Unit 5 Humans and Nature单元话题阅读理解练习-2025-2026学年高一英语北师大版必修第二册

Unit 5 Humans and Nature 单元话题阅读理解 Unit 5 Humans and Nature单元话题：人与自然 本资料共10篇专题训练，从上到下依次按照难度分为基础语篇巩固练和重难语篇提升练 基础语篇巩固练 Natural disasters like earthquakes, floods and typhoons can happen suddenly. They may break houses, hurt people or even take lives. For teenagers, learning about these disasters is not just a school lesson — it’s a useful skill to keep us safe. Here are three key reasons why we need to learn about them. First, it helps us stay safe when disasters come. For example, if you know to hide under a strong table and stay away from windows during an earthquake, you can protect yourself and your family. Without this knowledge, you might feel scared and make wrong choices that put you in danger. Many schools hold disaster practice activities to teach students these skills, and we should take these practices seriously. Second, learning about disasters lets us get ready before they happen. We can learn to make an emergency bag with water, food and a flashlight. We can also talk with our family about a safety plan — like where to meet if we get separated during a flood. Getting ready doesn’t take much time, but it can save lives when bad things happen. Third, it teaches us to care about others. When a typhoon hits a village, many people lose their homes and have no food to eat. By learning about these hard times, we can understand how difficult their lives are. Then we can help in small ways, like giving away old clothes or collecting money for them. This makes us more responsible and kind. Some people think learning about natural disasters is scary. But in fact, it gives us the knowledge to face emergencies with confidence. Every teenager should spend time learning about natural disasters — it’s not just for ourselves, but also for the people we care about. 1．What do many schools do to teach students disaster skills? A．Hold disaster practice activities. B．Ask students to write long articles. C．Take students to disaster areas. D．Invite students to watch scary movies. 2．What can teenagers put in an emergency bag? A．Toys and storybooks. B．Water, food and a flashlight. C．Phones and computer games. D．Chips and sweet drinks. 3．What can we infer about people who think learning about disasters is scary? A．They have experienced many natural disasters. B．They often help people in disaster areas. C．They are good at making emergency plans with family. D．They don’t know learning about disasters helps stay safe. 4．What can we infer from the passage? A．Natural disasters never happen in safe areas. B．Teenagers can’t help people in disaster areas. C．Learning about disasters makes teenagers braver. D．Emergency bags are too expensive to make. Located on the US-Canada border, the Great Lakes make up 84% of North America’s surface fresh water and are a source of drinking water for over 30 million people. Lake Huron Lake Huron is the second-largest Great Lake and boasts the world’s longest shoreline. Thunder Bay National Marine Sanctuary protects almost 100 historic shipwrecks, the oldest dating back to the mid-1800s, often referred to as “shipwreck alley”. Lake Michigan The only Great Lake entirely in the United States, is Lake Michigan. The Indiana Dunes National Park provides a home for a variety of wildlife. Lake Michigan also features more than 50 lighthouses, the most among the five lakes. Lake Superior Lake Superior is the largest, coldest and deepest of the Great Lakes and the biggest freshwater lake in the world. Within the lake is Isle Royale National Park where wolves, moose, and western painted turtles live. Lake Erie Lake Erie is the warmest and shallowest, which attracts migratory birds. In the 1960s, Lake Erie experienced severe water pollution and was thought to be dying. But thanks to the ecologists’ joint efforts by Canada and the US, water quality has improved significantly over the decades. Lake Ontario The smallest of the Great Lakes, Lake Ontario holds almost four times the water of Lake Erie. Water from the other four lakes flows into Ontario, which features several special sights. Ontario recently drew scientific attention from experts and college students, who set out on a mission to create 3D digital models of 17 shipwrecks in the region. 1．What is a unique feature of Lake Michigan? A．Lying completely within the US. B．The second-largest lake. C．The warmest and shallowest lake. D．Receiving water from other lakes. 2．What can be inferred about Lake Erie? A．It is famous for having the most lighthouses. B．It is the deepest and coldest among the five lakes. C．It faced an ecological problem properly handled later. D．Its water quality has remained excellent throughout history. 3．Which two lakes commonly have shipwreck projects? A．Lake Huron & Lake Erie. B．Lake Huron & Lake Ontario. C．Lake Michigan & Lake Superior. D．Lake Superior & Lake Ontario. Hurricanes combine strong winds and heavy rain to create some of Earth’s most powerful storms. When these storms near land, wind can bring disastrous (灾难性的) damage, even causing tornadoes. But the bigger danger is rain, which can cause disastrous and often deadly flooding. But how are hurricanes formed? Hurricanes begin as tropical disturbances in warm ocean waters with surface temperatures of at least 80℉. Those low-pressure systems get energy from warm seas. Hurricanes bring destruction on land in many different ways. When a hurricane reaches the land, it often produces a disastrous storm surge (风暴潮) — ocean water pushed onto the land by wind — that can reach 20 feet (6 meters) high and move several miles inland. Storm surges and flooding are the two most dangerous aspects of hurricanes, making up three-quarters of deaths from Atlantic tropical storms, according to a 2014 study. A hurricane’s high winds are destructive and may cause tornadoes. Heavy rains cause further damage like coastal flooding and landslides, which may occur many miles inland. While a number of factors decide a hurricane’s strength and influence, warmer temperatures in certain locations play an important role. In the Atlantic, warming in the Arctic could push future hurricane paths farther west, making landing in the US more possible. Warming temperatures can also slow tropical storms, which can be a problem if their movement over land is longer, possibly increasing storm surges, rainfall, and the time affected by high winds. The best way to protect against a hurricane is a reliable prediction that gives people time to be evacuated. The National Hurricane Center issues hurricane watches for possible storms within 48 hours and hurricane warnings for expected storms within 36 hours. 1．Which is the more dangerous part about hurricanes according to paragraph 1? A．Wind. B．Tornado. C．Rain. D．Tsunami. 2．What does the underlined word “destruction” in paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Great damage. B．Quick movement. C．Little harm. D．Safe shelter. 3．What is an important factor that decides a hurricane’s strength and influence? A．Cold ocean waters. B．Warmer temperatures. C．Deadly flooding. D．Terrible landslides. 4．What is the main purpose of the whole text? A．To introduce basic knowledge about hurricanes. B．To show us how to predict hurricanes. C．To warn people to stay away from hurricanes. D．To tell us how to survive hurricanes. Seven people have died in a landslide caused by pouring rain in Indonesia’s Sumatra island, officials said on Thursday, adding to the death toll (死亡人数) from landslides in the region this week. Rescuers recovered the bodies of the victims, including a driver and passengers, from a tourist bus that was covered by trees, mud, and rocks in the landslide on the road from Medan city to Berastagi town in Indonesia’s North Sumatra province. The route is the main access from the capital Medan to other districts in the region. The bus was among vehicles that had been cut off by landslides on the road since Wednesday morning. More than 10 people were also injured and have been relocated to the hospital in Medan city. Muji Ediyanto, traffic director of the North Sumatra Regional Police, said in a video message distributed by Indonesia’s National Search and Rescue Agency on Thursday that some vehicles remain trapped between the landslide locations along that road. “It will take at least two days to withdraw them from the landslide. Several vehicles are still trapped by piles from the landslides. There are also fallen trees at several points and landslides and the vehicles have not been able to get out of the locations,” Ediyanto said. Earlier this week, 20 people died after flash floods and landslides at four locations in the mountainsides of North Sumatra province, including Karo regency that is located less than 20 kilometers from the most-recent landslide location. Seasonal rains from around October through to March frequently cause flooding and landslides in Indonesia, an archipelago (群岛) of 17,000 islands where millions of people live in mountainous areas or near fertile (肥沃的) flood plains. 1．What happened to the tourist bus? A．It was hit by fallen rocks alone. B．It disappeared in sudden flash floods. C．Most passengers in it were rescued immediately. D．It was buried by a mixture of mud and stones. 2．Why will clearing the Medan-Berastagi road take at least two days? A．Heavy machines have not arrived. B．The injured hold up the traffic. C．Many landslides and fallen trees still trap the road. D．Rescue workers care more about finding bodies than opening the road. 3．What can we learn about landslides in Indonesia? A．They often happen in urban areas. B．They are predictable and preventable. C．They primarily affect agricultural land. D．They are common during certain months. 4．What is the best title for the passage? A．Flash Floods Made 20 People Lose Their Lives. B．Climate Change Causes More Disasters in Indonesia. C．Landslide Buries Tourist Bus in North Sumatra. D．Rescuers Perform Operations on Medan-Berastagi Road. Recent winter storms have brought heavy rain and snow to California. This increase in snowpack has delayed the start of the wildfire season. Experts believe the fire season may be milder than usual, but conditions could change by July. For now, fire activity in Southern California is expected to be below normal in May and June, while Northern California is likely to have an average fire season. Statewide, the wet season has been longer than usual, and more rain and snow may continue into April or early May. Lower elevations (海拔) are green and wet, while higher elevations are covered in snow. The deeper the snowpack, the longer it takes to melt (融化). This slows down the drying of vegetation and delays warm weather. In years with above-average snowpack, Northern California has seen fewer acres burned. However, climate change is affecting fire patterns (模式). Fires are now reaching higher elevations where snow once prevented them. Some areas have fewer trees to protect snow from the sun, causing faster melting and shifting the risk from floods to droughts. Rising temperatures are also pushing the snow line higher, making forests more likely to burn in summer. Some desert regions, which received extra rain, have grown more grass. Once these dry out by late spring, they could fuel wildfires, like the York Fire — the state’s largest fire in 2023. Additionally, winds play a key role in spreading wildfires. Forecasters expect fewer strong offshore winds, partly due to El Niño. However, sudden weather changes could still lead to major fires. Dry lightning, unexpected heat or rapid shifts in rainfall can turn a mild fire season into a severe one. Within this long-term change, research suggests that burned areas in California could grow by 50% from 2031 to 2050 due to climate change. While some years may see fewer fires, overall, rising temperatures and drier conditions are making wildfires more common. 1．What does the underlined word “delayed” in paragraph 1 mean? A．Referred to. B．Sped up. C．Put off. D．Longed for. 2．What can we know from paragraph 2? A．Forest fires always hit California in early May. B．The wet season is likely to last for a short time. C．It has been years since California saw heavy rain. D．California expects a late start to the wildfire season. 3．Why does the author mention the York Fire in 2023? A．To remind us to stop human error. B．To show the danger of the dry grass. C．To explain it hardly rains in the desert. D．To sound the alarm about global warming. 4．What does research suggest about California wildfires? A．Their likelihood will largely increase. B．They will probably drop by 50% in 2031. C．It takes time to put them under control. D．They are mainly caused by human activities. The giant Amazon rainforest in South America has been a mystery for centuries. It holds all kinds of natural wonders. Among them in Colombia, a river stands out as ”the most beautiful river“ in the world. Locally called Carnio Cristales, this special river lies in a national park. It is made up of several waterfalls, rapids, and plenty of pools. For most of the year, Carnio Cristales looks like a common river: clean, green, and rocky. However, during the short period between September and November, the river explodes with life and colour. It appears as any mix of colours including blue, green, yellow, orange, and a purplish red. So it is also known as the “River of Five Colours”. Although at first it may appear as if some chemicals were added to the water, this rainbow river is completely natural, Carnio Cristales’ colours are the result of a rare (稀有) water plant which needs sunlight to grow. The plants change colour depending on how much sunlight they receive, and the amount is decided by the height and speed of the water. Therefore, it is possible for the plants to be totally colourless if the sunlight is too hard to get. They are a delicate plant. This makes them easily damaged in the water. Actually, the river faces some problems, including drier seasons, wildlife trouble, waste management, and budget (预算) cuts. In 2007, the park was forced to close because it was overcrowded with tourists. Now the park admits only 200 people a day and requires them to mind their behaviour. Today, Carnio Cristales still shines among Colombia’s most popular natural attractions, drawing thousands of tourists every year. 1．When is the best time to visit Carnio Cristales? A．In October. B．In March. C．In June. D．In January. 2．Why is Carnio Cristales colourful? A．The water is badly polluted. B．People add chemicals to it. C．A special plant lives in it. D．The weather is changeable there. 3．Why does Carnio Cristales return to a common river appearance for most of the year? A．The plants lose their colors due to heavy rainfall. B．The water becomes polluted during dry seasons. C．Insufficient (不足的) sunlight prevents the plants from changing color. D．Tourists remove the colorful plants for souvenirs. 4．What once caused the park to be closed? A．The wildlife problem. B．The poor service. C．Too much rubbish. D．Too many visitors. According to related new research, tropical cyclones (热带气旋), from hurricanes to typhoons, are moving more slowly across the globe than they did decades ago, meaning that they get more destructive power and last longer. It may seem like a good thing that cyclones pace (行进) at a slower speed, but in fact it’s not the case. Although the cyclones are moving slower across the ground, they still get high wind speeds inside, which makes the hard rain stay longer over communities. “Nothing good comes out of a slowing storm,” says James Kossin, a climate scientist, “It can increase the amount of time that buildings are suffering strong wind. And it increases rainfall.” According to Kossin’s findings, changing storm patterns (模式) is causing greater destruction in another way. He noted that the speed of global tropical cyclones slowed by an average of 10 percent from 1949 to 2016. The pace of the storms slowed even more as they made landfall in some areas. In the western North Pacific, it slowed down by nearly a third. That means there will be more time for a storm that may already contain large quantities of water to give off more of it in each place. Basing his research on the details of nearly 70 years’ worth of storms, Kossin did not try to decide the cause of the slowdown. Even so, the change is the expected result of climate change, just as he and other cyclone experts said. Kossin’s work was considered to be “important and new” and “pretty reasonable” by Christina Patricola, who has been studying this issue. It is Kossin’s hope that a model showing which communities are likely to be at the highest danger could be developed by scientists. Given that in some areas, the storms are moving poleward and gaining in strength as well, places not normally passed by could be affected by unusually heavy rainfall as a result. “These are not good things to be put together,” he says. 1．Why do cyclones pacing more slowly cause more destruction? A．They get higher wind speeds outside. B．They move poleward in a faster speed. C．They make the rain stay longer in a place. D．They cause more serious climate change. 2．What has Kossin found about the western North Pacific? A．It has much wetter air than other areas. B．The storms there cause less damage. C．The speed of the storms there slows more. D．It has higher danger of being hit by storms. 3．Why does the author quote Christina Patricola’s words? A．To stress the importance of studying storms. B．To attract more attention to research on storms. C．To suggest she is a leading scientist in this field. D．To show that Kossin’s work has been recognized. 4．In which section of a newspaper may this text appear? A．Science. B．Health. C．Agriculture. D．Education. It is hardly surprising that rivers have been an important part of human history: They provide food, freshwater, and rich land for growing crops. While water is crucial to life, it can be a destructive force, too. When rivers flood, the effects can be destructive. Flooding is one of the most common types, and it is often fatal (灾难性的). While floods bring damage, they also bring nutrients and essential components for life. Seasonal floods can renew ecosystems, providing life-giving waters in more ways than one. Floods transport vital nutrients to the surrounding land. When the water flows away, it leaves nutrients behind on the floodplain. This rich, natural fertilizer improves soil quality and has a positive effect on plant growth, thus increasing productivity in the ecosystem. Ancient civilizations first started along the river mouths of seasonally flooded rivers, such as the Nile in Egypt, because they provided rich soil for farmlands. Floods can supply underground water sources. Floodwater goes into the ground, and then passed through beds of soil and rock, finally reaching underground aquifers (含水层). These aquifers supply clean freshwater to springs, wells, lakes, and rivers. Ecosystems rely heavily on groundwater during dry spells when it may be the only supply of freshwater available. A good supply of groundwater has a great impact on soil health and leads to more productive crop and pasture lands. Floods are a force of nature, and their results, both positive and negative, are strongly felt by affected ecosystems. Floods can be destructive to humans and the natural environment, but they also help to drive biodiversity and are essential to the functioning of many ecosystems. Whether you consider floods to be good or bad, one thing is for certain: The world would be a very different place without them. 1．Why does the author mention the role of water in paragraph 1? A．To show its importance in life. B．To lead in the topic of flooding. C．To present an argument about water. D．To describe the damaging force of nature. 2．What made the Nile one of ancient civilization birthplaces? A．The nutrients left in the water. B．The plant growth on the farmland. C．The groundwater sources in the ecosystem. D．The soil quality improved by fertilizer. 3．What can we imply from the text? A．Floods only bring damage to ecosystems. B．Floods are the main source of all groundwater. C．Floods provide freshwater directly to the rivers. D．Floods are important for underground water renewal. 4．Which of the following is the best title for the text? A．The Results of Floods on Agriculture B．The History of Flooding in Ecosystems C．Rivers: A Source of Natural Environment D．Floods: A Force for Destruction and Renewal 重难语篇提升练 Most Californians are accustomed to experiencing earthquakes, but researchers warn that the state faces a lesser-known danger: supershear earthquakes, which move so quickly that they outrun their own seismic (地震的) waves. “While California is no more likely to have supershear earthquakes than other similar regions with large fault (断层) systems like the San Andreas, the threat has gone unnoticed for too long,” said Yehuda Ben-Zion, director of the Statewide California Earthquake Center (SCEC), based at USC Dornlife. “The frequency of the supershear ruptures (超剪切破裂) has been greatly underappreciated.” “Just as a plane outpacing sound generates a powerful shockwave in the atmosphere, a supershear rupture creates shock fronts in the ground once it surpasses the speed of seismic shear waves,” said Ahmed Elbanna, director-designate of SCEC． “It breaks the shear wave speed barrier in the rocks and produces destructive waves that are stronger than what’s generated by a normal earthquake.” This additional force can strike communities with severe impact. Supershear quakes not only spread intense shaking over larger regions but also deliver what Elbanna describes as a “double strike” — a sharp shake from the shock front followed by the seismic waves. Worldwide, about one-third of large strike-slip earthquakes are supershear. That matters in California, where many faults near large urban areas are strike-slip and capable of magnitude 7 earthquakes. “We cannot say exactly when and where the next earthquake will be and which one will be supershear,” Ben-Zion said, “but we can say with certainty that over the next few decades, we will have multiple magnitude 7 earthquakes in California.” The researchers warn that current design standards don’t fully account for a supershear quake’s extra hit. Buildings are generally engineered for the strongest shaking perpendicular to (垂直于) faults, but supershear quakes direct their energy along the fault line itself. “Critical structures should be built to this higher standard, and so far, they are not,” Ben-Zion said. The researchers also call for closer monitoring near major faults and advanced computer predictions on supershear situations. “This is where everybody has to contribute,” Elbanna said. 1．Why did Elbanna mention a plane in paragraph 3? A．To make a prediction. B．To redefine a concept. C．To show destructive impact. D．To explain a phenomenon. 2．What do Ben-Zion’s words in paragraph 5 suggest? A．California is bound to experience big earthquakes. B．Most cities in California are free of earthquakes. C．Supershear earthquakes are rarely seen worldwide. D．It’s easy to predict and identify supershear earthquakes. 3．What can be known about current buildings? A．They can fall victim to supershear earthquakes. B．They fully absorb the energy of supershear ruptures. C．They can easily be destroyed by normal earthquakes. D．They don’t account for the shaking perpendicular to faults. 4．What is the author’s purpose in writing the text? A．To issue a warning about common earthquakes. B．To offer tips on analyzing a lesser-known danger. C．To call for preparations for supershear earthquakes. D．To explore California’s earthquake-stricken areas. Most Californians are accustomed to experiencing earthquakes, but researchers warn that the state faces a lesser-known danger: supershear earthquakes, which move so quickly that they outrun their own seismic (地震的) waves. “While California is no more likely to have supershear earthquakes than other similar regions with large fault (断层) systems like the San Andreas, the threat has gone unnoticed for too long,” said Yehuda Ben-Zion, director of the Statewide California Earthquake Center (SCEC), based at USC Dornsife. “The frequency of the supershear rupture (超剪切破裂) has been greatly underappreciated.” “Just as a plane outpacing sound generates a powerful shockwave in the atmosphere, a supershear rupture creates shock fronts in the ground once it surpasses the speed of seismic shear waves,” said Ahmed Elbanna, director-designate of SCEC． “It breaks the shear wave speed barrier in the rocks and produces destructive waves that are stronger than what’s generated by a normal earthquake.” This additional force can strike communities with severe impact. Supershear quakes not only spread intense shaking over larger regions but also deliver what Elbanna describes as a “double strike”—a sharp shake from the shock front followed by the seismic waves. Worldwide, about one-third of large strike-slip earthquakes are supershear. That matters in California, where many faults near large urban areas are strike-slip and capable of magnitude 7 earthquakes. “We cannot say exactly when and where the next earthquake will be and which one will be supershear,” Ben-Zion said, “but we can say with certainty that over the next few decades, we will have multiple magnitude 7 earthquakes in California.” The researchers warn that current design standards don’t fully account for a supershear quake’s extra hit. Buildings are generally engineered for the strongest shaking perpendicular to (垂直于) faults, but supershear quakes direct their energy along the fault line itself. “Critical structures should be built to this higher standard, and so far, they are not,” Ben-Zion said. The researchers also call for closer monitoring near major faults and advanced computer predictions on supershear situations. “This is where everybody has to contribute,” Elbanna said. 1．Why did Elbanna mention a plane in paragraph 3? A．To make a prediction. B．To redefine a concept. C．To explain a phenomenon. D．To show destructive impact. 2．What do Ben-Zion’s words in paragraph 5 suggest? A．Most cities in California are free of earthquakes. B．California is bound to experience big earthquakes. C．Supershear earthquakes are rarely seen worldwide. D．It’s easy to predict and identify supershear earthquakes. 3．What can be known about current buildings? A．They can fall victim to supershear earthquakes. B．They fully absorb the energy of supershear ruptures. C．They can easily be destroyed by normal earthquakes. D．They don’t account for the shaking perpendicular to faults. 4．What is the author’s purpose in writing the text? A．To issue a warning about common earthquakes. B．To offer tips on analyzing a lesser-known danger. C．To explore California’s earthquake-stricken areas. D．To call for preparations for supershear earthquakes. 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ Unit 5 Humans and Nature 单元话题阅读理解 Unit 5 Humans and Nature单元话题：人与自然 本资料共10篇专题训练，从上到下依次按照难度分为基础语篇巩固练和重难语篇提升练 基础语篇巩固练 Natural disasters like earthquakes, floods and typhoons can happen suddenly. They may break houses, hurt people or even take lives. For teenagers, learning about these disasters is not just a school lesson — it’s a useful skill to keep us safe. Here are three key reasons why we need to learn about them. First, it helps us stay safe when disasters come. For example, if you know to hide under a strong table and stay away from windows during an earthquake, you can protect yourself and your family. Without this knowledge, you might feel scared and make wrong choices that put you in danger. Many schools hold disaster practice activities to teach students these skills, and we should take these practices seriously. Second, learning about disasters lets us get ready before they happen. We can learn to make an emergency bag with water, food and a flashlight. We can also talk with our family about a safety plan — like where to meet if we get separated during a flood. Getting ready doesn’t take much time, but it can save lives when bad things happen. Third, it teaches us to care about others. When a typhoon hits a village, many people lose their homes and have no food to eat. By learning about these hard times, we can understand how difficult their lives are. Then we can help in small ways, like giving away old clothes or collecting money for them. This makes us more responsible and kind. Some people think learning about natural disasters is scary. But in fact, it gives us the knowledge to face emergencies with confidence. Every teenager should spend time learning about natural disasters — it’s not just for ourselves, but also for the people we care about. 1．What do many schools do to teach students disaster skills? A．Hold disaster practice activities. B．Ask students to write long articles. C．Take students to disaster areas. D．Invite students to watch scary movies. 2．What can teenagers put in an emergency bag? A．Toys and storybooks. B．Water, food and a flashlight. C．Phones and computer games. D．Chips and sweet drinks. 3．What can we infer about people who think learning about disasters is scary? A．They have experienced many natural disasters. B．They often help people in disaster areas. C．They are good at making emergency plans with family. D．They don’t know learning about disasters helps stay safe. 4．What can we infer from the passage? A．Natural disasters never happen in safe areas. B．Teenagers can’t help people in disaster areas. C．Learning about disasters makes teenagers braver. D．Emergency bags are too expensive to make. 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．D 4．C 【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章反驳了“学习自然灾害知识可怕”的观点，呼吁青少年重视相关学习。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“Many schools hold disaster practice activities to teach students these skills, and we should take these practices seriously. (许多学校会举办灾害演练活动来教学生这些技能，我们应该认真对待这些演练。)”可知，学校通过举办灾害演练活动传授灾害应对技能。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“We can learn to make an emergency bag with water, food and a flashlight. (我们可以学习准备一个应急包，里面装上水、食物和手电筒。)”可知，应急包中可放置水、食物和手电筒。故选B。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Some people think learning about natural disasters is scary. But in fact, it gives us the knowledge to face emergencies with confidence. (有些人认为学习自然灾害知识很可怕。但事实上，它能让我们掌握知识，自信地面对紧急情况。)”可推断，认为学习自然灾害知识可怕的人，可能不了解这些知识能帮助人们保障安全，只看到了灾害本身的可怕之处。故选D。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Some people think learning about natural disasters is scary. But in fact, it gives us the knowledge to face emergencies with confidence. (有些人认为学习自然灾害知识很可怕。但事实上，它能让我们掌握知识，自信地面对紧急情况。)”可知，学习自然灾害知识能让青少年自信面对紧急情况，即变得更勇敢。故选C。 Located on the US-Canada border, the Great Lakes make up 84% of North America’s surface fresh water and are a source of drinking water for over 30 million people. Lake Huron Lake Huron is the second-largest Great Lake and boasts the world’s longest shoreline. Thunder Bay National Marine Sanctuary protects almost 100 historic shipwrecks, the oldest dating back to the mid-1800s, often referred to as “shipwreck alley”. Lake Michigan The only Great Lake entirely in the United States, is Lake Michigan. The Indiana Dunes National Park provides a home for a variety of wildlife. Lake Michigan also features more than 50 lighthouses, the most among the five lakes. Lake Superior Lake Superior is the largest, coldest and deepest of the Great Lakes and the biggest freshwater lake in the world. Within the lake is Isle Royale National Park where wolves, moose, and western painted turtles live. Lake Erie Lake Erie is the warmest and shallowest, which attracts migratory birds. In the 1960s, Lake Erie experienced severe water pollution and was thought to be dying. But thanks to the ecologists’ joint efforts by Canada and the US, water quality has improved significantly over the decades. Lake Ontario The smallest of the Great Lakes, Lake Ontario holds almost four times the water of Lake Erie. Water from the other four lakes flows into Ontario, which features several special sights. Ontario recently drew scientific attention from experts and college students, who set out on a mission to create 3D digital models of 17 shipwrecks in the region. 1．What is a unique feature of Lake Michigan? A．Lying completely within the US. B．The second-largest lake. C．The warmest and shallowest lake. D．Receiving water from other lakes. 2．What can be inferred about Lake Erie? A．It is famous for having the most lighthouses. B．It is the deepest and coldest among the five lakes. C．It faced an ecological problem properly handled later. D．Its water quality has remained excellent throughout history. 3．Which two lakes commonly have shipwreck projects? A．Lake Huron & Lake Erie. B．Lake Huron & Lake Ontario. C．Lake Michigan & Lake Superior. D．Lake Superior & Lake Ontario. 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍位于美加边境的五大湖的基本情况，包括每个湖泊的独特特征、生态资源和相关历史与科研项目。 1．细节理解题。根据Lake Michigan部分中的“The only Great Lake entirely in the United States, is Lake Michigan. (密歇根湖是唯一一个完全位于美国境内的五大湖)”可知，密歇根湖的独特之处在于它完全坐落在美国境内。故选A项。 2．推理判断题。根据Lake Erie部分中的“In the 1960s, Lake Erie experienced severe water pollution and was thought to be dying. But thanks to the ecologists’ joint efforts by Canada and the US, water quality has improved significantly over the decades. (20世纪60年代，伊利湖遭遇严重水污染，曾被认为正在走向“死亡”。但在美加两国生态学家的共同努力下，数十年来其水质得到了显著改善)”可推断，伊利湖曾面临生态危机，且这一问题后来得到了妥善解决。故选C项。 3．细节理解题。根据Lake Huron部分中的“Thunder Bay National Marine Sanctuary protects almost 100 historic shipwrecks... (桑德贝国家海洋保护区保护着近100处历史沉船遗迹)”，以及Lake Ontario部分中的“Ontario recently drew scientific attention from experts and college students, who set out on a mission to create 3D digital models of 3 shipwrecks in the region. (近期，安大略湖吸引了专家与大学生的科研关注，他们已着手开展一项任务，为该区域内的 3 处沉船遗迹建立三维数字模型)”可知，休伦湖和安大略湖都开展了与沉船相关的项目。故选B项。 Hurricanes combine strong winds and heavy rain to create some of Earth’s most powerful storms. When these storms near land, wind can bring disastrous (灾难性的) damage, even causing tornadoes. But the bigger danger is rain, which can cause disastrous and often deadly flooding. But how are hurricanes formed? Hurricanes begin as tropical disturbances in warm ocean waters with surface temperatures of at least 80℉. Those low-pressure systems get energy from warm seas. Hurricanes bring destruction on land in many different ways. When a hurricane reaches the land, it often produces a disastrous storm surge (风暴潮) — ocean water pushed onto the land by wind — that can reach 20 feet (6 meters) high and move several miles inland. Storm surges and flooding are the two most dangerous aspects of hurricanes, making up three-quarters of deaths from Atlantic tropical storms, according to a 2014 study. A hurricane’s high winds are destructive and may cause tornadoes. Heavy rains cause further damage like coastal flooding and landslides, which may occur many miles inland. While a number of factors decide a hurricane’s strength and influence, warmer temperatures in certain locations play an important role. In the Atlantic, warming in the Arctic could push future hurricane paths farther west, making landing in the US more possible. Warming temperatures can also slow tropical storms, which can be a problem if their movement over land is longer, possibly increasing storm surges, rainfall, and the time affected by high winds. The best way to protect against a hurricane is a reliable prediction that gives people time to be evacuated. The National Hurricane Center issues hurricane watches for possible storms within 48 hours and hurricane warnings for expected storms within 36 hours. 1．Which is the more dangerous part about hurricanes according to paragraph 1? A．Wind. B．Tornado. C．Rain. D．Tsunami. 2．What does the underlined word “destruction” in paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Great damage. B．Quick movement. C．Little harm. D．Safe shelter. 3．What is an important factor that decides a hurricane’s strength and influence? A．Cold ocean waters. B．Warmer temperatures. C．Deadly flooding. D．Terrible landslides. 4．What is the main purpose of the whole text? A．To introduce basic knowledge about hurricanes. B．To show us how to predict hurricanes. C．To warn people to stay away from hurricanes. D．To tell us how to survive hurricanes. 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．B 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍飓风的危害、形成条件、影响因素以及对应的预防预警措施等基本知识。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“But the bigger danger is rain, which can cause disastrous and often deadly flooding.(但更大的危险是降雨，它会引发灾难性且往往致命的洪水。)”可知，飓风带来的更大威胁是降雨，而非大风或龙卷风。故选C项。 2．词句猜测题。根据第三段中的“When a hurricane reaches the land, it often produces a disastrous storm surge (风暴潮) — ocean water pushed onto the land by wind — that can reach 20 feet (6 meters) high and move several miles inland.(当飓风登陆时，它通常会产生灾难性的风暴潮——海水被风推到陆地上——高度可达20英尺（6米）)，并向内陆推进数英里。)”可知，该段主要介绍飓风登陆后带来的各类破坏，因此“destruction”的意思是“巨大的破坏”。故选A项。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段中的“While a number of factors decide a hurricane’s strength and influence, warmer temperatures in certain locations play an important role.(虽然有许多因素决定飓风的强度和影响，但某些地区的气温升高起着重要作用。)”可知，温度升高是决定飓风强度和影响的一个重要因素。故选B项。 4．推理判断题。通读全文可知，文章依次介绍了飓风的危害、形成条件、破坏形式、影响因素以及预警措施，整体围绕飓风的相关基本知识展开，因此全文的写作目的是介绍飓风的基础常识。故选A项。 Seven people have died in a landslide caused by pouring rain in Indonesia’s Sumatra island, officials said on Thursday, adding to the death toll (死亡人数) from landslides in the region this week. Rescuers recovered the bodies of the victims, including a driver and passengers, from a tourist bus that was covered by trees, mud, and rocks in the landslide on the road from Medan city to Berastagi town in Indonesia’s North Sumatra province. The route is the main access from the capital Medan to other districts in the region. The bus was among vehicles that had been cut off by landslides on the road since Wednesday morning. More than 10 people were also injured and have been relocated to the hospital in Medan city. Muji Ediyanto, traffic director of the North Sumatra Regional Police, said in a video message distributed by Indonesia’s National Search and Rescue Agency on Thursday that some vehicles remain trapped between the landslide locations along that road. “It will take at least two days to withdraw them from the landslide. Several vehicles are still trapped by piles from the landslides. There are also fallen trees at several points and landslides and the vehicles have not been able to get out of the locations,” Ediyanto said. Earlier this week, 20 people died after flash floods and landslides at four locations in the mountainsides of North Sumatra province, including Karo regency that is located less than 20 kilometers from the most-recent landslide location. Seasonal rains from around October through to March frequently cause flooding and landslides in Indonesia, an archipelago (群岛) of 17,000 islands where millions of people live in mountainous areas or near fertile (肥沃的) flood plains. 1．What happened to the tourist bus? A．It was hit by fallen rocks alone. B．It disappeared in sudden flash floods. C．Most passengers in it were rescued immediately. D．It was buried by a mixture of mud and stones. 2．Why will clearing the Medan-Berastagi road take at least two days? A．Heavy machines have not arrived. B．The injured hold up the traffic. C．Many landslides and fallen trees still trap the road. D．Rescue workers care more about finding bodies than opening the road. 3．What can we learn about landslides in Indonesia? A．They often happen in urban areas. B．They are predictable and preventable. C．They primarily affect agricultural land. D．They are common during certain months. 4．What is the best title for the passage? A．Flash Floods Made 20 People Lose Their Lives. B．Climate Change Causes More Disasters in Indonesia. C．Landslide Buries Tourist Bus in North Sumatra. D．Rescuers Perform Operations on Medan-Berastagi Road. 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．D 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇新闻报道。主要讲述了印度尼西亚苏门答腊岛因暴雨引发山体滑坡，导致人员伤亡和道路阻塞的事件，以及季节性降雨对印尼的影响。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“Rescuers recovered the bodies of the victims, including a driver and passengers, from a tourist bus that was covered by trees, mud, and rocks in the landslide on the road from Medan city to Berastagi town in Indonesia’s North Sumatra province. The route is the main access from the capital Medan to other districts in the region.(救援人员从印尼北苏门答腊省棉兰市前往贝拉斯塔吉镇的公路塌方现场，找到了被树木、泥土和岩石掩埋的旅游巴士上的遇难者遗体，其中包括司机和乘客。该线路是省会棉兰市通往该地区其他区县的主要通道。)”可知，这辆旅游巴士被泥土和石块的混合物掩埋了。故选D项。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“Several vehicles are still trapped by piles from the landslides. There are also fallen trees at several points and landslides and the vehicles have not been able to get out of the locations,(有多辆汽车仍被滑坡产生的堆积物困住。沿途多处还有倒伏的树木和滑坡体，车辆无法驶离事发地，)”可知，清理道路至少需要两天是因为多处滑坡和倒伏树木仍阻塞着道路。故选C项。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Seasonal rains from around October through to March frequently cause flooding and landslides in Indonesia, an archipelago (群岛) of 17,000 islands where millions of people live in mountainous areas or near fertile (肥沃的) flood plains.(每年10月左右至次年3月的季节性降雨，在印度尼西亚频繁引发洪水和滑坡。这个由1.7万个岛屿组成的群岛国家，有数百万民众居住在山区或肥沃的洪泛平原附近。)”可知，印尼的滑坡在特定月份较为多发。故选D项。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Seven people have died in a landslide caused by pouring rains in Indonesia’s Sumatra island, officials said on Thursday, adding to the death toll (死亡人数) from landslides in the region this week. Rescuers recovered the bodies of the victims, including a driver and passengers, from a tourist bus that was covered by trees, mud, and rocks in the landslide on the road from Medan city to Berastagi town in Indonesia’s North Sumatra province. The route is the main access from the capital Medan to other districts in the region.(官员于周四表示，印尼苏门答腊岛因暴雨引发塌方，已造成7人遇难，这使得该地区本周的塌方死亡人数进一步上升。救援人员在印尼北苏门答腊省棉兰市前往贝拉斯塔吉镇的公路塌方现场，找到了被树木、泥土和岩石掩埋的旅游巴士上的遇难者遗体，其中包括司机和乘客。该线路是省会棉兰市通往该地区其他区县的主要通道。)”以及下文可知，文章开篇点明印尼北苏门答腊省因暴雨引发滑坡，一辆旅游巴士被掩埋致7人遇难，后续介绍了救援情况、道路清理难度及本周该地区的其他滑坡灾害。所以C项Landslide Buries Tourist Bus in North Sumatra(北苏门答腊滑坡掩埋旅游巴士)精准概括核心事件。故选C项。 Recent winter storms have brought heavy rain and snow to California. This increase in snowpack has delayed the start of the wildfire season. Experts believe the fire season may be milder than usual, but conditions could change by July. For now, fire activity in Southern California is expected to be below normal in May and June, while Northern California is likely to have an average fire season. Statewide, the wet season has been longer than usual, and more rain and snow may continue into April or early May. Lower elevations (海拔) are green and wet, while higher elevations are covered in snow. The deeper the snowpack, the longer it takes to melt (融化). This slows down the drying of vegetation and delays warm weather. In years with above-average snowpack, Northern California has seen fewer acres burned. However, climate change is affecting fire patterns (模式). Fires are now reaching higher elevations where snow once prevented them. Some areas have fewer trees to protect snow from the sun, causing faster melting and shifting the risk from floods to droughts. Rising temperatures are also pushing the snow line higher, making forests more likely to burn in summer. Some desert regions, which received extra rain, have grown more grass. Once these dry out by late spring, they could fuel wildfires, like the York Fire — the state’s largest fire in 2023. Additionally, winds play a key role in spreading wildfires. Forecasters expect fewer strong offshore winds, partly due to El Niño. However, sudden weather changes could still lead to major fires. Dry lightning, unexpected heat or rapid shifts in rainfall can turn a mild fire season into a severe one. Within this long-term change, research suggests that burned areas in California could grow by 50% from 2031 to 2050 due to climate change. While some years may see fewer fires, overall, rising temperatures and drier conditions are making wildfires more common. 1．What does the underlined word “delayed” in paragraph 1 mean? A．Referred to. B．Sped up. C．Put off. D．Longed for. 2．What can we know from paragraph 2? A．Forest fires always hit California in early May. B．The wet season is likely to last for a short time. C．It has been years since California saw heavy rain. D．California expects a late start to the wildfire season. 3．Why does the author mention the York Fire in 2023? A．To remind us to stop human error. B．To show the danger of the dry grass. C．To explain it hardly rains in the desert. D．To sound the alarm about global warming. 4．What does research suggest about California wildfires? A．Their likelihood will largely increase. B．They will probably drop by 50% in 2031. C．It takes time to put them under control. D．They are mainly caused by human activities. 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．B 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍加州冬季暴雨暴雪延缓山火季，同时分析气候变暖、植被等因素对山火风险的影响。 1．词句猜测题。根据第一段中“Recent winter storms have brought heavy rain and snow to California. This increase in snowpack has delayed the start of the wildfire season.(最近的冬季风暴给加州带来了暴雨和暴雪。积雪量的增加delayed山火季的开始)”及常识可知，积雪会让山火季推迟，故delayed意为“推迟”。C选项“Put off(推迟)”符合题意。故选 C。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段中“For now, fire activity in Southern California is expected to be below normal in May and June, while Northern California is likely to have an average fire season. Statewide, the wet season has been longer than usual, and more rain and snow may continue into April or early May. Lower elevations (海拔) are green and wet, while higher elevations are covered in snow.(目前，南加州5月和6月的山火活动预计将低于正常水平，而北加州可能会经历一个平均强度的山火季。全州范围内，雨季比往常更长，更多的降雨和降雪可能会持续到4月或5月初。低海拔地区草木葱郁、湿度充足，而高海拔地区则被积雪覆盖。)”可知，从第二段我们可以知道加州预计野火季开始较晚。故选D。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段中“Some desert regions, which received extra rain, have grown more grass. Once these dry out by late spring, they could fuel wildfires, like the York Fire — the state’s largest fire in 2023.(一些沙漠地区降雨量增加，长出了更多的草。一旦这些草在晚春干旱，就可能引发山火，比如 2023 年该州最大的山火 —— 约克山火)”可知，作者提到约克山火是为了说明干旱的草会引发山火，体现干草的危险性。故选 B。 4．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“Within this long-term change, research suggests that burned areas in California could grow by 50% from 2031 to 2050 due to climate change. While some years may see fewer fires, overall, rising temperatures and drier conditions are making wildfires more common.(在这种长期变化中，研究表明，由于气候变化，2031年至2050年，加州的山火燃烧面积可能会增加50%。虽然有些年份山火可能会减少，但总体而言，气温上升和干旱条件正使山火变得更加普遍)”可知，研究表明加州山火发生的可能性将大幅增加。故选 A。 The giant Amazon rainforest in South America has been a mystery for centuries. It holds all kinds of natural wonders. Among them in Colombia, a river stands out as ”the most beautiful river“ in the world. Locally called Carnio Cristales, this special river lies in a national park. It is made up of several waterfalls, rapids, and plenty of pools. For most of the year, Carnio Cristales looks like a common river: clean, green, and rocky. However, during the short period between September and November, the river explodes with life and colour. It appears as any mix of colours including blue, green, yellow, orange, and a purplish red. So it is also known as the “River of Five Colours”. Although at first it may appear as if some chemicals were added to the water, this rainbow river is completely natural, Carnio Cristales’ colours are the result of a rare (稀有) water plant which needs sunlight to grow. The plants change colour depending on how much sunlight they receive, and the amount is decided by the height and speed of the water. Therefore, it is possible for the plants to be totally colourless if the sunlight is too hard to get. They are a delicate plant. This makes them easily damaged in the water. Actually, the river faces some problems, including drier seasons, wildlife trouble, waste management, and budget (预算) cuts. In 2007, the park was forced to close because it was overcrowded with tourists. Now the park admits only 200 people a day and requires them to mind their behaviour. Today, Carnio Cristales still shines among Colombia’s most popular natural attractions, drawing thousands of tourists every year. 1．When is the best time to visit Carnio Cristales? A．In October. B．In March. C．In June. D．In January. 2．Why is Carnio Cristales colourful? A．The water is badly polluted. B．People add chemicals to it. C．A special plant lives in it. D．The weather is changeable there. 3．Why does Carnio Cristales return to a common river appearance for most of the year? A．The plants lose their colors due to heavy rainfall. B．The water becomes polluted during dry seasons. C．Insufficient (不足的) sunlight prevents the plants from changing color. D．Tourists remove the colorful plants for souvenirs. 4．What once caused the park to be closed? A．The wildlife problem. B．The poor service. C．Too much rubbish. D．Too many visitors. 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．C 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了哥伦比亚卡诺水晶河的自然奇观。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“However, during the short period between September and November, the river explodes with life and colour. It appears as any mix of colours including blue, green, yellow, orange, and a purplish red. So it is also known as the “River of Five Colours”(然而，在9月至11月的短暂时间里，这条河充满了生机和色彩。它看起来像任何颜色的混合，包括蓝色、绿色、黄色、橙色和紫红色。所以它也被称为“五色河”。)”可知，最佳观赏时间为9–11月，选项中只有10月处于该时段。故选A项。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段的句子“Although at first it may appear as if some chemicals were added to the water, this rainbow river is completely natural, Carnio Cristales’ colours are the result of a rare (稀有) water plant which needs sunlight to grow. The plants change colour depending on how much sunlight they receive, and the amount is decided by the height and speed of the water.(虽然乍一看，这条彩虹河似乎添加了一些化学物质，但它是完全天然的，卡诺水晶河的颜色是一种罕见的水生植物的结果，这种植物需要阳光才能生长。植物的颜色取决于它们接收到的阳光的多少，而多少取决于水的高度和速度。)”可知，卡诺水晶河的颜色源于一种特殊水生植物。故选C项。 3．细节理解题。根据第二段的句子“For most of the year, Carnio Cristales looks like a common river: clean, green, and rocky. However, during the short period between September and November, the river explodes with life and colour. It appears as any mix of colours including blue, green, yellow, orange, and a purplish red.(在一年中的大部分时间里，卡诺水晶河看起来就像一条普通的河流：干净、绿色、多岩石。然而，在9月至11月的短暂时间里，这条河充满了生机和色彩。它看起来像任何颜色的混合，包括蓝色、绿色、黄色、橙色和紫红色。)”和第三段的句子“Although at first it may appear as if some chemicals were added to the water, this rainbow river is completely natural, Carnio Cristales’ colours are the result of a rare (稀有) water plant which needs sunlight to grow. The plants change colour depending on how much sunlight they receive, and the amount is decided by the height and speed of the water.(虽然乍一看，这条彩虹河似乎添加了一些化学物质，但它是完全天然的，卡尼诺水晶河的颜色是一种罕见的水生植物的结果，这种植物需要阳光才能生长。植物的颜色取决于它们接收到的阳光的多少，而多少取决于水的高度和速度。)”可知，大多数月份因光照不足植物不显色，河流呈普通外观。故选C项。 4．细节理解题。根据第四段的句子“In 2007, the park was forced to close because it was overcrowded with tourists(2007年，由于游客过多，该公园被迫关闭)”可知，游客过多导致公园关闭。故选D项。 According to related new research, tropical cyclones (热带气旋), from hurricanes to typhoons, are moving more slowly across the globe than they did decades ago, meaning that they get more destructive power and last longer. It may seem like a good thing that cyclones pace (行进) at a slower speed, but in fact it’s not the case. Although the cyclones are moving slower across the ground, they still get high wind speeds inside, which makes the hard rain stay longer over communities. “Nothing good comes out of a slowing storm,” says James Kossin, a climate scientist, “It can increase the amount of time that buildings are suffering strong wind. And it increases rainfall.” According to Kossin’s findings, changing storm patterns (模式) is causing greater destruction in another way. He noted that the speed of global tropical cyclones slowed by an average of 10 percent from 1949 to 2016. The pace of the storms slowed even more as they made landfall in some areas. In the western North Pacific, it slowed down by nearly a third. That means there will be more time for a storm that may already contain large quantities of water to give off more of it in each place. Basing his research on the details of nearly 70 years’ worth of storms, Kossin did not try to decide the cause of the slowdown. Even so, the change is the expected result of climate change, just as he and other cyclone experts said. Kossin’s work was considered to be “important and new” and “pretty reasonable” by Christina Patricola, who has been studying this issue. It is Kossin’s hope that a model showing which communities are likely to be at the highest danger could be developed by scientists. Given that in some areas, the storms are moving poleward and gaining in strength as well, places not normally passed by could be affected by unusually heavy rainfall as a result. “These are not good things to be put together,” he says. 1．Why do cyclones pacing more slowly cause more destruction? A．They get higher wind speeds outside. B．They move poleward in a faster speed. C．They make the rain stay longer in a place. D．They cause more serious climate change. 2．What has Kossin found about the western North Pacific? A．It has much wetter air than other areas. B．The storms there cause less damage. C．The speed of the storms there slows more. D．It has higher danger of being hit by storms. 3．Why does the author quote Christina Patricola’s words? A．To stress the importance of studying storms. B．To attract more attention to research on storms. C．To suggest she is a leading scientist in this field. D．To show that Kossin’s work has been recognized. 4．In which section of a newspaper may this text appear? A．Science. B．Health. C．Agriculture. D．Education. 【答案】1．C 2．C 3．D 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍热带气旋移动速度变慢，破坏力增强且持续时间变长等相关研究发现。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Although the cyclones are moving slower across the ground, they still get high wind speeds inside, which makes the hard rain stay longer over communities. (尽管气旋在地面移动速度变慢，但内部风速仍然很高，这使得暴雨在社区上空持续更长时间)”可知，移动变慢的气旋会造成更大破坏是因为它们让雨水在一个地方停留的时间更长。故选C项。 2．细节理解题。根据第四段中的“He noted that the speed of global tropical cyclones slowed by an average of 10 percent from 1949 to 2016. The pace of the storms slowed even more as they made landfall in some areas. In the western North Pacific, it slowed down by nearly a third. (他指出，1949年至2016年间，全球热带气旋的速度平均减慢了10%。在一些地区登陆时，风暴的速度减慢得更厉害。在西北太平洋地区，其速度减慢了近三分之一)”可知，科辛发现西北太平洋地区的风暴速度减慢得更多。故选C项。 3．推理判断题。根据第六段中的“Kossin’s work was considered to be “important and new” and “pretty reasonable” by Christina Patricola, who has been studying this issue. (一直在研究这一问题的克里斯蒂娜・帕特里科拉认为科辛的研究“具有重要性且新颖”，而且“相当合理”)”可知，作者引用克里斯蒂娜・帕特里科拉的话是为了表明科辛的研究得到了认可。故选D项。 4．推理判断题。根据全文中的“According to related new research (根据相关新研究)”以及围绕热带气旋移动速度变慢的研究发现、影响等内容可知，文章属于科学研究类内容，可能出现在报纸的科学版块。故选A项。 It is hardly surprising that rivers have been an important part of human history: They provide food, freshwater, and rich land for growing crops. While water is crucial to life, it can be a destructive force, too. When rivers flood, the effects can be destructive. Flooding is one of the most common types, and it is often fatal (灾难性的). While floods bring damage, they also bring nutrients and essential components for life. Seasonal floods can renew ecosystems, providing life-giving waters in more ways than one. Floods transport vital nutrients to the surrounding land. When the water flows away, it leaves nutrients behind on the floodplain. This rich, natural fertilizer improves soil quality and has a positive effect on plant growth, thus increasing productivity in the ecosystem. Ancient civilizations first started along the river mouths of seasonally flooded rivers, such as the Nile in Egypt, because they provided rich soil for farmlands. Floods can supply underground water sources. Floodwater goes into the ground, and then passed through beds of soil and rock, finally reaching underground aquifers (含水层). These aquifers supply clean freshwater to springs, wells, lakes, and rivers. Ecosystems rely heavily on groundwater during dry spells when it may be the only supply of freshwater available. A good supply of groundwater has a great impact on soil health and leads to more productive crop and pasture lands. Floods are a force of nature, and their results, both positive and negative, are strongly felt by affected ecosystems. Floods can be destructive to humans and the natural environment, but they also help to drive biodiversity and are essential to the functioning of many ecosystems. Whether you consider floods to be good or bad, one thing is for certain: The world would be a very different place without them. 1．Why does the author mention the role of water in paragraph 1? A．To show its importance in life. B．To lead in the topic of flooding. C．To present an argument about water. D．To describe the damaging force of nature. 2．What made the Nile one of ancient civilization birthplaces? A．The nutrients left in the water. B．The plant growth on the farmland. C．The groundwater sources in the ecosystem. D．The soil quality improved by fertilizer. 3．What can we imply from the text? A．Floods only bring damage to ecosystems. B．Floods are the main source of all groundwater. C．Floods provide freshwater directly to the rivers. D．Floods are important for underground water renewal. 4．Which of the following is the best title for the text? A．The Results of Floods on Agriculture B．The History of Flooding in Ecosystems C．Rivers: A Source of Natural Environment D．Floods: A Force for Destruction and Renewal 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．D 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。作者先指出洪水常被视为破坏力量，继而用“养分补给—土壤增肥—地下水回补”两条主线说明季节性洪水对生态系统和古代农业文明的积极意义，提出“洪水利弊并存，世界因之不同”的观点。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段“While water is crucial to life, it can be a destructive force, too.(尽管水对生命至关重要，它也可能成为可怕的力量)”可知，作者提及洪水的作用是引入洪水主题。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段“Ancient civilizations first started along the river mouths of seasonally flooded rivers, such as the Nile in Egypt, because they provided rich soil for farmlands.(古代文明最初发源于季节性泛滥河流的河口，例如埃及的尼罗河，因为这些河流为农田提供了肥沃的土壤)”可知，尼罗河成为文明发源地是因为洪水留下的天然肥料改善了土壤质量。故选D。 3．推理判断题。根据第三段“Floods can supply underground water sources. Floodwater goes into the ground, and then passed through beds of soil and rock, finally reaching underground aquifers (含水层). These aquifers supply clean freshwater to springs, wells, lakes, and rivers.(洪水能够补给地下水源。洪水渗入地下，随后流经土壤层与岩层，最终抵达地下含水层。这些含水层为水井、湖泊与河流提供清洁的淡水)”可知，洪水对地下水更新具有重要意义。故选D。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段中“It is hardly surprising that rivers have been an important part of human history: They provide food, freshwater, and rich land for growing crops. While water is crucial to life, it can be a destructive force, too.(河流在人类历史中一直扮演重要角色，这并不令人惊讶：它们提供食物、淡水和肥沃的耕地。虽然水对生命至关重要，却也可能成为一种破坏力量)”可知，文章主要说明了洪水会带来破坏，但同时带来了生命所需的营养和基本成分，可以带来的肥沃土壤以及提供地下水源。由此可知，D选项“洪水：破坏与复兴的力量”适合作本文最佳标题。故选D。 重难语篇提升练 Most Californians are accustomed to experiencing earthquakes, but researchers warn that the state faces a lesser-known danger: supershear earthquakes, which move so quickly that they outrun their own seismic (地震的) waves. “While California is no more likely to have supershear earthquakes than other similar regions with large fault (断层) systems like the San Andreas, the threat has gone unnoticed for too long,” said Yehuda Ben-Zion, director of the Statewide California Earthquake Center (SCEC), based at USC Dornlife. “The frequency of the supershear ruptures (超剪切破裂) has been greatly underappreciated.” “Just as a plane outpacing sound generates a powerful shockwave in the atmosphere, a supershear rupture creates shock fronts in the ground once it surpasses the speed of seismic shear waves,” said Ahmed Elbanna, director-designate of SCEC． “It breaks the shear wave speed barrier in the rocks and produces destructive waves that are stronger than what’s generated by a normal earthquake.” This additional force can strike communities with severe impact. Supershear quakes not only spread intense shaking over larger regions but also deliver what Elbanna describes as a “double strike” — a sharp shake from the shock front followed by the seismic waves. Worldwide, about one-third of large strike-slip earthquakes are supershear. That matters in California, where many faults near large urban areas are strike-slip and capable of magnitude 7 earthquakes. “We cannot say exactly when and where the next earthquake will be and which one will be supershear,” Ben-Zion said, “but we can say with certainty that over the next few decades, we will have multiple magnitude 7 earthquakes in California.” The researchers warn that current design standards don’t fully account for a supershear quake’s extra hit. Buildings are generally engineered for the strongest shaking perpendicular to (垂直于) faults, but supershear quakes direct their energy along the fault line itself. “Critical structures should be built to this higher standard, and so far, they are not,” Ben-Zion said. The researchers also call for closer monitoring near major faults and advanced computer predictions on supershear situations. “This is where everybody has to contribute,” Elbanna said. 1．Why did Elbanna mention a plane in paragraph 3? A．To make a prediction. B．To redefine a concept. C．To show destructive impact. D．To explain a phenomenon. 2．What do Ben-Zion’s words in paragraph 5 suggest? A．California is bound to experience big earthquakes. B．Most cities in California are free of earthquakes. C．Supershear earthquakes are rarely seen worldwide. D．It’s easy to predict and identify supershear earthquakes. 3．What can be known about current buildings? A．They can fall victim to supershear earthquakes. B．They fully absorb the energy of supershear ruptures. C．They can easily be destroyed by normal earthquakes. D．They don’t account for the shaking perpendicular to faults. 4．What is the author’s purpose in writing the text? A．To issue a warning about common earthquakes. B．To offer tips on analyzing a lesser-known danger. C．To call for preparations for supershear earthquakes. D．To explore California’s earthquake-stricken areas. 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．A 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了研究人员警告加州面临超剪切地震威胁，需加强防范与准备。 1．推理判断题。根据第三段中““While California is no more likely to have supershear earthquakes than other similar regions with large fault (断层) systems like the San Andreas, the threat has gone unnoticed for too long,” said Yehuda Ben-Zion, director of the Statewide California Earthquake Center (SCEC), based at USC Dornlife. “The frequency of the supershear ruptures (超剪切破裂) has been greatly underappreciated.”(“虽然加利福尼亚发生超剪切地震的可能性并不比其他拥有像圣安德烈亚斯断层这样大型断层系统的类似地区更高，但这一威胁长期以来一直未被重视，”位于南加州大学多恩西弗分校的加州全州地震中心（SCEC）主任耶Yehuda Ben-Zion说道，“超剪切破裂的发生频率一直被严重低估。”)”可知，Elbanna提到飞机是为了通过类比解释超剪切地震的形成原理这一现象。故选D。 2．推理判断题。根据第五段中““We cannot say exactly when and where the next earthquake will be and which one will be supershear,” Ben-Zion said, “but we can say with certainty that over the next few decades, we will have multiple magnitude 7 earthquakes in California.”(Ben-Zion说：“我们无法确切说出下一次地震何时何地发生，也无法确定哪一次会是超剪切地震，但我们可以肯定地说，在未来几十年里，加利福尼亚州将发生多次7级地震。”)”可知，Ben-Zion的话表明加州注定要经历大地震。故选A。 3．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“The researchers warn that current design standards don’t fully account for a supershear quake’s extra hit. Buildings are generally engineered for the strongest shaking perpendicular to (垂直于) faults, but supershear quakes direct their energy along the fault line itself.(研究人员警告说，目前的设计标准并没有充分考虑超剪切地震的额外冲击。建筑物通常是为垂直于断层的最强震动而设计的，但超剪切地震的能量是沿着断层线传播的。)”可知，目前的建筑可能会受到超剪切地震的影响。故选A。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“The researchers also call for closer monitoring near major faults and advanced computer predictions on supershear situations. “This is where everybody has to contribute,” Elbanna said.(研究人员还呼吁对主要断层附近进行更密切的监测，并对超剪切情况进行先进的计算机预测。Elbanna说：“这是每个人都需要做出贡献的地方。”)”可知，作者写这篇文章的目的是呼吁为超剪切地震做好准备。故选C。 Most Californians are accustomed to experiencing earthquakes, but researchers warn that the state faces a lesser-known danger: supershear earthquakes, which move so quickly that they outrun their own seismic (地震的) waves. “While California is no more likely to have supershear earthquakes than other similar regions with large fault (断层) systems like the San Andreas, the threat has gone unnoticed for too long,” said Yehuda Ben-Zion, director of the Statewide California Earthquake Center (SCEC), based at USC Dornsife. “The frequency of the supershear rupture (超剪切破裂) has been greatly underappreciated.” “Just as a plane outpacing sound generates a powerful shockwave in the atmosphere, a supershear rupture creates shock fronts in the ground once it surpasses the speed of seismic shear waves,” said Ahmed Elbanna, director-designate of SCEC． “It breaks the shear wave speed barrier in the rocks and produces destructive waves that are stronger than what’s generated by a normal earthquake.” This additional force can strike communities with severe impact. Supershear quakes not only spread intense shaking over larger regions but also deliver what Elbanna describes as a “double strike”—a sharp shake from the shock front followed by the seismic waves. Worldwide, about one-third of large strike-slip earthquakes are supershear. That matters in California, where many faults near large urban areas are strike-slip and capable of magnitude 7 earthquakes. “We cannot say exactly when and where the next earthquake will be and which one will be supershear,” Ben-Zion said, “but we can say with certainty that over the next few decades, we will have multiple magnitude 7 earthquakes in California.” The researchers warn that current design standards don’t fully account for a supershear quake’s extra hit. Buildings are generally engineered for the strongest shaking perpendicular to (垂直于) faults, but supershear quakes direct their energy along the fault line itself. “Critical structures should be built to this higher standard, and so far, they are not,” Ben-Zion said. The researchers also call for closer monitoring near major faults and advanced computer predictions on supershear situations. “This is where everybody has to contribute,” Elbanna said. 1．Why did Elbanna mention a plane in paragraph 3? A．To make a prediction. B．To redefine a concept. C．To explain a phenomenon. D．To show destructive impact. 2．What do Ben-Zion’s words in paragraph 5 suggest? A．Most cities in California are free of earthquakes. B．California is bound to experience big earthquakes. C．Supershear earthquakes are rarely seen worldwide. D．It’s easy to predict and identify supershear earthquakes. 3．What can be known about current buildings? A．They can fall victim to supershear earthquakes. B．They fully absorb the energy of supershear ruptures. C．They can easily be destroyed by normal earthquakes. D．They don’t account for the shaking perpendicular to faults. 4．What is the author’s purpose in writing the text? A．To issue a warning about common earthquakes. B．To offer tips on analyzing a lesser-known danger. C．To explore California’s earthquake-stricken areas. D．To call for preparations for supershear earthquakes. 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．A 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。大多数加州居民对地震早已习以为常，但研究人员警告称，该州正面临一个鲜为人知的威胁——超剪切地震。这类地震的移动速度极快，甚至能超越自身产生的地震波。 1．细节理解题。根据第三段““Just as a plane outpacing sound generates a powerful shockwave in the atmosphere, a supershear rupture creates shock fronts in the ground once it surpasses the speed of seismic shear waves,” said Ahmed Elbanna, director-designate of SCEC.(南加州大学多恩塞夫的加州地震中心的候任主任Ahmed Elbanna说：“就像飞机超过声音的速度在大气中产生强大的冲击波一样，超剪切破裂一旦超过地震剪切波的速度，就会在地面上产生冲击波。”)”可知，Elbanna提到飞机是为了解释超剪切破裂现象。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据第五段““We cannot say exactly when and where the next earthquake will be and which one will be supershear,” Ben-Zion said, “but we can say with certainty that over the next few decades, we will have multiple magnitude 7 earthquakes in California.”(Ben-Zion说：“我们不能确切地说下一次地震将在何时何地发生，哪一次将是超级剪切地震，但我们可以肯定地说，在未来几十年里，加州将发生多次7级地震。”)”可知，Ben-Zion的话表明，加利福尼亚州注定要遭遇大地震。故选B。 3．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“The researchers warn that current design standards don’t fully account for a supershear quake’s extra hit.(研究人员警告说，目前的设计标准并没有完全考虑到超剪切地震的额外打击。)”可知，目前的建筑物达不到抵御超剪切地震的破坏力的标准。由此可推断，目前的建筑物可能会成为超剪切地震的受害者。故选A。 4．推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是第一段“Most Californians are accustomed to experiencing earthquakes, but researchers warn that the state faces a lesser-known danger: supershear earthquakes, which move so quickly that they outrun their own seismic (地震的) waves.(大多数加州人已经习惯了经历地震，但研究人员警告说，该州面临着一种鲜为人知的危险：超剪切地震，这种地震移动得如此之快，以至于超过了自己的地震波。)”可知，本文主要介绍了超剪切地震的形成原因和危害及预测未来出现的可能性，进而呼吁人们为此做好充分的应对准备。故选D。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $