寒假作业07 阅读理解+高考必考题型（巩固培优）高一英语人教版

限时练习：40min 完成时间： 月 日 天气： 寒假作业07 阅读理解+高考必考题型 一、细节理解题——定位原文，精准匹配 （一）题型解读 细节题是高考阅读中出现频率最高的基础题型（约占40%-50%），考查“查找并理解具体信息”的能力。题干围绕时间、地点、人物、事件、原因、结果、数据等具体内容设题，答案可在原文中找到对应依据，但命题人常会对原文信息进行同义改写（近义词替换、语态转换等），而非直接照搬。 （二）技巧点拨 核心思路：精准定位→对比匹配，分两种情况解题： 1. 简单细节判断（单句信息对应）：①扫描题干，圈出数字、专有名词等易定位的关键词；②用略读找段落、查读找关键词对应的原文句子（注意同义替换，如buy→purchase）；③对比选项与原文，排除矛盾、无中生有、范围偏差的选项，锁定答案。 2. 综合细节判断（多句信息整合）：①明确题干提问方向，划全核心关键词；②定位原文中与关键词相关的多处细节（可能跨段落）；③利用正确选项特征（近义词替换、语态转换、概括简化、正话反说）整合信息，匹配答案。 二、推理判断题——立足原文，合理推断 （一）题型解读 推理题属于中高层次题型（约占20%-30%），考查“根据原文信息进行逻辑推理”的能力。要求透过文字表面，理解作者隐含意图、文章深层含义。题干常含infer、suggest、imply、conclude、attitude等标志词，考查方向包括推断隐含意义、作者观点态度、写作意图、文章出处/读者对象。 （二）技巧点拨 核心思路：忠于原文，适度推断，杜绝过度推断或主观臆断： 1. 推断隐含意义：找到题干相关的原文关键句，理解字面意思后，结合前后逻辑关系（因果、转折）和文章主旨推断隐含意义；排除直接引用原文的干扰项。 2. 推断作者观点/态度：关注作者使用的情感态度词（形容词、副词）、转折词及反问句，明确态度主体（作者/文中人物），区分客观中立、支持、反对、怀疑等态度类型。 3. 推断写作意图：根据体裁判断（说明文多为解释/介绍，议论文多为说服/立论，记叙文多为讲故事/传道理），结合核心话题和表述倾向推断。 4. 推断文章出处/读者对象：根据内容、措辞判断（含editorial可能出自报纸，含course可能出自教材），结合内容难度判断读者群体。 三、主旨大意题——抓核心，明主旨 （一）题型解读 主旨题是高层次题型（约占10%-20%），考查“概括文章或段落核心内容”的能力。题干常问文章主旨、最佳标题，干扰项多为“以偏概全”（仅涵盖部分内容）或“范围过大”（超出文章话题），难度较大。 （二）技巧点拨 核心思路：找主题词+抓中心句，概括需全面精准： 1. 找主题词（高频词）：主题词是文章反复出现的核心名词（或同义替换词），正确主旨选项必包含主题词。 2. 找中心句：全文主旨多在首段、尾段（总分/总分总结构）或“问题-解决”结构的措施部分；段落主旨多在段首、段尾，或转折词（but/however）后。 3. 拟定标题技巧：简洁凝练（多为短语）、涵盖全面（不遗漏核心话题）、精准恰当（不扩大/缩小范围）。 四、词句猜测题——结合语境，合理推断 （一）题型解读 词句猜测题是基础题型（约占10%-15%），考查“根据上下文推断生词、短语或句子含义”的能力，符合新课标“语境中理解词汇”的要求。考查形式包括猜测划线单词/短语、代词指代、句子含义。 （二）技巧点拨 核心思路：依托语境，找逻辑关系，不依赖词典释义： 1. 猜测单词/短语含义：可利用定义/同位语（that is、破折号后内容）、举例（for example/such as后例子）、对比/转折关系（but/however前后对比）、因果关系（because/so）或构词法（前缀un-表否定、后缀-ful表形容词）解题。 2. 猜测代词指代含义：遵循就近原则找前文内容，结合逻辑关系判断指代人、物或前文句子，代入原文验证通顺性。 3. 猜测句子含义（三步法）：①定位原文，分析句子结构理解字面意思；②结合前后逻辑关系和段落主旨推断隐含含义；③对比选项，排除字面直译、矛盾选项。 三层必刷：巩固提升+能力培优+创新题型 （一）细节理解题专项 Growing up, I hated exercise, but things changed when I turned 40. I developed a painful thing in my neck caused by weight increases. I was told it wasn’t dangerous but could lead to long-term pain. I knew I had to make a change. I began doing 15 minutes of jumping rope at home or swimming at my local gym daily. I also cut out the chocolate and fast food and introduced a healthier diet. I felt fitter and happier within just a few days of moving more and eating more healthily, but this kind of lifestyle change isn’t always easy for women in my country. It’s considered a cultural custom(风俗) for women to avoid showing their skin(皮肤) in public, which can make gymwear and swimwear difficult. This means many women aren’t taught to swim as children. I wanted to prove to other women in my country that showing your skin and exercising for your own health is nothing to feel bad about. I felt the need to help them experience the confidence swimming was giving me. With the support of my parents, I began sharing photos and videos of myself in swimwear and actively swimming on social media. I received so many comments from other women thanking me and asking me to teach them how to swim. It was a big deal for them to see me, in my 40s, taking swimming so seriously and having such huge rewards(回报), and I jumped at the chance to help them. Now, three months later, I’m a swimming teacher with a waiting list of 40 women who I teach in person, in small groups at my local gym. My goal is to make it accessible(可得到的) to everyone; if my mum can jump into the water and do tumble turns(滚翻转身) at 71, anyone can. 1.What led the author to change her lifestyle?（ ） A. The pain in her neck. B. Her mother’s lifestyle. C. Her doctor’s suggestion. D. The increase in her stress. 2.Why is the author’s new lifestyle hard for other women in her country?（ ） A. They are not supposed to stay long in public. B. It is considered time-wasting for them to do exercise. C. It is considered improper to show their skin in public. D. They are often asked to stay at home and care for the family. 3.What is the author’s parents’ attitude toward her sharing her swimming life online?（ ） A. Uncaring. B. Supportive. C. Fearful. D. Curious. 4.What is the author’s goal?（ ） A. To become a great swimming teacher. B. To form a swimming group at her local gym. C. To encourage her 71-year-old mother to swim. D. To teach swimming to anyone who wants to swim. 【答案】1. A 2. C 3. B 4. D 【语篇解读】本文是一篇记叙文。主要讲述的是作者在40岁时因脖子疼开始改变生活方式，积极锻炼游泳，并在网上分享游泳视频和照片，激励更多的女性积极锻炼的故事。 1. 细节理解题。根据首段中的“I developed a painful thing in my neck caused by weight increases. I was told it wasn’t dangerous but could lead to long-term pain. I knew I had to make a change.(我的脖子因为体重增加而长了一个疼痛的东西。我被告知这并不危险，但可能会导致长期疼痛。我知道我必须做出改变。)”可知，导致作者脖子疼痛的东西不危险，但可能导致长期疼痛，作者决定做出改变，由此可知，是作者的脖子疼痛导致作者决定改变生活方式的。故选A项。 2. 细节理解题。根据第三段中的“It’s considered a cultural custom (风俗) for women to avoid showing their skin (皮肤) in public, which can make gymwear and swimwear difficult.(女性避免在公共场合裸露皮肤被认为是一种文化习俗，这让她们很难穿运动服和泳衣。)”可知，作者国家的一种文化习俗是女性应避免在公共场合裸露皮肤，由此可知，作者国家的女性在公共场合裸露皮肤被认为是不合适的，所以作者的新生活方式对她国家的其他女性来说很难。故选C项。 3. 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的“With the support of my parents, I began sharing photos and videos of myself in swimwear and actively swimming on social media.(在父母的支持下，我开始在社交媒体上分享自己穿着泳装积极游泳的照片和视频。)”可知，作者在父母的支持下在社交媒体上分享自己穿着泳装游泳的照片和视频，由此可知，作者的父母对作者在社交媒体上分享游泳生活持支持态度。故选B项。 4. 细节理解题。根据尾段中的“My goal is to make it accessible (可得到的) to everyone; if my mum can jump into the water and do tumble turns (滚翻转身) at 71, anyone can.(我的目标是让每个人都能接触到游泳；如果我妈妈在71岁的时候都能跳进水里翻筋斗，那么任何人都可以。)”可知，作者想让每人都接触游泳，并呼吁大家积极加入到游泳中来，由此可知，作者的目标是教任何想游泳的人游泳。故选D项。 （二）推理判断题专项 In May 2023, Google released a new, AI-powered tool called “Help Me Write”. The tool writes emails and forms letters based on a user’s simple instructions. It promises to greatly improve productivity. AI is about to have a much larger hand in writing than ever before. With enough training, an Al tool may even be able to learn people’s preferences and write in a more personal style. But AI-written text can also cause trouble. AI language models have already created controversy (争议) by producing unexpected content, from unsuitable advice to terrible language style. A lesser talked-about problem is what AI-written text will do to language. The introduction of AI-generated communication may also be the death knell for endangered languages. I have been speaking Swiss German dialects (方言) for half my life. Swiss German are spoken languages with no universal (普遍) spelling, but that hasn’t stopped people from writing in dialect. The introduction of AI-authored text has changed the communication among my Swiss friend group. When we use AI, a lot of errors appear in our texts and emails. As AI writing becomes common, there’s no question that most of us will give up using Swiss German and begin using formal German. And that’s not all. An AI tool may be able to combine words in creative ways, or learn a style from past writing, but it won’t naturally invent new slang. We have no idea what this means for language development. So, as we adopt AI-powered writing tools, it’s worth thinking about how they will influence both the conservation and the progress of language. 1.Why was “Help Me Write” mentioned in Paragraph 1?（ ） A. To provide an example. B. To introduce the topic. C. To advertise an AI tool. D. To support an argument. 2.What might be the disadvantage of AI-generated text?（ ） A. It is a little difficult. B. It uses words incorrectly. C. It provides answers slowly. D. Its content is not good enough. 3.What does the underlined part “the death knell” in Paragraph 4 mean?（ ） A. The sign of the end. B. The symbol of progress. C. The chance to get improvement. D. The opportunity to become universal. 4.What is the best title for the text?（ ） A. Google’s New AI Tool “Help Me Write” B. The Advantages and Disadvantages of AI C. The Influence of AI on Writing and Language D. The Future of Language Development with AI 【答案】1. B 2. D 3. A 4. C 【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了人工智能写作工具可能带来的问题，重点探讨了其对写作和语言（尤其是濒危方言）的影响。 1. 推理判断题。由文章第一段“In May 2023, Google released a new, AI-powered tool called “Help Me Write”. The tool writes emails and forms letters based on a user’s simple instructions. It promises to greatly improve productivity.(2023年5月，谷歌发布了一款名为“帮助我写”的新的人工智能工具。该工具根据用户的简单指令自动编写电子邮件和信件。它有望大大提高生产率。)”以及下文围绕AI写作工具对语言的影响展开论述可知，第一段提出“帮助我写”人工智能工具是为了引出本文的核心话题。故选B项。 2. 推理判断题。由文章第三段“But AI-written text can also cause trouble. AI language models have already created controversy (争议) by producing unexpected content, from unsuitable advice to terrible language style.(但人工智能编写的文本也会带来麻烦。人工智能语言模型产生了意想不到的内容，从不合适的建议到糟糕的语言风格，已经引起了争议。)”可推知，AI生成的文本存在内容不合适、语言风格糟糕等问题，即其内容不够好。故选D项。 3. 词句猜测题。由划线短语前的“A lesser talked-about problem is what AI-written text will do to language.(一个较少被提及的问题是人工智能编写的文本会对语言产生什么影响。)”以及下一段中的“As AI writing becomes common, there’s no question that most of us will give up using Swiss German and begin using formal German.(随着人工智能写作变得普遍，毫无疑问，我们大多数人将放弃使用瑞士德语，开始使用正式德语。)”可知，作者举例说明人工智能写作会让瑞士德语逐渐消失，由此可推知，这里应表示人工智能是濒危语言的“丧钟”，也就是濒危语言“结束的标志”，所以划线短语的意思应为“结束的标志”。故选A项。 4. 主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是尾段“So, as we adopt AI-powered writing tools, it’s worth thinking about how they will influence both the conservation and the progress of language.(因此，当我们采用人工智能驱动的写作工具时，值得思考的是，它们将如何影响语言的保存和进步。)”可知，文章核心围绕AI写作工具对写作和语言的影响展开，标题“人工智能对写作和语言的影响”能概括全文主题，适合作为最佳标题。故选C项。 （三）主旨大意题专项 Being a vegetarian(素食者) in a meat-eating culture isn’t always easy. I always get asked, “Why? Since when? How come?” and “How can you stand not eating meat?” For me, being a vegetarian isn’t strange; it’s just who and what I am. I’m sick and tired of people judging(评价) me based on a personal choice that has nothing to do with them. Honestly, I could understand if my decision had an influence on their lives, but the thing is it doesn’t, so they should just get over it. If anything, more people should be vegetarians. It’s a fact that there are some health benefits connected with being a vegetarian. Some of these benefits include a lower risk of cancer, heart attacks, and high blood pressure. Being a vegetarian can help people live a longer life because they are eating healthily and not taking in the fat that can be found in non-vegetarian diets. While all diets need to be balanced, it is possible to get protein, minerals and nutrients from vegetable sources, though in lesser quantities(数量). Vegetables, milk and eggs have all the requirements your body needs to survive. If you are creative, a vegetarian diet is far from boring. As vegetables come in a variety of types and tastes, they can be prepared and eaten in countless ways. There are so many vegetarian cookbooks, which shows this is a fact. You can also grow your own vegetables, which is very satisfying. I find it funny when people say that vegetarians do not get enough energy(能量) from their diet. My answer is to mention Dave Scott, the first person to win the IRONMAN World Championship... six times! Yes, surprise, surprise, at the time he was a vegetarian. Vegetarianism is better for the planet because the ecological footprint(生态足迹) of vegetarians is smaller. So next time you want to judge someone’s personal choice to go veggie, remember that they have their reasons, not the least of which are concerns for animals and the state of the planet. 1.How does the author feel about others’ opinions on his diet?（ ） A. He is angry with them. B. He is careful about them. C. He is doubtful about them. D. He is uninterested in them. 2.What does paragraph 3 mainly tell us about a vegetarian diet?（ ） A. Its types. B. Its sources. C. Its popularity. D. Its advantages. 3.Why does the author mention Dave Scott in paragraph 5?（ ） A. To show what a vegetarian diet is. B. To suggest a vegetarian diet is healthy. C. To present a study on vegetarian diets. D. To explore why some athletes are vegetarians. 4.What is the best title for the text?（ ） A. My road to being a vegetarian. B. Never regret your own choice. C. Being a vegetarian is my choice. D. Misunderstandings about vegetarian diets. 【答案】1. A 2. D 3. B 4. C 【语篇解读】这是一篇议论文。文章主要讲述了作者坚持素食主义的个人选择，回应了他人的质疑，并阐述了素食主义对健康、生活以及地球的好处。 1. 推理判断题。根据第二段“For me, being a vegetarian isn’t strange; it’s just who and what I am. I’m sick and tired of people judging (评价) me based on a personal choice that has nothing to do with them. Honestly, I could understand if my decision had an influence on their lives, but the thing is it doesn’t, so they should just get over it.(对我来说，成为一名素食者并不奇怪；这仅仅是我的身份和我的选择。我厌倦了人们根据与我无关的个人选择来评判我。老实说，如果我的决定对他们的生活有影响，我可以理解，但事实并非如此，所以他们应该克服它)”中“sick and tired of”（厌倦）可推知，作者对别人的看法感到不满和生气。故选A。 2. 主旨大意题。根据第三段的核心句“If anything, more people should be vegetarians. It’s a fact that there are some health benefits connected with being a vegetarian.(如果有的话，更多的人应该是素食主义者。事实上，素食对健康有一些好处)”以及全段对“降低癌症、心脏病风险”“延长寿命”“获取足够营养”等内容的阐述可知，本段主要讲述了素食饮食的优点。故选D。 3. 推理判断题。根据第五段“I find it funny when people say that vegetarians do not get enough energy (能量) from their diet. My answer is to mention Dave Scott, the first person to win the IRONMAN World Championship... six times! Yes, surprise, surprise, at the time he was a vegetarian.(我觉得很好笑，当人们说素食者从他们的饮食中得不到足够的能量。我的回答是提到Dave Scott，他是第一个赢得IRONMAN世界锦标赛冠军的人……而且赢了六次！是的，令人惊讶的是，他在那个时候是一名素食者)”可推知，作者提到Dave Scott是为了举例反驳“素食者能量不足”的观点，证明素食饮食是健康的。故选B。 4. 主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第二段的“For me, being a vegetarian isn’t strange; it’s just who and what I am.(对我来说，成为一名素食者并不奇怪；这仅仅是我的身份和我的选择)”、第三段的健康益处及最后一段的环保价值可知，文章核心围绕“作者选择素食”展开，既回应质疑又阐述好处，因此“吃素是我的选择”最适合作为标题。故选C。 （四）词句猜测题专项 In the US and Britain, the slogan around colleges was “Save water. Shower with a friend.” Now, Wuhan University has come up with another system for the campus bathhouse. It charges students for the amount of time in a shower. Before entering the bathhouse, students pay for the amount of time they want in the shower with cash or their student ID card. The clock starts ticking the minute the tape is turned on. It pauses when a button is pressed for soap. An integrated circuit (IC) card reader at each tap shows the time. No money, no water. The benefits of the new system can be seen with the old system, which charged 1 Yuan for each person regardless of time in the shower. The university used about 320 tons of water daily under the old system, but only 160 tons now. Many students use the new system but opinions on it are divided. Some students say it is bad because bathing had become a sort of race. Many people using it for the first time are not sure how long they need to shower. Some might be embarrassed if their time is up and they’re still covered in soap. They have to ask the bathhouse worker to help them buy extra time. “It’s a flaw in the system that you can not buy extra time on the ID card,” said Ren, a freshman in Wuhan University. The university is also considering some students’ suggestions that they be allowed to pay after they’ve finished the shower. Not surprisingly, some are complaining about losing the hour shower. But many students say the move helps them develop a water-saving sense. Without the time limits, most students tended to shower for 30 to an hour in the bathhouse. Some even used the hot water to wash their clothes. “In my experience, 10-20 minutes is enough,” said Dai Zhihua, a third-year student who usually takes 8 minutes. A similar system has been installed in other universities. Shanghai Normal University introduced it at its Fengxiang Campus in September. The bathing fee there is 0.2 Yuan per minute. One male student responded by setting a record with a two-minute shower. 1.According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true?（ ） A. Students pay for the amount of time they want in the shower. B. The clock times all through while the student is bathing except when the bather paused for soap. C. If money runs out, there will be no water. D. Having finished bathing, the student has to pay for it. 2.The underline word “flaw” (Paragraph3) most probably means ______.（ ） A. fault B. convenience C. fortune D. perfection 3.Since the new system has performed, ______ of water can be saved.（ ）
A. a quarter B. one half C. one third D. two thirds 4.We can know from the passage that ______.（ ） A. the new operation can solve the water crisis. B. The new operation can raise students’ environmental awareness. C. a similar operation has been set in other universities. D. The university has saved a lot of water by using the new system. 【答案】1. D 2. A 3. B 4. B 【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了武汉大学为增强学生节约用水意识，在校园澡堂推行的“按时计费洗澡”新举措，以及学生对该举措的不同看法和举措带来的节水效果。 1. 细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Before entering the bathhouse, students pay for the amount of time they want in the shower with cash or their student ID card.(在进入澡堂之前，学生可以用现金或学生证支付他们想要的淋浴时间)”可知，学生需预先支付淋浴时间，而非“洗完澡后付款”。由此可知，D选项“Having finished bathing, the student has to pay for it.”与原文不符。故选D。 2. 词句猜测题。根据划线词所在句“It’s a flaw in the system that you can not buy extra time on the ID card(这是系统的一个flaw，你无法在身份证上购买额外的时间)”可知，“无法用身份证购买额外时间”是系统存在的不足，因此划线词“flaw”应与“fault（错误，缺陷）”意思接近。故选A。 3. 细节理解题。根据第一段中的“The university used about 320 tons of water daily under the old system, but only 160 tons now.(在旧系统下，该校每天使用约320吨水，但现在只有160吨)”可知，新系统推行后，用水量减少了一半，即节约了一半的水。故选B。 4. 推理判断题。根据第一段中的“In the US and Britain, the slogan around colleges was “Save water. Shower with a friend.” Now, Wuhan University has come up with another system for the campus bathhouse. (在美国和英国，大学周围的标语是“节约用水。和朋友一起洗澡。”现在，武汉大学为校园澡堂设计了另一套系统)”以及第三段中的“But many students say the move helps them develop a water-saving sense.(但许多学生表示，这一举措帮助他们培养了节水意识)”可推知，该新举措的核心目的是增强学生的节水意识，即提高学生的环境意识。故选B。 （一） Oliver’s journey with Tai Chi began in her early 20s, when she was suffering from a back injury, which left her lying in bed for six months. “As an active youngster at that time, I couldn’t bear resting in bed,” she explained. “My muscles became wasted and stiff (僵直的) for lack of use, and I was often in a lot of pain. So, I felt that some physical exercise would help.” She then discovered Tai Chi when she spotted by chance a poster advertising classes and decided to try the mysterious and exotic (异国的) sport. Oliver was immediately struck by the gentle and beautiful movements of Tai Chi, and to her delight, found that her occasional pains disappeared after years of practice. “It not only helps me improve physical strength, but also provides me with many mental benefits, such as improved mood and focus, and less anxiety and depression,” she added. To further understand Tai Chi and the Chinese philosophy behind it, Oliver decided to begin a journey to China. In 2005, Oliver established the Double Dragon Alliance Cultural Centre, which acts as a bridge for foreign people seeking to gain a better understanding of Chinese culture. The centre supports kung fu masters in teaching martial arts (武术) and organizes events for people to experience various aspects of Chinese culture. Apart from her Tai Chi classes, Oliver now serves as the director of the British Cultural Centre at the University of Shanghai. Reflecting on her work, Oliver said, “For quite many years, my work is actually to be like a cultural bridge. If you don’t have someone in the middle who is appreciative of all the cultures and have the desire to connect people, then it’s hard for them to get to know each other. I hope I can be the bridge to bring people close together. We need to foster mutual understanding among cultures to promote peaceful relations and friendship across the globe.” 1．Why did Oliver try Tai Chi? A．To solve a mystery. B．To recover physical ability. C．To treat her mental illness. D．To advance her knowledge of China. 2．How was Oliver after practising Tai Chi? A．Her overall well-being improved. B．She became open-minded. C．Her back pain came less often. D．She became talkative. 3．What did Oliver mainly do in Shanghai? A．Give kung fu performance. B．Learn Chinese philosophy. C．Bridge the cultural gap. D．Bring kung fu masters together. 4．What is a suitable title for the text? A．Practise Tai Chi to Relieve Pain B．Tai Chi: A Global Cultural Bridge C．Tai Chi Enjoys Great Popularity Around the World D．British Tai Chi Master Builds Cultural Bridge in China 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．C 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了英国太极大师奥利弗在中国建立文化中心，搭建中英文化交流桥梁的故事。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中“My muscles became wasted and stiff (僵直的) for lack of use, and I was often in a lot of pain. So, I felt that some physical exercise would help. (由于缺乏使用，我的肌肉变得萎缩僵硬，而且我经常感到很疼痛。所以，我觉得一些体育锻炼会有帮助。)”和第三段中“She then discovered Tai Chi when she spotted by chance a poster advertising classes and decided to try the mysterious and exotic (异国的) sport. (后来，她偶然看到一张宣传太极拳课程的海报，便决定尝试一下这项神秘而充满异域风情的运动。)”可知，奥利弗尝试太极是为了恢复身体机能。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据第四段中““It not only helps me improve physical strength, but also provides me with many mental benefits, such as improved mood and focus, and less anxiety and depression,” she added. (“太极拳不仅帮助我增强了体力，还给我带来了许多精神上的益处，比如改善了情绪，提高了专注力，减少了焦虑和抑郁情绪，”她补充道。)”可知，奥利弗练习太极后，整体健康状况得到了改善。故选A。 3．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“Apart from her Tai Chi classes, Oliver now serves as the director of the British Cultural Centre at the University of Shanghai. Reflecting on her work, Oliver said, “For quite many years, my work is actually to be like a cultural bridge. (除了太极课，奥利弗现在还是上海大学英国文化中心的主任。回顾自己的工作，奥利弗说：“多年来，我的工作实际上就是像一座文化桥梁。”)”可知，奥利弗在上海主要是搭建文化桥梁。故选C。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是根据最后一段中“For quite many years, my work is actually to be like a cultural bridge. If you don’t have someone in the middle who is appreciative of all the cultures and have the desire to connect people, then it’s hard for them to get to know each other. I hope I can be the bridge to bring people close together. We need to foster mutual understanding among cultures to promote peaceful relations and friendship across the globe. (多年来，我的工作实际上就是像一座文化桥梁。如果你中间没有一个人欣赏所有的文化，并且有与人联系的愿望，那么他们就很难相互了解。我希望我能成为拉近人们距离的桥梁。我们需要促进不同文化之间的相互理解，以促进全球的和平关系和友谊。)”可知，文章主要讲述了英国太极大师奥利弗在中国建立文化中心，搭建中英文化交流桥梁的故事。D选项“British Tai Chi Master Builds Cultural Bridge in China (英国太极大师在中国搭建文化桥梁)”最符合文章标题。故选D。 （一） Heritage Tour: A Victorian Christmas A relaxed seasonal tour of our 200 year old building, a former church which now houses Fabrica, an arts organisation. Join experienced tour leaders, Colette and Lucy, for a special tour of the former Holy Trinity Chapel. At this event you will discover two well-known figures: Writer, Frederick William Robertson and artist, Henry Holiday who contributed to the life and art of the Victorian age. Hear more about what Christmas was like in Victorian Brighton and get into the spirit of Christmas in our beautiful space. This will be a light-hearted and enjoyable event. The Tour will be taking place twice on this date: ● TOUR 1 (10:15 a.m. - 11:30 a.m.) ● TOUR 2 (11:30 a.m. - 1:15 p.m.) Doors and Fabrica’s charity (慈善) café open at 10:15 a.m. — enjoy a pie and hot drinks. Including mulled wine (热红酒) in our beautiful former church, and explore our art shop where you will find some unique and creative handicrafted (手工的) gifts and our heritage book If These Walls Could Talk. In TOUR 2, there will be half an hour left at the end for questions and chat, to take a final look around and take advantage of our charity café and shop. Both tours are suitable for all ages. The place has convenient entrance and special bathrooms for people who have trouble walking. Please let us know if you have any other requirements and we will try our best to accommodate you, or visit our Accessibility Page to find out more. For Fabrica’s full programme of events please visit fabrica.org.uk/whatson. 1．What can tourists learn about in the tour? A．A famous leader. B．The art of writing. C．A popular organization. D．The life in Victorian age. 2．When are tourists begin to raise questions? A．At 11:30 a.m.. B．At 12:45 p.m.. C．At 1:00 p.m.. D．At 1:15 p.m.. 3．Where is this text probably taken from? A．A textbook. B．A diary. C．A report. D．A webpage. 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．D 【导语】本文是一篇应用文。文章提供了维多利亚圣诞遗产之旅的相关信息。维多利亚圣诞遗产之旅带领游客探索200年历史的教堂，了解维多利亚时代的艺术与生活。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“At this event you will discover two well-known figures: Writer, Frederick William Robertson and artist, Henry Holiday who contributed to the life and art of the Victorian age.(在这次活动中，你将发现两位知名人物：作家Frederick William Robertson和艺术家Henry Holiday，他们为维多利亚时代的生活和艺术做出了贡献)”以及第二段第一句“Hear more about what Christmas was like in Victorian Brighton and get into the spirit of Christmas in our beautiful space.(听听维多利亚时代布莱顿的圣诞节是什么样的，在我们美丽的空间里感受圣诞节的气氛)”可知，这次旅途会让游客了解维多利亚时代布莱顿的圣诞节是什么样子。维多利亚时代的圣诞节属于生活范畴。即游客在旅行中可以了解到维多利亚时代的生活，故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据TOUR 2的时间段“● TOUR 2 (11:30 a.m. - 1:15 p.m.)(第二场游览（上午11:30至下午1:15）)”以及倒数第三段中“In TOUR 2, there will be half an hour left at the end for questions and chat, to take a final look around and take advantage of our charity café and shop.(在第二场游览中，活动结束前将留有半小时时间供大家提问、交流，也可以最后四处参观一下，还能好好利用我们的慈善咖啡馆和商店)”可知，第二场旅行11:30开始，1:15结束，最后半小时用于提问和聊天，由此可知，游客提问的时间开始于下午12:45，故选B。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段“For Fabrica’s full programme of events please visit fabrica.org.uk/whatson.(如需了解Fabrica的完整活动安排，请访问fabrica.org.uk/whatson)”可知，文中提供了网页链接，由此可推断，文章可能来自一个网页。故选D。 （三） Companies are used to celebrating addition. Profits, customers and share prices should go up rather than fall. Larger numbers are a measure of career success: managers get promoted by taking on more reports, running higher budgets and earning bigger salaries. Companies are not always against subtraction (减法) . Though not a welcome one, reducing costs is a necessary part of management, which is often undervalued. The best bosses are those who take things away as well as add them on. That means clearing time for employees to get work done. Meetings are almost always called by bosses, but only some of them are useful. Shopify, an e-commerce company, began the year by subtracting 12,000 meetings from their schedules, and reported a rise in productivity as a result. Subtraction is not just about removing day-to-day distractions (干扰) . It’s also about taking decisions to kill off projects and products that are going nowhere, and to focus efforts on the most important parts. Peter Drucker, a management theorist, was a supporter of  “planned subtraction” , so that resources that are tied up in minor activities are freed for more profitable use. Bosses should, he advised, always ask the same question of every detail of the company: “If we did not do this, would it be any different?” In The Case for Good Jobs, a new book, Zeynep Ton of MIT Sloan School of Management argues that doing less can often make sense. Costco, a famous American supermarket that believes in the “smart loss of sales”, has purposely limited product choices. That means it can focus its buying power more effectively, forecast demand more accurately and use its employees’ time more productively. “Less” may not sound like a great result for customers, but at some point choice is deeply tiring. When you have spent more time trying to decide what to watch on a streaming service than it takes to go to the cinema and watch the same film twice, few choices seem pretty attractive. 1．Why does the author mention the company Shopify in paragraph 2? A．To present a fact. B．To draw a conclusion. C．To support an opinion. D．To make a comparison. 2．Which statement does Peter Drucker most likely agree with? A．Companies should quit unpromising tasks. B．Bosses should give up profits for resources. C．Bosses shouldn’t remove everyday distractions. D．Companies should focus on some unfinished work. 3．Which of the following measures is regarded as effective “doing less” commercially? A．Stores give customers more time to shop. B．Cinemas run only one particular film a day. C．Streaming websites upload more new movies. D．Supermarkets offer a limited variety of goods. 4．What is the best title of the text? A．The best companies celebrate addition. B．The best bosses know how to subtract work. C．Companies use numbers to measure success. D．Smart bosses go against the idea of subtraction. 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．D 4．B 【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章指出企业管理中减法的重要性，优秀老板应删减会议、淘汰无前景项目，如Shopify和Costco的成功案例所示。 1．推理判断题。根据第二段“Meetings are almost always called by bosses, but only some of them are useful. Shopify, an e-commerce company, began the year by subtracting 12,000 meetings from their schedules, and reported a rise in productivity as a result.(会议几乎总是由老板召集，但只有一部分有用。电子商务公司 Shopify 年初从日程中减去了 12,000 场会议，结果效率有所提高)”可知，作者先提出“部分会议无意义，减少干扰可提升效率”的观点，再以 Shopify的案例说明“减法”的有效性。引用该案例是为了支持前文观点。故选C项。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“Peter Drucker, a management theorist, was a supporter of ‘planned subtraction’, so that resources that are tied up in minor activities are freed for more profitable use.(管理理论家彼得・德鲁克支持‘有计划的减法’，以便将束缚在次要活动中的资源释放出来，用于更有利润的用途)”及“Bosses should, he advised, always ask the same question of every detail of the company: ‘If we did not do this, would it be any different?’(他建议，老板应该总是对公司的每个细节问同一个问题：‘如果我们不做这件事，会有什么不同吗？’)”可知，德鲁克主张放弃无前景的任务，将资源集中在高价值事项上。故选A项。 3．细节理解题。根据最后一段“Costco, a famous American supermarket that believes in the ‘smart loss of sales’, has purposely limited product choices. That means it can focus its buying power more effectively, forecast demand more accurately and use its employees’ time more productively.(美国著名超市Costco信奉‘明智的销售损失’，有意限制了产品选择。这意味着它能更有效地集中购买力，更准确地预测需求，并更高效地利用员工时间)”可知，通过减少商品种类提升运营效率是“doing less”的典型案例。故选D项。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章第二段明确提出“The best bosses are those who take things away as well as add them on.(最优秀的老板既懂得做加法，也懂得做减法)”，随后通过Shopify、德鲁克理论及Costco的案例，论证“减法管理”对提升效率的重要性。全文围绕“优秀管理者需掌握减法思维”展开，B选项The best bosses know how to subtract work.(最好的老板知道如何减少工作量)与引文中的核心观点直接呼应，可作为最佳标题。故选B项。 （四） The concept of choice blindness suggests that people are not always aware of their choices and preferences. It is a part of a cognitive (认知的) phenomenon known as the introspection illusion (内省错觉). Essentially, people incorrectly believe that they fully understand the roots of their emotions and thoughts, yet believe that other people’s introspections are largely unreliable. In a pioneering study on the concept of choice blindness, researchers examined how people often overlook differences between their intentions and outcomes. The study involved having participants look at images of two different female faces for between two to five seconds. The participants then rated which face they found the most attractive. The researchers then changed the photo that the participants thought they had chosen to that of an entirely different woman, and the participants were asked to describe why they found the woman attractive. Surprisingly, only 13% of the participants noticed the switch. In fact, many went on to describe the reasons why they found the face attractive, even though it was not the woman that they had chosen at all. So why do so many people fail to notice these switches? Are we less aware of our preferences than we think we are? Interest in the choice at hand is one factor that might play a role. When an issue is more important to us, we might be likely to notice mismatches between what we choose and what we actually get. Additionally, the similarity of choices can have an effect — we may be less likely to notice small differences when presented with a choice we did not make. The ability to recognize faces plays a major role in our everyday lives. While this kind of mistake may not always be significant, there are times when it can be life-changing. So next time you’re making a decision, perhaps it will help to take an extra beat to fully understand and process your choice as you make it. You may be less susceptible to mistaking that choice for something else in the future. 1．What may happen to people when choice blindness occurs? A．They may easily trust others. B．They can make better decisions. C．They fully understand themselves. D．They may not get the desired result. 2．What were the participants asked to do? A．Make changes to their choices. B．Distinguish between two images. C．Make an explanation of their choices. D．Describe feelings about female faces. 3．Why do people fail to notice changes to their choices? A．They lack interest in the choice at hand. B．They are unaware of their preferences. C．They lay more emphasis on similarities. D．They are presented with more choices. 4．What does the author intend to do in the last paragraph? A．To prove a point. B．To make a suggestion. C．To explain a rule. D．To confirm a prediction. 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．A 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了“选择失察”的概念，提及相关人脸选择实验及未察觉调换的原因，最后建议做决策时多思考以减少失误。 1．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“The concept of choice blindness suggests that people are not always aware of their choices and preferences(选择失察的概念表明人们并不总是意识到自己的选择和偏好)”以及第三段“many went on to describe the reasons why they found the face attractive, even though it was not the woman that they had chosen at all(许多人继续描述他们觉得这张脸有吸引力的原因，尽管这根本不是他们选择的那个女性)”可知，当选择失察发生时，许多人继续描述他们觉得这张脸有吸引力的原因，尽管这根本不是他们选择的那个女性。由此推知，当选择失察发生时，人们可能无法获得他们原本想要的结果。故选D项。 2．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“the participants were asked to describe why they found the woman attractive(参与者被要求描述为什么他们觉得这个女性有吸引力)”可知，参与者被要求解释他们选择的原因。故选C项。 3．推理判断题。根据文章第四段“Interest in the choice at hand is one factor that might play a role. When an issue is more important to us, we might be likely to notice mismatches between what we choose and what we actually get (选项本身能否引起我们的兴趣是一个可能起作用的因素。当某个问题对我们而言更为重要时，我们就更容易注意到自己所做的选择与实际所得之间的不匹配之处)”推知，文中明确指出对当前选择的兴趣是影响因素之一，并进一步解释 “当事情更重要（即兴趣更强）时，更容易发现偏差”—— 反向推导可知：若对当前选择缺乏兴趣，就难以察觉选择被篡改。故选A项。 4．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“So next time you’re making a decision, perhaps it will help to take an extra beat to fully understand and process your choice as you make it(所以下次你做决定时，或许多花一点时间充分理解和处理你的选择会有所帮助)”推知，作者在最后一段提出建议，希望人们在决策时更加谨慎。故选B项。 （一） We’ve all been there: in a lift, in line at the bank or on an airplane, surrounded by people who are, like us, deeply focused on their smartphones or, worse, struggling with the uncomfortable silence. What’s the problem? It’s possible that we all have compromised conversational intelligence. It’s more likely that none of us start a conversation because it’s awkward and challenging, or we think it’s annoying and unnecessary. But the next time you find yourself among strangers, consider that small talk is worth the trouble. Experts say it’s an invaluable social practice that results in big benefits. Dismissing small talk as unimportant is easy, but we can’t forget that deep relationships wouldn’t even exist if it weren’t for casual conversation. Small talk is the grease (润滑剂) for social communication, says Bernardo Carducci, director of the Shyness Research Institute at Indiana University Southeast. “Almost every great love story and each big business deal begins with small talk,” he explains. “The key to successful small talk is learning how to connect with others, not just communicate with them.” In a 2014 study, Elizabeth Dunn, associate professor of psychology at UBC, invited people on their way into a coffee shop. One group was asked to seek out an interaction (互动) with its waiter; the other, to speak only when necessary. The results showed that those who chatted with their server reported significantly higher positive feelings and a better coffee shop experience. “It’s not that talking to the waiter is better than talking to your husband,” says Dunn. “But interactions with peripheral (边缘的) members of our social network matter for our well-being also.” Dunn believes that people who reach out to strangers feel a significantly greater sense of belonging, a bond with others. Carducci believes developing such a sense of belonging starts with small talk. “Small talk is the basis of good manners,” he says. 1．What phenomenon is described in the first paragraph? A．Addiction to smartphones. B．Inappropriate behaviours in public places. C．Absence of communication between strangers. D．Impatience with slow service. 2．What is important for successful small talk according to Carducci? A．Showing good manners. B．Relating to other people. C．Focusing on a topic. D．Making business deals. 3．What does the coffee-shop study suggest about small talk? A．It improves family relationships. B．It raises people’s confidence. C．It matters as much as a formal talk. D．It makes people feel good. 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．D 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章探讨了闲聊的社会价值：它能打破陌生人间的沉默，建立归属感，并提升幸福感，研究证明，即使是与边缘社交成员的简单互动也能带来积极影响。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段“We’ve all been there: in a lift, in line at the bank or on an airplane, surrounded by people who are, like us, deeply focused on their smartphones or, worse, struggling with the uncomfortable silence. (我们都有过这样的经历：在电梯里、在银行排队或在飞机上，周围的人和我们一样，全神贯注地盯着自己的智能手机，或者更糟的是，在令人不安的沉默中挣扎。)”可知，第一段描述了公共场所中陌生人之间因沉迷手机或沉默导致零交流，即陌生人之间缺乏交流的现象。故选C项。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中Bernardo Carducci所说的话“The key to successful small talk is learning how to connect with others, not just communicate with them. (成功闲聊的关键是学会如何与他人建立联系，而不仅仅是与他们交流。)”可知，Carducci认为成功闲聊的关键是与他人建立联系。故选B项。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段中“One group was asked to seek out an interaction (互动) with its waiter; the other, to speak only when necessary. The results showed that those who chatted with their server reported significantly higher positive feelings and a better coffee shop experience. (其中一组被要求与服务员进行互动；二是只在必要时说话。结果显示，那些与服务员聊天的人表现出明显更高的积极情绪和更好的咖啡馆体验。)”可知，咖啡店研究表明闲聊让人感觉良好。故选D项。 （二） Global warming does more than just kill plant species — it also changes the way plants grow. Researchers at Martin Luther University Halle — Wittenberg(MLU) joined forces with the Leibniz Institute for Plant Biochemistry(IPB) to discover the molecular (分子) process of plant growth. In Current Biology, a scientific journal, they presented their findings on high-temperature plant growth. This could lead to developing plants that can survive global warming. Plants react to even small temperature changes, but they are unable to move to new locations. “When temperatures rise, plants grow taller ... to cool themselves off. Their stems become taller, and their leaves become narrower and grow farther apart. Yet, this makes the plant more unstable overall,” explains Professor Marcel Quint, an agricultural scientist at MLU. Unstable plants bend faster in the rain and produce less food that’s also less nutritious.(营养的) There’s still lots to learn about plant reactions to temperatures. “We are just starting to understand how plants feel the changes in temperature ...,” Quint says. Earlier studies have shown that the protein (蛋白质) PIF4 directly controls plant growth and is also dependent on temperature. When it’s cold, PIF4 is less active, meaning the plant doesn’t grow. At higher temperatures, PIF4 activates growth-promoting genes, and the plant grows taller. This is new information, says Quint. To understand it, they studied the growth of thale cress seedlings (拟南芥幼苗). Normally, its seedlings form short stems（茎）at 20℃. These stems become much longer at 28℃. They discovered a hormone (荷尔蒙) that activates the PIF4 at high temperatures, thus producing the protein. The findings may help to develop plants that remain stable even at high temperatures and produce many crops. 4．Why did the researchers at MLU and IPB perform their research? A．To study the bad effects of global warming. B．To find out how plants help reduce global warming. C．To pay attention to how global warming influences plant growth. D．To understand the ways that plants cause global warming. 5．What can we learn from Paragraph 2? A．Low temperatures have little effect on plants. B．Plants prefer dry weather to rainy weather. C．Plants are very sensitive to change in soil. D．High temperatures reduce crop production. 6．What do we know about PIF4? A．It mainly lies in thale cress seedlings. B．It works differently at different temperatures. C．It is a kind of gene that controls plant growth. D．It is a plant hormone that works at high temperatures. 7．Who will probably benefit most from the findings? A．Farmers B．Teachers. C．Researchers. D．Environmentalists. 【答案】4．C 5．D 6．B 7．A 【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述全球变暖不仅仅杀死了植物物种，它还改变了植物的生长方式，有的研究发现，全球变暖导致农作物产量减少，且营养含量降低。因此研究人员研究植物的生长过程，并发现在更高的温度下，PIF4激活促进生长的基因，植物就会长高。这一发现可能有助于培育即使在高温下也能保持稳定的植物，并生产出许多农作物。 4．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“Researchers at Martin Luther University Halle — Wittenberg(MLU) joined forces with the Leibniz Institute for Plant Biochemistry(IPB) to discover the molecular (分子) process of plant growth. In Current Biology, a scientific journal, they presented their findings on high-temperature plant growth. This could lead to developing plants that can survive global warming.”（哈雷-维滕贝格马丁路德大学(MLU)的研究人员与莱布尼茨植物生物化学研究所(IPB)合作，发现了植物生长的分子过程。在科学杂志《当代生物学》上，他们展示了他们关于高温植物生长的发现。这可能会导致培育出能够在全球变暖中生存的植物 ）可知，他们做此研究就是为了观察全球变暖怎样影响植物生长的，选项C与文意相符，故选C。 5．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Plants react to even small temperature changes, but they are unable to move to new locations. “When temperatures rise, plants grow taller ... to cool themselves off. Their stems become taller, and their leaves become narrower and grow farther apart. Yet, this makes the plant more unstable overall,” explains Professor Marcel Quint, an agricultural scientist at MLU. Unstable plants bend faster in the rain and produce less food that’s also less nutritious.”（植物即使对很小的温度变化也有反应，但是它们不能迁移到新的地方。“温度升高时，植物会长得更高 ……它们的茎变得更高，叶子变得更窄，离得更远。然而，这使得植物整体上更加不稳定。” MLU的农业科学家马塞尔·昆特教授解释说。不稳定的植物在雨水中弯曲得更快，产出的食物也更少，营养也更少 ）可知，温度升高会影响植物的产量，选项D与文意相符，故选D。 6．推理判断题。根据文章第三段“Earlier studies have shown that the protein (蛋白质) PIF4 directly controls plant growth and is also dependent on temperature. When it’s cold, PIF4 is less active, meaning the plant doesn’t grow. At higher temperatures, PIF4 activates growth-promoting genes, and the plant grows taller. This is new information, says Quint.”（早期研究表明，PIF4蛋白直接控制植物生长，也依赖于温度。当天气寒冷时，PIF4就不那么活跃，这意味着植物无法生长。在较高的温度下，PIF4激活生长促进基因，植物长高。Quint说，这是新的信息 ）可推断，PIF4在不同温度下所起的作用是不同的，选项B与文意相符，故选B。 7．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“The findings may help to develop plants that remain stable even at high temperatures and produce many crops.”（这些发现可能有助于培育出即使在高温下也能保持稳定的植物，并生产出多种作物）可推断，这些发现对农民是有益处的，选项A与文意相符，故选A。 （三） In the summer months, fireflies (萤火虫) become lively, starting their “love stories”. Male fireflies fly around and a part of their belly (腹部) will light up. Then females sitting on the ground look up at the show and flash back to the males they like. They’re not going to mate (交配) unless they’ve exchanged these light signals (信号). Firefly species have performed that for millions of years, lit only by the moon. Now humans are damaging their feelings, turning on street lights and LEDs at the fireflies’ summer party. In the firefly world, it’s the females who are particularly turned off by man-made light. Owens, a researcher at Harvard University, led studies in experimental conditions and field conditions and found that male fireflies often keep flashing (闪光) under street lights and other kinds of overhead light, while female fireflies, active at night, basically shut down and stop reacting. “Probably because they just can’t see the males very well,” Owens explained. “Typically male fireflies are looking down. Female fireflies are looking up at street lights and other light sources. ”In lab conditions, not one of 20 pairs mated successfully under bright lights, while about half of firefly couples mated successfully in natural dim light. In the last decade, the night sky became twice as bright due to the increasing use of LEDs, Owens said, which hurts the populations of fireflies. Sadly, no fireflies are protected under the Endangered Species Act presently. “I like people to think about firefly extinction (灭绝) as sitting in a room of candles, and it’s beautiful," said Sara Lewis, a professor of biology at Tufts University. “And if one or two of those candles went out, you probably don’t even notice it, but if that continues, eventually you are left sitting in complete darkness.” 8．What does the underlined word “that” in Paragraph 2 refer to? A．Exchanging light signals of love. B．Telling their love stories. C．Mating and raising babies. D．Holding summer parties. 9．What is a serious danger of man-made light to fireflies? A．It makes the female blind. B．It stops the female from reacting. C．It causes them to get lost. D．It forces the male to shut off. 10．What influences the success of firefly mating according to the research? A．The size of male and female. B．The male and female mating time. C．The brightness of surrounding light. D．The number of firefly couples. 11．What does Sara Lewis say about the firefly extinction? A．It will surely happen eventually. B．It produces a beautiful story. C．It will come if nothing is done. D．It happens in a room of candles. 【答案】8．A 9．B 10．C 11．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了人类对萤火虫生活环境的干扰以及对萤火虫种群的影响。 8．词句猜测题。根据第一段的“Then females sitting on the ground look up at the show and flash back to the males they like. They’re not going to mate(交配)unless they’ve exchanged these light signals(信号).(然后，坐在地上的雌性会抬头看这场表演，并回想起它们喜欢的雄性。除非它们交换了这些光信号，否则它们不会交配。)”可知，萤火虫只有在交换表达爱意的光信号后才会交配；根据第二段中划线词所在句的“Firefly species have performed that for millions of years, lit only by the moon. Now humans are damaging their feelings, turning on street lights and LEDs at the fireflies’ summer party.(数百万年来，萤火虫一直在月光下这样做。现在，在萤火虫的夏季派对上路灯和LED灯的打开人类正在伤害它们的感情。)”可知，人造光源的出现对于萤火虫的交配带来了不利的影响，而在以往月光没有影响萤火虫的交配，即它们交换表达爱意的光信号已经有着很久的历史了；句中划线词that指代第一段中的“exchanged these light signals”，指“交换表达爱意的光信号”。故选A。 9．细节理解题。根据第三段的“In the firefly world, it’s the females who are particularly turned off by man-made light. Owens, a researcher at Harvard University, led studies in experimental conditions and field conditions and found that male fireflies often keep flashing(闪光)under street lights and other kinds of overhead light, while female fireflies, active at night, basically shut down and stop reacting.(在萤火虫的世界里，雌性萤火虫尤其不喜欢人造光。欧文斯是哈佛大学的一名研究人员，他在实验条件和野外条件下进行了研究，发现雄性萤火虫在路灯和其他顶灯下经常保持闪光，而在夜间活动的雌性萤火虫，基本上不会活动并停止做出反应。) ”可知，在路灯和其它顶灯下，在夜间活动的雌性萤火虫，基本上不会活动并停止做出反应；由此可知，人造光对萤火虫的严重危害在于它阻止了雌性做出反应。故选B。 10．推理判断题。根据第四段的“In lab conditions, not one of 20 pairs mated successfully under bright lights, while about half of firefly couples mated successfully in natural dim light.(在实验室条件下，20对萤火虫中没有一对在明亮的光线下成功交配，而在自然昏暗的光线下，大约有一半的雌雄萤火虫成功交配。)”可知，影响萤火虫交配成功的因素是周围光线的亮度。故选C。 11．推理判断题。根据最后一段的“‘I like people to think about firefly extinction as sitting in a room of candles, and it’s beautiful,’ said Sara Lewis, a professor of biology at Tufts University. ‘And if one or two of those candles went out, you probably don’t even notice it, but if that continues, eventually you are left sitting in complete darkness.’(‘我喜欢人们把萤火虫灭绝想象成坐在摆满蜡烛的房间里，这很美’。塔夫茨大学生物学教授Sara Lewis说：‘如果其中一两根蜡烛熄灭了，你可能甚至都不会注意到，但如果这种情况持续下去，最终你会坐在完全黑暗的地方。’)”可知，Sara Lewis认为如果不采取任何措施的话，萤火虫最终可能会灭绝。故选C。 （四） Since William Schnider got his first cellphone in sixth grade, it has become a big part of his life. During the day, he keeps it in his right pocket, and at night, it’s within arm’s reach. He doesn’t often make calls; instead, he chats on social media and sends texts. So when the 17-year-old senior at Van Nuys High School heard that cellphones would be banned (禁止) in L. A．public schools, he doubted this decision. “I don’t see how it will work or if it’s fair. Is this really needed?” he asked. However, after the astonishment wore off, some teens began to realize that they might be addicted to social media and phones. They wondered if too much screen time and worry about getting “likes” were harmful. The Board of Education decided to ban cellphones by January 2025 to change the behavior of students. This move holds great importance, especially since students were forced to go to class online - many by phone - more than four years ago. School leaders believe that this ban will lessen classroom distractions (分神) that hurt learning and reduce social media dependency. They think that a strict ban can encourage direct communication among students and teachers. William understands the reasoning behind the ban. He knows phones can be distracting, especially when students focus on social media rather than real-life conversations. He’s caught himself repeatedly checking how many people liked a story he posted recently of him and a friend on an outing. For Angelica Zamora-Reyes, 17, a senior at Downtown Magnets High School, the ban can’t come soon enough. She has experienced the downsides of phones. Despite using her phone for good, like keeping in touch with family, she also recognizes the problems, such as comparing their clothes, weight and likes on social media. In general, the idea of banning cellphones creates debate, and many students see both good and bad points. 12．What can be learned about William from paragraph 1? A．He is glued to his phone. B．He is a sixth grader now. C．He prefers to write letters. D．He often makes phone calls. 13．What does the underlined word “astonishment” in paragraph 3 mean? A．Creativity. B．Surprise. C．Discussion. D．Interest. 14．What do school leaders hope to achieve by applying the ban? A．Teachers will care more about students. B．Every classroom will get clean and tidy. C．Students will break free from cellphones. D．Parents will speak in support of the rule. 15．What is Angelica’s opinion about the ban? A．It’ll force her to lose weight. B．She welcomes the decision. C．It’ll benefit service providers. D．She is against the new rule. 【答案】12．A 13．B 14．C 15．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了洛杉矶公立学校禁止使用手机的规定及其对学生的影响。 12．细节理解题。根据第一段“Since William Schnider got his first cellphone in sixth grade, it has become a big part of his life. During the day, he keeps it in his right pocket, and at night, it’s within arm’s reach. He doesn’t often make calls; instead, he chats on social media and sends texts. (自从William schneider在六年级得到他的第一部手机以来，它就成了他生活中重要的一部分。白天，他把它放在右边的口袋里，晚上，它就在伸手可及的地方。他不常打电话；相反，他在社交媒体上聊天，发短信。)”可知，William沉迷于手机，故选A。 13．词句猜测题。根据第二段“So when the 17-year-old senior at Van Nuys High School heard that cellphones would be banned (禁止) in L. A. public schools, he doubted this decision. “I don’t see how it will work or if it’s fair. Is this really needed?” he asked. (因此，当这位17岁的范奈斯高中高三学生听说洛杉矶公立学校将禁止使用手机时，他对这一决定表示怀疑。“我不知道它将如何运作，或者它是否公平。这真的有必要吗？”他问)”以及划线词后文“some teens began to realize that they might be addicted to social media and phones (一些青少年开始意识到他们可能沉迷于社交媒体和手机)”可知，前文提到William Schnider对洛杉矶公立学校禁止使用手机的规定表示怀疑，而后文提到一些青少年开始意识到他们可能沉迷于社交媒体和手机，这说明这些青少年对禁止使用手机的规定一开始是惊讶的，即划线词意思是“惊讶的”。故选B。 14．细节理解题。根据第五段“School leaders believe that this ban will lessen classroom distractions (分神) that hurt learning and reduce social media dependency. They think that a strict ban can encourage direct communication among students and teachers. (学校领导认为，这一禁令将减少影响学习的课堂干扰，并减少对社交媒体的依赖。他们认为严格的禁令可以鼓励学生和老师之间的直接交流。)”可知，学校领导希望通过实施禁令让学生摆脱手机。故选C。 15．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“For Angelica Zamora-Reyes, 17, a senior at Downtown Magnets High School, the ban can’t come soon enough. (17岁的安杰莉卡·萨莫拉-雷耶斯是市中心磁铁高中的一名大四学生，对她来说，这项禁令来得还不够快。)”可知，Angelica欢迎这个决定。故选B。 7 / 10 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 限时练习：40min 完成时间： 月 日 天气： 寒假作业07 阅读理解+高考必考题型 一、细节理解题——定位原文，精准匹配 （一）题型解读 细节题是高考阅读中出现频率最高的基础题型（约占40%-50%），考查“查找并理解具体信息”的能力。题干围绕时间、地点、人物、事件、原因、结果、数据等具体内容设题，答案可在原文中找到对应依据，但命题人常会对原文信息进行同义改写（近义词替换、语态转换等），而非直接照搬。 （二）技巧点拨 核心思路：精准定位→对比匹配，分两种情况解题： 1. 简单细节判断（单句信息对应）：①扫描题干，圈出数字、专有名词等易定位的关键词；②用略读找段落、查读找关键词对应的原文句子（注意同义替换，如buy→purchase）；③对比选项与原文，排除矛盾、无中生有、范围偏差的选项，锁定答案。 2. 综合细节判断（多句信息整合）：①明确题干提问方向，划全核心关键词；②定位原文中与关键词相关的多处细节（可能跨段落）；③利用正确选项特征（近义词替换、语态转换、概括简化、正话反说）整合信息，匹配答案。 二、推理判断题——立足原文，合理推断 （一）题型解读 推理题属于中高层次题型（约占20%-30%），考查“根据原文信息进行逻辑推理”的能力。要求透过文字表面，理解作者隐含意图、文章深层含义。题干常含infer、suggest、imply、conclude、attitude等标志词，考查方向包括推断隐含意义、作者观点态度、写作意图、文章出处/读者对象。 （二）技巧点拨 核心思路：忠于原文，适度推断，杜绝过度推断或主观臆断： 1. 推断隐含意义：找到题干相关的原文关键句，理解字面意思后，结合前后逻辑关系（因果、转折）和文章主旨推断隐含意义；排除直接引用原文的干扰项。 2. 推断作者观点/态度：关注作者使用的情感态度词（形容词、副词）、转折词及反问句，明确态度主体（作者/文中人物），区分客观中立、支持、反对、怀疑等态度类型。 3. 推断写作意图：根据体裁判断（说明文多为解释/介绍，议论文多为说服/立论，记叙文多为讲故事/传道理），结合核心话题和表述倾向推断。 4. 推断文章出处/读者对象：根据内容、措辞判断（含editorial可能出自报纸，含course可能出自教材），结合内容难度判断读者群体。 三、主旨大意题——抓核心，明主旨 （一）题型解读 主旨题是高层次题型（约占10%-20%），考查“概括文章或段落核心内容”的能力。题干常问文章主旨、最佳标题，干扰项多为“以偏概全”（仅涵盖部分内容）或“范围过大”（超出文章话题），难度较大。 （二）技巧点拨 核心思路：找主题词+抓中心句，概括需全面精准： 1. 找主题词（高频词）：主题词是文章反复出现的核心名词（或同义替换词），正确主旨选项必包含主题词。 2. 找中心句：全文主旨多在首段、尾段（总分/总分总结构）或“问题-解决”结构的措施部分；段落主旨多在段首、段尾，或转折词（but/however）后。 3. 拟定标题技巧：简洁凝练（多为短语）、涵盖全面（不遗漏核心话题）、精准恰当（不扩大/缩小范围）。 四、词句猜测题——结合语境，合理推断 （一）题型解读 词句猜测题是基础题型（约占10%-15%），考查“根据上下文推断生词、短语或句子含义”的能力，符合新课标“语境中理解词汇”的要求。考查形式包括猜测划线单词/短语、代词指代、句子含义。 （二）技巧点拨 核心思路：依托语境，找逻辑关系，不依赖词典释义： 1. 猜测单词/短语含义：可利用定义/同位语（that is、破折号后内容）、举例（for example/such as后例子）、对比/转折关系（but/however前后对比）、因果关系（because/so）或构词法（前缀un-表否定、后缀-ful表形容词）解题。 2. 猜测代词指代含义：遵循就近原则找前文内容，结合逻辑关系判断指代人、物或前文句子，代入原文验证通顺性。 3. 猜测句子含义（三步法）：①定位原文，分析句子结构理解字面意思；②结合前后逻辑关系和段落主旨推断隐含含义；③对比选项，排除字面直译、矛盾选项。 三层必刷：巩固提升+能力培优+创新题型 （一）细节理解题专项 Growing up, I hated exercise, but things changed when I turned 40. I developed a painful thing in my neck caused by weight increases. I was told it wasn’t dangerous but could lead to long-term pain. I knew I had to make a change. I began doing 15 minutes of jumping rope at home or swimming at my local gym daily. I also cut out the chocolate and fast food and introduced a healthier diet. I felt fitter and happier within just a few days of moving more and eating more healthily, but this kind of lifestyle change isn’t always easy for women in my country. It’s considered a cultural custom(风俗) for women to avoid showing their skin(皮肤) in public, which can make gymwear and swimwear difficult. This means many women aren’t taught to swim as children. I wanted to prove to other women in my country that showing your skin and exercising for your own health is nothing to feel bad about. I felt the need to help them experience the confidence swimming was giving me. With the support of my parents, I began sharing photos and videos of myself in swimwear and actively swimming on social media. I received so many comments from other women thanking me and asking me to teach them how to swim. It was a big deal for them to see me, in my 40s, taking swimming so seriously and having such huge rewards(回报), and I jumped at the chance to help them. Now, three months later, I’m a swimming teacher with a waiting list of 40 women who I teach in person, in small groups at my local gym. My goal is to make it accessible(可得到的) to everyone; if my mum can jump into the water and do tumble turns(滚翻转身) at 71, anyone can. 1.What led the author to change her lifestyle?（ ） A. The pain in her neck. B. Her mother’s lifestyle. C. Her doctor’s suggestion. D. The increase in her stress. 2.Why is the author’s new lifestyle hard for other women in her country?（ ） A. They are not supposed to stay long in public. B. It is considered time-wasting for them to do exercise. C. It is considered improper to show their skin in public. D. They are often asked to stay at home and care for the family. 3.What is the author’s parents’ attitude toward her sharing her swimming life online?（ ） A. Uncaring. B. Supportive. C. Fearful. D. Curious. 4.What is the author’s goal?（ ） A. To become a great swimming teacher. B. To form a swimming group at her local gym. C. To encourage her 71-year-old mother to swim. D. To teach swimming to anyone who wants to swim. （二）推理判断题专项 In May 2023, Google released a new, AI-powered tool called “Help Me Write”. The tool writes emails and forms letters based on a user’s simple instructions. It promises to greatly improve productivity. AI is about to have a much larger hand in writing than ever before. With enough training, an Al tool may even be able to learn people’s preferences and write in a more personal style. But AI-written text can also cause trouble. AI language models have already created controversy (争议) by producing unexpected content, from unsuitable advice to terrible language style. A lesser talked-about problem is what AI-written text will do to language. The introduction of AI-generated communication may also be the death knell for endangered languages. I have been speaking Swiss German dialects (方言) for half my life. Swiss German are spoken languages with no universal (普遍) spelling, but that hasn’t stopped people from writing in dialect. The introduction of AI-authored text has changed the communication among my Swiss friend group. When we use AI, a lot of errors appear in our texts and emails. As AI writing becomes common, there’s no question that most of us will give up using Swiss German and begin using formal German. And that’s not all. An AI tool may be able to combine words in creative ways, or learn a style from past writing, but it won’t naturally invent new slang. We have no idea what this means for language development. So, as we adopt AI-powered writing tools, it’s worth thinking about how they will influence both the conservation and the progress of language. 1.Why was “Help Me Write” mentioned in Paragraph 1?（ ） A. To provide an example. B. To introduce the topic. C. To advertise an AI tool. D. To support an argument. 2.What might be the disadvantage of AI-generated text?（ ） A. It is a little difficult. B. It uses words incorrectly. C. It provides answers slowly. D. Its content is not good enough. 3.What does the underlined part “the death knell” in Paragraph 4 mean?（ ） A. The sign of the end. B. The symbol of progress. C. The chance to get improvement. D. The opportunity to become universal. 4.What is the best title for the text?（ ） A. Google’s New AI Tool “Help Me Write” B. The Advantages and Disadvantages of AI C. The Influence of AI on Writing and Language D. The Future of Language Development with AI （三）主旨大意题专项 Being a vegetarian(素食者) in a meat-eating culture isn’t always easy. I always get asked, “Why? Since when? How come?” and “How can you stand not eating meat?” For me, being a vegetarian isn’t strange; it’s just who and what I am. I’m sick and tired of people judging(评价) me based on a personal choice that has nothing to do with them. Honestly, I could understand if my decision had an influence on their lives, but the thing is it doesn’t, so they should just get over it. If anything, more people should be vegetarians. It’s a fact that there are some health benefits connected with being a vegetarian. Some of these benefits include a lower risk of cancer, heart attacks, and high blood pressure. Being a vegetarian can help people live a longer life because they are eating healthily and not taking in the fat that can be found in non-vegetarian diets. While all diets need to be balanced, it is possible to get protein, minerals and nutrients from vegetable sources, though in lesser quantities(数量). Vegetables, milk and eggs have all the requirements your body needs to survive. If you are creative, a vegetarian diet is far from boring. As vegetables come in a variety of types and tastes, they can be prepared and eaten in countless ways. There are so many vegetarian cookbooks, which shows this is a fact. You can also grow your own vegetables, which is very satisfying. I find it funny when people say that vegetarians do not get enough energy(能量) from their diet. My answer is to mention Dave Scott, the first person to win the IRONMAN World Championship... six times! Yes, surprise, surprise, at the time he was a vegetarian. Vegetarianism is better for the planet because the ecological footprint(生态足迹) of vegetarians is smaller. So next time you want to judge someone’s personal choice to go veggie, remember that they have their reasons, not the least of which are concerns for animals and the state of the planet. 1.How does the author feel about others’ opinions on his diet?（ ） A. He is angry with them. B. He is careful about them. C. He is doubtful about them. D. He is uninterested in them. 2.What does paragraph 3 mainly tell us about a vegetarian diet?（ ） A. Its types. B. Its sources. C. Its popularity. D. Its advantages. 3.Why does the author mention Dave Scott in paragraph 5?（ ） A. To show what a vegetarian diet is. B. To suggest a vegetarian diet is healthy. C. To present a study on vegetarian diets. D. To explore why some athletes are vegetarians. 4.What is the best title for the text?（ ） A. My road to being a vegetarian. B. Never regret your own choice. C. Being a vegetarian is my choice. D. Misunderstandings about vegetarian diets. （四）词句猜测题专项 In the US and Britain, the slogan around colleges was “Save water. Shower with a friend.” Now, Wuhan University has come up with another system for the campus bathhouse. It charges students for the amount of time in a shower. Before entering the bathhouse, students pay for the amount of time they want in the shower with cash or their student ID card. The clock starts ticking the minute the tape is turned on. It pauses when a button is pressed for soap. An integrated circuit (IC) card reader at each tap shows the time. No money, no water. The benefits of the new system can be seen with the old system, which charged 1 Yuan for each person regardless of time in the shower. The university used about 320 tons of water daily under the old system, but only 160 tons now. Many students use the new system but opinions on it are divided. Some students say it is bad because bathing had become a sort of race. Many people using it for the first time are not sure how long they need to shower. Some might be embarrassed if their time is up and they’re still covered in soap. They have to ask the bathhouse worker to help them buy extra time. “It’s a flaw in the system that you can not buy extra time on the ID card,” said Ren, a freshman in Wuhan University. The university is also considering some students’ suggestions that they be allowed to pay after they’ve finished the shower. Not surprisingly, some are complaining about losing the hour shower. But many students say the move helps them develop a water-saving sense. Without the time limits, most students tended to shower for 30 to an hour in the bathhouse. Some even used the hot water to wash their clothes. “In my experience, 10-20 minutes is enough,” said Dai Zhihua, a third-year student who usually takes 8 minutes. A similar system has been installed in other universities. Shanghai Normal University introduced it at its Fengxiang Campus in September. The bathing fee there is 0.2 Yuan per minute. One male student responded by setting a record with a two-minute shower. 1.According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true?（ ） A. Students pay for the amount of time they want in the shower. B. The clock times all through while the student is bathing except when the bather paused for soap. C. If money runs out, there will be no water. D. Having finished bathing, the student has to pay for it. 2.The underline word “flaw” (Paragraph3) most probably means ______.（ ） A. fault B. convenience C. fortune D. perfection 3.Since the new system has performed, ______ of water can be saved.（ ）
A. a quarter B. one half C. one third D. two thirds 4.We can know from the passage that ______.（ ） A. the new operation can solve the water crisis. B. The new operation can raise students’ environmental awareness. C. a similar operation has been set in other universities. D. The university has saved a lot of water by using the new system. （一） Oliver’s journey with Tai Chi began in her early 20s, when she was suffering from a back injury, which left her lying in bed for six months. “As an active youngster at that time, I couldn’t bear resting in bed,” she explained. “My muscles became wasted and stiff (僵直的) for lack of use, and I was often in a lot of pain. So, I felt that some physical exercise would help.” She then discovered Tai Chi when she spotted by chance a poster advertising classes and decided to try the mysterious and exotic (异国的) sport. Oliver was immediately struck by the gentle and beautiful movements of Tai Chi, and to her delight, found that her occasional pains disappeared after years of practice. “It not only helps me improve physical strength, but also provides me with many mental benefits, such as improved mood and focus, and less anxiety and depression,” she added. To further understand Tai Chi and the Chinese philosophy behind it, Oliver decided to begin a journey to China. In 2005, Oliver established the Double Dragon Alliance Cultural Centre, which acts as a bridge for foreign people seeking to gain a better understanding of Chinese culture. The centre supports kung fu masters in teaching martial arts (武术) and organizes events for people to experience various aspects of Chinese culture. Apart from her Tai Chi classes, Oliver now serves as the director of the British Cultural Centre at the University of Shanghai. Reflecting on her work, Oliver said, “For quite many years, my work is actually to be like a cultural bridge. If you don’t have someone in the middle who is appreciative of all the cultures and have the desire to connect people, then it’s hard for them to get to know each other. I hope I can be the bridge to bring people close together. We need to foster mutual understanding among cultures to promote peaceful relations and friendship across the globe.” 1．Why did Oliver try Tai Chi? A．To solve a mystery. B．To recover physical ability. C．To treat her mental illness. D．To advance her knowledge of China. 2．How was Oliver after practising Tai Chi? A．Her overall well-being improved. B．She became open-minded. C．Her back pain came less often. D．She became talkative. 3．What did Oliver mainly do in Shanghai? A．Give kung fu performance. B．Learn Chinese philosophy. C．Bridge the cultural gap. D．Bring kung fu masters together. 4．What is a suitable title for the text? A．Practise Tai Chi to Relieve Pain B．Tai Chi: A Global Cultural Bridge C．Tai Chi Enjoys Great Popularity Around the World D．British Tai Chi Master Builds Cultural Bridge in China （一） Heritage Tour: A Victorian Christmas A relaxed seasonal tour of our 200 year old building, a former church which now houses Fabrica, an arts organisation. Join experienced tour leaders, Colette and Lucy, for a special tour of the former Holy Trinity Chapel. At this event you will discover two well-known figures: Writer, Frederick William Robertson and artist, Henry Holiday who contributed to the life and art of the Victorian age. Hear more about what Christmas was like in Victorian Brighton and get into the spirit of Christmas in our beautiful space. This will be a light-hearted and enjoyable event. The Tour will be taking place twice on this date: ● TOUR 1 (10:15 a.m. - 11:30 a.m.) ● TOUR 2 (11:30 a.m. - 1:15 p.m.) Doors and Fabrica’s charity (慈善) café open at 10:15 a.m. — enjoy a pie and hot drinks. Including mulled wine (热红酒) in our beautiful former church, and explore our art shop where you will find some unique and creative handicrafted (手工的) gifts and our heritage book If These Walls Could Talk. In TOUR 2, there will be half an hour left at the end for questions and chat, to take a final look around and take advantage of our charity café and shop. Both tours are suitable for all ages. The place has convenient entrance and special bathrooms for people who have trouble walking. Please let us know if you have any other requirements and we will try our best to accommodate you, or visit our Accessibility Page to find out more. For Fabrica’s full programme of events please visit fabrica.org.uk/whatson. 1．What can tourists learn about in the tour? A．A famous leader. B．The art of writing. C．A popular organization. D．The life in Victorian age. 2．When are tourists begin to raise questions? A．At 11:30 a.m.. B．At 12:45 p.m.. C．At 1:00 p.m.. D．At 1:15 p.m.. 3．Where is this text probably taken from? A．A textbook. B．A diary. C．A report. D．A webpage. （三） Companies are used to celebrating addition. Profits, customers and share prices should go up rather than fall. Larger numbers are a measure of career success: managers get promoted by taking on more reports, running higher budgets and earning bigger salaries. Companies are not always against subtraction (减法) . Though not a welcome one, reducing costs is a necessary part of management, which is often undervalued. The best bosses are those who take things away as well as add them on. That means clearing time for employees to get work done. Meetings are almost always called by bosses, but only some of them are useful. Shopify, an e-commerce company, began the year by subtracting 12,000 meetings from their schedules, and reported a rise in productivity as a result. Subtraction is not just about removing day-to-day distractions (干扰) . It’s also about taking decisions to kill off projects and products that are going nowhere, and to focus efforts on the most important parts. Peter Drucker, a management theorist, was a supporter of  “planned subtraction” , so that resources that are tied up in minor activities are freed for more profitable use. Bosses should, he advised, always ask the same question of every detail of the company: “If we did not do this, would it be any different?” In The Case for Good Jobs, a new book, Zeynep Ton of MIT Sloan School of Management argues that doing less can often make sense. Costco, a famous American supermarket that believes in the “smart loss of sales”, has purposely limited product choices. That means it can focus its buying power more effectively, forecast demand more accurately and use its employees’ time more productively. “Less” may not sound like a great result for customers, but at some point choice is deeply tiring. When you have spent more time trying to decide what to watch on a streaming service than it takes to go to the cinema and watch the same film twice, few choices seem pretty attractive. 1．Why does the author mention the company Shopify in paragraph 2? A．To present a fact. B．To draw a conclusion. C．To support an opinion. D．To make a comparison. 2．Which statement does Peter Drucker most likely agree with? A．Companies should quit unpromising tasks. B．Bosses should give up profits for resources. C．Bosses shouldn’t remove everyday distractions. D．Companies should focus on some unfinished work. 3．Which of the following measures is regarded as effective “doing less” commercially? A．Stores give customers more time to shop. B．Cinemas run only one particular film a day. C．Streaming websites upload more new movies. D．Supermarkets offer a limited variety of goods. 4．What is the best title of the text? A．The best companies celebrate addition. B．The best bosses know how to subtract work. C．Companies use numbers to measure success. D．Smart bosses go against the idea of subtraction. （四） The concept of choice blindness suggests that people are not always aware of their choices and preferences. It is a part of a cognitive (认知的) phenomenon known as the introspection illusion (内省错觉). Essentially, people incorrectly believe that they fully understand the roots of their emotions and thoughts, yet believe that other people’s introspections are largely unreliable. In a pioneering study on the concept of choice blindness, researchers examined how people often overlook differences between their intentions and outcomes. The study involved having participants look at images of two different female faces for between two to five seconds. The participants then rated which face they found the most attractive. The researchers then changed the photo that the participants thought they had chosen to that of an entirely different woman, and the participants were asked to describe why they found the woman attractive. Surprisingly, only 13% of the participants noticed the switch. In fact, many went on to describe the reasons why they found the face attractive, even though it was not the woman that they had chosen at all. So why do so many people fail to notice these switches? Are we less aware of our preferences than we think we are? Interest in the choice at hand is one factor that might play a role. When an issue is more important to us, we might be likely to notice mismatches between what we choose and what we actually get. Additionally, the similarity of choices can have an effect — we may be less likely to notice small differences when presented with a choice we did not make. The ability to recognize faces plays a major role in our everyday lives. While this kind of mistake may not always be significant, there are times when it can be life-changing. So next time you’re making a decision, perhaps it will help to take an extra beat to fully understand and process your choice as you make it. You may be less susceptible to mistaking that choice for something else in the future. 1．What may happen to people when choice blindness occurs? A．They may easily trust others. B．They can make better decisions. C．They fully understand themselves. D．They may not get the desired result. 2．What were the participants asked to do? A．Make changes to their choices. B．Distinguish between two images. C．Make an explanation of their choices. D．Describe feelings about female faces. 3．Why do people fail to notice changes to their choices? A．They lack interest in the choice at hand. B．They are unaware of their preferences. C．They lay more emphasis on similarities. D．They are presented with more choices. 4．What does the author intend to do in the last paragraph? A．To prove a point. B．To make a suggestion. C．To explain a rule. D．To confirm a prediction. （一） We’ve all been there: in a lift, in line at the bank or on an airplane, surrounded by people who are, like us, deeply focused on their smartphones or, worse, struggling with the uncomfortable silence. What’s the problem? It’s possible that we all have compromised conversational intelligence. It’s more likely that none of us start a conversation because it’s awkward and challenging, or we think it’s annoying and unnecessary. But the next time you find yourself among strangers, consider that small talk is worth the trouble. Experts say it’s an invaluable social practice that results in big benefits. Dismissing small talk as unimportant is easy, but we can’t forget that deep relationships wouldn’t even exist if it weren’t for casual conversation. Small talk is the grease (润滑剂) for social communication, says Bernardo Carducci, director of the Shyness Research Institute at Indiana University Southeast. “Almost every great love story and each big business deal begins with small talk,” he explains. “The key to successful small talk is learning how to connect with others, not just communicate with them.” In a 2014 study, Elizabeth Dunn, associate professor of psychology at UBC, invited people on their way into a coffee shop. One group was asked to seek out an interaction (互动) with its waiter; the other, to speak only when necessary. The results showed that those who chatted with their server reported significantly higher positive feelings and a better coffee shop experience. “It’s not that talking to the waiter is better than talking to your husband,” says Dunn. “But interactions with peripheral (边缘的) members of our social network matter for our well-being also.” Dunn believes that people who reach out to strangers feel a significantly greater sense of belonging, a bond with others. Carducci believes developing such a sense of belonging starts with small talk. “Small talk is the basis of good manners,” he says. 1．What phenomenon is described in the first paragraph? A．Addiction to smartphones. B．Inappropriate behaviours in public places. C．Absence of communication between strangers. D．Impatience with slow service. 2．What is important for successful small talk according to Carducci? A．Showing good manners. B．Relating to other people. C．Focusing on a topic. D．Making business deals. 3．What does the coffee-shop study suggest about small talk? A．It improves family relationships. B．It raises people’s confidence. C．It matters as much as a formal talk. D．It makes people feel good. （二） Global warming does more than just kill plant species — it also changes the way plants grow. Researchers at Martin Luther University Halle — Wittenberg(MLU) joined forces with the Leibniz Institute for Plant Biochemistry(IPB) to discover the molecular (分子) process of plant growth. In Current Biology, a scientific journal, they presented their findings on high-temperature plant growth. This could lead to developing plants that can survive global warming. Plants react to even small temperature changes, but they are unable to move to new locations. “When temperatures rise, plants grow taller ... to cool themselves off. Their stems become taller, and their leaves become narrower and grow farther apart. Yet, this makes the plant more unstable overall,” explains Professor Marcel Quint, an agricultural scientist at MLU. Unstable plants bend faster in the rain and produce less food that’s also less nutritious.(营养的) There’s still lots to learn about plant reactions to temperatures. “We are just starting to understand how plants feel the changes in temperature ...,” Quint says. Earlier studies have shown that the protein (蛋白质) PIF4 directly controls plant growth and is also dependent on temperature. When it’s cold, PIF4 is less active, meaning the plant doesn’t grow. At higher temperatures, PIF4 activates growth-promoting genes, and the plant grows taller. This is new information, says Quint. To understand it, they studied the growth of thale cress seedlings (拟南芥幼苗). Normally, its seedlings form short stems（茎）at 20℃. These stems become much longer at 28℃. They discovered a hormone (荷尔蒙) that activates the PIF4 at high temperatures, thus producing the protein. The findings may help to develop plants that remain stable even at high temperatures and produce many crops. 4．Why did the researchers at MLU and IPB perform their research? A．To study the bad effects of global warming. B．To find out how plants help reduce global warming. C．To pay attention to how global warming influences plant growth. D．To understand the ways that plants cause global warming. 5．What can we learn from Paragraph 2? A．Low temperatures have little effect on plants. B．Plants prefer dry weather to rainy weather. C．Plants are very sensitive to change in soil. D．High temperatures reduce crop production. 6．What do we know about PIF4? A．It mainly lies in thale cress seedlings. B．It works differently at different temperatures. C．It is a kind of gene that controls plant growth. D．It is a plant hormone that works at high temperatures. 7．Who will probably benefit most from the findings? A．Farmers B．Teachers. C．Researchers. D．Environmentalists. （三） In the summer months, fireflies (萤火虫) become lively, starting their “love stories”. Male fireflies fly around and a part of their belly (腹部) will light up. Then females sitting on the ground look up at the show and flash back to the males they like. They’re not going to mate (交配) unless they’ve exchanged these light signals (信号). Firefly species have performed that for millions of years, lit only by the moon. Now humans are damaging their feelings, turning on street lights and LEDs at the fireflies’ summer party. In the firefly world, it’s the females who are particularly turned off by man-made light. Owens, a researcher at Harvard University, led studies in experimental conditions and field conditions and found that male fireflies often keep flashing (闪光) under street lights and other kinds of overhead light, while female fireflies, active at night, basically shut down and stop reacting. “Probably because they just can’t see the males very well,” Owens explained. “Typically male fireflies are looking down. Female fireflies are looking up at street lights and other light sources. ”In lab conditions, not one of 20 pairs mated successfully under bright lights, while about half of firefly couples mated successfully in natural dim light. In the last decade, the night sky became twice as bright due to the increasing use of LEDs, Owens said, which hurts the populations of fireflies. Sadly, no fireflies are protected under the Endangered Species Act presently. “I like people to think about firefly extinction (灭绝) as sitting in a room of candles, and it’s beautiful," said Sara Lewis, a professor of biology at Tufts University. “And if one or two of those candles went out, you probably don’t even notice it, but if that continues, eventually you are left sitting in complete darkness.” 8．What does the underlined word “that” in Paragraph 2 refer to? A．Exchanging light signals of love. B．Telling their love stories. C．Mating and raising babies. D．Holding summer parties. 9．What is a serious danger of man-made light to fireflies? A．It makes the female blind. B．It stops the female from reacting. C．It causes them to get lost. D．It forces the male to shut off. 10．What influences the success of firefly mating according to the research? A．The size of male and female. B．The male and female mating time. C．The brightness of surrounding light. D．The number of firefly couples. 11．What does Sara Lewis say about the firefly extinction? A．It will surely happen eventually. B．It produces a beautiful story. C．It will come if nothing is done. D．It happens in a room of candles. （四） Since William Schnider got his first cellphone in sixth grade, it has become a big part of his life. During the day, he keeps it in his right pocket, and at night, it’s within arm’s reach. He doesn’t often make calls; instead, he chats on social media and sends texts. So when the 17-year-old senior at Van Nuys High School heard that cellphones would be banned (禁止) in L. A．public schools, he doubted this decision. “I don’t see how it will work or if it’s fair. Is this really needed?” he asked. However, after the astonishment wore off, some teens began to realize that they might be addicted to social media and phones. They wondered if too much screen time and worry about getting “likes” were harmful. The Board of Education decided to ban cellphones by January 2025 to change the behavior of students. This move holds great importance, especially since students were forced to go to class online - many by phone - more than four years ago. School leaders believe that this ban will lessen classroom distractions (分神) that hurt learning and reduce social media dependency. They think that a strict ban can encourage direct communication among students and teachers. William understands the reasoning behind the ban. He knows phones can be distracting, especially when students focus on social media rather than real-life conversations. He’s caught himself repeatedly checking how many people liked a story he posted recently of him and a friend on an outing. For Angelica Zamora-Reyes, 17, a senior at Downtown Magnets High School, the ban can’t come soon enough. She has experienced the downsides of phones. Despite using her phone for good, like keeping in touch with family, she also recognizes the problems, such as comparing their clothes, weight and likes on social media. In general, the idea of banning cellphones creates debate, and many students see both good and bad points. 12．What can be learned about William from paragraph 1? A．He is glued to his phone. B．He is a sixth grader now. C．He prefers to write letters. D．He often makes phone calls. 13．What does the underlined word “astonishment” in paragraph 3 mean? A．Creativity. B．Surprise. C．Discussion. D．Interest. 14．What do school leaders hope to achieve by applying the ban? A．Teachers will care more about students. B．Every classroom will get clean and tidy. C．Students will break free from cellphones. D．Parents will speak in support of the rule. 15．What is Angelica’s opinion about the ban? A．It’ll force her to lose weight. B．She welcomes the decision. C．It’ll benefit service providers. D．She is against the new rule. 7 / 10 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $