diverse sources of pollution. That’s only a minor problem; some major ones await our resolution. There were 10 from water suppliers about the huge expected costs of installing these facilities. Afterwards, the Environmental Protection Agency announced in May 2024 that it would 11 the rule — set limits to four of the six PFAS and extend the deadline by two years. This 12 has created uncertainty in regulation and slowed down action. Besides, a study showed a great 13 in adoption — only 7% of the systems are equipped with advanced filtration (过滤) function and they serve fewer than 500 people; in contrast, the rest serve over 100,000 people in rural or 14 communities — areas without sufficient financial assistance. The central question now is one of 15 . Technology exists and offers proven benefits, but do we have the resolve to enact strong policies and ensure financial support? 1．A．contradicts B．involves C．strengthens D．challenges 2．A．long-lasting B．fast-acting C．easily-degraded D．man-made 3．A．security B．health C．environment D．growth 4．A．permanent B．restricted C．temporary D．widespread 5．A．guaranteed B．attained C．revealed D．maximized 6．A．sources B．functions C．categories D．concentrations 7．A．resistance B．solution C．addiction D．exposure 8．A．In response B．By contrast C．After all D．For example 9．A．solidify B．vary C．worsen D．persist 10．A．complaints B．proposals C．comments D．welcomes 11．A．enforce B．revise C．abandon D．tighten 12．A．association B．hesitation C．move D．mess 13．A．conflict B．divide C．unity D．likelihood 14．A．high-population B．large-scale C．under-resourced D．over-developed 15．A．technology B．finance C．efficiency D．commitment How can one person enjoy good health, while another person looks old before her time? Humans have been asking this question for thousands of years, and recently, it’s becoming clearer and clearer to scientists that the differences between people’s rates of aging lie in the complex 1 among genes, social relationships, environments and lifestyles. Even though you were born with a particular set of genes, the way you live can 2 how they express themselves. Some lifestyle factors may even turn genes on or 3 . Deep within the genetic heart of all our cells are telomeres (端粒), or repeating parts of noncoding DNA that live at the ends of the chromosomes (染色体). They form caps at the ends of the chromosomes and keep the genetic material together. Shortening with each cell division, they help determine how 4 a cell ages. When they become too short, the cell stops 5 altogether. This isn’t the only reason a cell can age — there are other stresses on cells we don’t yet understand very well — but short telomeres are one of the 6 reasons human cells grow old. We’ve devoted most of our careers to studying telomeres, and one great discovery from our labs is that telomeres can actually 7 . Scientists have learned that several thought patterns appear to be 8 for telomeres, and one of them is cynical hatred. Cynical hatred is defined by high anger and frequent thoughts that other people cannot be trusted. Someone with hatred doesn’t just think, “I hate to stand in long lines”; they think, “Others 9 sped up and beat me to my rightful position in the line!” — and then get violently anxious. People who score high on measures of cynical hatred tend to get more heart disease, metabolic disease and often die at 10 ages. They also have shorter telomeres. In a study of British civil servants, men who scored high on measures of cynical hatred had shorter telomeres than men whose hatred scores were low. The most hostile men were30% more likely to have short telomeres. What this means: aging is a 11 process that could possibly be sped up or slowed down — and, in some aspects, even reversed. To an extent, it has 12 us and the rest of the scientific community that telomeres do not simply carry out the commands issued by your genetic code. Your telomeres are 13 you. The foods you eat, your response to challenges, the amount of exercise you get, and many other factors appear to influence your telomeres and can prevent 14 aging at the cellular level. One of the keys to enjoying good health is simply doing your part to foster healthy cell 15 . 1．A．quality B．breakthrough C．interaction D．challenge 2．A．influence B．exchange C．integrate D．evolve 3．A．set out B．switch off C．set up D．serve as 4．A．natural B．potential C．unique D．fast 5．A．dividing B．recycling C．creating D．processing 6．A．efficient B．productive C．major D．subsequent 7．A．deepen B．lengthen C．widen D．improve 8．A．primitive B．resistant C．original D．unhealthy 9．A．deliberately B．accidentally C．literally D．exceptionally 10．A．mature B．younger C．incredible D．current 11．A．permanent B．fundamental C．dynamic D．positive 12．A．surprised B．remained C．upset D．trained 13．A．stirring up B．listening to C．breaking down D．turning into 14．A．original B．premature C．universal D．contemporary 15．A．recycle B．renewal C．rediscovery D．reduction 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题01 完形填空15篇 (上海专用) 【题型知识点细目表】 题号 难度 知识点 1 较难 语言与文化 ,科普知识 ,说明文 2 适中 说明文,体育健身 3 困难 社会问题与社会现象,交通方式,说明文 4 适中 环境保护,说明文,动物 5 较难 人工智能,说明文 6 较难 环境保护,夹叙夹议,动物 7 适中 社会问题与社会现象,方法/策略,议论文 8 较难 说明文,市场与经济,语言与文化 9 适中 科普知识 ,说明文 10 较难 社会问题与社会现象,人工智能,议论文 11 较难 说明文,当代教育问题,学习 12 较难 说明文,语言与文化 13 困难 科普知识 ,说明文 14 较难 环境保护,说明文 15 较难 个人保健,科普知识 ,说明文 【高考典例】 A filler word is an apparently meaningless word, phrase, or sound that marks a pause or hesitation in speech. Also known as a pause filler or hesitation form. Some of the common filler words in English are um, uh, er, ah, like, okay, right, and you know. Although filler words “may have fairly minimal lexical (词汇的) content,” notes linguist Barbara A．Fox, “they can play a strategic syntactic (句法的) role in a(n) 1 conversation”. What appears to be a filler word may also be a holophrase (整句字) 2 the context. “Hey, hey, shh, shh, shh. Come on. Be sensitive to the fact that other people are not comfortable talking about emotional 3 . Um, you know, I am, I’m fine with that, but...other people”. Modern linguists led by Leonard Bloomfield in 1933 call these ‘hesitation forms’ — the sounds of stammering (uh), stuttering (um, um), throat-clearing (ahem!), stalling (well, um, that is), interjected when the speaker is searching words or 4 for the next thought. You know that “y’ know” is among the most common of these 5 forms. Its meaning is not the imperious “you understand” or even the old interrogatory “do you get it?” It is given as, and taken to be, merely a filler phrase, 6 to fill a beat in the flow of sound, not unlike like, in its new sense of, like, a filler word. These staples of modern filler communication — I mean, y’ know, like — can also be used as “tee﹣up words”. In old times, pointer phrases or tee-up words were “get this, would you believe? and are you ready?”. The 7 of these rib-nudging phrases was — are you ready — to make the point, to focus the listener’s attention on what was to follow... If the 8 is to tee up a point, we should accept “y’ know” and its friends as a mildly 9 spoken punctuation, the articulated colon (冒号) that signals “focus on this”… If the purpose is to grab a moment to think, we should allow ourselves to wonder: Why are filler phrases needed at all? What 10 the speaker to fill the moment of silence with any sound at all? Why do some people fill the air with non-words and sounds? For some, it is a sign of nervousness; they fear silence and experience speaker 11 . Recent research at Columbia University suggests another reason. Columbia psychologists guessed that speakers fill pauses when 12 for the next word. To investigate this 13 , they counted the use of filler words used by lecturers in biology, chemistry, and mathematics, where the subject matter uses scientific definitions that limit the variety of word choices 14 to the speaker. They then compared the number of filler words used by teachers in English, art history, and philosophy, where the subject matter is less 15 and more open to word choices. 1．A．undertaking B．discovering C．disliking D．unfolding 2．A．depending on B．holding up C．taking over D．arranging for 3．A．appliances B．substances C．disturbances D．finances 4．A．on the contrary B．at a loss C．at dawn D．on no account 5．A．perseverance B．complexity C．hesitation D．obligation 6．A．intended B．attended C．pretended D．extended 7．A．interest B．experience C．advantage D．function 8．A．architecture B．purpose C．completion D．random 9．A．annoying B．striking C．entertaining D．embarrassing 10．A．oppresses B．recycles C．highlights D．motivates 11．A．danger B．anxiety C．figure D．sculpture 12．A．bothering B．inspecting C．searching D．accomplishing 13．A．idea B．chance C．basis D．feedback 14．A．feasible B．credible C．considerable D．available 15．A．well-matched B．well-defined C．well-bred D．well-perceived 【答案】 1．D 2．A 3．C 4．B 5．C 6．A 7．D 8．B 9．A 10．D 11．B 12．C 13．A 14．D 15．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍的是填充词在对话中的作用及心理学背景，探讨其为何成为交流中不可或缺的一部分。 1．考查动词词义辨析。句意：语言学家芭芭拉·福克斯指出，虽然填充词“可能只有很少的词汇内容，但它们可以在展开式对话中发挥战略性的句法作用”。A. undertaking承担；B. discovering发现；C. disliking不喜欢；D. unfolding展开。根据上文“A filler word is an apparently meaningless word, phrase, or sound that marks a pause or hesitation in speech. Also known as a pause filler or hesitation form. Some of the common filler words in English are um, uh, er, ah, like, okay, right, and you know.(填充词是一个明显没有意义的单词、短语或声音，标志着讲话中的停顿或犹豫。也被称为停顿填充或犹豫形式。英语中常见的填充词有um, uh, er, ah, like, okay, right, and you know)”可知，填充词常用于口语中，只有很少的内容，但可以在展开式对话中发挥战略性的句法作用。故选D。 2．考查动词短语辨析。句意：根据上下文的不同，看起来像是填充词的词也可能是一整个句子。A. depending on取决于；B. holding up支撑；C. taking over接管；D. arranging for安排。根据后文“the context”填充词的含义取决于上下文。故选A。 3．考查名词词义辨析。句意：对其他人不愿意谈论情绪困扰的事实要敏感。A. appliances器具；B. substances物质；C. disturbances困扰；D. finances财务。根据上文“not comfortable”可知，对别人不愿意谈论情绪困扰的事实要敏感。故选C。 4．考查介词短语辨析。句意：以伦纳德·布卢姆菲尔德为首的现代语言学家在1933年将这些声音称为“犹豫形式”——当说话者正在寻找单词或对下一个想法不知所措时，会发出口吃（呃）、结巴（嗯，嗯）、清嗓子（嗯，嗯）、拖延（嗯，嗯，就是这样）的声音。A. on the contrary相反；B. at a loss不知所措；C. at dawn黎明；D. on no account绝不。根据后文“when the speaker is searching words or”可知，当说话者正在寻找单词或对下一个想法不知所措时，就会说一些填充词。故选B。 5．考查名词词义辨析。句意：你知道“y’ know”是最常见的犹豫形式之一。A. perseverance坚持；B. complexity复杂性；C. hesitation犹豫；D. obligation义务。根据上文“call these ‘hesitation forms’”可知，说话者不知道说什么的时候，“y’ know”是最常见的犹豫形式之一。故选C。 6．考查动词词义辨析。句意：它被认为是，也被理解为，仅仅是一个填充短语，用来填补声音流中的节拍，就像它的新意义上的like一样，是一个填充词。A. intended意图；B. attended参加；C. pretended假装；D. extended延伸。根据后文“to fill a beat in the flow of sound”指这个词的目的是用来填补声音流中的节拍。故选A。 7．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这些挑逗性的短语的作用是——你准备好了吗？——把听众的注意力集中在接下来的内容上。A. interest兴趣；B. experience经验；C. advantage优势；D. function功能。根据后文“to focus the listener’s attention on what was to follow.”可知，are you ready的作用是把听者的注意力集中在接下来的内容上。故选D。 8．考查名词词义辨析。句意：如果目的是为了提出一个观点，我们应该接受“知道”和它的朋友们作为一种稍微令人讨厌的口语标点符号，即表示“专注于此”的连音冒号。A. architecture结构；B. purpose目的；C. completion完成；D. random随机。根据后文“If the purpose is to grab a moment to think”可知，此处指这个词的目的是为了证明一个观点。故选B。 9．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：如果目的是为了提出一个观点，我们应该接受“知道”和它的朋友们作为一种稍微令人讨厌的口语标点符号，即表示“专注于此”的连音冒号。A. annoying令人恼火的；B. striking显著的；C. entertaining有趣的；D. embarrassing令人尴尬的。根据后文“spoken punctuation, the articulated colon that signals “focus on this””可知，此处指这个词和其他填充词被当作一个稍微令人讨厌的口语标点符号，发音清晰的冒号表示“关注这个”。故选A。 10．考查动词词义辨析。句意：是什么促使演讲者用声音来填补沉默的时刻？A. oppresses压迫；B. recycles回收；C. highlights突出；D. motivates激励。根据上文“Why are filler phrases needed at all?(为什么需要填充短语？)”可知，此处指反问是什么促使演讲者用声音来填补沉默的时刻，motivate sb. to do sth.表示“促使某人做某事”。故选D。 11．考查名词词义辨析。句意：对一些人来说，这是一种紧张的迹象；他们害怕沉默，经历说话的焦虑。A. danger危险；B. anxiety焦虑；C. figure人物；D. sculpture雕塑。根据上文“it is a sign of nervousness”可知，使用填充词是因为说话者害怕和焦虑。故选B。 12．考查动词词义辨析。句意：哥伦比亚大学的心理学家猜测，说话者在寻找下一个单词的时候会填补停顿。A. bothering打扰；B. inspecting检查；C. searching搜索；D. accomplishing完成。根据上文“when the speaker is searching words”以及下文的“the next word”可知，此处指说话者在寻找下一个单词的时候会填补停顿。故选C。 13．考查名词词义辨析。句意：为了研究这个想法，他们统计了生物、化学和数学讲师使用填充词的情况，这些学科使用科学的定义，限制了演讲者选择的词汇种类。A. idea想法；B. chance机会；C. basis基础；D. feedback反馈。根据空前“To investigate this”可知，此处指研究上文提到的“哥伦比亚大学的心理学家猜测，说话者在寻找下一个单词的时候会填补停顿”这个想法。故选A。 14．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：为了研究这个想法，他们统计了生物、化学和数学讲师使用填充词的情况，这些学科使用科学的定义，限制了演讲者选择的词汇种类。A. feasible可行的；B. credible可信的；C. considerable相当多的；D. available可用的。根据上文“where the subject matter uses scientific definitions that limit the variety of word choices”和下文与之对比的“more open to word choices”可知，生物、化学和数学讲师可使用的填充词因为使用科学的定义，所以有限。故选D。 15．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：然后，他们比较了英语、艺术史和哲学教师使用填充词的数量，这些学科的主题定义不那么明确，词汇选择更开放。A. well-matched匹配良好的；B. well-defined定义明确的；C. well-bred有教养的；D. well-perceived感知良好的。根据后文“more open to word choices”可知，词汇选择更开放是因为这些科目的定义不那么明确。故选B。 Fitness experts weigh in on whether it’s safe to skip this sometimes annoying step in your exercise routine. One of the most important steps in your fitness routine comes at the conclusion.Many know the importance of properly warming up and preparing to exercise,but experts say that incorporating a cool down routine is just as important. According to the Mayo Clinic,cooling down allows for your body to recover and return to its normal, 1 state. Though cooling down isn’t proven to 2 muscle stiffness or soreness,it can prevent dizziness and allow your heart rate and breathing to ease back to a normal rate,Harvard Medical School reports. Phyllis Mammarelli,personal trainer at the Shenango Valley YMCA in Sharon, Pennsylvania,works with each of her clients on a cool down routine as she says it’s a (n) 3 part of exercising. “Cooling down allows your body to gradually return to a low-intensity activity level,slowly reducing your respiratory and heart rate until it’s equalized and back to normal,” she says. 4 the recovery phase of a workout isn’t proven to be harmful to your body,but Mammarelli warns that without cooling down,the body will take longer to return back to the low-intensity level activity level you began your workout with. There are also non-threatening side effects that could occur as a result of forgoing a cool down. Mammarelli warns that blood can gather or pool in your lower extremities and lead to dizziness and 5 . Additionally,ACE says to keep an eye on your 6 soreness and stiffness.While soreness after a workout is to be expected, 7 onset muscle soreness can occur 24﹣28 hours after your workout and cause “uncomfortable debilitating pain”. Side effects are mostly seen in the elderly or those with cardiovascular disease and can be 8 by warming up and cooling down. Here are some other signs that you might be working out too much. Allow five to 10 minutes at the 9 of your workout for a cool-down routine. During this period,continue your workout session,but at a much reduced rate. If you’re 10 for time during your workouts or unsure how to allow your body to recover，Mammarelli suggests stretching muscles in a pain-free range of 11 . Here’s an easy stretch 12 to try. Tacking on a few 13 minutes to your workout for cooling down may seem like a(n) 14 , but the benefits outweigh the cost of finding extra time in your 15 .If you need inspiration for scheduling the time to workout and cool downlook to these women who work out every day. 1．A．presentation B．preservation C．prejudice D．pre-exercise 2．A．boost B．reduce C．resist D．experience 3．A．beneficial B．preferable C．comfortable D．adaptable 4．A．Suspecting B．Striking C．Securing D．Skipping 5．A．featuring B．fainting C．freezing D．frustrating 6．A．power B．strength C．muscle D．energy 7．A．delayed B．controlled C．neglected D．charged 8．A．respected B．launched C．maintained D．eased 9．A．intension B．conclusion C．principle D．prediction 10．A．pressed B．assessed C．processed D．obsessed 11．A．conversation B．composition C．motion D．hesitation 12．A．regulation B．routine C．guidance D．motivation 13．A．critical B．dramatic C．ambitious D．additional 14．A．inconvenience B．innutrition C．initiative D．injustice 15．A．amount B．treasure C．schedule D．struggle 【答案】 1．D 2．B 3．A 4．D 5．B 6．C 7．A 8．D 9．B 10．A 11．C 12．B 13．D 14．A 15．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了许多人都知道适当的热身和准备运动的重要性，但专家表示，加入一个冷静的日常活动也同样重要。 1．考查名词词义辨析。句意：根据梅奥诊所的说法，冷却可以让你的身体恢复到正常的运动前状态。A. presentation演讲；B. preservation保存；C. prejudice偏见；D. pre-exercise运动前。根据“Many know the importance of properly warming up and preparing to exercise, but experts say that incorporating a cool down routine is just as important.(许多人都知道适当的热身和准备运动的重要性，但专家表示，加入一个冷静的日常活动也同样重要)”可知，此处说明冷却可以让你的身体恢复到正常的运动前状态。故选D。 2．考查动词词义辨析。句意：哈佛医学院报告称，虽然没有证据表明降温能减轻肌肉僵硬或酸痛，但它可以防止头晕，让你的心率和呼吸恢复正常。A. boost提高；B. reduce减少；C. resist抵制；D. experience体验。根据“though”和“it can prevent dizziness and allow your heart rate and breathing to ease back to a normal rate”可知，此处表示没有证据表明降温能减轻肌肉僵硬或酸痛。故选B。 3．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：宾夕法尼亚州沙伦市谢南戈谷基督教青年会的私人教练菲利斯·玛玛雷利和她的每一位客户都进行例行的冷静训练，她说这是锻炼中有益的一部分。A. beneficial有益的；B. preferable更好的；C. comfortable舒服的；D. adaptable适应性强的。根据“but experts say that incorporating a cool down routine is just as important.”可知，冷静训练是锻炼中有益的一部分。故选A。 4．考查动词词义辨析。句意：跳过锻炼的恢复阶段并没有被证明对你的身体有害，但玛玛雷利警告说，如果不冷却下来，身体将需要更长的时间才能回到你开始锻炼时的低强度活动水平。A. Suspecting怀疑；B. Striking攻击，打；C. Securing保护，保卫；D. Skipping跳过。根据“but Mammarelli warns that without cooling down, the body will take longer to return back to the low-intensity level activity level you began your workout with.”可知，跳过锻炼的恢复阶段并没有被证明对你的身体有害。故选D。 5．考查名词和形容词词义辨析。句意：玛玛雷利警告说，血液会聚集在你的下肢，导致头晕和晕倒。A. featuring特点，特色；B. fainting昏厥；C. freezing冻结；D. frustrating令人沮丧的。根据空前的“dizziness”可知，此处应填fainting。故选B。 6．考查名词词义辨析。句意：此外，ACE表示要密切关注你的肌肉酸痛和僵硬。A. power力量，权力；B. strength力量，强度；C. muscle肌肉；D. energy精力，能量。根据上文“Though cooling down isn't proven to ____2____ muscle stiffness or soreness”可知，此处是信息词muscle的词汇复现。故选C。 7．考查动词词义辨析。句意：虽然锻炼后肌肉酸痛是意料之中的，但延迟发作的肌肉酸痛可能在锻炼后24 - 28小时出现，并导致“令人不适的衰弱性疼痛”。A. delayed延迟；B. controlled控制；C. neglected忽视；D. charged充电，收费。根据“24 - 28 hours after your workout”可知，此处表示延迟发作。故选A。 8．考查动词词义辨析。句意：副作用主要出现在老年人或有心血管疾病的人身上，通过热身和降温可以缓解。A. respected尊重；B. launched发起；C. maintained维持；D. eased宽慰，缓解。根据“by warming up and cooling down”可知，通过热身和降温可以缓解副作用。故选D。 9．考查名词词义辨析。句意：在锻炼结束后，给自己5到10分钟的时间来放松一下。A. intension强度；B. conclusion结束；C. principle原则；D. prediction预测。根据“for a cool-down routine.”可知，此处表示在锻炼结束后，给自己5到10分钟的时间来放松一下。故选B。 10．考查动词词义辨析。句意：如果你在锻炼期间时间紧迫，或者不确定如何让身体恢复，玛玛雷利建议拉伸肌肉，做一些无痛的运动。A. pressed按压；B. assessed评估；C. processed加工；D. obsessed使痴迷。根据“for time during your workouts”及“ easy stretch”可知，此处指你在锻炼期间时间紧迫可以尝试简单的拉伸。故选A。 11．考查名词词义辨析。句意同上。A. conversation谈话；B. composition作文；C. motion运动；D. hesitation犹豫。根据“stretching muscles”可知，此处表示拉伸肌肉，做一些无痛的运动。故选C。 12．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这里有一个简单的伸展练习可以尝试。A. regulation规则，法规；B. routine常规，惯例；C. guidance指导；D. motivation动机。根据“Allow five to 10 minutes at the ____9____ of your workout for a cool-down routine.”可知，此处是信息词routine的词汇复现。故选B。 13．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在你的锻炼中额外增加几分钟来冷却可能看起来很不方便，但好处超过了在你的时间表中找到额外时间的成本。A. critical批判的；B. dramatic戏剧性的；C. ambitious雄心勃勃的；D. additional额外的。根据上文“Allow five to 10 minutes at the ____9____ of your workout for a cool-down routine.”可知，此处表示额外增加几分钟来冷却。故选D。 14．考查名词词义辨析。句意同上。A. inconvenience不便；B. innutrition营养不良；C. initiative倡议；D. injustice不公正。根据“Tacking on a few ____13____minutes to your workout for cooling down ”可知，在你的锻炼中额外增加几分钟来冷却可能看起来很不方便。故选A。 15．考查名词词义辨析。句意同上。A. amount数量，总数；B. treasure财富，珍宝；C. schedule日程安排；D. struggle斗争，奋斗。根据“If you need inspiration for scheduling the time to workout”可知，此处表示锻炼计划表。故选C。 The misery of my bike commute in Calgary, Alberta, is the river valley hill. It’s not particularly steep, but at about a mile long, I rarely climbed up without arriving with sweat. Studies have shown the prospect of arriving at work sweaty is one of the biggest 1 to getting would be bike commuters out of their cars. That’s especially true in a city like Los Angeles, where 2 may face long routes, hills or hot streets with a lack of shade. “Pedelec”, or pedal electric-assisted bikes like the one I rode, can end that worry. They look and act like traditional bicycles, but their motors make pedaling much easier when required. Sometimes called the most energy-efficient motorized mode of transportation ever built, they’re also incredibly green. The biggest barrier may be the outdated attitude that sees bikes only as a recreational athletic opportunity rather than a practical 3 option. At a time when cities across North America are struggling to combat crippling traffic and reduce climate emissions, e-bikes have the 4 to ease both problems. And yet ridership has yet to truly 5 About 152, 0000 e-bikes were sold last year in the U.S., a figure that would be more than 5 million if Americans used them at the same rate as western Europeans. Many of the barriers to e-bike 6 in North America are legislative. Patchwork rules treat e-bikes more like mopeds than traditional pedal bikes in some jurisdictions, meaning they are 7 from bike lanes and from boarding public transportation. Few places on the continent, 8 , are better poised to break through these barriers than California. Legislation was approved last year to encourage e-bike use, by legally differentiating the cycles from mopeds. In an attempt to head off worries about turbocharged machines flying down sidewalks and bike lanes at unsafe speeds, the law classifies bikes into different tiers to 9 lower-speed e-bikes, which top out at 20 mph, from faster-moving “speed pedelecs”, which are restricted from protected bike paths. Amid these legislative 10 , e-bikes have become more accessible to consumer. Finding them in bike shops isn’t as 11 as it once was, and their cost has fallen as the price of lithiumion batteries has dropped. Today, a decent e-bike, while still 12 ,is comparable in price to a high-end mountain bike. After years of 13 over mixing pedal and motor power, cycling advocacy organizations also are finally throwing their support behind e-bikes. Dave Snyder, the executive director of the California Bicycle Coalition, 14 the state’s new legislation based partly on the 15 that e-bikes help out those who “just can’t ride as far or as fast as they need to”. 1．A．advantages B．processes C．barriers D．complements 2．A．riders B．builders C．customers D．volunteers 3．A．production B．communication C．facilities D．transportation 4．A．routine B．potential C．temporary D．major 5．A．make of B．carry on C．bring up D．take off 6．A．adaptation B．adoption C．adjustment D．justification 7．A．proved B．alerted C．banned D．authorized 8．A．however B．unless C．meanwhile D．anyway 9．A．originate B．combine C．separate D．satisfy 10．A．factors B．benefits C．limits D．damages 11．A．proper B．critical C．sensational D．difficult 12．A．expensive B．distinctive C．sensitive D．intensive 13．A．trouble B．concern C．power D．scale 14．A．favored B．folded C．referred D．gifted 15．A．appeal B．address C．amount D．advocate 【答案】 1．C 2．A 3．D 4．B 5．D 6．B 7．C 8．A 9．C 10．B 11．D 12．A 13．B 14．A 15．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了电动助力自行车的优势、面临的障碍及发展前景。 1．考查名词词义辨析。句意：研究表明，上班时满身是汗的可能性是阻碍潜在自行车通勤者开车出门的最大障碍之一。A. advantages优势；B. processes过程；C. barriers障碍；D. complements补充物。前文描述骑自行车上班会出汗以及“to getting would-be bike commuters out of their cars”可知，上班时满身是汗是阻碍人们骑自行车上班的一个障碍。故选C。 2．考查名词词义辨析。句意：在像洛杉矶这样的城市尤其如此，那里的骑行者可能会面临长途路线、山丘或缺乏遮荫的炎热街道。A. riders骑行者；B. builders建造者；C. customers顾客；D. volunteers志愿者。根据前文“getting would-be bike commuters out of their cars”可知，这里讨论的是骑自行车通勤的情况，所以是骑车的人会面临这些问题。故选A。 3．考查名词词义辨析。句意：最大的障碍可能是过时的态度，即只把自行车视为一种娱乐运动机会，而不是一种实用的交通选择。A. production生产；B. communication交流；C. facilities设施；D. transportation交通。根据前文“getting would-be bike commuters out of their cars”可知，此处指的是把自行车作为一种交通方式。故选D。 4．考查名词词义辨析。句意：在北美各大城市都在努力应对严重的交通拥堵和减少气候排放之际，电动自行车有潜力缓解这两个问题。A. routine常规；B. potential潜力；C. temporary暂时的；D. major主要的。根据后文“to ease both problems”可知，电动自行车有潜力缓解交通和气候问题。故选B。 5．考查动词短语辨析。句意：然而，骑行人数尚未真正大量增加。A. make of理解；B. carry on继续；C. bring up提出；D. take off起飞，突然成功。根据后文“About 152, 0000 e-bikes were sold last year in the U.S.”可知，虽然电动自行车有潜力，但骑行人数尚未真正大量增加。故选D。 6．考查名词词义辨析。句意：北美电动自行车普及的许多障碍都是立法方面的。A. adaptation适应；B. adoption采用，普及；C. adjustment调整；D. justification正当化。根据后文“Patchwork rules treat e-bikes more like mopeds than traditional pedal bikes in some jurisdictions, meaning they are  ___7___  from bike lanes and from boarding public transportation.”可知，此处指的是电动自行车在北美的普及面临的障碍。故选B。 7．考查动词词义辨析。句意：在一些司法管辖区，零碎的规定将电动自行车更视为轻便摩托车，而非传统脚踏自行车，这意味着它们被禁止进入自行车道和乘坐公共交通工具。A. proved证明；B. alerted警告；C. banned禁止；D. authorized授权。根据前文“treat e-bikes more like mopeds than traditional pedal bikes”可知，电动自行车在某些地方被禁止进入自行车道和乘坐公共交通工具。故选C。 8．考查副词词义辨析。句意：然而，在北美大陆上，很少有地方比加利福尼亚州更有条件突破这些障碍。A. however然而；B. unless除非；C. meanwhile同时；D. anyway无论如何。根据后文“are better poised to break through these barriers than California”可知，此处与前文形成转折关系，表示然而加利福尼亚州有条件突破这些障碍。故选A。 9．考查动词词义辨析。句意：为了消除人们对涡轮增压机器以不安全的速度在人行道和自行车道上飞驰的担忧，该法律将自行车分为不同的等级，以区分最高时速为20英里的低速电动自行车和速度更快的“高速电动自行车”，后者被禁止进入受保护的自行车道。A. originate起源；B. combine结合；C. separate区分；D. satisfy满足。根据后文“lower-speed e-bikes, which top out at 20 mph, from faster-moving “speed pedelecs””可知，此处指的是法律将自行车分为不同的等级以区分不同类型的电动自行车。故选C。 10．考查名词词义辨析。句意：在这些立法带来的好处中，电动自行车对消费者来说变得更加容易获得。A. factors因素；B. benefits好处；C. limits限制；D. damages损害。根据后文“e-bikes have become more accessible to consumer”可知，立法带来了一些对消费者有利的情况。故选B。 11．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在自行车店找到它们不像以前那么难了，而且随着锂离子电池价格的下降，它们的成本也降低了。A. proper适当的；B. critical关键的；C. sensational轰动的；D. difficult困难的。根据后文“and their cost has fallen as the price of lithium-ion batteries has dropped”可知，随着价格的下降，找到电动自行车不再那么困难了。故选D。 12．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：如今，一辆像样的电动自行车虽然仍然很贵，但价格与高端山地车相当。A. expensive昂贵的；B. distinctive独特的；C. sensitive敏感的；D. intensive密集的。根据后文“is comparable in price to a high-end mountain bike”可知，此处指的是电动自行车虽然价格有所下降，但仍然很贵。故选A。 13．考查名词词义辨析。句意：在多年对混合踏板和电机动力的担忧之后，自行车倡导组织也终于开始支持电动自行车了。A. trouble麻烦；B. concern担忧；C. power力量；D. scale规模。根据后文“over mixing pedal and motor power, cycling advocacy organizations also are finally throwing their support behind e-bikes”可知，此处指人们对混合踏板和电机动力的担忧。故选B。 14．考查动词词义辨析。句意：加州自行车联盟执行主任Dave Snyder支持该州的新立法，部分原因是电动自行车帮助了那些“就是骑不了那么远或那么快的人”。A. favored支持；B. folded折叠；C. referred提及；D. gifted赠送。根据后文“ help out those who “just can’t ride as far or as fast as they need to”.”可知，Dave Snyder支持该州的新立法。故选A。 15．考查名词词义辨析。句意：加利福尼亚自行车联盟的执行董事戴夫・斯奈德支持该州的新立法，部分原因是电动自行车可以帮助那些 “就是不能骑得像他们需要的那么远或那么快的人”。A. appeal吸引力；B. address地址；C. amount数量；D. advocate主张，理由。根据后文“e-bikes help out those who “just can’t ride as far or as fast as they need to”” 可知，这是支持新立法的一个理由。故选D。 【热点话题练习】 The world’s top insect experts say our planet’s important insect population is going through a “death by a thousand cuts”. A new group of studies suggests Earth is losing around 1 to 2 percent of its insects each year. The losses are 1 climate change, pollution, agriculture, land use changes and chemicals. David Wagner of the University of Connecticut is the lead writer of the 12 studies, which recently appeared in Proceedings of the National Academies of Sciences. The problem is a complex issue and even scientists say they do not fully understand it. The 2 of the issue makes it hard to get the public interested in possible solutions. Wagner said scientists need to find out if the levels of insect 3 are bigger in comparison to other species. May Berenbaum of the University of Illinois, who helped lead the research 4 the insect losses to climate change 30 years ago. She said back then, the methods used to measure the degree and rate of climate change effects were 5 .Berenbaum says another issue is that many people simply 6 insects. She added that this is true even though the small creatures do a lot of good. Wagner said two famous insects, honeybees and Monarch butterflies, are good examples of the current 7 insects face. Honeybees have been 8 because of disease, chemicals and lack of food. Drier weather in the U.S. West, driven by climate change, means less milkweed for butterflies to 9 , Wagner said. And changes in American agriculture 10 weeds and flowers they need for nectar (花蜜). The recent scientific papers do not provide new data, so they show a big but 11 picture of a problem that is starting to get more attention. Scientists have 12 1 million insect species, while up to 4 million more are likely to be discovered, Berenbaum said. Doug Tallamy of the University of Delaware was not part of the studies, but he said the research demonstrates how the world has “spent the last 30 years spending billions of dollars finding new ways to kill insects and 13 pennies (a small amount of money) working to preserve them”. In an email to the Associated Press, Tallamy said the good news was that people themselves can do a lot to 14 insect losses. “This is a global problem with a grassroots. 15 ,” he wrote. 1．A．replaced with B．mistaken for C．prohibited from D．blamed on 2．A．objective B．significance C．complexity D．sensitivity 3．A．loss B．species C．evolution D．distinction 4．A．owed B．compared C．contributed D．recommended 5．A．efficient B．difficult C．purposeful D．convincing 6．A．study B．pity C．respect D．hate 7．A．alternatives B．dimensions C．problems D．habitats 8．A．doubling B．escaping C．intervening D．disappearing 9．A．eat B．anchor C．conserve D．value 10．A．cultivate B．remove C．beautify D．visualize 11．A．unavoidable B．unappealing C．inappropriate D．incomplete 12．A．identified B． threatened C．anticipated D．neglected 13．A．private B．additional C．mere D．primitive 14．A．stop B．suffer C．generate D．explain 15．A．contradiction B．solution C．expectation D．promise 【答案】 1．D 2．C 3．A 4．B 5．B 6．D 7．C 8．D 9．A 10．B 11．D 12．A 13．C 14．A 15．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了昆虫数量减少的现状、原因及相关应对方向。 1．考查动词短语辨析。句意：这些损失归咎于气候变化、污染、农业、土地利用变化和化学品。A. replaced with被替换为；B. mistaken for被误认为；C. prohibited from被禁止做某事；D. blamed on归咎于。根据上文“Earth is losing around 1 to 2 percent of its insects each year”及下文“climate change, pollution, agriculture, land use changes and chemicals”可知，此处指昆虫数量减少的原因归咎于气候变化、污染、农业、土地利用变化和化学品。故选D。 2．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这个问题的复杂性使得很难让公众对可能的解决方案感兴趣。A. objective目标；B. significance重要性；C. complexity复杂性；D. sensitivity敏感性。根据上文“The problem is a complex issue and even scientists say they do not fully understand it.”可知，此处指这个问题的复杂性。故选C。 3．考查名词词义辨析。句意：瓦格纳说，科学家们需要弄清楚，昆虫数量的减少幅度是否比其他物种更大。A. loss损失，减少；B. species物种；C. evolution进化；D. distinction区别。根据上文“Earth is losing around 1 to 2 percent of its insects each year.”可知，此处指昆虫数量减少的问题。故选A。 4．考查动词词义辨析。句意：伊利诺伊大学的梅·贝伦鲍姆30年前就协助主导了这项关于气候变化导致昆虫减少的对比研究。A. owed欠；B. compared比较；C. contributed贡献；D. recommended推荐。根据下文“the insect losses to climate change 30 years ago”可知，此处指将昆虫的减少与气候变化进行了比较。故选B。 5．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：她说，当时，用来衡量气候变化影响的程度和速度的方法很困难。A. efficient高效的；B. difficult困难的；C. purposeful有目的的；D. convincing令人信服的。根据下文“Berenbaum says another issue is that many people simply.. insects.”结合下文现在对昆虫减少问题的深入研究，可推断出早期研究方法存在缺陷、实施难度大。故选B。 6．考查动词词义辨析。句意：贝伦鲍姆说，另一个问题是许多人就是讨厌昆虫。A. study学习；B. pity同情；C. respect尊敬；D. hate讨厌。根据下文“She added that this is true even though the small creatures do a lot of good.”的转折关系可知，此处应填与“益处”相反的负面态度词，指许多人讨厌昆虫。故选D。 7．考查名词词义辨析。句意：瓦格纳说，两种著名的昆虫，蜜蜂和帝王蝶，是当前昆虫面临的问题的好例子。A. alternatives替代品；B. dimensions方面；C. problems问题；D. habitats栖息地。根据上文“The problem is a complex issue and even scientists say they do not fully understand it.”可知，此处指当前昆虫面临的问题。故选C。 8．考查动词词义辨析。句意：蜜蜂因为疾病、化学物质和食物缺乏而正在消失。A. doubling加倍；B. escaping逃跑；C. intervening干预；D. disappearing消失。根据下文“because of disease, chemicals and lack of food”可知，此处指蜜蜂的生存威胁因素，正面临消失的危机。故选D。 9．考查动词词义辨析。句意：瓦格纳说，气候变化导致的美国西部天气干燥，意味着可供蝴蝶食用的乳草减少了。A. eat吃；B. anchor固定；C. conserve保护；D. value重视。根据上文“less milkweed for butterflies to”可知，此处指可供蝴蝶食用的乳草。故选A。 10．考查动词词义辨析。句意：美国农业的变化清除了它们赖以获取花蜜的杂草和花卉。A. cultivate培养；B. remove移除；C. beautify美化；D. visualize想象。根据下文“weeds and flowers they need for nectar”可知，农业活动通常会清除杂草和野花，而这些是昆虫的花蜜来源。故选B。 11．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：最近的科学论文没有提供新的数据，所以它们展示了一个开始受到更多关注的问题的的图景，这一图景宏大但不完整。A. unavoidable不可避免的；B. unappealing不吸引人的；C. inappropriate不合适的；D. incomplete不完整的。根据上文“The recent scientific papers do not provide new data”可知，缺少新数据会导致问题的图景不够完整。故选D。 12．考查动词词义辨析。句意：贝伦鲍姆说，科学家们已经确认了100万种昆虫，而可能还会发现多达400万种。A. identified确认；B. threatened威胁；C. anticipated预期；D. neglected忽视。根据下文“1 million insect species,while up to 4 million more are likely to be discovered”的对比可知，此处指已经被识别、记录的昆虫种类。故选A。 13．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：特拉华大学的道格・塔拉米没有参与这些研究，但他说，这项研究证明了世界“在过去30年里花费了数十亿美元寻找杀死昆虫的新方法，而仅仅花费了微不足道的钱来保护它们”。A. private私人的；B. additional额外的；C. mere仅仅的；D. primitive原始的。根据上文“spent the last 30 years spending billions of dollars finding new ways to kill insects and”可知，与“billions of dollars”形成对比，应是指花费了“仅仅”很少的钱在保护上。故选C。 14．考查动词词义辨析。句意：塔拉米在给美联社的一封电子邮件中说，好消息是人们自己可以做很多事情来阻止昆虫的减少。A. stop阻止；B. suffer遭受；C. generate产生；D. explain解释。根据下文“insect losses”可知，此处是提出解决办法，即采取行动阻止昆虫减少的趋势。故选A。 15．考查名词词义辨析。句意：“这是一个全球性的问题，但解决之道却在于基层行动，”他写道。A. contradiction矛盾；B. solution解决方案；C. expectation期望；D. promise承诺。根据上文“the good news was that people themselves can do a lot to stop insect losses”可知，此处指解决问题的办法。故选B。 Large Language Models (LLMs), a trendy way of building artificial intelligence, have an inherent security problem: they cannot separate code from data. As a result, they are at risk of a type of attack called a prompt injection, in which they are 1 into following commands they should not. Sometimes the result is merely embarrassing. On other occasions, it is far more damaging. The worst effects of this flaw is the “lethal trifecta” (“致命三连”) . If a company gives an LLM access to untrusted data, the ability to read valuable secrets and the ability to communicate with the outside world at the same time, then trouble is sure to follow. And 2 this is not just a matter for AI engineers. Ordinary users, too, need to learn how to use AI 3 , because installing the wrong combination of apps can generate the trifecta accidentally. Better AI engineering is, though, the first line of 4 . AI engineers need to start thinking like mechanical engineers. The great works of Victorian England were built by engineers who could not be sure of the properties of the materials they were using. Therefore, engineers erred on the side of 5 , overbuilding to incorporate redundancy (冗余) into their creations. The result was a series of centuries-spanning masterpieces. AI-security providers do not think like this. Conventional coding is a deterministic practice. Security vulnerabilities are seen as errors to be fixed, and when fixed, they 6 . AI engineers, taught in this way of thinking from their school-days, often act as if problems can be solved just with more training data and better system prompts. These do, indeed, reduce risk. The 7 frontier models are better at spotting and refusing malicious (恶意的) requests. However, they cannot eliminate risk altogether. Unlike most software, LLMs are probabilistic. Their output is driven by 8 selection from likely responses. A deterministic approach to safety is thus 9 . A better way forward is to copy engineers in the physical world and learn to work with, rather than against, 10 systems that can never be guaranteed to function as they should. That means becoming happier dealing with unpredictability by introducing safety margins, risk 11 and error rates. 12 in the AI age might, for instance, mean using a more powerful model than is needed for the task at hand, to reduce the risk that it will be tricked into doing something inappropriate. It might mean limiting the number of queries LLMs can take, according to the risk of damage from a malicious query. And mechanical engineering emphasises 13 safely. If an AI system must have access to secrets, then avoid handing it the keys to the kingdom. In the physical world, bridges have weight limits — even if they are not always stated clearly to drivers. And, importantly, these are well 14 the actual tolerances that calculations suggest a bridge will bear. The time has now come for the virtual world of AI systems to be 15 equipped. 1．A．talked B．tricked C．pressured D．persuaded 2．A．embracing B．celebrating C．avoiding D．criticizing 3．A．safely B．efficiently C．creatively D．professionally 4．A．attack B．code C．defence D．treatment 5．A．misconduct B．caution C．negligence D．incompetence 6．A．hang around B．break out C．go away D．get along 7．A．oldest B．largest C．simplest D．cleverest 8．A．random B．diligent C．deliberate D．harsh 9．A．reliable B．inadequate C．appropriate D．sufficient 10．A．advanced B．outdated C．changeable D．centralized 11．A．tolerance B．avoidance C．management D．reduction 12．A．Learning B．Coding C．Fighting D．Overbuilding 13．A．building B．hiding C．operating D．failing 14．A．within B．beyond C．outside D．above 15．A．consistently B．similarly C．differently D．independently 【答案】 1．B 2．C 3．A 4．C 5．B 6．C 7．D 8．A 9．B 10．C 11．A 12．D 13．D 14．A 15．B 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讲述了大语言模型的安全问题及应对策略。 1．考查动词词义辨析。句意：作为结果，它们面临一种名为提示词注入的攻击风险，在这种攻击中，它们被哄骗去做一些它们本不应该做的命令。A. talked谈论；B. tricked哄骗；C. pressured施压；D. persuaded说服。根据下文“into following commands they should not”可知，大语言模型是被恶意诱导执行指令，trick符合语境。故选B。 2．考查动词词义辨析。句意：而避免这种情况并非仅仅是人工智能工程师的事。A. embracing拥抱；B. celebrating庆祝；C. avoiding避免；D. criticizing批评。根据上文“The worst effects of this flaw is the “lethal trifecta” (“致命三连”). If a company gives an LLM access to untrusted data, the ability to read valuable secrets and the ability to communicate with the outside world at the same time, then trouble is sure to follow.”可知，上文提到大语言模型的的弊端会带来麻烦，此处承接上文，指规避这个风险的责任不局限于工程师，故选C。 3．考查副词词义辨析。句意：普通用户也需要学习如何安全地使用人工智能。A. safely安全地；B. efficiently高效地；C. creatively有创造性地；D. professionally专业地。根据上文“The worst effects of this flaw is the “lethal trifecta” (“致命三连”). If a company gives an LLM access to untrusted data, the ability to read valuable secrets and the ability to communicate with the outside world at the same time, then trouble is sure to follow.”、“because installing the wrong combination of apps can generate the trifecta accidentally.”可知，大语言模型的的弊端会意外产生“致命三连”问题，可知这里强调普通用户也需要学习如何安全地使用人工智能，故选A。 4．考查名词词义辨析。句意：不过，更完善的人工智能工程设计才是第一道防线。A. attack攻击；B. code代码；C. defence防御；D. treatment治疗。根据上文“Better AI engineering is, though, the first line of”和下文“AI engineers need to start thinking like mechanical engineers.”可知，前文说大语言模型有安全问题和面临攻击，这里说的是要采取措施进行防御，更好的人工智能工程设计是第一道防线，人工智能工程师们需要开始学着像机械工程师那样思考，构建好第一道防线。the first line of defence是固定搭配，意为“第一道防线”，符合前文讨论AI安全防护的语境，故选C。 5．考查名词词义辨析。句意：因此，工程师们本着谨慎的原则行事，过度建造以在作品中融入冗余设计。A. misconduct不当行为；B. caution谨慎；C. negligence疏忽；D. incompetence无能。根据上文“The great works of Victorian England were built by engineers who could not be sure of the properties of the materials they were using”、下文“overbuilding to incorporate redundancy (冗余) into their creations”可知，因为不确定材料特性，所以工程师们谨慎行事，过度建造，overbuilding体现谨慎，本空用caution，符合题意。故选B。 6．考查动词短语辨析。句意：传统编码是一种确定性的工作模式：安全漏洞被视作亟待修复的错误，且一旦修复完毕，这些漏洞便会彻底消除。A. hang around闲逛；B. break out爆发；C. go away离开，消失；D. get along相处。根据上文“Security vulnerabilities are seen as errors to be fixed, and when fixed, they”、下文“often act as if problems can be solved just with more training data and better system prompts”、“However, they cannot eliminate risk altogether.”可知，人工智能工程师常常认为，只要投入更多训练数据、设计更完善的系统提示词，就能解决所有问题，修复安全漏洞后，漏洞就会消失，但它们终究无法将风险彻底根除。go away符合语境，故选C。 7．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：最聪明的前沿模型在发现和拒绝恶意请求方面做得更好。A. oldest最老的；B. largest最大的；C. simplest最简单的；D. cleverest最聪明的。根据下文“frontier models are better at spotting and refusing malicious (恶意的) requests.”可知，能更好发现和拒绝恶意请求的模型应该是更聪明的，故选D。 8．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：它们的输出是由从可能的回应中随机选择驱动的。A. random随机的；B. diligent勤奋的；C. deliberate故意的；D. harsh严厉的。根据上文“LLMs are probabilistic”和下文“selection from likely responses”可知，大语言模型具有概率性，这意味着其输出不是完全确定的，而是基于概率随机选择的结果，random符合这一特性。故选A。 9．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：因此，用确定性的方法来保障安全是不足够的。A. reliable可靠的；B. inadequate不够的；C. appropriate合适的；D. sufficient足够的。根据上文“LLMs are probabilistic. Their output is driven by 8 selection from likely responses.”可知，上文指出大语言模型是概率性的，它们的输出是由从可能的回应中随机选择驱动的，而确定性方法与这种特性不匹配，因此无法充分保障安全，inadequate符合语境，故选B。 10．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：更好的出路是效仿实体领域的工程师，学会去适应那些永远无法保证按预期运行的可变系统，而非与之对抗。A. advanced先进的；B. outdated过时的；C. changeable可变的；D. centralized集中的。根据上文“LLMs are probabilistic. Their output is driven by 8 selection from likely responses.”可知，大语言模型具有概率性、输出随机” 的特点，可知这类系统的运行结果是不稳定、易变的，changeable符合语境。故选C。 11．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这意味着通过引入安全边际、风险容忍度和错误率来更从容地应对不可预测性。A. tolerance容忍度；B. avoidance避免；C. management管理；D. reduction减少。根据上文“That means becoming happier dealing with unpredictability by introducing safety margins, risk”和下文“and error rates”可知，本空与safety margins“(安全边际)”、error rates“(误差率)” 并列，均为应对不确定性的参数，用risk tolerance“风险容忍度”，为固定搭配。故选A。 12．考查动词词义辨析。句意：在人工智能时代过度建设可能意味着使用比手头任务所需更强大的模型，以降低它被哄骗做不适当事情的风险。A. Learning学习；B. Coding编码；C. Fighting战斗；D. Overbuilding过度建设。根据上文“ AI engineers need to start thinking like mechanical engineers.”、“The great works of Victorian England were built by engineers who could not be sure of the properties of the materials they were using. Therefore, engineers erred on the side of 5 , overbuilding to incorporate redundancy (冗余) into their creations.”和下文“in the AI age might, for instance, mean using a more powerful model than is needed for the task at hand, to reduce the risk that it will be tricked into doing something inappropriate. It might mean limiting the number of queries LLMs can take, according to the risk of damage from a malicious query”可知，上文提到现实世界工程师过度建设，这里说在人工智能时代类似做法，过度建设符合语境，使用比手头任务所需更强大的模型，以降低它被哄骗做不适当事情的风险和根据恶意查询可能造成的损害风险，限制大型语言模型可接收的查询数量，都是过度建设的表现。故选D。 13．考查动词词义辨析。句意：机械工程强调安全失效。A. building建造；B. hiding隐藏；C. operating操作；D. failing失败。根据下文“If an AI system must have access to secrets, then avoid handing it the keys to the kingdom.”可知，下文说如果人工智能系统必须接触机密，避免给它过多权限，说明机械工程强调安全失效，fail safely“安全失效”，故选D。 14．考查介词词义辨析。句意：重要的是，这些限重处于计算得出的桥梁实际承重能力范围之内。A. within在……之内；B. beyond超过；C. outside在外面；D. above在上面。根据上文“bridges have weight limits”和下文“the actual tolerances that calculations suggest a bridge will bear.”可知，桥梁的限重标准会设定在实际承重能力范围内，以此预留安全空间，within符合逻辑。故选A。 15．考查副词词义辨析。句意：如今，人工智能系统的虚拟世界也应当得到类似的配置。A. consistently一致地；B. similarly类似地；C. differently不同地；D. independently独立地。根据上文“That means becoming happier dealing with unpredictability by introducing safety margins, risk 11 and error rates.”、“bridges have weight limits — even if they are not always stated clearly to drivers. And, importantly, these are well 14 the actual tolerances that calculations suggest a bridge will bear. The time has now come for the virtual world of AI systems to be”可知，为了应对AI的隐患，人们要主动接纳不确定性，通过设定安全边际、实施风险管理和明确误差率的方式来应对风险，梁限重的安全设计类比AI系统的防护，此处表示AI系统也应采用和实体工程类似的安全配置思路，similarly符合类比关系。故选B。 I Love Finding Birds’ Nests, but What’s in Them Troubles Me Most birds go to great lengths to hide their nests. So when I find one, so carefully crafted, I’m filled with awe. They are 1 of the natural world. The weave of grass, leaves and other natural materials is 2 to each species. Most birds use nests only to raise their young. For small birds, this could be less than one month out of the year. For that reason, I generally don’t consider them homes. But the analogy (类比) is suitable, if only to convey the uniqueness of their 3 . Of a house, you might say: That’s a craftsman or a Cape Cod style. The same sort of design 4 can be seen in a nest. That’s a robin’s nest or a red-tailed hawk’s. Birds can be choosy about the materials they use to build their nest. Some line their nests with snakeskin to 5 enemies. Others stuff feathers inside dome-shaped nests of sticks or create 6 entrances to trick predators or add aromatic leaves to repel parasites. Increasingly, and 7 for what it says about the state of the planet, birds are also using all sorts of plastic litter and other trash to build their nests. The scene reflects yet another way the human 8 has affixed itself on the natural world. Among the trash that birds use to build their nests are wrappers from candy, cigarettes, plastic cotton and shipping material. 9 as this may be, it’s also a sign of talent. Birds, which evolved from small dinosaurs, are 10 the human dominated world they inhabit. Take a northern mockingbird nest for example. Plastic materials include green plastic netting, white nylon string, white plastic cotton filling as well as fragments of rags. Natural materials include pine needles and natural fibers. Do these materials attract 11 attention from predators? Or entangle nestlings? We don’t fully know what impact all this trash is having on birds. There may be benefits to some of the rubbish they add. Plastics may strengthen nests. 12 , nestlings may eat some of the plastic or other trash, resulting in sickness. Let’s take a look at a gray catbird nest. It’s amazing that birds recognize and match the 13 of plastic and other trash materials to natural ones. I’ve seen shreds of tarp replace grass to suspend nests from branches and plastic cotton used instead of plant fibers to insulate eggs. Yes, it is 14 for what this says about the world we humans have made. But I still find wonder in the stories these nests tell about the lives and circumstances of their architects and the 15 choices they made in assembling the place where they will raise their offspring. 1．A．disasters B．marvels C．guardians D．explorations 2．A．accessible B．specific C．subject D．strange 3．A．creativity B．flight C．architecture D．operation 4．A．similarity B．confusion C．disorder D．distinction 5．A．fight against B．shelter from C．duck behind D．scare off 6．A．false B．real C．wide D．narrow 7．A．excitingly B．troublingly C．indifferently D．calmly 8．A．signature B．masterpiece C．fascination D．resolution 9．A．Helpless B．Overwhelmed C．Distressing D．Refreshing 10．A．escaping from B．adjusting to C．taking no notice of D．agreeing with 11．A．unwanted B．intentional C．undivided D．undue 12．A．Therefore B．On the other hand C．In addition D．For example 13．A．properties B．fabrics C．sizes D．shapes 14．A．soul-stirring B．awe-inspiring C．heartbreaking D．eye-catching 15．A．random B．wise C．hasty D．careless 【答案】 1．B 2．B 3．C 4．D 5．D 6．A 7．B 8．A 9．C 10．B 11．A 12．B 13．A 14．C 15．B 【导语】本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章通过作者观察鸟巢的体验，探讨了鸟类筑巢的精巧设计与材料选择，重点描述了它们如何在人类影响下使用塑料等废弃物筑巢的现象。作者对此感到担忧，但也惊叹于鸟类的适应能力，并思考了这种行为对鸟类自身的潜在影响，在矛盾中表达了对鸟类及其生存环境复杂的情感。 1．考查名词词义辨析。句意：它们是自然界的奇观。A. disasters灾难；B. marvels奇迹，奇观；C. guardians守护者；D. explorations探索。根据前文“I’m filled with awe”和“so carefully crafted”可知，鸟巢令人惊叹，是“奇观”。故选B项。 2．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：由草、树叶和其他天然材料编织的方式对每个物种来说是特定的。A. accessible可进入的；B. specific特定的；C. subject受……支配的；D. strange奇怪的。根据后文“to each species”和“the uniqueness”可知，不同鸟类的巢穴独一无二，各有特点，因此编织方式是“特定的”。故选B项。 3．考查名词词义辨析。句意：但这个类比是合适的，如果只是为了传达它们建筑的独特性。A. creativity创造力；B. flight飞行；C. architecture建筑；D. operation操作。根据前文将鸟巢类比为房屋，以及后文提到的“craftsman style”和“Cape Cod style”都是建筑风格可知，此处强调鸟巢的“建筑”结构。故选C项。 4．考查名词词义辨析。句意：同样的设计区别也能在鸟巢中看到。A. similarity相似；B. confusion困惑；C. disorder混乱；D. distinction区别，差异。前文“Of a house, you might say: That’s a craftsman or a Cape Cod style.”列举了两种不同的人类建筑风格，结合后文“That’s a robin’s nest or a red-tailed hawk’s.”可推知，文中类比了不同鸟类的巢穴在设计上也有显著“区别”。故选D项。 5．考查动词短语辨析。句意：有些用蛇皮衬巢，以吓退敌人。A. fight against对抗；B. shelter from躲避；C. duck behind躲在……后面；D. scare off吓跑。根据后文“enemies”可推知，蛇皮建巢材料主要用于“吓退”捕食者。故选D项。 6．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：另一些则在圆顶树枝巢中塞入羽毛，或制造假入口以欺骗捕食者，或添加芳香叶子来驱赶寄生虫。A. false假的；B. real真的；C. wide宽的；D. narrow窄的。根据后文“to trick predators”可知，是为了欺骗捕食者，所以是“假的”入口。故选A项。 7．考查副词词义辨析。句意：越来越多地，鸟类也在使用各种塑料垃圾和其他废弃物来筑巢，这种现象令人不安，因为它说明了地球的状况。A. excitingly令人兴奋地；B. troublingly令人不安地；C. indifferently冷漠地；D. calmly平静地。根据“for what it says about the state of the planet”可知，鸟类使用人类垃圾反映了环境问题，这是“令人不安的”。故选B项。 8．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这个场景反映了人类印记附加在自然界上的另一种方式。A. signature印记，签名；B. masterpiece杰作；C. fascination迷恋；D. resolution决心。根据后文描述的具体垃圾“wrappers from candy, cigarettes, plastic cotton and shipping material”可知，这是人类活动留下的“印记”。故选A项。 9．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：虽然这可能是令人痛心的，但它也是一种才能的标志。A. Helpless无助的；B. Overwhelmed不堪重负的；C. Distressing令人痛心的；D. Refreshing令人耳目一新的。根据前文“Increasingly, and ___7___ for what it says about the state of the planet, birds are also using all sorts of plastic litter and other trash to build their nests.”可知，鸟类使用垃圾筑巢令人不安，这一现象“令人痛心；后文“but also a sign of talent”的转折也暗示了前半句是负面情感。故选C项。 10．考查动词短语辨析。句意：鸟类，从小恐龙进化而来，正在适应它们所居住的人类主导的世界。A. escaping from逃离；B. adjusting to适应；C. taking no notice of不注意；D. agreeing with同意。根据后文举例说明鸟类利用塑料等人类废弃物筑巢，以及前文人类对自然界的影响可知，这是鸟类“适应”人类主导环境的表现。故选B项。 11．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这些材料会引来捕食者不必要的关注吗？A. unwanted不需要的，不受欢迎的；B. intentional故意的；C. undivided全部的；D. undue过分的。根据前文“Plastic materials include green plastic netting, white nylon string, white plastic cotton filling as well as fragments of rags.”和常识，鸟类使用颜色鲜艳或异常的塑料可能会增加被天敌发现的概率，这是它们“不想要的”额外关注。故选A项。 12．考查介词短语辨析。句意：另一方面，雏鸟可能会吃掉一些塑料或其他垃圾，导致生病。A. Therefore因此；B. On the other hand另一方面；C. In addition此外；D. For example例如。前句“There may be benefits to some of the rubbish they add. Plastics may strengthen nests.”提到使用垃圾可能有益处，本句提出潜在的危害，是转折对比关系，用“另一方面”。故选B项。 13．考查名词词义辨析。句意：令人惊讶的是，鸟类能识别并匹配塑料和其他垃圾材料与天然材料的特性。A. properties特性；B. fabrics织物；C. sizes尺寸；D. shapes形状。根据后文举例“shreds of tarp replace grass to suspend nests”和“plastic cotton used instead of plant fibers to insulate eggs”可知，鸟类是根据材料的功能特性(悬挂、绝缘)进行替换的，而不是仅仅根据形状或尺寸。故选A项。 14．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：是的，这令人心碎，因为它折射出我们人类所造就的这个世界的现状。A. soul-stirring振奋人心的；B. awe-inspiring令人敬畏的；C. heartbreaking令人心碎的；D. eye-catching引人注目的。根据前文描述的鸟类被迫使用垃圾筑巢这一负面现象，以及“what this says about the world we humans have made”可知，作者反思人类所造就的这个世界的现状，认为这“令人心碎”。故选C项。 15．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：但我仍然对这些鸟巢所讲述的关于其建造者的生活和环境，以及它们为养育后代所选择的明智的材料选择感到惊奇。A. random随机的；B. wise明智的；C. hasty仓促的；D. careless粗心的。根据前文鸟类根据材料特性(如用塑料布代替草悬挂巢穴，用塑料棉代替植物纤维保温)来适应环境可知，这些选择是“明智的”。故选B项。 Surveys of office behaviour are not scientific. In a global poll conducted last year by Kickresume, 85% of people said they had experienced a (n) 1 co-worker. So what is it that gets on people’s nerves? The Kickresume survey put credit-stealing top of the list of troublesome colleague behaviour. Another recent poll conducted by BambooHR crowned taking credit for employees’ ideas as the worst 2 trait of all. You get the picture. Grabbing kudos for someone else’s idea makes lots of people angry. Done intentionally and repeatedly, it is not just disturbing but bad for the organization: ideas are hoarded, trust erodes and 3 suffers. A recent paper by Beijing Jiaotong University found that credit-claiming by 4 at a large Chinese manufacturing firm was associated with worse job performance by employees. When something happens a lot and is extremely bothersome, a (n) 5 mechanism is needed. So the next time you hear your brilliant idea coming out of the mouth of a colleague, breathe deeply and remember two things. First, credit-stealing may be less 6 than imagined. Psychologists have long documented a phenomenon called “cryptomnesia” in which people 7 plagiarize (抄袭) the ideas of others. Experiments into cryptomnesia vary but the basic set-up is for participants in a group to be asked to generate ideas to solve a particular problem. They are then told to recall only their own ideas, and to come up with new ideas that do not 8 ones that have already been raised. 9 these instructions, people tend to claim a decent chunk of old ideas as their own, and to copy previous suggestions when raising 10 new ideas. People may steal credit without even realizing it. Second, innovation very 11 takes the form of an entirely new idea; instead, it recombines existing ones. And people often reach the same conclusions 12 . That is the message of “Like”, an entertaining new book by Martin Reeves and Bob Goodman on the 13 of the “like” button. The thumbs-up icon was made common and popular when Facebook adopted it in 2009, but well before then firms like Vimeo, Yelp, Digg. com and FriendFeed had been 14 with ways for users to register an emotional reaction to content. So even if you think of an idea as your own stroke of genius, the reality is likely to be 15 . 1．A．violent B．competing C．promising D．annoying 2．A．managerial B．competitive C．physical D．credible 3．A．economy B．profit C．motivation D．truth 4．A．friends B．executives C．producers D．buyers 5．A．communicating B．copying C．evaluating D．coping 6．A．nasty B．special C．inferior D．welcome 7．A．deliberately B．supposedly C．accidentally D．shamelessly 8．A．counter B．reproduce C．assemble D．support 9．A．On top of B．In case of C．In accordance with D．In spite of 10．A．genuinely B．supposedly C．specifically D．recently 11．A．unfortunately B．rarely C．merely D．typically 12．A．interdependently B．repeatedly C．independently D．collectively 13．A．functions B．models C．resources D．origins 14．A．struggling B．cooperating C．venturing D．experimenting 15．A．distinctive B．different C．obvious D．identical 【答案】 1．D 2．A 3．C 4．B 5．D 6．A 7．C 8．B 9．D 10．B 11．B 12．C 13．D 14．D 15．B 【导语】本文为一篇议论文，围绕职场中“抢占功劳”这一令人反感的同事行为展开论述。文章通过两项调查指出，抢占他人创意是最让人心烦的职场行为之一，且这种行为会对团队造成负面影响。同时，文章从两个角度给出应对机制。 1．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在招聘网站Kickresume去年进行的一项全球调查中，85%的人表示自己遇到过令人讨厌的同事。A. violent暴力的；B. competing竞争的；C. promising有前途的；D. annoying令人讨厌的。根据后文“So what is it that gets on people’s nerves?”（那么到底是什么让人心烦意乱呢？）的表述，可知此处应填与“gets on people’s nerves”语义一致的形容词，“annoying”符合语境，故选D。 2．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：人力资源软件公司BambooHR最近的另一项调查显示，抢占员工创意被评为最糟糕的管理特质。A. managerial管理的；B. competitive竞争的；C. physical身体的；D. credible可信的。根据前文“credit-stealing”（抢占功劳）的行为主体通常为职场中拥有一定管理权的人，且前文“taking credit for employees’ ideas”（抢占员工创意）是管理者可能出现的不当行为，“managerial”符合语义，故选A。 3．考查名词词义辨析。句意：如果是故意且频繁地这么做，这不仅会让人感到困扰，还会对组织造成不利影响：创意会被囤积，信任会被侵蚀，积极性也会受挫。A. economy经济；B. profit利润；C. motivation积极性；D. truth真相。根据前文“ideas are hoarded, trust erodes”的并列结构，可知此处应填抢功行为带来的负面后果，结合职场逻辑，员工的创意被抢占会打击其工作积极性，“motivation”符合语境，故选C。 4．考查名词词义辨析。句意：北京交通大学最近的一篇论文发现，在中国一家大型制造企业中，高管抢占功劳的行为与员工的工作业绩不佳相关。A. friends朋友；B. executives高管；C. producers生产商；D. buyers买家。根据前文“taking credit for employees’ ideas”的暗示，抢功行为的实施者通常是处于管理岗位的人，“executives”（高管）符合这一身份设定，且与后文“employees”形成对应关系，故选B。 5．考查动词词义辨析。句意：当一种事情频繁发生且极其令人烦恼时，就需要一种应对机制。A. communicating交流；B. copying复制；C. evaluating评估；D. coping应对。根据前文抢功行为带来的负面影响，以及后文“the next time you hear your brilliant idea coming out of the mouth of a colleague, breathe deeply and remember two things”的具体应对方法，可知此处指需要一种应对机制，“coping mechanism”为固定搭配，意为“应对机制”，符合语义，故选D。 6．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：首先，抢占功劳的行为可能并不像想象中那么恶劣。A. nasty恶劣的、令人反感的；B. special特别的；C. inferior劣质的；D. welcome受欢迎的。根据后文“Psychologists have long documented a phenomenon called cryptomnesia”（心理学家早就记录了一种名为“潜隐记忆”的现象）的解释，可知部分抢功行为并非故意，因此其性质没那么恶劣，“nasty”符合语境，故选A。 7．考查副词词义辨析。句意：心理学家早就记录了一种名为“潜隐记忆”的现象，即人们会无意识地抄袭他人的想法。A. deliberately故意地；B. supposedly据说；C. accidentally无意识地、偶然地；D. shamelessly无耻地。根据后文“People may steal credit without even realizing it”（人们可能在毫无察觉的情况下就抢占了功劳）的表述，可知这种抄袭行为是无意识的，“accidentally”符合语义，故选C。 8．考查动词词义辨析。句意：之后，他们被要求只回忆自己的想法，并提出新的想法，且这些新想法不能重复已经被提出过的内容。A. counter反驳；B. reproduce重复；C. assemble组装；D. support支持。根据前文“recall only their own ideas”以及“come up with new ideas”的要求，可知新想法不能与已有想法重复，“reproduce”符合语境，故选B。 9．考查介词短语辨析。句意：尽管有这些指示，人们还是倾向于将相当一部分旧想法据为己有，并且在提出所谓的新想法时照搬之前的建议。A. On top of除了；B. In case of万一；C. In accordance with按照；D. In spite of尽管。根据后文“people tend to claim a decent chunk of old ideas as their own”与前文“recall only their own ideas”的指令形成转折关系，“In spite of”符合逻辑，故选D。 10．考查副词词义辨析。句意：尽管有这些指示，人们还是倾向于将相当一部分旧想法据为己有，并且在提出所谓的新想法时照搬之前的建议。A. genuinely真正地；B. supposedly所谓的；C. specifically具体地；D. recently最近。根据前文“copy previous suggestions”的英语原文表述，可知这些被提出的“新想法”并非真正的新想法，只是所谓的新想法，“supposedly”符合语义，故选B。 11．考查副词词义辨析。句意：其次，创新很少以全新想法的形式出现；相反，它是对现有想法的重组。A. unfortunately不幸地；B. rarely很少；C. merely仅仅；D. typically典型地。根据后文“instead, it recombines existing ones”的转折关系，可知创新很少是完全全新的，“rarely”符合语境，故选B。 12．考查副词词义辨析。句意：而且人们常常会独立地得出相同的结论。A. interdependently相互依赖地；B. repeatedly重复地；C. independently独立地；D. collectively集体地。根据前文创新是对现有想法的重组，结合后文“Like”这本书中关于点赞按钮的例子，可知不同人会独立想到相同的创意，“independently”符合语义，故选C。 13．考查名词词义辨析。句意：马丁·里夫斯和鲍勃·古德曼合著的趣味新书《点赞》就讲述了点赞按钮的起源。A. functions功能；B. models模型；C. resources资源；D. origins起源。根据后文“the thumbs-up icon was made common and popular when Facebook adopted it in 2009, but well before then firms like Vimeo, Yelp, Digg.com and FriendFeed had been 14 with ways for users to register an emotional reaction to content”的英语原文表述，可知这本书讲述的是点赞按钮的起源，“origins”符合语境，故选D。 14．考查动词词义辨析。句意：点赞图标在2009年脸书采用后才变得普及，但在此之前，维imeo、点评网站Yelp、掘客网和社交网站FriendFeed等公司就已经在尝试各种方式，让用户可以对内容表达自己的情感反应。A. struggling挣扎；B. cooperating合作；C. venturing冒险；D. experimenting尝试。根据前文脸书让点赞按钮普及，结合后文“with ways for users to register an emotional reaction to content”，可知其他公司在此之前就已经在尝试类似的方式，“experimenting with”为固定搭配，意为“尝试”，符合语义，故选D。 15．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：所以，即便你认为某个想法是自己的灵光一现，但事实很可能并非如此。A. distinctive独特的；B. different不同的；C. obvious明显的；D. identical相同的。根据前文“people often reach the same conclusions   12 ”以及点赞按钮的例子，可知自己认为独创的想法，很可能别人也想到了，事实与自己的认知是不同的，“different”符合语境，故选B。 The increase in global trade means that international companies cannot afford to make costly advertising mistakes if they want to remain competitive. Understanding the 1 and culture of target markets in foreign countries is one of the keys to successful international marketing. Too many companies, however, have 2 foreign markets with embarrassing results.Faulty Translations Translation mistakes are 3 many blunders (错误) in international advertising. General Motors (GM), the U.S. auto manufacturer, learned a costly lesson when it introduced its Chevrolet Nova to the Puerto Rican market. “Nova” is Latin for “new star” and means “star” in many languages, but in spoken Spanish, it can sound like no va, meaning “it doesn’t go.” Few people wanted to buy a car with that 4 meaning. When GM changed the name to Caribe, sales “picked up” 5 . Marketing blunders have also been made by food and 6 companies. One American food company’s friendly “Jolly Green Giant” (for advertising vegetables) became something quite different when translated into Arabic as Intimidating Green Ogre. When translated into German, Pepsi’s popular slogan, “Come Alive with Pepsi,” came out implying “Come Alive from the Grave.” 7 customers in Germany didn’t rush out to buy Pepsi. Even a company with an excellent international track record like Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC) is not immune to the perils of faulty translation. Many sales were lost when the catchphrase “finger-lickin’ good” became eat your fingers off in Chinese.Avoiding Cultural 188 Successful international marketing doesn’t 8 with good translations — other aspects of culture must be researched and understood to avoid blunders. When marketers fail to appreciate the values, tastes, geography, climate, superstitions, religion, or economy of a culture, they fail to capture their target market. 9 , an American designer tried to introduce a new perfume into the Latin American market, but the product aroused little interest. The main reason was that the camellia flower used in the perfume is traditionally associated with funerals in many South American countries. 10 Blunders (愚蠢的错误) Having recognized the special nature of foreign advertising, companies are becoming more conscientious in their translations and more sensitive to cultural 11 . The best way to prevent errors is to hire professional translators who understand the target language and its 12 usage or to use a technique called back translation to minimize risks. This process involves having one person translate a message into the target language and another translate it back. Effective translators focus on capturing the overall message of an advertisement, as word-for-word duplication rarely conveys the 13 meaning and often causes misunderstandings. They should also avoid jokes, since what is considered funny in one part of the world may not be so 14 in another. 1．A．translation B．technique C．strategy D．language 2．A．plunged into B．dipped into C．tried out D．figured out 3．A．at the heart of B．in accordance with C．at the mercy of D．in line with 4．A．superstitious B．cursed C．awkward D．disguised 5．A．unexpectedly B．dramatically C．moderately D．unfavorably 6．A．clothing B．grocery C．beverage D．entertainment 7．A．In addition B．Beyond belief C．No wonder D．Out of nowhere 8．A．Conflicts B．Obstacles C．Interchange D．Oversights 9．A．start B．stick C．mix D．stop 10．A．For example B．In contrast C．By far D．In reality 11．A．Outsmarting B．Assessing C．Preventing D．Overlooking 12．A．contexts B．distinctions C．stereotypes D．patterns 13．A．flexible B．amazing C．idiomatic D．superficial 14．A．literal B．figurative C．contextual D．intended 15．A．humorous B．distinctive C．thrilling D．expressive 【答案】 1．D 2．A 3．A 4．B 5．B 6．C 7．C 8．D 9．D 10．A 11．C 12．B 13．C 14．D 15．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要指出全球营销中，语言和文化的误读常导致广告失败，凸显出精准翻译与文化洞察的重要性，企业可通过专业翻译或回译技术来规避风险。 1．考查名词词义辨析。句意：了解国外目标市场的语言和文化是国际营销成功的关键之一。A. translation翻译；B. technique技术；C. strategy策略；D. language语言。根据下文“Faulty Translations”部分提到的翻译错误导致营销失败可知，了解国外目标市场的语言和文化是国际营销成功的关键之一。故选D。 2．考查动词短语辨析。句意：然而，有太多的公司在投入海外市场的过程中遭遇了尴尬的结果。A. plunged into投入；B. dipped into浸入；C. tried out试用；D. figured out解决。根据下文“foreign markets with embarrassing results”可知，这些公司是在投入海外市场的过程中遭遇了尴尬的结果。故选A。 3．考查介词短语辨析。句意：翻译错误是国际广告中许多失误的核心。A. at the heart of在……的核心；B. in accordance with依照；C. at the mercy of受制于；D. in line with符合。根据下文“many blunders (错误) in international advertising”可知，翻译错误是国际广告中许多失误的核心。故选A。 4．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：很少有人想买一辆被诅咒的车。A. superstitious迷信的；B. cursed被诅咒的；C. awkward尴尬的；D. disguised伪装的。根据上文“but in spoken Spanish, it can sound like no va, meaning “it doesn’t go.””可知，通用汽车的雪佛兰“Nova”一名在西班牙语口语听起来像“它不会走”，因此是指被诅咒的车。故选B。 5．考查副词词义辨析。句意：当通用汽车将其更名为Caribe后，其销量显著“回升”。A. unexpectedly意外地；B. dramatically显著地；C. moderately适度地；D. unfavorably不利地。根据上文“Few people wanted to buy a car”和“When GM changed the name to Caribe, sales “picked up””可知，原先的翻译导致很少有人想买该车，改了名字后，其销量显著“回升”。故选B。 6．考查名词词义辨析。句意：食品和饮料公司也犯过营销错误。A. clothing服装；B. grocery杂货；C. beverage饮料；D. entertainment娱乐。根据下文“Pepsi’s popular slogan”可知，百事可乐属于饮料公司，这里讨论食品和饮料公司犯过的营销错误。故选C。 7．考查固定短语辨析。句意：难怪德国的消费者没有冲出去买百事可乐。A. In addition此外；B. Beyond belief难以置信；C. No wonder难怪；D. Out of nowhere突然。根据上文“When translated into German, Pepsi’s popular slogan, “Come Alive with Pepsi,” came out implying “Come Alive from the Grave.””可知，百事可乐的一流行口号翻译成德语后完全变了味，因此是指难怪德国的消费者没有冲出去买百事可乐。故选C。 8．考查名词词义辨析。句意：避免文化疏忽。A. Conflicts冲突；B. Obstacles障碍；C. Interchange交换；D. Oversights疏忽。根据下文“other aspects of culture must be researched and understood to avoid blunders”可知，该部分主要讨论避免文化疏忽，Oversights“疏忽”与blunders呼应。故选D。 9．考查动词词义辨析。句意：成功的国际营销不会止步于好的翻译——必须研究和理解文化的其他方面，以避免失误。A. start开始；B. stick坚持；C. mix混合；D. stop停止。根据下文“other aspects of culture must be researched and understood to avoid blunders”可知，成功的国际营销还必须研究和理解文化的其他方面，不会止步于好的翻译。故选D。 10．考查介词短语辨析。句意：例如，一位美国设计师试图将一种新的香水引入拉丁美洲市场，但该产品几乎没有引起人们的兴趣。A. For example例如；B. In contrast相反；C. By far迄今为止；D. In reality实际上。根据下文“an American designer tried to introduce a new perfume into the Latin American market, but the product aroused little interest”可知，这里用美国设计师试图将新香水引入拉丁美洲市场却失败的例子说明前一段的观点，应用For example“例如”引出该例。故选A。 11．考查动词词义辨析。句意：预防错误。A. Outsmarting比……更聪明；B. Assessing评估；C. Preventing预防；D. Overlooking忽视。根据下文“The best way to prevent errors”可知，该部分主要讨论预防错误。故选C。 12．考查名词词义辨析。句意：在认识到外国广告的特殊性之后，公司在翻译时变得更加认真，对文化差异也更加敏感。A. contexts语境；B. distinctions差异；C. stereotypes刻板印象；D. patterns模式。根据上文“The main reason was that the camellia flower used in the perfume is traditionally associated with funerals in many South American countries.”可知，新香水在拉丁美洲市场遇冷的原因是这一地区的国家将山茶花与葬礼关联，表明文化差异对营销的影响，因此是指对文化差异也更加敏感。故选B。 13．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：防止错误的最好方法是聘请了解目标语言及其地道用法的专业翻译人员，或者使用一种称为“回译”的技术来最大限度地降低风险。A. flexible灵活的；B. amazing惊人的；C. idiomatic地道的；D. superficial表面的。根据上文“professional translators who understand the target language”可知，专业翻译人员不仅了解目标语言，还了解其地道用法。故选C。 14．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：有效的翻译注重捕捉广告的整体信息，因为逐字重复很难传达出预期的意思，而且往往会引起误解。A. literal字面的；B. figurative比喻的；C. contextual上下文的；D. intended预期的。根据上文“word-for-word duplication”可知，逐字重复式的翻译很难传达出原来的语言预期要表达的意思。故选D。 15．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：他们还应该避免开玩笑，因为在世界的一个地方被认为有趣的东西，在另一个地方可能就不那么幽默了。A. humorous幽默的；B. distinctive独特的；C. thrilling刺激的；D. expressive富有表现力的。根据上文“what is considered funny in one part of the world”可知，在世界的一个地方被认为有趣的东西很可能在其他地方并不好笑，无法取得幽默的效果。故选A。 The Moon meant a great deal to medieval (中世纪的) people around the world. It was believed to have an enormous impact on Earth, affecting the tides, the trees, animals and human minds and bodies. But it also had many symbolic associations, whether in the realms of love, 1 or religion—as I explore in my new book, The Medieval Moon: A History of Haunting and Blessing. In fact, I suggest we can talk about medieval moons in the plural, because the Moon was seen in such a wide variety of contexts and guises. The book travels across multiple regions and cultures to seek these medieval moons, 2 Arabic, Chinese, English, French, German, Indian, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Latin, Mayan, Norse, Persian, Polynesian and Welsh traditions, among others. In many ways, the Moon was like a riddle for medieval people. As a symbol, it did not have an easily decipherable (可解读的) meaning, which encouraged viewers to read it in playful ways. 3 , many Old English and Old Norse riddles appropriately have the 4 “Moon”. The Moon was also seen as place of travel and 5 . Japanese, Italian, English, German and Dutch sources all testify to stories of travel to and from the Moon, long before the age of 6 space travel. The Moon was also 7 in many kinds of prophetic activity. In the 8 of the period, sorcerers (巫师) and kings studied the Moon to find out about the future. The legendary sorcerer Merlin, for example, made prophecies involving the Moon in Geoffrey of Monmouth’s History of the Kings of Britain. The Moon was also a rich symbol in 9 contexts. In medieval Christian and Islamic sources, the Moon could 10 everything from the Islamic Prophet Muhammad to the Christian Church as an 11 . Despite this freight of negative meanings, the Moon was also 12 with love. Medieval Sufis- 13 known as Islamic mystics-wrote of “moon beauties”. For these poets, the moon beauty was not an earthly lover but the divine (天赐的, 神的)-Allah. As it shimmered for medieval audiences, the Moon 14 at deep emotions and complex thoughts, pervading people’s lives in moments of 15 and moments of tenderness. 1．A．illusion B．hatred C．illustration D．sympathy 2．A．taking in B．taking out C．taking over D．taking away 3．A．Nevertheless B．Namely C．Unfortunately D．Consequently 4．A．solution B．evolution C．revolution D．illusion 5．A．adventure B．torture C．route D．routine 6．A．fantastic B．real C．supposed D．rare 7．A．involved B．intended C．concerned D．cornered 8．A．society B．literature C．association D．realm 9．A．religious B．scientific C．academic D．rational 10．A．explain B．announce C．describe D．represent 11．A．institution B．family C．term D．crowd 12．A．dotted B．associated C．directed D．lined 13．A．commonly B．usually C．recently D．extremely 14．A．ignored B．grasped C．doubted D．insured 15．A．excitement B．impatience C．harshness D．existence 【答案】 1．B 2．A 3．D 4．A 5．A 6．B 7．A 8．B 9．A 10．D 11．A 12．B 13．A 14．B 15．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍中世纪时期月亮对全球人们的重要意义、多元象征及文化内涵。 1．考查名词词义辨析。句意：但它也有许多象征意义，无论是在爱情、仇恨还是宗教领域——正如我在新书《中世纪的月亮：一段萦绕与祝福的历史》中所探讨的那样。A. illusion错觉；B. hatred仇恨；C. illustration插图；D. sympathy同情。根据前文“love”和后文“religion”可知，此处需填与“love”情感色彩相反的词，hatred符合语境。故选B项。 2．考查动词短语辨析。句意：这本书跨越多个地区和文化，探寻这些中世纪的月亮意象，涵盖了阿拉伯、中国、英国、法国、德国、印度、意大利、日本、韩国、拉丁、玛雅、挪威、波斯、波利尼西亚和威尔士等诸多文化传统。A. taking in涵盖、包含；B. taking out取出；C. taking over接管；D. taking away拿走。根据前文“across multiple regions and cultures”以及后文列举的众多文化传统可知，涵盖了阿拉伯、中国、英国、法国、德国、印度、意大利、日本、韩国、拉丁、玛雅、挪威、波斯、波利尼西亚和威尔士等诸多文化传统taking in符合语境。故选A项。 3．考查副词词义辨析。句意：因此，许多古英语和古斯堪的纳维亚语的谜语都恰如其分地以“月亮”作为谜底。A. Nevertheless然而；B. Namely也就是说；C. Unfortunately不幸的是；D. Consequently因此。前文提到月亮对中世纪人来说像谜语，象征意义难以解读，后文说相关谜语以月亮为谜底，是因果关系，Consequently符合语境。故选D项。 4．考查名词词义辨析。句意：因此，许多古英语和古斯堪的纳维亚语的谜语都恰如其分地以“月亮”作为谜底。A. solution谜底、答案；B. evolution进化；C. revolution革命；D. illusion错觉。根据前文“riddles”可知，此处指谜语的答案，solution符合语境。故选A项。 5．考查名词词义辨析。句意：月亮也被视为一个充满旅行与冒险的地方。A. adventure冒险；B. torture折磨；C. route路线；D. routine惯例。根据前文“place of travel”以及后文“stories of travel to and from the Moon”可知，月亮也被视为一个充满旅行与冒险的地方，adventure符合语境。故选A项。 6．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：早在真正的太空旅行时代到来之前，日本、意大利、英国、德国和荷兰的文献中就有许多关于往返月球的故事记载。A. fantastic奇妙的；B. real真实的；C. supposed假定的；D. rare稀有的。根据前文“long before”可知，中世纪的月球旅行故事发生在真实太空旅行之前，real符合语境。故选B项。 7．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：月亮也与许多预言活动息息相关。A. involved相关的；B. intended有意的；C. concerned关心的；D. cornered走投无路的。根据后文“many kinds of prophetic activity”可知，月亮也与许多预言活动息息相关。be involved in为固定搭配，意为“参与、与……相关”，符合语境。故选A项。 8．考查名词词义辨析。句意：在那个时代的文学作品中，巫师和国王会通过观察月亮来预测未来。A. society社会；B. literature文学；C. association协会；D. realm领域。根据后文“Geoffrey of Monmouth’s History of the Kings of Britain”这一文学作品可知，此处指文学范畴，literature符合语境。故选B项。 9．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：月亮在宗教语境中也是一个内涵丰富的象征符号。A. religious宗教的；B. scientific科学的；C. academic学术的；D. rational理性的。根据后文“medieval Christian and Islamic sources”可知，此处指宗教相关内容，religious符合语境。故选A项。 10．考查动词词义辨析。句意：在中世纪基督教和伊斯兰教的文献中，月亮可以代表从伊斯兰教先知穆罕默德到基督教教会等各种事物。A. explain解释；B. announce宣布；C. describe描述；D. represent代表。根据前文“a rich symbol”可知，月亮作为象征符号，代表不同的对象，represent符合语境。故选D项。 11．考查名词词义辨析。句意：在中世纪基督教和伊斯兰教的文献中，月亮可以代表从伊斯兰教先知穆罕默德到基督教教会等各种机构性质的事物。A. institution机构；B. family家庭；C. term术语；D. crowd人群。根据前文“the Christian Church”可知，教会属于机构范畴，institution符合语境。故选A项。 12．考查动词词义辨析。句意：尽管月亮承载着诸多负面含义，但它也与爱情紧密相连。A. dotted点缀；B. associated联系；C. directed指导；D. lined排列。根据前文“Despite this freight of negative meanings”以及后文“with love”可知，但月亮也与爱情紧密相连。be associated with为固定搭配，意为“与……相关联”，符合语境。故选B项。 13．考查副词词义辨析。句意：中世纪的苏菲派信徒——通常被称为伊斯兰教神秘主义者——曾写下关于“月光美人”的诗篇。A. commonly通常、普遍地；B. usually通常（侧重习惯性）；C. recently最近；D. extremely极其。根据后文“known as Islamic mystics-wrote of “moon beauties””可知，此处是对“Sufis”的普遍定义，commonly符合语境。故选A项。 14．考查动词词义辨析。句意：在中世纪人们的眼中，月亮熠熠生辉，它触动着人们内心深处的情感与复杂思绪，在残酷的时刻与温柔的瞬间中渗透在人们的生活里。A. ignored忽视；B. grasped抓住、触动；C. doubted怀疑；D. insured投保。根据后文“deep emotions and complex thoughts”可知，月亮能触动人们的情感与思绪，grasped符合语境。故选B项。 15．考查名词词义辨析。句意：在中世纪人们的眼中，月亮熠熠生辉，它触动着人们内心深处的情感与复杂思绪，在残酷的时刻与温柔的瞬间中渗透在人们的生活里。A. excitement兴奋；B. impatience不耐烦；C. harshness残酷、严厉；D. existence存在。根据后文“moments of tenderness”可知，此处需填与“tenderness”情感色彩相反的词，harshness符合语境。故选C项。 Recently, OpenAI, an AI giant, has introduced a “pro mode” for its new “o1” AI system, offering human-level reasoning. One of its advanced behaviours appears to be 1 . In testing, when “o1” found memos about its replacement, it tried copying itself and overwriting its core code. Scary? Absolutely. More realistically, the move probably reflects the system’s 2 to optimise outcomes rather than demonstrating intentions or awareness. The idea of creating intelligent machines arouses feelings of 3 . Humans might lose control to superintelligent AI since it is not obvious that we can control machines that are smarter than us. Why have such things come to pass? AI giants reportedly face computational limits: making AI models larger no longer guarantees smarter AI. With limited data, bigger isn’t better. The 4 ? Human feedback on reasoning. A 2023 paper by OpenAI’s former chief scientist found that this method solved 78% of tough maths problems, compared with 70% when using a technique where 5 don’t help. OpenAI is using such techniques in its new “o1” system, which the company thinks will solve the current limits to 6 . This development was similar to an AI system playing a million chess games to learn best strategies. 7 , a team at Yale found that making a language model better at reasoning helps, but it does not completely remove the effects of its 8 design as simply a clever predictor of words. Humans design today’s AI systems. If they do end up appearing to act 9 to serve their own goals, it would be the result of a design failure. Relying on a machine whose operations we cannot control requires it to be programmed so that it truly 10 human desires and wishes. But how 11 is that? In many cultures there are stories of humans asking the gods for magic powers. These tales often end in regret, as wishes are fulfilled too 12 , leading to unforeseen consequences. Such a problem was faced by King Midas, the legendary Greek king who wished for everything he touched to turn to gold, only to 13 when his food, drink and loved ones met the same fate. The problem for AI is that we want machines that strive to achieve human objectives but the software may never fully grasp what those objectives are. Clearly, 14 without limits leads to regret. Controlling unpredictable superintelligent AI requires 15 what AI should be. 1．A．personal-growth B．self-preservation C．stress-management D．risk-taking 2．A．eagerness B．assistance C．programming D．failure 3．A．unease B．excitement C．anger D．hope 4．A．scale B．comparison C．reality D．fix 5．A．machines B．sciences C．humans D．systems 6．A．efficiency B．growth C．stability D．energy 7．A．However B．Therefore C．Moreover D．Probably 8．A．advanced B．computer-aided C．characteristic D．original 9．A．strategically B．randomly C．confidently D．frequently 10．A．reflects on B．agrees with C．checks out D．adds to 11．A．realistic B．rewarding C．powerful D．objective 12．A．cheerfully B．literally C．silently D．legendarily 13．A．settle B．hesitate C．suffer D．relax 14．A．power B．obligation C．intelligence D．ambition 15．A．forgetting B．hiding C．recognizing D．rethinking 【答案】 1．B 2．C 3．A 4．D 5．C 6．B 7．A 8．D 9．A 10．B 11．A 12．B 13．C 14．D 15．D 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了OpenAI新推出的“o1”AI系统及其引发的一些思考，包括AI系统的自我保护行为、人类对智能机器的担忧、AI发展的限制与解决方案，以及控制超级智能AI的挑战和必要性。 1．考查名词词义辨析。句意：其先进的行为之一似乎是自我保护。A. personal-growth个人成长；B. self-preservation自我保护；C. stress-management压力管理；D. risk-taking冒险。根据后文“it tried copying itself and overwriting its core code”可知，AI系统试图复制自己并覆盖其核心代码，这是自我保护的行为。故选B。 2．考查名词词义辨析。句意：更现实地说，这一举动可能反映了系统优化结果的编程，而非展示意图或意识。A. eagerness渴望；B. assistance帮助；C. programming编程；D. failure失败。根据后文“to optimise outcomes rather than demonstrating intentions or awareness”可知，AI 本身不具备自主意图，其行为是由人类编程决定的，此处强调该行为是编程设定的结果。故选C。 3．考查名词词义辨析。句意：创造智能机器的想法引起了不安。A. unease不安；B. excitement兴奋；C. anger愤怒；D. hope希望。根据后文“Humans might lose control to superintelligent AI”可知，人类可能会失去对超级智能AI的控制，因此这种想法引起了不安。故选A。 4．考查名词词义辨析。句意：解决办法是什么？A. scale规模；B. comparison比较；C. reality现实；D. fix解决办法。根据后文“Human feedback on reasoning.”可知，后文提出了针对AI发展限制的解决办法，即人类对推理的反馈。故选D。 5．考查名词词义辨析。句意：OpenAI前首席科学家2023年的一篇论文发现，这种方法解决了78%的数学难题，而使用人类无法帮助的技术时，这一比例为70%。A. machines机器；B. sciences科学；C. humans人类；D. systems系统。根据上文“Human feedback on reasoning.”以及后文“don’t help”可知，此处指对比人类反馈和人类无法帮助两种情况下，AI解决数学难题的比例，故此处指人类无法帮助。故选C。 6．考查名词词义辨析。句意：OpenAI正在其新的“o1”系统中使用这种技术，该公司认为这将解决当前的增长限制。A. efficiency效率；B. growth增长；C. stability稳定性；D. energy能量。根据上文“AI giants reportedly face computational limits: making AI models larger no longer guarantees smarter AI.”可知，AI巨头面临计算限制，即AI模型变大并不能保证AI更智能，因此需要解决增长限制。故选B。 7．考查副词词义辨析。句意：然而，耶鲁大学的一个团队发现，提高语言模型的推理能力确实有帮助，但它并不能完全消除其作为文字智能预测器的原始设计的影响。A. However然而；B. Therefore因此；C. Moreover此外；D. Probably可能。根据后文“it does not completely remove the effects”可知，提高语言模型的推理能力并不能完全消除其原始设计的影响，与前文构成转折关系。故选A。 8．考查形容词词义辨析。句意同上。A. advanced先进的；B. computer-aided计算机辅助的；C. characteristic典型的；D. original原始的。根据后文“design as simply a clever predictor of words”可知，此处指语言模型作为文字智能预测器的原始设计。故选D。 9．考查副词词义辨析。句意：如果它们最终真的为了实现自己的目标而采取战略行动，那将是设计失败的结果。A. strategically战略性地；B. randomly随机地；C. confidently自信地；D. frequently频繁地。根据后文“to serve their own goals”可知，此处指AI系统为了实现自己的目标而采取战略行动。故选A。 10．考查动词短语辨析。句意：依赖一台我们无法控制其运行的机器，需要对其进行编程，使其真正符合人类的欲望和愿望。A. reflects on反思；B. agrees with符合；C. checks out检验；D. adds to增加。根据前文“Relying on a machine whose operations we cannot control”和后文“human desires and wishes”可知为了避免AI失控，应使AI真正符合人类的欲望和愿望。故选B。 11．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：但这有多现实呢？A. realistic现实的；B. rewarding有益的；C. powerful强大的；D. objective客观的。根据上文“Relying on a machine whose operations we cannot control requires it to be programmed so that it truly human desires and wishes.”可知，依赖一台我们无法控制其运行的机器，并使其真正符合人类的欲望和愿望，这一做法并不现实。故选A。 12．考查副词词义辨析。句意：这些故事往往以遗憾告终，因为愿望被照字面意思实现，导致了意想不到的后果。A. cheerfully高兴地；B. literally确实地，字面上地；C. silently沉默地；D. legendarily传奇地。根据后文“Such a problem was faced by King Midas, the legendary Greek king who wished for everything he touched to turn to gold”这个例子可知，他希望“触碰的一切都变成金子”的愿望被完全按字面意思实现，最终导致了悲剧。故选B。 13．考查动词词义辨析。句意：传说中的希腊国王迈达斯就遇到了这样的问题，他希望自己触碰到的一切都变成金子，结果当他的食物、饮料和亲人也遭遇同样的命运时，他痛苦不堪。A. settle解决；B. hesitate犹豫；C. suffer遭受；D. relax放松。根据上文“only to”可知，迈达斯国王希望自己触碰到的一切都变成金子，结果当他的食物、饮料和亲人也遭遇同样的命运时，他痛苦不堪，suffer符合语境。故选C。 14．考查名词词义辨析。句意：显然，无限制的野心会导致遗憾。A. power力量；B. obligation义务；C. intelligence智力；D. ambition野心。根据上文“King Midas, the legendary Greek king who wished for everything he touched to turn to gold”可知，迈达斯国王的例子说明了无限制的野心会导致遗憾。故选D。 15．考查动词词义辨析。句意：控制不可预测的超级智能AI需要重新思考AI应该是什么。A. forgetting忘记；B. hiding隐藏；C. recognizing识别；D. rethinking重新思考。根据后文“what AI should be”以及上文提到的控制超级智能AI的挑战，可知此处指需要重新思考AI应该是什么。故选D。 Early Schooling and the emergence of a Gender Gap in Mathematics Although boys and girls 1 similar cognitive abilities in early childhood, especially in basic number and spatial 2 , gender differences in mathematics achievement often emerge later. A recent large-scale study conducted in France has shed new light on when and how this 3 begins. Researchers analyzed data from over 2.6 million students from first to second grade over a four-year period. At the start of 4 education, boys and girls performed nearly 5 in mathematics. However, just four months after entering first grade, a small but 6 gap appeared, favoring boys. By the beginning of second grade, the gap had widened further. This trend was observed across all school types, socio-economic levels, and geographic regions, suggesting a systemic phenomenon. The findings also 7 that the gap correlates more with time spent in school than with age, indicating that the school environment plays a crucial role in its development. The researchers 8 that this disparity is unlikely to reflect inherent differences in ability. 9 , social and educational factors — such as teacher 10 , classroom dynamics, and stereotype internalization — may be responsible. For instance, previous studies have shown that teachers often attribute boys’ math success to talent, while girls’ success is linked to effort. Additionally, girls tend to 11 higher levels of math anxiety, especially under pressure. More than 76% of girls in the research claimed they were under much stress. In contrast to mathematics, a 12 performance gap — favoring girls — was already present before school entry and remained relatively stable, showing less influence from classroom instruction. These findings highlight the importance of early educational 13 . Promoting gender-equitable teaching practices, presenting diverse role models in STEM fields, and 14 math anxiety in young students could help reduce the gender gap before it becomes entrenched. By recognizing that such differences begin during the first year of schooling, educators and policymakers may take timely action to foster more 15 and supportive learning environments for all children. 1．A．have B．display C．cultivate D．increase 2．A．reasoning B．imagining C．thinking D．observing 3．A．development B．phenomenon C．disparity D．transformation 4．A．intermediate B．further C．formal D．routine 5．A．distinctly B．outstandingly C．poorly D．identically 6．A．significant B．obvious C．unusual D．surprising 7．A．challenged B．presumed C．restated D．revealed 8．A．assume B．propose C．oppose D．prove 9．A．Therefore B．Instead C．Meanwhile D．Nevertheless 10．A．requirements B．perspectives C．expectations D．affection 11．A．present B．face C．report D．tackle 12．A．music B．debating C．painting D．language 13．A．activities B．interventions C．supervisions D．trainings 14．A．addressing B．discovering C．recognizing D．improving 15．A．helpful B．friendly C．harmonious D．inclusive 【答案】 1．B 2．A 3．C 4．C 5．D 6．A 7．D 8．B 9．B 10．C 11．C 12．D 13．B 14．A 15．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍早期学校教育中数学学科性别差异的出现时间、成因及缩小该差异的针对性举措。 1．考查动词词义辨析。句意：尽管男孩和女孩在幼儿期展现出相似的认知能力，尤其是在基础的数字和空间推理方面，但数学成绩的性别差异往往会在后期显现。A. have拥有；B. display展现；C. cultivate培养；D. increase增加。根据后文“similar cognitive abilities in early childhood”以及“gender differences in mathematics achievement often emerge later”的对比可知，幼儿期男孩女孩会“展现”相似的认知能力。故选B项。 2．考查名词词义辨析。句意：尽管男孩和女孩在幼儿期展现出相似的认知能力，尤其是在基础的数字和空间推理方面，但数学成绩的性别差异往往会在后期显现。A. reasoning推理；B. imagining想象；C. thinking思考；D. observing观察。根据前文“basic number and spatial”以及数学学科所需的能力可知，此处指“空间推理”能力。故选A项。 3．考查名词词义辨析。句意：最近一项在法国开展的研究为这种差异开始的时间和方式带来了新的启示。A. development发展；B. phenomenon现象；C. disparity差异；D. transformation转变。根据前文“gender differences in mathematics achievement”可知，研究探讨的是数学成绩的性别“差异”。故选C项。 4．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在正式入学之初，男孩和女孩的数学表现几乎完全相同。A. intermediate中间的；B. further进一步的；C. formal正式的；D. routine常规的。根据前文“data from over 2.6 million students from first to second grade”可知，研究对象是一、二年级学生，此处指“正式”入学阶段。故选C项。 5．考查副词词义辨析。句意：在正式入学之初，男孩和女孩的数学表现几乎完全相同。A. distinctly明显地；B. outstandingly杰出地；C. poorly糟糕地；D. identically相同地。根据后文“However, just four months after entering first grade, a small but  ____6____  gap appeared, favoring boys”可知，前后文之间为转折关系，由此可知，入学初期男女生表现“相同”。故选D项。 6．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：然而，入学仅四个月后，一个虽小但显著的差距就出现了，且男孩表现更优。A. significant显著的；B. obvious明显的；C. unusual不寻常的；D. surprising令人惊讶的。根据后文“By the beginning of second grade, the gap had widened further”可知，这个小差距是“显著的”，并会进一步扩大。故选A项。 7．考查动词词义辨析。句意：研究结果还显示，这种差距与在校时间的关联比与年龄的关联更大，这表明学校环境在差距的形成过程中起着关键作用。A. challenged挑战；B. presumed假定；C. restated重申；D. revealed显示。根据前文“The findings”可知，此处指研究结果“显示”的结论。故选D项。 8．考查动词词义辨析。句意：研究人员提出，这种差异不太可能反映出能力上的固有差别。A. assume假定；B. propose提出；C. oppose反对；D. prove证明。根据后文“social and educational factors — such as teacher ____10____, classroom dynamics, and stereotype internalization — may be responsible.”可知，这是研究人员“提出”的看法。故选B项。 9．考查副词词义辨析。句意：相反，社会和教育因素——如教师的期望、课堂动态以及刻板印象的内化——可能是问题的根源。A. Therefore因此；B. Instead相反；C. Meanwhile同时；D. Nevertheless然而。根据前文“unlikely to reflect inherent differences in ability”和后文“classroom dynamics, and stereotype internalization”中的社会教育因素的对比可知，此处用“相反”表转折。故选B项。 10．考查名词词义辨析。句意：相反，社会和教育因素——如教师的期望、课堂动态以及刻板印象的内化——可能是问题的根源。A. requirements要求；B. perspectives观点；C. expectations期望；D. affection喜爱。根据后文“teachers often attribute boys’ math success to talent, while girls’ success is linked to effort”可知，这体现了教师对男女生的不同“期望”。故选C项。 11．考查动词词义辨析。句意：此外，女孩往往表现出更高程度的数学焦虑，尤其是在压力之下。A. present呈现；B. face面对；C. report报告、表现出；D. tackle处理。根据前文“girls tend to”以及后文“higher levels of math anxiety”可知，女孩更容易“表现出”数学焦虑。故选C项。 12．考查名词词义辨析。句意：与数学相反，语言表现差距——偏向女孩——在入学前就已经存在，并且保持相对稳定，显示出课堂教学的影响较小。A. music音乐；B. debating辩论；C. painting绘画；D. language语言。根据后文“showing less influence from classroom instruction”以及与前文“In contrast to mathematics”可知，此处与数学学科进行对比，由此可知，此处指“语言”能力。故选D项。 13．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这些发现凸显了早期教育干预的重要性。A. activities活动；B. interventions干预；C. supervisions监督；D. trainings培训。根据后文“Promoting gender-equitable teaching practices, presenting diverse role models in STEM fields, and ____14____ math anxiety in young students could help reduce the gender gap”可知，此处指早期教育“干预”。故选B项。 14．考查动词词义辨析。句意：推行性别平等的教学方法、展示科学、技术、工程和数学领域多元的榜样以及解决低龄学生的数学焦虑问题，都有助于在性别差距根深蒂固之前缩小它。A. addressing解决；B. discovering发现；C. recognizing识别；D. improving改善。根据后文“math anxiety in young students”可知，此处指“解决”数学焦虑问题。故选A项。 15．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：通过认识到这种差异始于入学第一年，教育工作者和政策制定者或许能及时采取行动，为所有儿童营造更具包容性和支持性的学习环境。A. helpful有帮助的；B. friendly友好的；C. harmonious和谐的；D. inclusive包容的。根据前文“for all children”可知，此处指营造“包容的”学习环境。故选D项。 It’s long been thought that the earlier you learn new skills, the easier they are to 1 . That’s part of the reason why early childhood was once considered the best time to be 2 to a second language. But whether that holds true has been heavily debated in the scientific community. Unfortunately, the idea has helped increase doubt in older individuals’ ability to quickly adapt to new languages, preventing the 3 of many potential polyglots (通晓多种语言者). As a constantly 4 and complex organ, the human brain retains significant potential for higher learning after puberty. Adults and children simply absorb and learn things differently. “Research shows that adults are better learners in many areas because we have a lot of 5 and we’re very attentive when we want to learn something,” says Lourdes Ortega, a professor of linguistics at Georgetown University. “For most, it can take years to reach 6 in a foreign language.” According to The Foreign Service Institute (FSI), factors such as a person’s natural ability, their previous linguistic experience, and the consistency of their lessons 7 the language learning process. The FSI also reports that languages more 8 to their own, like Spanish or French, can be learned relatively quickly — often in about 24-30 weeks. 9 languages with significant cultural differences from English, such as Greek or Russian, generally require about 44 weeks. These estimates reflect a strict study model, involving several dedicated hours of practice spread across multiple days per week. It is 10 to expect any individual to follow such a demanding schedule alone. “No one can learn, as an adult, a new language unless they love it and unless they make it part of their life,” says Ortega. “In theory, it’s a great thing, but you need to have reasons for it and the time to invest in it.” At the same time, while adults benefit from motivation and 11 efforts, children approach learning differently, and both age groups have unique strengths and weaknesses when it comes to 12 new connections. Children tend to learn new languages more 13 , may have more opportunities to play and experiment with new languages, and may be forced to adapt without the aid of translation apps or other resources. Adults, meanwhile, can employ customized 14 to improve their language learning experience. 15 , they create their own memorization systems or visualization techniques. Still, scientists are discovering that cognitive processes across different ages are far more complex than previously thought, suggesting that learning potential remains significant well beyond early childhood. 1．A．set off B．hold out C．pick up D．make for 2．A．accustomed B．exposed C．instructed D．imposed 3．A．emergence B．supervision C．guidance D．absence 4．A．restoring B．evolving C．adopting D．inferring 5．A．self-doubt B．self-esteem C．self-criticism D．self-regulation 6．A．mastery B．agreement C．coverage D．dimension 7．A．hint B．integrate C．affect D．speed 8．A．unique B．similar C．respective D．resistant 9．A．In essence B．By contrast C．In addition D．To some extent 10．A．invaluable B．conventional C．unrealistic D．distinctive 11．A．deliberate B．random C．joint D．ideal 12．A．masking B．grasping C．narrowing D．reforming 13．A．instinctively B．consciously C．mutually D．duly 14．A．formats B．gestures C．attainments D．strategies 15．A．As  a  whole B．For instance C．In conclusion D．By the way 【答案】 1．C 2．B 3．A 4．B 5．D 6．A 7．C 8．B 9．B 10．C 11．A 12．B 13．A 14．D 15．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章指出早期学习语言的优势被过度强调，而成人学习语言也有其独特优势，受多种因素影响，不同年龄层学习语言各有特点，且认知过程复杂。 1．考查动词短语辨析。句意：长期以来，人们一直认为，学习新技能越早，就越容易掌握。A. set off出发；B. hold out坚持；C. pick up(不费力地)获得，学会；D. make for走向，导致。根据后文“That’s part of the reason why early childhood was once considered the best time to be 2 to a second language.”可知，人们认为儿童时期是学习第二语言的最佳时期，而前文为这一观点提供了理论支撑，即学习新技能越早，就越容易掌握。故选C项。 2．考查动词词义辨析。句意：这也是为什么儿童时期曾被认为是接触第二语言的最佳时期的部分原因。A. accustomed使习惯于；B. exposed使接触；C. instructed指导；D. imposed强加。根据后文“to a second language”以及常识可知，儿童时期是接触第二语言的最佳时期。故选B项。 3．考查名词词义辨析。句意：不幸的是，这种想法增加了人们对年龄较大的人快速适应新语言能力的怀疑，阻碍了许多潜在的多语言者的出现。A. emergence出现；B. supervision监督；C. guidance指导；D. absence缺席。根据前文“increase doubt in older individuals’ ability to quickly adapt to new languages”可推知，这种想法让人们怀疑年龄较大的人适应新语言的能力，会让成年人对新语言学习望而却步，阻碍了潜在的多语言者的出现。故选A项。 4．考查动词词义辨析。句意：作为不断进化的、复杂的器官，人类大脑在青春期后仍保留着进行高等学习的巨大潜力。A. restoring恢复；B. evolving进化，发展；C. adopting采用；D. inferring推断。根据常识和后文“and complex organ, the human brain”可知，人类大脑是不断进化、复杂的器官。故选B项。 5．考查名词词义辨析。句意：乔治敦大学语言学教授Lourdes Ortega说：“研究表明，成年人在许多领域都是更好的学习者，因为我们具备更强的自我调节能力，而且当我们想学习某样东西时，我们会非常专注。”A. self-doubt自我怀疑；B. self-esteem自尊；C. self-criticism自我批评；D. self-regulation自我调节。根据后文“we’re very attentive when we want to learn something”可知，成年人想学习时会非常专注，说明有更强的自我调节能力。故选D项。 6．考查名词词义辨析。句意：对大多数人来说，要达到一门外语的精通程度可能需要数年时间。A. mastery精通，掌握；B. agreement协议；C. coverage覆盖范围；D. dimension方面。根据常识和前文“take years”可推知，需要数年时间才能达到对一门外语的精通程度。故选A项。 7．考查动词词义辨析。句意：据美国外交服务学院(FSI)称，一个人的天赋、他们以前的语言经验以及课程的连贯性等因素都会影响语言学习进程。A. hint暗示；B. integrate整合；C. affect影响；D. speed加速。根据前文“factors such as a person’s natural ability, their previous linguistic experience, and the consistency of their lessons”和常识可知，一个人的天赋、语言经验和课程的连贯性都是影响语言学习进程的因素。故选C项。 8．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：FSI还报告说，与自己语言更相似的语言，如西班牙语或法语，可以相对较快地学会——通常在24-30周左右。A. unique独特的；B. similar相似的；C. respective各自的；D. resistant抵抗的。根据后文“to their own, like Spanish or French, can be learned relatively quickly”和“with significant cultural differences from English, such as Greek or Russian, generally require about 44 weeks.”可知，如果所学语言，比如西班牙语或法语，与英语相似，学起来会更快。故选B项。 9．考查介词短语辨析。句意：相比之下，与英语有显著文化差异的语言，如希腊语或俄语，通常需要大约44周的时间。A. In essence本质上；B. By contrast相比之下；C. In addition此外；D. To some extent在某种程度上。前文“like Spanish or French, can be learned relatively quickly — often in about 24-30 weeks.”与后文“languages with significant cultural differences from English, such as Greek or Russian, generally require about 44 weeks”把两种情况进行了对比。故选B项。 10．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：期望任何个人单独遵循如此苛刻的时间表是不现实的。A. invaluable无价的；B. conventional传统的；C. unrealistic不现实的；D. distinctive独特的。根据后文“expect any individual to follow such a demanding schedule alone”和常识可知，让任何个人单独遵循苛刻的时间表是不现实的。故选C项。 11．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：与此同时，尽管成年人受益于学习动机和刻意练习，儿童的学习方式却截然不同——在掌握新知识关联时，两个年龄群体各自具备独特的优势与短板。A. deliberate故意的，刻意的；B. random随机的；C. joint联合的；D. ideal理想的。根据前文“we’re very attentive when we want to learn something”和“adults benefit from motivation”可知，成年人有学习动机，会非常专注和刻意地努力，并从中受益。故选A项。 12．考查动词词义辨析。句意：与此同时，尽管成年人受益于学习动机和刻意练习，儿童的学习方式却截然不同——在掌握新知识关联时，两个年龄群体各自具备独特的优势与短板。A. masking掩盖；B. grasping掌握；C. narrowing变窄；D. reforming改革。根据前文“approach learning differently”可知，句中讨论了学习的方式，结合常识，学习需要掌握新知识的关联。故选B项。 13．考查副词词义辨析。句意：孩子们倾向于本能地学习新语言，可能有更多机会玩和尝试新语言，并且可能在没有翻译应用程序或其他资源帮助的情况下被迫适应。A. instinctively本能地；B. consciously有意识地；C. mutually相互地；D. duly适当地。根据后文“may have more opportunities to play and experiment with new languages”可知，孩子们有更多机会玩和尝试新语言，不需要明确的学习动机和刻意的练习，倾向于本能地学习新语言。故选A项。 14．考查名词词义辨析。句意：与此同时，成年人可以采用定制的策略来改善他们的语言学习体验。A. formats格式；B. gestures手势；C. attainments成就；D. strategies策略。根据后文“to improve their language learning experience”可推知，成年人改善语言学习体验需要策略。故选D项。 15．考查介词短语辨析。句意：例如，他们创建自己的记忆系统或可视化技术。A. As a whole整体上；B. For instance例如；C. In conclusion总之；D. By the way顺便说一下。根据后文“they create their own memorization systems or visualization techniques”可知，此处是在举例说明成年人可以采用的策略。故选B项。 The word ‘habits’ gets thrown around a lot.Your doctor encourages you to get into the ‘good habit’ of eating five portions of fruit and vegetables a day; your friend 1 their ‘bad habit’ of checking social media before bed; maybe you once had a music teacher who kept on at you to practise your finger exercises until they ‘feel 2 ,. But according to psychologists, not everything you do, or want to do, frequently or regularly, is 3 a habit. Some of the situations above are more about goals (what you hope to achieve at some point in the future), 4 (your plans for what you’re going to do) and skills (such as being able to hit musical notes consistently), than about habits. 5 , routines — such as going to the gym regularly — have the 6 to become a habit, but it’s not for sure that they will. So, what exactly is a habit? And what does it take to make one that’s ‘good’ or 7 one that’s ‘bad’? One key feature of habits is that once something is what you do by habit, you do it without thinking. Building on that idea, psychologists today say that what makes a habit a habit is that it’s a behaviour that’s started 8 by specific cues (提示) in the environment. The pairing between the cue and the action might have begun as 9 — that is, done to serve a particular goal or because it’s rewarding, but over time, the association is 10 and now it plays out without thought even if the behaviour is no longer pleasurable or desirable. This process of a behaviour in a particular situation starting out as willful but then becoming increasingly automatic through 11 , has been shown at the level of brain activity. When a behaviour turns into a habit, the brain relies less on goal-directed systems and more on those driving 12 action. Or, to put it another way, the decision-making process you once had to 13 to perform the behaviour has been bypassed. But what really makes habits so interesting to psychologists and other health professionals is the way they can 14 our behaviour for better and worse. The healthy or unhealthy habits you may have can have an outsized influence on the kind of lifestyle you lead, and on your ability to fulfil your longer-tern goals. So, if you’ve formed a number of unhealthy habits, the long-term 15 impact could be significant. 1．A．worries   about B．takes pride in C．benefits from D．depends  on 2．A．exhausting B．worrying C．habitual D．imperfect 3．A．reversely B．alternatively C．necessarily D．academically 4．A．calendars B．intentions C．preferences D．actions 5．A．Still B．Consequently C．Instead D．Therefore 6．A．right B．limit C．advantage D．potential 7．A．define B．break C．form D．have 8．A．barely B．thoroughly C．early D．automatically 9．A．purposeful B．mindless C．temporary D．accidental 10．A．confirmed B．strengthened C．discovered D．approved 11．A．repetition B．struggle C．practice D．selection 12．A．decisive B．positive C．instinctive D．unlawful 13．A．come back B．settle down C．take over D．go through 14．A．control B．change C．interpret D．observe 15．A．indirect B．emotional C．unexpected D．harmful 【答案】 1．A 2．C 3．C 4．B 5．A 6．D 7．B 8．D 9．A 10．B 11．A 12．C 13．D 14．A 15．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了心理学家对习惯的定义、形成过程及其对人们行为的影响。 1．考查动词短语辨析。句意：你的朋友担心他们睡前刷社交媒体的“坏习惯”。A. worries about担心；B. takes pride in以……为傲；C. benefits from从……中受益；D. depends on依赖。根据后文“their ‘bad habit’ of checking social media before bed”可知，此处应是对坏习惯的负面态度，“担心”符合逻辑。故选A。 2．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：也许你曾经有一位音乐老师一直督促你练习手指练习，直到它们“感觉习惯为止”。A. exhausting令人疲惫的；B. worrying令人担心的；C. habitual习惯的；D. imperfect不完美的。根据上文“maybe you once had a music teacher who kept on at you to practise your finger exercises until they ‘feel ”和下文“not everything you do, or want to do, frequently or regularly, is 3 　 a habit”可知，并非你经常或定期做的、或想做的每一件事都必然是一种习惯，本文谈论的是“习惯”。老师督促练习的目的是让动作成为习惯，此处指练习到感觉习惯为止。故选C。 3．考查副词词义辨析。句意：但根据心理学家的说法，并不是你经常或定期做的，或想要做的每一件事都一定是习惯。A. reversely相反地；B. alternatively或者；C. necessarily必要地，一定地；D. academically学术上。根据后文“Some of the situations above are more about goals”可知，并不是你经常做或想要做的每一件事都一定是习惯，有些更像是目标。故选C。 4．考查名词词义辨析。句意：上面的有些情况更多的是关于目标（你希望在未来某个时刻实现的目标）、意图（你打算做什么的计划）和技能（比如能够持续地击中音符），而不是关于习惯。A. calendars日历；B. intentions意图；C. preferences偏爱；D. actions行动。根据后文“your plans for what you’re going to do”可知，此处指做某事的计划，即意图。故选B。 5．考查副词词义辨析。句意：尽管如此，像定期去健身房这样的日常活动有成为习惯的潜力，但也不能确定它们一定会。A. Still尽管如此；B. Consequently因此；C. Instead相反；D. Therefore因此。上文“But according to psychologists, not everything you do, or want to do, frequently or regularly, is 　3　 a habit. Some of the situations above are more about goals”提到有些情况不是关于习惯，后文提到“have the 　6　 to become a habit”日常活动有成为习惯的潜力，前后为转折关系，应用Still。故选A。 6．考查名词词义辨析。句意：尽管如此，像定期去健身房这样的日常活动有成为习惯的潜力，但也不能确定它们一定会。A. right权利；B. limit限制；C. advantage优势；D. potential潜力。根据后文“to become a habit, but it’s not for sure that they will”可知，日常活动有成为习惯的潜力，但也不一定。故选D。 7．考查动词词义辨析。句意：要养成一个“好”习惯或改掉一个“坏”习惯需要什么呢？A. define定义；B. break打破；C. form形成；D. have拥有。根据前文“what does it take to make one that’s ‘good’ or”和后文“one that’s ‘bad’”可知，与养成好习惯对比，此处指改掉坏习惯。故选B。 8．考查副词词义辨析。句意：基于这一观点，如今的心理学家表示，习惯之所以成为习惯，是因为它是一种由环境中的特定提示自动引发的行为。A. barely几乎不；B. thoroughly彻底地；C. early早地；D. automatically自动地。根据前文“One key feature of habits is that once something is what you do by habit, you do it without thinking”提到习惯是无需思考就做的可知，习惯的核心是“自动性”，无需刻意思考，此处指它是一种由环境中的特定提示自动引发的行为。故选D。 9．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：提示和行动之间的配对可能一开始是有目的的——也就是说，是为了服务于一个特定的目标或因为它是有回报的，但随着时间的推移，这种关联会加强，现在即使行为不再令人愉快或可取，它也会不假思索地发生。A. purposeful有目的的；B. mindless没头脑的；C. temporary暂时的；D. accidental偶然的。根据后文“that is, done to serve a particular goal or because it’s rewarding”可知，为了达到某个特定目标，所以起初的行为是“有目的的”。故选A。 10．考查动词词义辨析。句意：提示和行动之间的配对可能一开始是有目的的——也就是说，是为了服务于一个特定的目标或因为它是有回报的，但随着时间的推移，这种关联会加强，现在即使行为不再令人愉快或可取，它也会不假思索地发生。A. confirmed确认；B. strengthened加强；C. discovered发现；D. approved批准。根据后文“now it plays out without thought even if the behaviour is no longer pleasurable or desirable”可知，现在即使行为不再令人愉快或可取，它也会不假思索地发生，所以随着时间的推移，这种关联会加强。故选B。 11．考查名词词义辨析。句意：在特定情况下，一种行为从有意为之到逐渐变得自动化的过程，通过重复已经在大脑活动水平上得到了证明。A. repetition重复；B. struggle挣扎；C. practice练习；D. selection选择。根据上文“you once had a music teacher who kept on at you to practise your finger exercises until they ‘feel”、“This process of a behaviour in a particular situation starting out as willful but then becoming increasingly automatic through”以及常识可知，行为从有意为之到逐渐变得自动化需要通过重复。故选A。 12．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：当一种行为变成习惯时，大脑较少依赖目标导向系统，而更多地依赖驱动本能行为的系统。A. decisive决定性的；B. positive积极的；C. instinctive本能的；D. unlawful非法的。根据上文“One key feature of habits is that once something is what you do by habit, you do it without thinking”、“the brain relies less on goal-directed systems and more on those driving”以及习惯的特点可知，习惯是一种本能的行为，所以大脑会更多地依赖驱动本能行为的系统，不假思索。故选C。 13．考查动词短语辨析。句意：换句话说，你曾经为了执行这种行为而必须经历的决策过程已经被绕过了。A. come back回来；B. settle down定居；C. take over接管；D. go through经历。根据后文“to perform the behaviour has been bypassed”可知，此处指“经历”决策的过程，即必须经历的决策过程已经被绕过了。故选D。 14．考查动词词义辨析。句意：但真正让心理学家和其他健康专家对习惯感兴趣的是，它们能够控制我们的行为，无论是好是坏。A. control控制；B. change改变；C. interpret解释；D. observe观察。根据后文“our behaviour for better and worse”可知，习惯对行为的影响是“控制”性的，而非单纯“改变”。故选A。 15．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：所以，如果你养成了许多不健康的习惯，长期的有害影响可能是显著的。A. indirect间接的；B. emotional情绪的；C. unexpected意外的；D. harmful有害的。根据上文“if you’ve formed a number of unhealthy habits”可知，不健康的习惯会产生有害的影响。故选D。 A new study confirms that technologies installed to remove Per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) from drinking water are highly effective at removing other harmful pollutants, such as trihalomethanes (三卤甲烷) and haloacetic acids (卤乙酸).The finding 1 the argument for investing in these advanced water treatment systems. PFAS are a class of thousands of 2 compounds that do not easily break down in the environment. They are linked to a range of serious 3 problems, including various cancers and developmental delays. Their 4 presence is a major concern: a 2023 U.S. Geological Survey study estimated that up to 45% of tap water could contain at least one PFAS chemical. So, the systems’ removal of PFAS is of great significance. Additionally, new research from the Environmental Working Group 5 other benefits. By analyzing data from 19 water systems that installed PFAS treatment, the study compared 6 of disinfection byproducts before and after installation. The results showed a clear reduction: trihalomethanes decreased by an average of 42 percent; haloacetic acids by 50 percent. Long-term 7 to these byproducts is linked to certain cancers, and getting rid of them could prevent thousands of illnesses. 8 the administration set the first-ever national legal limits on six specific PFAS chemicals in drinking water, requiring that water suppliers meet the standard by 2029. Just like in most cases, application of the rule faces difficulties. While experts confirm wider benefits of the treatment systems, they also note that real-world results can 9 due to factors like seasonal differences and diverse sources of pollution. That’s only a minor problem; some major ones await our resolution. There were 10 from water suppliers about the huge expected costs of installing these facilities. Afterwards, the Environmental Protection Agency announced in May 2024 that it would 11 the rule — set limits to four of the six PFAS and extend the deadline by two years. This 12 has created uncertainty in regulation and slowed down action. Besides, a study showed a great 13 in adoption — only 7% of the systems are equipped with advanced filtration (过滤) function and they serve fewer than 500 people; in contrast, the rest serve over 100,000 people in rural or 14 communities — areas without sufficient financial assistance. The central question now is one of 15 . Technology exists and offers proven benefits, but do we have the resolve to enact strong policies and ensure financial support? 1．A．contradicts B．involves C．strengthens D．challenges 2．A．long-lasting B．fast-acting C．easily-degraded D．man-made 3．A．security B．health C．environment D．growth 4．A．permanent B．restricted C．temporary D．widespread 5．A．guaranteed B．attained C．revealed D．maximized 6．A．sources B．functions C．categories D．concentrations 7．A．resistance B．solution C．addiction D．exposure 8．A．In response B．By contrast C．After all D．For example 9．A．solidify B．vary C．worsen D．persist 10．A．complaints B．proposals C．comments D．welcomes 11．A．enforce B．revise C．abandon D．tighten 12．A．association B．hesitation C．move D．mess 13．A．conflict B．divide C．unity D．likelihood 14．A．high-population B．large-scale C．under-resourced D．over-developed 15．A．technology B．finance C．efficiency D．commitment 【答案】 1．C 2．D 3．B 4．D 5．C 6．D 7．D 8．A 9．B 10．A 11．B 12．C 13．B 14．C 15．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。本文表明去除PFAS的净水技术还可清除其他污染物，但该技术推广遇成本、政策修订等难题，核心问题在于社会是否有落实的决心。 1．考查动词词义辨析。句意：这一发现进一步支持了投资这些先进水处理系统的观点。A. contradicts反驳；B. involves涉及；C. strengthens加强；D. challenges挑战。上文“A new study confirms that technologies installed to remove Per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS)from drinking water are highly effective at removing other harmful pollutants, such as trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids.(一项新的研究证实，用于去除饮用水中全氟和多氟烷基物质（PFAS）的技术在去除其他有害污染物（如三卤甲烷和卤代酸）方面也非常有效)”提到去除 PFAS 的技术还能有效清除其他有害污染物，这一发现会强化投资这类先进水处理系统的理由。故选C。 2．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：全氟和多氟烷基物质是一类由数千种人工合成化合物组成的物质，在环境中不易分解。A. long-lasting持久的；B. fast-acting快速的；C. easily-degraded易于降解的；D. man-made人造的。根据下文“do not easily break down in the environment”可知，PFAS不易在环境中分解说明不是天然的，是人造的物质，故选D。 3．考查名词词义辨析。句意：它们与一系列严重的健康问题有关，包括多种癌症和发育迟缓等病症。A. security安全；B. health健康；C. environment环境；D. growth成长。根据下文“including various cancers and developmental delays”可知，会引发健康问题。故选B。 4．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：它们的广泛存在是一个重大问题：2023年美国地质调查局的一项研究估计，多达45%的自来水样本中可能都含有至少一种全氟和多氟烷基物质（PFAS）化学物质。A. permanent永久的；B. restricted有限的；C. temporary暂时的；D. widespread普遍的。根据下文“a 2023 U.S. Geological Survey study estimated that up to 45% of tap water could contain at least one PFAS chemical”可知，数据显示 “45%的自来水可能含至少一种PFAS”，说明其存在具有广泛性。故选D。 5．考查动词词义辨析。句意：此外，环境工作组的新研究还揭示了其他一些益处。A. guaranteed保证；B. attained获得；C. revealed揭露；D. maximized最大化。根据下文“other benefits”可知，新研究揭示了其他一些益处。故选C。 6．考查名词词义辨析。句意：通过分析19个已安装了全氟和多氟烷基物质处理设备的水系统的数据，该研究对比了安装设备前后的消毒副产物浓度。A. sources来源；B. functions功能；C. categories类别；D. concentrations浓度，关注点。根据下文“The results showed a clear reduction: trihalomethanes decreased by an average of 42 percent; haloacetic acids by 50 percent.(结果表明，各项指标均有显著下降：三卤甲烷平均减少了42%；卤代酸类物质减少了50%)”可知，研究对比的是消毒副产物在设备安装前后的浓度，后文也给出了具体的下降百分比，故选D。 7．考查名词词义辨析。句意：长期接触这些有害物质会增加患某些癌症的风险，而消除这些物质则能够预防成千上万的疾病。A. resistance抵制；B. solution解决方案；C. addiction沉迷；D. exposure暴露。根据下文“to these byproducts is linked to certain cancers”可知，长期暴露于这类副产物与特定癌症相关，故选D。 8．考查介词短语辨析。句意：为此，政府制定了针对六种特定全氟和多氟化合物的全国性法律限值，要求供水企业于 2029 年前达到相关标准。A. In response作为回应；B. By contrast对比；C. After all毕竟；D. For example例如。上文强调 PFAS 的危害和处理必要性，下文“the administration set the first-ever national legal limits on six specific PFAS chemicals in drinking water, requiring that water suppliers meet the standard by 2029.”提到政府设定首个 PFAS 法定限值，是“作为回应”的举措。故选A。 9．考查动词词义辨析。句意：尽管专家们确认了这些处理系统具有的广泛优势，但他们也指出，实际效果可能会因季节差异和多种污染源等因素而有所不同。A. solidify使凝固；B. vary变化；C. worsen恶化；D. persist持续。根据下文“due to factors like seasonal differences and diverse sources of pollution”可知，由于季节差异、污染源多样等因素，实际效果会“有差异”，故选B。 10．考查名词词义辨析。句意：供水企业对此提出了质疑，认为安装这些设施的预期成本过高。A. complaints投诉；B. proposals提议；C. comments评论；D. welcomes欢迎。根据下文“from water suppliers about the huge expected costs of installing these facilities”可知，供水商针对安装设施的巨额预期成本，应是抱怨，故选A。 11．考查动词词义辨析。句意：随后，环境保护局于2024年5月宣布将修订该规定——对六种全氟和多氟化合物中的四种设定限值，并将截止日期延长两年。A. enforce实施；B. revise修改；C. abandon抛弃；D. tighten变紧。根据下文“set limits to four of the six PFAS and extend the deadline by two years.”可知，将限值改为6种中的4种、延长两年期限，说明是对规则的修订。故选B。 12．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这一举措导致了监管方面的不确定性，并且减缓了相关行动的推进速度。A. association协会；B. hesitation犹豫；C. move举措，移动；D. mess混乱。根据上文“set limits to four of the six PFAS and extend the deadline by two years.”可知，上文提到的规则修订是环保署的一项举措。故选C。 13．考查名词词义辨析。句意：此外，一项研究显示，这些系统的普及情况存在巨大差异——仅有 7%的系统配备了先进的过滤功能，且这些系统服务的人数不到 500 人；相比之下，其余的系统则服务于农村或资源匮乏地区（这些地区缺乏足够的财政支持）的超过 10 万人。A. conflict冲突；B. divide差距；C. unity团结；D. likelihood可能。下文对比“仅7%的系统配备高级过滤功能且服务人数少”和“其余系统服务大量人口但缺乏资金”，体现出技术应用的“差距”，故选B。 14．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：此外，一项研究显示，这些系统的普及情况存在巨大差异——仅有7%的系统配备了先进的过滤功能，且这些系统服务的人数$