摘要:
该初中英语单元复习讲义通过整合核心词汇、语法与短语构建知识体系,词汇部分按“构词法-词形变化-易错辨析-语境应用”分层梳理,如friendship的构词规律、honest的不定冠词用法等,语法模块以比较级最高级变化规律为主线,用对比表格呈现规则与不规则变化,短语汇总按功能分类形成网络,清晰呈现知识内在联系。
讲义亮点在于“即时诊断+分层辨析”的练习设计,如针对lie的“撒谎/平躺”词义变形题、bored/boring的主被动用法辨析,培养语言运用和思维辨析素养。每个知识点配易错提醒和梯度练习,基础薄弱学生可通过单选掌握基础,优秀学生能深化词义辨析,既支持学生自主查漏补缺,也为教师实施分层教学提供精准素材。
内容正文:
8A Unit 1 Friendship教材核心知识串讲
(期末复习讲义)
一、核心词汇与知识点详解
1.friendship /ˈfrendʃɪp/ n. 友谊,友情
词形变化与构词法:构词法为 friend(n. 朋友)+ ship(表关系/状态的后缀);同类构词:relationship(n. 关系)、membership(n. 会员资格)
易错辨析:无常见易混淆词,注意区分构词后缀 ship(表关系)与 ment(表动作结果)
例句:
True friendship is more valuable than money.
真正的友谊比金钱更宝贵。
及时练:We should cherish the ______ that we have built for many years.
A. friendly B. friendship C. friend D. friendliness
答案:B
2.honest /ˈɒnɪst/ adj. 诚实的,正直的
词形变化与搭配:常见搭配 - to be honest(老实说)、be honest with sb.(对某人诚实);无直接同义词,反义词:dishonest(adj. 不诚实的)
易错辨析:注意发音以元音音素开头,不定冠词用 an(an honest man),而非 a
例句:
To be honest, I don’t agree with your plan.
老实说,我不同意你的计划。
及时练:My brother is an ______ boy who never tells lies.
A. honest B. honesty C. dishonest D. honestly
答案:A
3.cheerful /ˈtʃɪəfl/ adj. 快乐的,高兴的
词形变化:动词/名词形式 cheer(v./n. 欢呼,喝彩);副词 cheerfully(高兴地);反义词 cheerless(无精打采的);短语 cheer up(使振作起来)
易错辨析:cheerful 侧重“持续的愉快心情”,happy 侧重“暂时的开心”,joyful 侧重“极度的喜悦”
例句:
She always has a cheerful smile on her face.
她脸上总是带着愉快的笑容。
及时练:The ______ music made everyone in the room feel relaxed.
A. cheer B. cheerful C. cheerfully D. cheerless
答案:B
4.caring /ˈkeərɪŋ/ adj. 关心他人的,体贴人的
词形变化:动词/名词 care(v./n. 关心;照顾);短语 care about(关心)、care for = take care of = look after(照顾);反义词 uncaring(不体贴的)
易错辨析:caring 侧重“主动关心他人”,careful 侧重“做事细心”,注意区分含义
例句:
She is a caring nurse who takes good care of every patient.
她是一位体贴的护士,把每位病人都照顾得很好。
及时练:My mother is very ______ and she always cares about my daily life.
A. care B. caring C. careful D. careless
答案:B
5.humorous /ˈhjuːmərəs/ adj. 幽默的
词形变化:名词 humour(英式)/ humor(美式);相关短语 sense of humour(幽默感);无直接反义词,可表述为 unhumorous(不幽默的)
易错辨析:humorous 为形容词,humour 为名词,注意词性区分(a humorous story = a story full of humour)
例句:
Our English teacher is very humorous, so his classes are always interesting.
我们的英语老师很幽默,所以他的课总是很有趣。
及时练:He has a good ______ of humour and often tells funny jokes.
A. humorous B. humour C. humorously D. humours
答案:B
6.truth /truːθ/ n. 事实
词形变化:形容词 true(真的);副词 truly(真正地);短语 to tell the truth(说实话)、the truth is that...(真相是……);反义词 lie(n. 谎言)
易错辨析:truth 为不可数名词(表“真相”),也可作可数名词(表“一个事实”,复数 truths);注意与 true(adj.)的词性区分
例句:
To tell the truth, I forgot to bring your book.
说实话,我忘了带你的书。
及时练:The ______ is that he didn’t finish his homework on time.
A. true B. truly C. truth D. truths
答案:C
7.joke /dʒəʊk/ n. 笑话,玩笑;v. 讲笑话,开玩笑
词形变化与搭配:短语 tell a joke/tell jokes(讲笑话)、play a joke on sb. = play a trick on sb.(开某人玩笑)、joke with sb.(和某人开玩笑);无明显同义词/反义词
易错辨析:joke 作名词时为可数名词;play a joke on sb. 强调“善意的玩笑”,play a trick on sb. 可指“带有捉弄性质的玩笑”
例句:
He told a funny joke at the party.
他在派对上讲了一个有趣的笑话。
Don’t joke about such serious things.
别拿这么严肃的事情开玩笑。
及时练:We shouldn’t ______ on the disabled people; it’s impolite.
A. play a joke B. tell a joke C. make a joke D. say a joke
答案:A
8.teenager /ˈtiːneɪdʒə(r)/ n. 青少年(13-19岁,= teen)
词形变化:缩写形式 teen;相关词 teenage(adj. 青少年的);无同义词/反义词
易错辨析:teenager 特指13-19岁青少年,child 指儿童(12岁以下),adolescent 为正式用语(青春期少年)
例句:
Most teenagers like playing online games.
大多数青少年喜欢玩网络游戏。
及时练:As a ______, she should learn to take responsibility for her own actions.
A. teen B. teenage C. teenaged D. teens
答案:A
9.unhappy /ʌnˈhæpi/ adj. 不开心的
词形变化:反义词 happy(adj. 开心的);副词 unhappily(不高兴地);名词 unhappiness(不愉快);构词法 un-(否定前缀)+ happy
易错辨析:unhappy 的比较级为 unhappier,最高级为 unhappiest(而非 more unhappy)
例句:
She felt unhappy because she failed the exam.
她因为考试不及格而感到不开心。
及时练:He looked ______ when he heard the bad news.
A. happy B. unhappily C. unhappy D. happiness
答案:C
10.laugh /lɑːf/ vi. & vt. 笑,发笑;n. 笑声
词形变化:不可数名词 laughter(笑声);短语 laugh at(嘲笑);相关词 smile(v./n. 微笑)
易错辨析:laugh 侧重“大笑(有声有动作)”,smile 侧重“微笑(无声,嘴角上扬)”;laugh at 为“嘲笑”,不可用于表达“因开心而笑”(需用 laugh with)
例句:
Don’t laugh at people who make mistakes.
别嘲笑犯错的人。
We heard loud laughs from the next room.
我们听到隔壁房间传来大声的笑声。
及时练:She ______ at me friendly and nodded her head.
A. laughed B. smiled C. cried D. shouted)
答案:B
11.thought /θɔːt/ n. 想法,主意;v. 认为;思考(think的过去式/过去分词)
词形变化:形容词 thoughtful(体贴的;深思的);反义词 thoughtless(轻率的);动词原形 think(认为;思考)
易错辨析:thought 作名词时为可数名词(复数 thoughts);注意与 think(动词原形)、thinking(现在分词/动名词)的形式区分
例句:
I had a sudden thought about our trip plan.
我突然想到了我们的旅行计划。
She thought about the problem for a long time.
她思考这个问题很久了。
及时练: His ______ are always helpful and we all like to listen to him.
A. think B. thought C. thoughts D. thinking
答案:C
12.lie /laɪ/ vi. 撒谎;平躺;位于;n. 谎言vi. 撒谎(过去式 lied,过去分词 lied,现在分词 lying);平躺/位于(过去式 lay,过去分词 lain,现在分词 lying);n. 谎言
词形变化与搭配:短语 lie to sb.(向某人撒谎)、tell a lie/tell lies(撒谎)、lie down(躺下);易混词 lay(v. 放置/下蛋,过去式 laid,过去分词 laid,现在分词 laying)
易错辨析:重点区分 lie 的两种动词含义的变形(撒谎:lied-lied-lying;平躺/位于:lay-lain-lying);与 lay(放置)的变形区分
例句:
He lied to his parents about his school grades.
他向父母隐瞒了自己的学习成绩。
The cat is lying on the warm sofa.
那只猫正躺在温暖的沙发上。
It’s not good to tell a lie to your friends.
向朋友撒谎是不好的。
及时练: She ______ on the grass and looked at the stars last night.
A. lay B. laid C. lied D. lying
答案:A
13.patient /ˈpeɪʃənt/ adj. 有耐心的;n. 病人
词形变化:名词 patience(耐心);副词 patiently(耐心地);短语 be patient with sb.(对某人有耐心);反义词 impatient(没耐心的)
易错辨析:patient 作形容词时,不可混淆为 patience(名词);作“病人”讲时为可数名词
例句:
Good teachers are always patient with their students.
好老师对学生总是很有耐心。
The doctor is talking to the patients one by one.
医生正在逐一和病人交谈。
及时练: You need to have more ______ when teaching young children. (
A. patient B. patience C. patiently D. patients
答案:B
14.understand /ˌʌndəˈstænd/ vt. & vi. 理解(过去式/过去分词 understood)
词形变化:形容词 understandable(可理解的)、understanding(善解人意的);名词 understanding(理解;共识);短语 reach an understanding(达成共识)
易错辨析:过去式/过去分词为不规则变化(understood),不可误写为 understanded
例句:
I can’t understand why he refused the invitation.
我不明白他为什么拒绝了邀请。
及时练: She ______ what I said even though I spoke quickly. (
A. understood B. understand C. understands D. understanding
答案:A
15.bored /bɔːd/ adj. 厌倦的,烦闷的
词形变化:动词 bore(使厌烦);形容词 boring(令人厌烦的);短语 be bored with sth.(对某事厌倦)、be bored of doing sth.(对做某事厌烦)
易错辨析:bored 主语通常是人(sb. be bored),boring 主语通常是物/事(sth. be boring)
例句:
I feel bored when I have nothing to do.
当我无事可做时,我会感到无聊。
及时练: The movie was so ______ that many people left the cinema early.
A. bored B. boring C. bore D. boringly
答案:B
16.energetic /ˌenəˈdʒetɪk/ adj. 精力充沛的
词形变化:名词 energy(能量;精力);短语 be energetic in (doing) sth.(在某方面充满活力);反义词 tired(疲惫的)、lazy(懒惰的)
易错辨析:energetic 侧重“内在精力旺盛”,active 侧重“外在积极行动”(如 an active participant 积极的参与者)
例句:
He is an energetic boy who likes playing all kinds of sports.
他是一个精力充沛的男孩,喜欢玩各种运动。
及时练: She is always ______ and never feels tired even after a long day’s work. (
A. energy B. energetic C. energetically D. energies
答案:B
17.active /ˈæktɪv/ adj. 积极的;活跃的
词形变化:名词 activity(活动,复数 activities);短语 take an active part in sth.(主动参加某事);反义词 inactive(不活跃的)
易错辨析:active 强调“主动参与”,energetic 强调“精力充足”,注意语境区分
例句:
She takes an active part in volunteer work on weekends.
她周末积极参加志愿工作。
及时练:All students are encouraged to be ______ in class discussions.
A. active B. activity C. actively D. act
答案:A
18.encourage /ɪnˈkʌrɪdʒ/ vt. 鼓励
词形变化:名词 encouragement(鼓励);形容词 encouraging(令人鼓舞的,修饰物)、encouraged(受鼓舞的,修饰人);短语 encourage sb. to do sth.(鼓励某人做某事)
易错辨析:后接不定式作宾语补足语(encourage sb. to do),不可接 doing 形式
例句:
His parents always encourage him to pursue his dreams.
他的父母总是鼓励他追求梦想。
及时练: Teachers should ______ students to ask more questions in class. (
A. encourage B. encouragement C. encouraging D. encouraged
答案:A
19.believe /bəˈliːv/ vt. 相信
词形变化:名词 belief(信念,复数 beliefs);形容词 believable(可信的)、unbelievable(难以置信的);短语 believe sb.(相信某人的话)、believe in sb./sth.(信任某人/信仰某物)
易错辨析:believe sb. 侧重“相信某人说的话”,believe in sb. 侧重“信任某人的人品或能力”
例句:
I believe her because she never lies.
我相信她,因为她从不撒谎。
We all believe in our team’s ability to win.
我们都相信我们团队的获胜能力。
及时练: Do you ______ ghosts? I don’t think they exist.
A. believe B. believe in C. trust D. believe at
答案:B
20.secret /ˈsiːkrɪt/ n. 秘密
词形变化:形容词 secret(秘密的);短语 keep secrets(保密)、a secret to sth.(某事的秘诀);
易错辨析:secret 作名词时为可数名词(复数 secrets);keep secrets 中 secret 需用复数形式
例句:
She told me a secret and asked me to keep it.
她告诉了我一个秘密,让我保密。
及时练: It’s important to ______ your friend’s secrets if you want to keep the friendship.
A. keep B. tell C. share D. break)
答案:A
21.scared /skeəd/ adj. 害怕,恐惧
词形变化:动词 scare(使惊恐);名词 scare(惊吓);形容词 scary(引起恐慌的,修饰物);短语 be scared of sth./doing sth.(害怕某物/做某事)、be scared to do sth.(不敢做某事)
易错辨析:scared 主语通常是人(sb. be scared),scary 主语通常是物/事(sth. be scary)
例句:
She is scared of snakes.
她害怕蛇。
That horror movie is really scary.
那部恐怖片真的很吓人。
及时练: The little girl is ______ to go out alone at night. (
A. scared B. scary C. scare D. scaring
答案:A
22.fight /faɪt/ vt. & vi. 搏斗,打斗;为……斗争;n. 打架;斗争vt. & vi. 搏斗,打斗;为……斗争(过去式/过去分词 fought)
词形变化:短语 fight with/against sb.(与某人打架/对抗)、fight for sth.(为……而战);无明显同义词/反义词
易错辨析:过去式/过去分词为不规则变化(fought),不可误写为 fighted
例句:
They fought against the bad guys bravely.
他们勇敢地与坏人作斗争。
There was a fight between two boys in the playground.
操场上两个男孩打架了。
及时练: People should ______ for justice and freedom. (
A. fight B. fight with C. fight against D. fight to
答案:A
23.dead /ded/ adj. 死的
词形变化:动词 die(死,短暂性动词);名词 death(死亡);形容词 dying(垂死的);短语 the dead(死者)、the dying(垂死之人)
易错辨析:die 是短暂性动词,不可与表示一段时间的状语连用(需用 be dead 代替);dead 表“死的状态”,dying 表“濒临死亡的状态”
例句:
The tree has been dead for three years.
这棵树已经死了三年了。
The doctor tried his best to save the dying man.
医生尽力抢救那个垂死的人。
及时练: His grandfather ______ two years ago, and he still misses him. (
A. died B. dead C. death D. dying
答案:A
24.danger /ˈdeɪndʒə(r)/ n. 危险
词形变化:形容词 dangerous(危险的);短语 in danger(处于危险中)、out of danger(脱险)、in danger of(处于……的危险中);反义词 safety(n. 安全)
易错辨析:danger 为不可数名词;dangerous 是形容词(a dangerous animal),不可混淆为 danger(名词)
例句:
The old bridge is in danger of falling down.
这座旧桥有倒塌的危险。
及时练: It’s ______ to walk alone in the forest at night. (
A. danger B. dangerous C. safely D. safety
答案:B
二、比较级与最高级(核心语法点)
1. 核心知识点:
比较级:两者比较,意为“(比……)更……”
最高级:三者或三者以上的人或物比较,意为“最……”
2. 变化规律:
大多数词后加 -er(比较级)或 -est(最高级)
以不发音的字母 e 结尾的词后加 -r 或 -st
以“辅音字母 + y”结尾的词,去掉 y 加 -ier 或 -iest
以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节词,双写最后一个辅音字母,再加 -er 或 -est
多音节词和部分双音节词加 more(比较级)或 most(最高级)
不规则变化(如 bad - worse - worst)
3. 易错辨析:
比较级后接 than,最高级前加 the 且需明确比较范围(in/of...)
比较级前可加 a little、much、even 等修饰程度,最高级前可加序数词(the second tallest)
4. 例句:
This book is more interesting than that one.
这本书比那本更有趣。
She is the most hard-working student in our class.
她是我们班最勤奋的学生。
5. 及时练:
This is the ______ (good) movie I have ever seen. I want to watch it again.
A. good B. better C. best D. well
答案:C
三、重点短语汇总
1. make sb. do sth. 使某人做某事
2. make sb./sth. into sb./sth. 使成为
3. to be honest 老实说
4. be honest with sb. 对某人诚实
5. cheer up 使振作起来
6. care about 关心;在乎
7. care for = take care of = look after 照顾;照料
8. sense of humour 幽默感
9. to tell the truth 说实话
10. tell a joke/tell jokes 讲笑话
11. play a joke on sb. = play a trick on sb. 开某人玩笑
12. laugh at 嘲笑
13. lie to sb. 向某人撒谎
14. tell a lie/tell lies 撒谎
15. be patient with sb. 对某人有耐心
16. a little bit 有点儿
17. make sense 有意义;讲得通
18. be bored with sth. 对某事厌倦
19. be energetic in (doing) sth. 在某方面充满活力
20. take an active part in sth. 主动参加某事
21. encourage sb. to do sth. 鼓励某人做某事
22. believe in sb./sth. 信任某人/信仰某物
23. keep secrets 保密
24. in danger 处于危险中
25. out of danger 脱险
26. be scared of sth./doing sth. 害怕某物/做某事
27. be scared to do sth. 不敢做某事
28. fight for sth. 为……而战
29. fight with/against sb. 与某人打架/对抗
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