第03讲 限制性定语从句（寒假复习讲义）高一英语人教版

第03讲 限制性定语从句（寒假复习讲义） 内容导航 考点聚焦：归纳核心考点 & 中考/高考考点，有的放矢 重点速记：重难点梳理，查漏补缺，即时巩固 复习提升：真题感知 & 综合提升专练，全面突破 重点 限制性定语从句 知识精讲 一、核心定义（速记） 限制性定语从句：修饰名词/代词，不可省略（省略则句意不完整），无逗号分隔，翻译为 “…… 的”。 · 例：This is the book that I bought yesterday. 这是我昨天买的那本书。 二、引导词分类及选用（重中之重） 1. 关系代词（指代先行词，在从句中作主语/宾语/定语） 引导词 指代对象 从句中成分 关键考点（挖空） that 人/物 主语/宾语 1 先行词既有人又有物时用 that ； ② 先行词被最高级/序数词/the only 修饰时用 that ；③ 宾语可省略 which 物 主语/宾语 1 只指物；② 宾语可省略； ③ 不能用于介词后（介词后用 which ，不用 that ） who 人 主语 先行词为人，作主语时用 who/that whom 人 宾语 ① 作宾语（可省略）；② 介词后必须用 whom whose 人/物 定语 表 “…… 的”，后接名词 e.g. the girl whose hair is long 2. 关系副词（指代时间/地点/原因，在从句中作状语） 引导词 指代对象 从句特征（挖空） 同义替换 when 时间 从句缺时间状语when =介词+which （the day when we met=the day on which we met） where 地点 从句缺地点状语用where =介词+which （the school where I studied = the school in which I studied） why 原因 先行词只能是reason，从句缺原因状语 = for which （the reason why he left = the reason for which he left） 三、必记规则（速记+挖空） 1.主谓一致：从句谓语动词单复数由__先行词__决定（e.g., He is one of the students who are good at English.） 2.介词提前：关系代词作介词宾语时，介词可提前（只能用 which/whom，不能用 that）→ 介词 +which/whom 3.只用 that 的 5 种情况（挖空背诵）： ① 先行词为 all, everything, nothing, something 等不定代词→用 that； ② 先行词被 all, every, no, the only, the very 修饰→用 that； ③ 先行词被最高级 / 序数词修饰→用 that； ④ 先行词既有人又有物→用that； ⑤ 主句以 who/which 开头→从句用 that。 易错点总结 限制性定语从句易错点总结 一、关系词选用混淆：关系代词 vs 关系副词 这是最核心的易错点，判断关键在于从句是否缺主语 / 宾语 / 定语，还是缺状语。 1.易错表现 误：This is the place where we visited last year. 正：This is the place that/which we visited last year. （原因：visit 是及物动词，从句缺宾语，需用关系代词；where 只能作地点状语） 2.解题技巧 步骤 1：找出先行词，将先行词代入从句。 步骤 2：代入后，从句完整→用关系副词（when/where/why）；从句缺成分→用关系代词（that/which/who/whom/whose）。 例：I remember the day when we met.（代入后：we met on the day → 完整，用 when） 二、只用 that 不用 which 的情况记混 1.易错表现 误：Everything which he said is true. 正：Everything that he said is true. 2.核心记忆点（5 种必用 that 的情况） ①先行词是 all/everything/nothing/something/anything 等不定代词； ② 先行词被 all/every/no/the only/the very/the same 修饰； ③ 先行词被最高级、序数词修饰； ④ 先行词既有人又有物； ⑤ 主句以 who/which 开头，为避免重复。 三、介词提前时的关系词错误 1.易错表现 误：The man with that I talked is my teacher. 正：The man with whom I talked is my teacher. 2.核心规则 介词提前时，指人用 whom，指物用 which，绝对不能用 that； 介词不提前时，that 可替换 which/whom，且可省略。 例：The book (that/which) he talked about is popular.（介词后置，可用 that） 四、 whose 的用法及同义替换误区 1.易错表现 误：The house of which window is broken is mine. 正：The house whose window is broken is mine. / The house the window of which is broken is mine. 2.核心规则 whose 既指人也指物，后必须接名词，表 “…… 的”； 指物时，whose + n. = the + n. + of which = of which + the + n. 五、 主谓一致易错点 定语从句的谓语动词单复数由先行词决定，而非邻近名词，这是典型的 “主谓一致陷阱”。 1.易错表现 误：He is one of the students who is good at English. 正：He is one of the students who are good at English. （原因：先行词是 students，复数） 2.易错表现 误：He is the only one of the students who are good at English. 正：He is the only one of the students who is good at English. （原因：先行词被 the only 修饰，核心是 one，单数） 六、reason 后关系词的误用 1.易错表现 误：The reason why he gave is clear. 正：The reason that/which he gave is clear. 2.核心区分 reason 后接 why → 从句完整，why 作原因状语（The reason why he was late is clear.）； reason 后接 that/which → 从句缺宾语，that/which 作宾语（可省略）。 七、 way 后关系词的误用 way 表示 “方式、方法” 时，定语从句的引导词有三种正确形式，易错记成 which。 正确结构：the way that… / the way in which… /the way …（省略关系词） 例：I don’t like the way (that/in which) he speaks to his mother. 好题精练 一、易错点1：关系代词 vs 关系副词混淆（从句缺成分判断）​ 精练题​ 1. 单句改错：This is the museum where we visited during our trip.（______）​ 2. 单项选择：I can’t find the pen ______ I wrote the letter yesterday.​ A. which B. with which C. where D. that​ 3. 填空：The city ______ we lived for five years has changed a lot.（用适当关系词）​ 答案解析：​ 1. where → that/which 或 去掉 where​ （易错原因：visit 是及物动词，从句缺宾语，需用关系代词；where 仅作状语）​ 2. B​ （考点：write with the pen，介词提前 + 关系代词 which；易错点：误选 where 或 that， 忽略从句缺 “用钢笔” 的工具状语）​ 3. where / in which​ （考点：live in the city，从句缺地点状语，用 where 或介词 + which）​ 二、易错点2：只用 that 不用 which 的情况​ 精练题​ 1. 单句改错：All which we need is more time.（______）​ 2. 单项选择：This is the very book ______ I’ve been looking for.​ A. which B. that C. who D. whose​ 3. 填空：The first thing ______ comes to mind is his smile.（用适当关系词）​ 答案解析:​ 1. which → that​（易错原因：先行词是 all，不定代词后必须用 that）​ 2. B​（考点：先行词被 the very 修饰，只用 that；易错点：误选 which）​ 3. that​（考点：先行词被序数词 the first 修饰，只用 that）​ 三、易错点3：介词提前时的关系词错误​ 精练题​​ 1. 单句改错：The girl with that he talked just now is my classmate.（______）​ 2. 单项选择：The house ______ we used to live is now a restaurant.​ A. in that B. which C. in which D. that​ 3. 填空：The man ______ you shook hands is our new manager.（用 “介词 + 关系词” 填空）​ 答案解析​ 1. that → whom​（易错原因：介词 with 后指人，需用 whom，不能用 that）​ 2. C（考点：live in the house，介词 in 提前 + which；易错点：误选 in that，介词后不能用 that）​ 3. with whom（考点：shake hands with sb.，介词 with 提前 + whom）​ 四、易错点4：whose 的用法及同义替换​ 精练题​​ 1. 单句改错：The book of which cover is blue is mine.（______）​ 2. 单项选择：Do you know the boy ______ father is a doctor?​ A. which B. whose C. who D. whom​ 3. 填空：The building ______ windows face south is our classroom.（用 whose 或 “of which” 结构填空）​ 答案解析​ 1. of which cover → whose cover 或 the cover of which​ （易错原因：whose 指物时，of which 的正确结构是 “the + 名词 + of which”）​ 3. B​（考点：whose 作定语修饰 father，表 “…… 的”；易错点：误选 who，忽略需作定语）​ whose / the windows of which / of which the windows​ （考点：whose + 名词 = the + 名词 + of which = of which + the + 名词）​ 五、易错点5：主谓一致陷阱​ 精练题​​​ 1. 单句改错：He is one of the boys who likes playing basketball.（______）​ 2. 单项选择：She is the only one of the students who ______ passed the exam.​ A. has B. have C. is D. are​ 3. 填空：All the books that ______ (be) on the desk are mine.（用 be 动词适当形式）​ 答案解析：​ 1. likes → like​ （易错原因：先行词是 boys，复数，从句谓语用复数；误把 one 当先行词）​ 2. A​ （考点：the only one of... 先行词是 one，单数，谓语用单数；易错点：误选 have，忽略 the only 的限定）​ 3. are（考点：先行词是 all the books，复数，be 动词用 are）​ 六、易错点6：reason 后关系词误用​ 精练题​​ 1. 单句改错：The reason why he told us was not true.（______）​ 2. 单项选择：The reason ______ she was late for school is that she missed the bus.​ A. that B. which C. why D. what​ 3. 填空：I don’t know the reason ______ he refused the invitation.（用适当关系词）​ 答案解析：​ 1. why → that/which 或 去掉 why​ （易错原因：told 缺宾语，reason 后需用关系代词作宾语；why 仅作状语）​ 2. C​ （考点：从句完整，reason 后用 why 作原因状语；易错点：误选 that，忽略从句不缺成分）​ 3. why / for which​（考点：从句完整，表原因状语，用 why 或 for which）​ 七、易错点7：way 后关系词误用​ 精练题​​​ 1. 单句改错：I don’t like the way which he solves problems.（______）​ 2. 单项选择：The way ______ you speak to your parents is not polite.​ A. that B. which C. how D. what​ 3. 填空：He taught me the way ______ I can improve my English.（用适当关系词）​ 答案解析：​ 1. which → that 或 去掉 which 或 在 which 前加 in​ （易错原因：way 后定语从句引导词只能是 that/in which / 省略；不能直接用 which）​ 2. A​（考点：way 后用 that 引导；易错点：误选 which 或 how）​ 3. that /in which 或 省略​（考点：way 后定语从句的三种正确形式）​ 真题感知 一、单项选择 1．（24-25高一下·河北邢台·期末）Everyone _____ knew him liked him. A．whom B．who C．which D．whose 【答案】B 【详解】考查定语从句。 句意：每个认识他的人都喜欢他。 此句中“____ knew him”是定语从句，修饰先行词“Everyone(每个人)”，且关系词在从句中作主语，所以要用关系代词who引导该从句。故选B。 2．（24-25高一下·福建泉州·期中）I’ll never forget the days ______ I spent in the countryside. A．when B．where C．which D．whose 【答案】C 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：我永远不会忘记我在农村度过的日子。空处引导限制性定语从句，代替先行词days在从句中作spent的宾语，应用关系代词which/that引导从句。故选C。 3．（24-25高一下·陕西西安·期末）There was a time ______ people were divided geographically. A．that B．where C．when D．as 【答案】C 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：曾经有一段时间，人们在地理上是分隔开来的。分析句子可知，设空处引导定语从句，先行词是“a time”，表示时间，且定语从句“people were divided geographically”中不缺主语、宾语等成分，缺少时间状语，因此应用关系副词“when” 引导定语从句。故选C项。 4．（24-25高一下·广东深圳·期末）She has a gift for creating an atmosphere ________ students feel comfortable. A．which B．where C．what D．when 【答案】B 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：她有营造一种能让学生感到自在的氛围的天赋。定语从句修饰先行词atmosphere，在从句作地点状语，用关系副词where引导。故选B。 5．（24-25高一下·黑龙江大庆·期末）Look out! Don’t get too close to the house _______ roof is under repair. A．which B．whose C．of which D．of that 【答案】B 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：当心!不要太靠近屋顶正在修理的房子。空处引导定语从句，先行词是house，在从句中作定语，用whose引导。故选B项。 二、完形填空 （24-25高一下·安徽宣城·期末）On a trip back from Boston, my two little guys and I stopped at a gas station. It was not until I got home that I 1 my wallet had been left there. I tried to set aside my frustration and 2 over this and focused on taking action. First, I had to find the phone number of the gas station on the Internet. 3 , the number had been recently changed due to new ownership. So I had to call the restaurant across the street. The hostess warmly 4 my number and had a waiter bring it to the gas station manager, who then rang me up. He told me that a 5 customer, who came to the station frequently, had found my wallet and 6 it over to him for safekeeping. I 7 that I would drive back to the gas station the next day to 8 my wallet. I’d really appreciate the 9 and thoughtfulness of others-from the 10 who found my wallet to the restaurant hostess to the manager, who was even willing to mail me my wallet if it was 11 for me. At every step of the way, a generous spirit was revealed, which was 12 in a world where we often 13 self-focused thinking and self-serving behavior. From then on, my world was made more 14 , not just by being reunited with my wallet, but by the powerful reminder of the goodness and 15 of others. 1．A．indicated B．realized C．intended D．requested 2．A．confusion B．curiosity C．anxiety D．surprise 3．A．Unfairly B．Uncertainly C．Unavoidably D．Unluckily 4．A．took down B．took in C．took up D．took off 5．A．typical B．regular C．casual D．common 6．A．got B．charged C．handed D．rolled 7．A．responded B．protested C．forced D．advised 8．A．pick out B．pick up C．come out D．come up 9．A．kindness B．toughness C．uniqueness D．tiredness 10．A．neighbor B．waiter C．survivor D．stranger 11．A．harder B．slower C．more possible D．more convenient 12．A．inspiring B．shocking C．worrying D．challenging 13．A．defended B．analyzed C．witnessed D．evaluated 14．A．valueless B．joyful C．careless D．fearful 15．A．bravery B．calmness C．generosity D．optimism 【答案】 1．B 2．C 3．D 4．A 5．B 6．C 7．A 8．B 9．A 10．D 11．D 12．A 13．C 14．B 15．C 【导语】这是一篇记叙文，文章主要讲述作者把钱包落在加油站，通过很多陌生人的善意最终找回钱包，这也让作者感受到了别人的善良和慷慨，变得更加快乐。 1．考查动词词义辨析。句意：直到我回到家，我才意识到我的钱包落在那里了。A. indicated表明；B. realized意识到；C. intended打算；D. requested请求。根据上下文“It was not until I got home”和“my wallet had been left there”可知，此处为“直到回家才意识到钱包忘在加油站”，realized符合逻辑。故选B。 2．考查名词词义辨析。句意：我试着把我的沮丧和焦虑放在一边，集中精力采取行动。A. confusion困惑；B. curiosity好奇心；C. anxiety焦虑；D. surprise惊讶。空处和“frustration”并列，属于消极的情绪，结合上文提到把钱包忘在加油站可知，anxiety符合语境，故选C。 3．考查副词词义辨析。句意：不幸的是，由于新主人的关系，这个号码最近发生了变化。A. Unfairly不公平地；B. Uncertainly不确定地；C. Unavoidably不可避免地；D. Unluckily不幸地。根据下文“the number had been recently changed due to new ownership”可知，作者尝试联系加油站，不幸的是，号码发生了变化，联系无果，故选D。 4．考查动词短语辨析。句意：女主人热情地记下了我的电话号码，让服务员拿给加油站经理，然后经理给我打电话。A. took down写下；B. took in吸收；C. took up开始从事；D. took off脱掉。下文“had a waiter bring it to the gas station manager, who then rang me up”提到餐馆的服务员把作者的号码给了加油站经理，所以此处指记下作者的号码，故选A。 5．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：他告诉我，一个经常来车站的老顾客发现了我的钱包，并把它交给了他保管。A. typical典型的；B. regular经常的，定期的；C. casual随意的；D. common普通的。根据空后“who came to the station frequently”可知此处指老顾客，a regular customer“老顾客”，故选B。 6．考查动词词义辨析。句意：同上。A. got得到；B. charged充电，收费；C. handed递给；D. rolled滚动。根据空后“to him for safekeeping”可知，那位老顾客把钱包交给经理保管，故选C。 7．考查动词词义辨析。句意：我回答说，我第二天会开车回加油站取我的钱包。A. responded回答，作出反应；B. protested抗议；C. forced强迫；D. advised建议。根据下文“that I would drive back to the gas station the next day”可知，这是作者回答经理的话，故选A。 8．考查动词短语辨析。句意：同上。A. pick out挑选；B. pick up取回，收集；C. come out出版；D. come up发生，出现。上文提到加油站经理保管着作者的钱包，故作者去加油站是要取回钱包，故选B。 9．考查名词词义辨析。句意：我真的很感激其他人的善良和体贴——从发现我钱包的陌生人到餐馆女服务员再到经理，如果我方便的话，他甚至愿意把钱包寄给我。A. kindness善良；B. toughness艰难；C. uniqueness独特性；D. tiredness疲惫。空处和“thoughtfulness”并列，下文“from the ____10____ who found my wallet to the restaurant hostess to the manager, who was even willing to mail me my wallet”提到的都是帮助作者找回钱包的人，故此处指别人的善良，故选A。 10．考查名词词义辨析。句意：同上。A. neighbor邻居；B. waiter服务员；C. survivor幸存者；D. stranger陌生人。上文“from the ____10____ who found my wallet to the restaurant hostess to the manager”提到的餐馆女服务员和加油站经理都是陌生人，故选D。 11．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：同上。A. harder更困难的；B. slower更慢的；C. more possible更有可能 的；D. more convenient更方便的。根据上文“who was even willing to mail me my wallet”可知，此处指如果作者方便，他愿意邮寄给作者，故选D。 12．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在这条路上的每一步，都显露出一种慷慨的精神，这在一个我们经常看到以自我为中心的思维和自私自利行为的世界里是令人鼓舞的。A. inspiring鼓舞人心的；B. shocking令人震惊的；C. worrying令人担忧的；D. challenging有挑战性的。根据上文“a generous spirit was revealed”可知，慷慨的精神应是令人备受鼓舞，故选A。 13．考查动词词义辨析。句意：同上。A. defended防御；B. analyzed分析；C. witnessed目睹，见证；D. evaluated评估。结合上文描述作者经历的善意和语境可知，此处指我们常常“目睹”以自我为中心的思维和自私自利行为，因此作者经历了善意才会感觉受到鼓舞，故选C。 14．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：从那时起，我的世界变得更快乐了，不仅仅是因为我的钱包又回到了我的身边，还因为我强烈地意识到别人的善良和慷慨。A. valueless没有价值的；B. joyful快乐的，令人愉快的；C. careless粗心的；D. fearful害怕的。结合语境及下文“not just by being reunited with my wallet”可知，作者经历一系列善意找回了钱包，应是感到更加快乐，故选B。 15．考查名词词义辨析。句意：同上。A. bravery勇敢；B. calmness冷静；C. generosity慷慨；D. optimism乐观。空处和“goodness”并列属于积极的情绪，结合上文餐馆老板和加油站经理帮助作者可知，此处指为别人考虑的慷慨之行，generosity符合语境，故选C。 三、语法填空 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入一个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 （24-25高一下·安徽宣城·期末） When it comes to one of the most respected awards in the world, the Nobel Prize must be on 1 list. Created by Swedish inventor Alfred Nobel in 1895, the prize recognizes achievements in science and culture and the people behind them, 2 (encourage) the young generation to engage in 3 (science) research and cultural creation. Every year in October, the announcement of winners catches the world’s attention. A number of Nobel Prizes have awarded discoveries 4 have led to cures for diseases and health problems. A lot of parts in telephones, computers and telecommunication systems are 5 (true) the fruits of Nobel Prize — awarded work. Other prizes have honored the distinguished people 6 (involve) in helping create a more peaceful world. These famous individuals 7 the contributions they made show how science, literature and peace efforts change the world. Think about the plastic bags. Plastic wouldn’t have been invented 8 Friedrich Wilhelm Ostwald’s research. The German scientist won the Nobel Prize in 1909. Recently, Chinese people 9 (pay) more attention to the results of the Nobel Prize, following many prizes’ uplifting 10 (recognize) of Chinese scientists and writers, such as Tu Youyou and Mo Yan. 【答案】 1．the 2．encouraging 3．scientific 4．that/which 5．truly 6．involved 7．and 8．without 9．have paid/have been paying 10．recognition 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍诺贝尔奖的创立目的、获奖成果对世界的影响，及中国人对诺贝尔奖关注度提升的情况。 1．考查冠词。句意：提到世界上最受尊敬的奖项之一，诺贝尔奖必定在列。此处特指“最受尊敬奖项的”名单，用定冠词the。故填the。 2．考查非谓语动词。句意：该奖项由瑞典发明家阿尔弗雷德·诺贝尔于1895年创立，表彰科学、文化领域的成就及背后的贡献者，激励年轻一代投身科研与文化创作。此处为非谓语动词，the prize与encourage为主动关系，用现在分词encouraging作状语。故填encouraging。 3．考查形容词。句意：该奖项由瑞典发明家阿尔弗雷德·诺贝尔于1895年创立，表彰科学、文化领域的成就及背后的贡献者，激励年轻一代投身科研与文化创作。此处修饰名词research，用science的形容词形式scientific，意为“科学的”。故填scientific。 4．考查定语从句。句意：多项诺贝尔奖表彰了那些为治愈疾病和解决健康问题做出贡献的发现。此处为关系词引导的定语从句，先行词为discoveries，指物，在从句中作主语，用关系代词that/which。故填that/which。 5．考查副词。句意：电话、电脑和通信系统中的许多部件，实际上都是诺贝尔奖获奖成果的产物。此处修饰整个句子，用true的副词形式truly，意为“实际上、真正地”。故填truly。 6．考查非谓语动词。句意：其他奖项则表彰了那些致力于创造更和平世界的杰出人士。此处为非谓语动词，the distinguished people与involve为被动关系，用过去分词involved作后置定语，“be involved in”为固定搭配，意为“参与”。故填involved。 7．考查连词。句意：这些著名人物及其所做的贡献，展现了科学、文学与和平事业如何改变世界。此处连接“These famous individuals”和“the contributions they made”，表并列关系，用连词and。故填and。 8．考查介词。句意：如果没有弗里德里希·威廉·奥斯特瓦尔德的研究，塑料可能就不会被发明出来。结合“wouldn’t have been invented”为表示与过去事实相反的虚拟语气可知，此处表示“没有……（研究）”，用介词without引出含蓄条件。故填without。 9．考查动词时态。句意：近年来，随着屠呦呦、莫言等中国科学家和作家获得诺贝尔奖的积极认可，中国人对诺贝尔奖结果的关注度越来越高。此处为谓语动词，根据时间状语“Recently”，强调从过去持续到现在的动作或状态，可用现在完成时或现在完成进行时，所以谓语动词为have paid或者have been paying。故填have paid/have been paying。 10．考查名词。句意：近年来，随着屠呦呦、莫言等中国科学家和作家获得诺贝尔奖的积极认可，中国人对诺贝尔奖结果的关注度越来越高。此处作following的宾语，用recognize的名词形式recognition，意为“认可”，为不可数名词。故填recognition。 综合提升练 好题精练 Cloze 01 一、完形填空 （22-23高一上·山东日照·期末）A teacher gave his students a test. Most of the students finished all the questions without much effort 1 they all read the last one which was “What is the first name of the woman who 2 the school?” All of the students thought that this question was some kind of 3 . They had all seen the cleaning woman many times during each day at school. It was 4 that she was tall and old, but how would they know her 5 ? So they all 6 their test paper, leaving the last question 7 . Just before the class ended, one of the students asked if the last question would count toward the results of the 8 . “ 9 ,” said the teacher. He went on to say, “In your lives and careers, you will 10 many people and they are 11 individual, so they each are worth your 12 and care, even if all you do is 13 and say ‘Hello’.” Over the following days each of the students 14 the importance of finding out the name of the cleaner and introduced themselves. They all learned that cleaner’s name was Dorothy and they never forgot the 15 that everyone is important. 1．A．while B．after C．since D．until 2．A．guards B．manages C．supports D．cleans 3．A．pity B．risk C．joke D．story 4．A．natural B．clear C．possible D．unusual 5．A．address B．family C．name D．age 6．A．left behind B．lifted up C．put away D．handed in 7．A．unanswered B．open C．out D．unprepared 8．A．exercise B．experiment C．test D．match 9．A．Possibly B．No C．Sure D．Never 10．A．love B．help C．respect D．meet 11．A．important B．unique C．intelligent D．honest 12．A．consideration B．attention C．discussion D．protection 13．A．look B．run C．listen D．smile 14．A．remembered B．proved C．realized D．explained 15．A．lesson B．opinion C．promise D．argument 【答案】 1．D 2．D 3．C 4．B 5．C 6．D 7．A 8．C 9．C 10．D 11．B 12．B 13．D 14．C 15．A 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了一位老师给学生们进行了一次测试，其中最后一道题是关于学校清洁女工的名字，学生们都没有回答，最后老师告诉学生们，在生活中会遇到很多人，每个人都很重要，都值得关注和关心。 1．考查连接词词义辨析。句意：大多数学生毫不费力地完成了所有的问题，直到他们都读到了最后一个问题：“打扫学校的女人的名字是什么？”A. while当……时候；B. after在……之后；C. since自从；D. until直到。根据前文“Most of the students finished all the questions without much effort”以及后文“It was 4 that she was tall and old, but how would they know her 5 ?”可知，学生们无法回答最后一个问题，所以“直到”学生们读到最后一个问题，他们才觉得有难度。故选D项。 2．考查动词词义辨析。句意：同上。A. guards守卫；B. manages管理；C. supports支持；D. cleans打扫。根据后文“They had all seen the cleaning woman many times during each day at school.”可知，这个女人是清洁工，负责打扫学校。故选D项。 3．考查名词词义辨析。句意：所有的学生都认为这个问题是某种玩笑。A. pity遗憾；B. risk风险；C. joke玩笑；D. story故事。根据测试中的问题“What is the first name of the woman who 2 the school?”和后文“Just before the class ended, one of the students asked if the last question would count toward the results of the 8 .”可知，在考试中出现这样的题目是很奇怪的，所以学生认为老师是在开玩笑，不会计分。故选C项。 4．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：很明显，她又高又老，但他们怎么知道她的名字呢？A. natural自然的；B. clear明显的；C. possible可能的；D. unusual不同寻常的。根据后文“she was tall and old”可知，“又高又老”是学生看到的情况，所以是很明显的。故选B项。 5．考查名词词义辨析。句意：同上。A. address地址；B. family家庭；C. name名字；D. age年龄。根据前文“What is the first name of the woman who 2 the school?”可知，问题问的是清洁女工的名字，学生们不知道。故选C项。 6．考查动词短语辨析。句意：所以他们都交了试卷，最后一个问题没有回答。A. left behind留下；B. lifted up举起；C. put away收起来；D. handed in上交。根据后文“leaving the last question”可知，学生们交了试卷，最后一个问题没有回答。故选D项。 7．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：同上。A. unanswered未回答的；B. open打开的；C. out外面的；D. unprepared无准备的。根据前文“but how would they know her 5 ?”和“leaving the last question”可知，学生不知道清洁女工的名字，所以最后一个问题没有回答。故选A项。 8．考查名词词义辨析。句意：就在下课铃响之前，一个学生问最后一个问题是否会计入考试成绩。A. exercise练习；B. experiment实验；C. test考试；D. match比赛。根据前文“A teacher gave his students a test.”可知，这是一个考试，所以学生问的是这个奇怪的问题是否会计入考试成绩。故选C项。 9．考查副词和形容词词义辨析。句意：“当然算，”老师说。A. Possibly可能地；B. No不；C. Sure当然；D. Never从不。根据后文老师的话“In your lives and careers, you will 10 many people and they are 11 individual, so they each are worth your 12 and care, even if all you do is 13 and say ‘Hello’.”可知，老师解释说每个人都值得关注和关心，所以他并不是开玩笑，最后这个问题当然要算成绩。故选C项。 10．考查动词词义辨析。句意：他接着说：“在你们的生活和职业生涯中，你们会遇到很多人，他们每个人都是独一无二的个体，所以他们每个人都值得你的关注和关心，即使你所做的只是微笑和说声‘你好’。”A. love爱；B. help帮助；C. respect尊敬；D. meet遇见。根据“In your lives and careers”和常识可推知，在生活和职业生涯中我们会遇到很多人，故选D项。 11．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：同上。A. important重要的；B. unique独特的；C. intelligent聪明的；D. honest诚实的。根据后文“individual”和常识可知，每个人都是独一无二的个体。故选B项。 12．考查名词词义辨析。句意：同上。A. consideration考虑；B. attention关注；C. discussion讨论；D. protection 保护。根据后文“and care”和“Over the following days each of the students 14 the importance of finding out the name of the cleaner and introduced themselves.”可推知，老师是在提醒学生们每个人值得关注和关心。故选B项。 13．考查动词词义辨析。句意：同上。A. look看；B. run跑；C. listen听；D. smile微笑。根据“and say ‘Hello’.”可推知，对于生活和职业生涯中遇到的人，我们要报以微笑并打招呼。故选D项。 14．考查动词词义辨析。句意：在接下来的几天里，每个学生都意识到了解清洁女工名字的重要性，并做了自我介绍。A. remembered记得；B. proved证明；C. realized意识到；D. explained解释。根据后文“the importance of finding out the name of the cleaner”可知，经过老师的教诲，学生们意识到了解清洁女工名字的重要性。故选C项。 15．考查名词词义辨析。句意：他们都知道了清洁女工的名字是多萝西，他们永远不会忘记每个人都很重要这一教训。A. lesson课，教训；B. opinion观点；C. promise承诺；D. argument争论。根据前文“Over the following days each of the students 14 the importance of finding out the name of the cleaner and introduced themselves.”和“everyone is important”和后文“that everyone is important”可知，学生们意识到了解清洁女工名字的重要性，认识到每个人都很重要，这是老师的教诲，是一堂永远不会忘记的课，是一个教训。故选A项。 Cloze 02 （24-25高一下·江苏·期末）I was sitting in a chemistry class when I and six other kids were called down to the headmaster’s office. It was pretty strange because none of us were “ 1 ” students. We all 2 what she wanted to say. This was when she told us she would be choosing 3 of us to be nominated (提名) for the largest 4 in Canada. I never realized I was that 5 . She said, since we all had a (n) 6 high average, she would talk to our teachers to see who most 7 it. A week later, I got an email from the headmaster. It was 8 to me and another student at the meeting. I was shocked; this must have 9 we were the two people she would be choosing from. We were required to write about where we 10 ourselves in ten years. I knew I had to make this count. I spoke from the heart, describing my 11 life: living in the big city, having finished my degree, doing what I loved every day. About another week later, I got called back to her office, only me. I didn’t want to be overexcited because maybe she was being 12 , telling me I wasn’t chosen. She told me I was the one picked. Nobody could have 13 my smile, what a moment! She told me about all the 14 things my teachers said about me. I never realized I was thought so highly of by them. Over 350,000 students graduate from high school every year and I was one of the only 1,500 kids nominated for this scholarship across all of Canada. 15 I didn’t win in the last round, I’d still like to thank everyone who helped me get to where I am today. 1．A．talented B．intelligent C．problem D．normal 2．A．reflected B．hoped C．wondered D．ensured 3．A．both B．one C．all D．none 4．A．ceremony B．business C．group D．scholarship 5．A．honest B．popular C．eager D．excellent 6．A．similar B．different C．strong D．accurate 7．A．discussed B．deserved C．announce D．performed 8．A．attached B．carried C．returned D．addressed 9．A．meant B．predicted C．allowed D．demanded 10．A．see B．behave C．enjoy D．suit 11．A．busy B．wild C．reasonable D．perfect 12．A．anxious B．patient C．personal D．pleased 13．A．let down B．held back C．brought about D．kept up 14．A．beautiful B．important C．negative D．awkward 15．A．So B．Though C．Since D．Unless 【答案】 1．C 2．C 3．B 4．D 5．D 6．A 7．B 8．D 9．A 10．A 11．D 12．C 13．B 14．A 15．B 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者被提名加拿大最大奖学金的过程及感受。 1．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这很奇怪，因为我们都不是“问题”学生。A. talented有天赋的；B. intelligent聪明的；C. problem有问题的；D. normal正常的。根据上文“I and six other kids were called down to the headmaster’s office. It was pretty strange because none of us were”可知，作者他们不是“问题”学生，所以被叫到校长办公室才觉得奇怪。故选C。 2．考查动词词义辨析。句意：我们都想知道她想说什么。A. reflected反映；B. hoped希望；C. wondered想知道；D. ensured确保。根据上文“It was pretty strange because none of us were “ 　1　” students”和下文“what she wanted to say”可知，作者他们都不是问题学生，所以都“想知道”校长找他们干什么。故选C。 3．考查代词词义辨析。句意：就在那时，她告诉我们，她将从我们中选出一人，被提名为加拿大最大的奖学金的候选人。A. both两者都；B. one一个；C. all所有；D. none没有一个。根据下文“of us to be nominated (提名) for the largest 　 4 in Canada”、“we were the two people she would be choosing from”可知，校长要从作者他们中选“一个”被提名为奖学金的候选人。故选B。 4．考查名词词义辨析。句意：就在那时，她告诉我们，她将从我们中选出一人，被提名为加拿大最大的奖学金的候选人。A. ceremony仪式；B. business生意；C. group团体；D. scholarship奖学金。根据下文“I was one of the only 1,500 kids nominated for this scholarship across all of Canada.”可知，被提名为加拿大最大的奖学金的候选人。故选D。 5．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：我从未意识到自己如此优秀。A. honest诚实的；B. popular受欢迎的；C. eager 渴望的；D. excellent优秀的。根据上文“she would be choosing 3 of us to be nominated (提名) for the largest 4 in Canada”可知，作者被提名奖学金候选人，所以从未意识到自己如此“优秀”。故选D。 6．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：她说，既然我们都有相似的高平均分，她会和我们的老师谈谈，看看谁最值得。A. similar相似的；B. different不同的；C. strong强壮的；D. accurate准确的。根据下文“she would talk to our teachers to see who most 7 it”可知，校长要和老师谈谈看看谁最值得，说明作者他们的平均分“相似”。故选A。 7．考查动词词义辨析。句意：她说，既然我们都有相似的高平均分，她会和我们的老师谈谈，看看谁最值得。A. discussed讨论；B. deserved值得；C. announce宣布；D. performed表演。根据上文“she would be choosing 3 of us to be nominated (提名) for the largest 4 in Canada”可知，校长要从作者他们中选一个被提名为奖学金的候选人，所以要看谁最“值得”。故选B。 8．考查动词词义辨析。句意：这封信是写给我和会议上的另一名学生的。A. attached附上；B. carried携带；C. returned返回；D. addressed写（收信人）姓名地址。根据下文“to me and another student at the meeting. I was shocked; this must have 9 we were the two people she would be choosing from.”可知，作者和另一名学生都收到了校长的邮件，所以是写给他们的。故选D。 9．考查动词词义辨析。句意：我很震惊；这一定意味着我们是她要从中选择的两个人。A. meant意味着；B. predicted预测；C. allowed允许；D. demanded要求。根据上文“It was 8　　 to me and another student at the meeting.”和下文“we were the two people she would be choosing from”可知，收到邮件的只有作者和另一个学生，这意味着两人是候选。故选A。 10．考查动词词义辨析。句意：我们被要求写下十年后我们对自己的看法。A. see看待；B. behave表现；C. enjoy享受；D. suit适合。根据下文“living in the big city, having finished my degree, doing what I loved every day”可知，校长让作者他们写下十年后对自己的“看法”。故选A。 11．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：我发自内心地讲述，描述了我理想的生活：住在大城市，完成学业，每天做自己喜欢的事。A. busy忙碌的；B. wild野生的；C. reasonable合理的；D. perfect完美的。根据下文“living in the big city, having finished my degree, doing what I loved every day”可知，作者描述的是自己未来的“完美的”生活。故选D。 12．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：我不想过于兴奋，因为也许她只是要私下告诉我我没有被选中。A. anxious焦虑的；B. patient耐心的；C. personal私下的；D. pleased高兴的。根据下文“telling me I wasn’t chosen”可知，作者担心校长只是私下告诉他没有被选中。be personal在此可理解为“私下的”。故选C。 13．考查动词短语辨析。句意：没有人能抑制住我的笑容，多么美好的时刻！A. let down使失望；B. held back抑制；C. brought about引起；D. kept up保持。根据上文“She told me I was the one picked”和下文“what a moment!”可知，作者被选中了，所以抑制不住笑容。故选B。 14．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：她告诉我老师们对我的所有好评。A. beautiful美好的；B. important重要的；C. negative消极的；D. awkward尴尬的。根据下文“things my teachers said about me. I never realized I was thought so highly of by them.”可知，作者从未意识到老师们对他的评价如此之高，所以是“美好的”评价。故选A。 15．考查让步状语从句。句意：虽然我在最后一轮没有获胜，但我仍然要感谢所有帮助我走到今天的人。A. So因此；B. Though虽然；C. Since自从；D. Unless除非。根据下文“I didn’t win in the last round, I’d still like to thank everyone who helped me get to where I am today”可知，虽然作者在最后一轮没有获胜，但仍然要感谢帮助他的人，前后是转折关系，用Though引导让步状语从句。故选B。 Passage 01 二、语法填空 （24-25高一下·广东江门·期末）阅读下面短文，在空白处填入一个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 Xuan paper, known 1 one of the Four Treasures of the Study, first came into existence in the Tang Dynasty. The traditional skill of making the paper by hand has 2 (pass) down through generations. The process takes more than 100 steps, all of 3 require high skills. Take papermaking master Zhou Donghong, for example. He filters (过滤) a mixture of water and fibers, lifts it up, and makes a sheet of paper. It takes him only 15 seconds 4 (form) and shape it, but he has devoted 5 (he) to perfecting the skill for decades. “There are a lot of tricks of filtering the fibers, and timing is the 6 (difficult) part of all. We have only one chance to filter the right amount of fibers, and only the proper weight ensures the paper is neither too thin nor too thick, and the margin (差额) for error is 7 (extreme) small”, said Zhou. The skill of papermaking, 8 (recognize) as a national treasure, has also proven to be an international one. We felt 9 great sense of pride as it was listed as an intangible cultural heritage (非物质文化遗产) by UNESCO in 2009. Since then, many technical schools in Jingxian County 10 (teach) papermaking. 【答案】 1．as 2．been passed 3．which 4．to form 5．himself 6．most difficult 7．extremely 8．recognized 9．a 10．have taught 【导语】这是一篇说明文。本文介绍了宣纸的地位和制作工艺。 1．考查介词。句意：宣纸，被誉为文房四宝之一，最早出现在唐朝时期。短语be known as表示“被誉为”。故填as。 2．考查时态。句意：手工造纸这一传统技艺已经代代相传。主语The traditional skill of making the paper by hand与谓语构成被动关系，结合上文has可知为现在完成时的被动语态。故填been passed。 3．考查定语从句。句意：这个过程需要100多个步骤，所有这些步骤都需要很高的技能。逗号后的部分为定语从句，先行词是more than 100 steps，空处作of的宾语，应用which。故填which。 4．考查非谓语动词。句意：他只花了15秒就把它成型了，但几十年来他一直致力于完善这项技能。It takes sb. some time to do sth.意为“做某事花费某人多长时间”，为固定句型。故填to form。 5．考查代词。句意：他只花了15秒就把它成型了，但几十年来他一直致力于完善这项技能。devote oneself to doing sth意为“致力于做某事”，为固定用法。故填himself。 6．考查形容词的最高级。句意：过滤纤维有很多技巧，而时间是其中最困难的部分。根据空前的the及后 的“of all”可知，此处应用形容词的最高级。故填most difficult。 7．考查副词。句意：我们只有一次机会来过滤适量的纤维，只有适当的重量才能保证纸既不太薄也不太厚，并且容错空间非常小。空处作状语，修饰small，应用副词。故填extremely。 8．考查非谓语动词。句意：造纸技术被公认为国宝，也被证明是国际瑰宝。The skill of papermaking与 recognize之间是逻辑上的动宾关系，应用过去分词作定语。故填recognized。 9．考查冠词。句意：当我们得知它于2009年被联合国教科文组织列为非物质文化遗产时，心中充满了无比的自豪感。sense作“感觉”时，为可数名词，此处表示泛指，且great 的发音以辅音音素开头，故用a。a sense of pride“自豪感”。故填a。 10．考查动词的时态。句意：从那时起，泾县的许多技校都开设了造纸课。根据“Since then”可知，此处表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响，应用现在完成时，主语为schools，助动词用have。故填have taught。 Passage 02 My Internet journey began when I was just a child, fascinated by the glowing screen of my smartphone. I was so 1 (addict) to it that I checked it constantly while walking, eating, or lying in bed. It was very hard for me 2 (quit) the habit. Then the day came when I finally realized I had to make 3 change. With my eyes fixed 4 my smartphone, I stepped into the road and a car 5 (shoot) past, nearly knocking me off my feet. At that time, I decided to go phone-free for a week. The first day was the hardest. But soon, time slowed down. I picked up the classic novel I had always wanted to read. I also kept a journal and went running, 6 (appreciate) the beauty in life with my own eyes, instead of through my smartphone camera. My offline 7 (relationship) benefited as well. I went for a long walk with an old friend. Our wide-ranging conversation went so much deeper than brief texts ever could. I also spent more time with my parents, bringing them up to date with 8 was going on in my life. We had never felt 9 (close) to each other. By the end of the week, I almost did not want to turn my phone back on. I still use technology, 10 life beyond the screen — richer and more real — matters most. 【答案】 1．addicted 2．to quit 3．a 4．on 5．shot 6．appreciating 7．relationships 8．what 9．closer 10．but 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者戒除手机依赖、重拾真实生活的经历与感悟。 1．考查形容词。句意：我对它如此上瘾，以至于在走路、吃饭或躺在床上的时候都不断地查看它。根据空前的“was so”和空后的“to”可知，此处考查固定短语be addicted to，意为“对……上瘾”，所以空处应用形容词addicted作表语。故填addicted。 2．考查非谓语动词。句意：对我来说，戒掉这个习惯是非常困难的。根据空前的“It was very hard for me”可知，此处考查固定句型“It is + adj. + for sb. to do sth.”，意为“对某人来说做某事是……的”，其中it是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的动词不定式，所以空处应用动词不定式to quit作真正的主语。故填to quit。 3．考查冠词。句意：然后，我终于意识到我必须做出改变的那一天到来了。此处表示“做出一个改变”，change是可数名词单数，且以辅音音素开头，所以空处应用不定冠词a表示泛指。故填a。 4．考查介词。句意：我盯着智能手机，走上马路，一辆汽车飞驰而过，差点把我撞倒。此处考查固定短语fix one’s eyes on sth.，意为“盯着某物看”。故填on。 5．考查时态。句意：我盯着智能手机，走上马路，一辆汽车飞驰而过，差点把我撞倒。根据空前的“stepped”可知，此处描述的是过去发生的事情，空处应用一般过去时，shoot的过去式是shot。shoot past意为“疾驰而过”。故填shot。 6．考查非谓语动词。句意：我还写日记和跑步，用自己的眼睛欣赏生活中的美，而不是通过智能手机摄像头。句中已有谓语动词kept和went，空处为非谓语动词，appreciate和其逻辑主语I之间是主动关系，所以空处应用现在分词appreciating作伴随状语。故填appreciating。 7．考查名词复数。句意：我的线下人际关系也受益匪浅。relationship是可数名词，根据后文“与老朋友散步”“与父母相处”等多个例子可知，且此处表示复数概念，所以空处应用名词复数relationships，表示多种人际关系。故填relationships。 8．考查宾语从句。句意：我还花了更多时间和父母在一起，让他们了解我生活中发生的事情。此处引导宾语从句，作with的宾语，且在从句中作主语，表示“发生的事情”，所以空处应用连接代词what引导宾语从句。故填what。 9．考查形容词比较级。句意：我们从未感觉彼此如此亲近。此处表示“之前从未有过的亲近感”，结合空前否定词never可知，空处应用形容词close的比较级closer，否定词与比较级连用表最高级含义。故填closer。 10．考查连词。句意：我仍然使用科技产品，但屏幕之外的生活——更丰富、更真实——才是最重要的。前句“使用科技”与后句“屏幕外的生活更重要”之间为转折关系，所以空处应用连词but表示转折。故填but。 Passage 03 Tang Yuan, also known as Yuan Xiao, is a traditional Chinese food deeply rooted in culture and history. It is most 1 (common) eaten during the Lantern Festival, 2 marks the end of the Chinese New Year celebrations. Tang Yuan symbolizes reunion, happiness, and family unity, making it a meaningful dish for this festive occasion. The origins of Tang Yuan can be traced back to the Song Dynasty (960 — 1279 AD). It first appeared in southern China, where it 3 (make) from glutinous rice flour and filled with sweet ingredients. Its round shape represents 4 (complete) and togetherness. As the tradition spread to northern China, it became associated with the Lantern Festival and was called Yuan Xiao, 5 the south kept the name Tang Yuan. Over time, Tang Yuan 6 (change) in both preparation and flavor. Traditional fillings like black sesame, red bean paste, and peanuts remain popular, but modern innovations have introduced new 7 (variety), such as chocolate and fruit jams. The process of making Tang Yuan is often a family activity, 8 (stress) its symbolic meaning of unity. During the Lantern Festival, families gather 9 (enjoy) Tang Yuan. Tang Yuan’s significance extends beyond its taste. It also reflects cultural values through its blend of tradition and creativity and remains a 10 (belove) symbol of reunion. 【答案】 1．commonly 2．which 3．was made 4．completeness 5．while 6．has changed 7．varieties 8．stressing 9．to enjoy 10．beloved 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了汤圆的历史、文化意义及其演变。 1．考查副词。句意：它最常在元宵节食用，元宵节标志着中国新年庆祝活动的结束。空处修饰动词eaten，应用副词commonly作状语，表示“常见地，通常地”。故填commonly。 2．考查定语从句。句意同上。空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是the Lantern Festival，指物，且在从句中作主语，应用关系代词which引导。故填which。 3．考查时态语态和主谓一致。句意：它最早出现在中国南方，由糯米粉制成，里面填充着甜食。句子描述过去发生的事情，应用一般过去时，主语it与make之间是被动关系，应用被动语态，主语为单数，be动词用was。故填was made。 4．考查名词。句意：它的圆形代表着完整和团圆。空处应与togetherness并列作represents的宾语，应用名词completeness，表示“完整”。故填completeness。 5．考查连词。句意：随着这一传统传播到中国北方，它与元宵节联系在一起，被称为元宵，而南方则保留了汤圆这个名字。前后两句之间存在对比关系，应用连词while表示“然而”。故填while。 6．考查时态和主谓一致。句意：随着时间的推移，汤圆在制作和口味上都发生了变化。根据时间状语Over time可知，此处描述的是从过去持续到现在的动作，应用现在完成时，主语Tang Yuan为第三人称单数，助动词用has。故填has changed。 7．考查名词复数。句意：传统的馅料如黑芝麻、红豆沙和花生仍然很受欢迎，但现代创新引入了新的品种，如巧克力和果酱。variety“种类”为可数名词，此处指不止一个，应用复数形式varieties。故填varieties。 8．考查非谓语动词。句意：制作汤圆的过程通常是一项家庭活动，强调了其团圆的象征意义。空处为前面句子产生的一种自然而然的结果，应用现在分词作结果状语。故填stressing。 9．考查非谓语动词。句意：元宵节期间，家人聚在一起享用汤圆。空处应用动词不定式作目的状语。故填to enjoy。 10．考查形容词。句意：它还通过传统与创新的融合反映了文化价值观，并仍然是备受喜爱的团圆的象征。空处应填形容词作定语修饰symbol，belove的形容词形式为beloved“备受喜爱的”。故填beloved。 Passage 04 （24-25高一下·福建福州·期末） On 17 October 2016,  China’s space agency launched the Shenzhou 11 space vehicle 1 (connect) with the Tiangong 2 space laboratory. The vehicle carried two 2 (experience)astronauts, Jing Haipeng and Chen Dong, and took about two hours to complete the docking procedure. The astronauts had many jobs to do during the mission. Firstly, they floated through an 80-centimetre-wide tube so 3 to board Tiangong 2. Once 4 (safe) on board, they waved to the camera, 5 (send) greetings to people on Earth, 6 were watching the mission closely. They also conducted various 7 (experiment) such as growing rice in space. Additionally, they gave 8 (they) medical check-ups to analyze how their bodies 9   (affect) by the space environment.  Jing and Chen finally returned to Earth 30 days later, making their mission the 10 (long) such mission by Chinese astronauts at that time. 【答案】 1．to connect 2．experienced 3．as 4．safely 5．sending 6．who 7．experiments 8．themselves 9．were affected 10．longest 【导语】这是一篇新闻报道。本文主要介绍了2016年10月17日中国神舟十一号飞船与天宫二号空间实验室对接的任务情况。包括飞船搭载的宇航员、对接过程、宇航员在任务中的各项工作，以及此次任务所创造的记录等。 1．考查非谓语动词。句意：2016年10月17日，中国航天局发射了神舟十一号飞船，目的是与天宫二号空间实验室对接。已有谓语动词launched，此处应用非谓语动词。根据语境，“发射神舟十一号飞船”的目的是“与天宫二号对接”，所以用动词不定式to connect作目的状语。故填to connect。 2．考查形容词。句意：飞船搭载了两名经验丰富的宇航员，景海鹏和陈冬，大约用了两个小时完成对接程序。此处修饰名词astronauts，应用形容词形式，experience的形容词experienced意为“有经验的”。故填experienced。 3．考查固定搭配。句意：首先，他们通过一个80厘米宽的管道漂浮，以便登上天宫二号。“so as to do sth.”是固定搭配，意为“以便做某事，为了做某事”，表示目的。故填as。 4．考查副词。句意：一旦安全登上飞船，他们就对着摄像头挥手，向地球上密切关注此次任务的人们致以问候。此处修饰介词短语on board，应用副词形式，safe的副词为safely，意为“安全地”。故填safely。 5．考查非谓语动词。句意：一旦安全登上飞船，他们就对着摄像头挥手，向地球上密切关注此次任务的人们致以问候。已有谓语动词waved，此处应用非谓语动词。send与主语they之间是主动关系，即“他们发出问候”，所以用现在分词sending作伴随状语，表示与waved同时发生的动作。故填sending。 6．考查非限制性定语从句。句意：一旦安全登上飞船，他们就对着摄像头挥手，向地球上密切关注此次任务的人们致以问候。此处为非限制性定语从句，先行词为people，指人，在从句中作主语，所以用关系代词who引导。故填who。 7．考查名词复数。句意：他们还进行了各种实验，比如在太空种植水稻。experiment是可数名词，由various（各种各样的）修饰，应用复数形式experiments。故填experiments。 8．考查反身代词。句意：此外，他们给自己做了医学检查，以分析他们的身体是如何受到太空环境影响的。主语与宾语为同一个人，宾语为反身代词。主语是they，所以用反身代词themselves。故填themselves。 9．考查动词时态和语态。句意：此外，他们给自己做了医学检查，以分析他们的身体是如何受到太空环境影响的。bodies与affect之间是被动关系，即“身体被影响”，且动作发生在过去，所以用一般过去时的被动语态，其结构为“was/were +过去分词”，主语bodies是复数，所以用were affected。故填were affected。 10．考查形容词最高级。句意：景海鹏和陈冬最终在30天后返回地球，使他们的任务成为当时中国宇航员执行的时间最长的此类任务。根据“the”及“at that time”可知，此处应用形容词最高级，表示“最长的”，long的最高级为longest。故填longest。 19 / 21 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 第03讲 限制性定语从句（寒假复习讲义） 内容导航 考点聚焦：归纳核心考点 & 中考/高考考点，有的放矢 重点速记：重难点梳理，查漏补缺，即时巩固 复习提升：真题感知 & 综合提升专练，全面突破 重点 限制性定语从句 知识精讲 一、核心定义（速记） 限制性定语从句：修饰名词/代词，不可省略（省略则句意不完整），无逗号分隔，翻译为 “…… 的”。 · 例：This is the book that I bought yesterday. 这是我昨天买的那本书。 二、引导词分类及选用（重中之重） 1. 关系代词（指代先行词，在从句中作主语/宾语/定语） 引导词 指代对象 从句中成分 关键考点（挖空） that 人/物 主语/宾语 1 先行词既有人又有物时用 that ； ② 先行词被最高级/序数词/the only 修饰时用 that ；③ 宾语可省略 which 物 主语/宾语 1 只指物；② 宾语可省略； ③ 不能用于介词后（介词后用 which ，不用 that ） who 人 主语 先行词为人，作主语时用 who/that whom 人 宾语 ① 作宾语（可省略）；② 介词后必须用 whom whose 人/物 定语 表 “…… 的”，后接名词 e.g. the girl whose hair is long 2. 关系副词（指代时间/地点/原因，在从句中作状语） 引导词 指代对象 从句特征（挖空） 同义替换 when 时间 从句缺时间状语when =介词+which （the day when we met=the day on which we met） where 地点 从句缺地点状语用where =介词+which （the school where I studied = the school in which I studied） why 原因 先行词只能是reason，从句缺原因状语 = for which （the reason why he left = the reason for which he left） 三、必记规则（速记+挖空） 1.主谓一致：从句谓语动词单复数由__先行词__决定（e.g., He is one of the students who are good at English.） 2.介词提前：关系代词作介词宾语时，介词可提前（只能用 which/whom，不能用 that）→ 介词 +which/whom 3.只用 that 的 5 种情况（挖空背诵）： ① 先行词为 all, everything, nothing, something 等不定代词→用 that； ② 先行词被 all, every, no, the only, the very 修饰→用 that； ③ 先行词被最高级 / 序数词修饰→用 that； ④ 先行词既有人又有物→用that； ⑤ 主句以 who/which 开头→从句用 that。 易错点总结 限制性定语从句易错点总结 一、关系词选用混淆：关系代词 vs 关系副词 这是最核心的易错点，判断关键在于从句是否缺主语 / 宾语 / 定语，还是缺状语。 1.易错表现 误：This is the place where we visited last year. 正：This is the place that/which we visited last year. （原因：visit 是及物动词，从句缺宾语，需用关系代词；where 只能作地点状语） 2.解题技巧 步骤 1：找出先行词，将先行词代入从句。 步骤 2：代入后，从句完整→用关系副词（when/where/why）；从句缺成分→用关系代词（that/which/who/whom/whose）。 例：I remember the day when we met.（代入后：we met on the day → 完整，用 when） 二、只用 that 不用 which 的情况记混 1.易错表现 误：Everything which he said is true. 正：Everything that he said is true. 2.核心记忆点（5 种必用 that 的情况） ①先行词是 all/everything/nothing/something/anything 等不定代词； ② 先行词被 all/every/no/the only/the very/the same 修饰； ③ 先行词被最高级、序数词修饰； ④ 先行词既有人又有物； ⑤ 主句以 who/which 开头，为避免重复。 三、介词提前时的关系词错误 1.易错表现 误：The man with that I talked is my teacher. 正：The man with whom I talked is my teacher. 2.核心规则 介词提前时，指人用 whom，指物用 which，绝对不能用 that； 介词不提前时，that 可替换 which/whom，且可省略。 例：The book (that/which) he talked about is popular.（介词后置，可用 that） 四、 whose 的用法及同义替换误区 1.易错表现 误：The house of which window is broken is mine. 正：The house whose window is broken is mine. / The house the window of which is broken is mine. 2.核心规则 whose 既指人也指物，后必须接名词，表 “…… 的”； 指物时，whose + n. = the + n. + of which = of which + the + n. 五、 主谓一致易错点 定语从句的谓语动词单复数由先行词决定，而非邻近名词，这是典型的 “主谓一致陷阱”。 1.易错表现 误：He is one of the students who is good at English. 正：He is one of the students who are good at English. （原因：先行词是 students，复数） 2.易错表现 误：He is the only one of the students who are good at English. 正：He is the only one of the students who is good at English. （原因：先行词被 the only 修饰，核心是 one，单数） 六、reason 后关系词的误用 1.易错表现 误：The reason why he gave is clear. 正：The reason that/which he gave is clear. 2.核心区分 reason 后接 why → 从句完整，why 作原因状语（The reason why he was late is clear.）； reason 后接 that/which → 从句缺宾语，that/which 作宾语（可省略）。 七、 way 后关系词的误用 way 表示 “方式、方法” 时，定语从句的引导词有三种正确形式，易错记成 which。 正确结构：the way that… / the way in which… /the way …（省略关系词） 例：I don’t like the way (that/in which) he speaks to his mother. 好题精练 一、易错点1：关系代词 vs 关系副词混淆（从句缺成分判断）​ 精练题​ 1. 单句改错：This is the museum where we visited during our trip.（______）​ 2. 单项选择：I can’t find the pen ______ I wrote the letter yesterday.​ A. which B. with which C. where D. that​ 3. 填空：The city ______ we lived for five years has changed a lot.（用适当关系词）​ 二、易错点2：只用 that 不用 which 的情况​ 精练题​ 1. 单句改错：All which we need is more time.（______）​ 2. 单项选择：This is the very book ______ I’ve been looking for.​ A. which B. that C. who D. whose​ 3. 填空：The first thing ______ comes to mind is his smile.（用适当关系词）​ 三、易错点3：介词提前时的关系词错误​ 精练题​​ 1. 单句改错：The girl with that he talked just now is my classmate.（______）​ 2. 单项选择：The house ______ we used to live is now a restaurant.​ A. in that B. which C. in which D. that​ 3. 填空：The man ______ you shook hands is our new manager.（用 “介词 + 关系词” 填空）​ 四、易错点4：whose 的用法及同义替换​ 精练题​​ 1. 单句改错：The book of which cover is blue is mine.（______）​ 2. 单项选择：Do you know the boy ______ father is a doctor?​ A. which B. whose C. who D. whom​ 3. 填空：The building ______ windows face south is our classroom.（用 whose 或 “of which” 结构填空）​ 五、易错点5：主谓一致陷阱​ 精练题​​​ 1. 单句改错：He is one of the boys who likes playing basketball.（______）​ 2. 单项选择：She is the only one of the students who ______ passed the exam.​ A. has B. have C. is D. are​ 3. 填空：All the books that ______ (be) on the desk are mine.（用 be 动词适当形式）​ 六、易错点6：reason 后关系词误用​ 精练题​​ 1. 单句改错：The reason why he told us was not true.（______）​ 2. 单项选择：The reason ______ she was late for school is that she missed the bus.​ A. that B. which C. why D. what​ 3. 填空：I don’t know the reason ______ he refused the invitation.（用适当关系词）​ 七、易错点7：way 后关系词误用​ 精练题​​​ 1. 单句改错：I don’t like the way which he solves problems.（______）​ 2. 单项选择：The way ______ you speak to your parents is not polite.​ A. that B. which C. how D. what​ 3. 填空：He taught me the way ______ I can improve my English.（用适当关系词）​ 真题感知 一、单项选择 1．（24-25高一下·河北邢台·期末）Everyone _____ knew him liked him. A．whom B．who C．which D．whose 2．（24-25高一下·福建泉州·期中）I’ll never forget the days ______ I spent in the countryside. A．when B．where C．which D．whose 3．（24-25高一下·陕西西安·期末）There was a time ______ people were divided geographically. A．that B．where C．when D．as 4．（24-25高一下·广东深圳·期末）She has a gift for creating an atmosphere ________ students feel comfortable. A．which B．where C．what D．when 5．（24-25高一下·黑龙江大庆·期末）Look out! Don’t get too close to the house _______ roof is under repair. A．which B．whose C．of which D．of that 二、完形填空 （24-25高一下·安徽宣城·期末）On a trip back from Boston, my two little guys and I stopped at a gas station. It was not until I got home that I 1 my wallet had been left there. I tried to set aside my frustration and 2 over this and focused on taking action. First, I had to find the phone number of the gas station on the Internet. 3 , the number had been recently changed due to new ownership. So I had to call the restaurant across the street. The hostess warmly 4 my number and had a waiter bring it to the gas station manager, who then rang me up. He told me that a 5 customer, who came to the station frequently, had found my wallet and 6 it over to him for safekeeping. I 7 that I would drive back to the gas station the next day to 8 my wallet. I’d really appreciate the 9 and thoughtfulness of others-from the 10 who found my wallet to the restaurant hostess to the manager, who was even willing to mail me my wallet if it was 11 for me. At every step of the way, a generous spirit was revealed, which was 12 in a world where we often 13 self-focused thinking and self-serving behavior. From then on, my world was made more 14 , not just by being reunited with my wallet, but by the powerful reminder of the goodness and 15 of others. 1．A．indicated B．realized C．intended D．requested 2．A．confusion B．curiosity C．anxiety D．surprise 3．A．Unfairly B．Uncertainly C．Unavoidably D．Unluckily 4．A．took down B．took in C．took up D．took off 5．A．typical B．regular C．casual D．common 6．A．got B．charged C．handed D．rolled 7．A．responded B．protested C．forced D．advised 8．A．pick out B．pick up C．come out D．come up 9．A．kindness B．toughness C．uniqueness D．tiredness 10．A．neighbor B．waiter C．survivor D．stranger 11．A．harder B．slower C．more possible D．more convenient 12．A．inspiring B．shocking C．worrying D．challenging 13．A．defended B．analyzed C．witnessed D．evaluated 14．A．valueless B．joyful C．careless D．fearful 15．A．bravery B．calmness C．generosity D．optimism 三、语法填空 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入一个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 （24-25高一下·安徽宣城·期末） When it comes to one of the most respected awards in the world, the Nobel Prize must be on 1 list. Created by Swedish inventor Alfred Nobel in 1895, the prize recognizes achievements in science and culture and the people behind them, 2 (encourage) the young generation to engage in 3 (science) research and cultural creation. Every year in October, the announcement of winners catches the world’s attention. A number of Nobel Prizes have awarded discoveries 4 have led to cures for diseases and health problems. A lot of parts in telephones, computers and telecommunication systems are 5 (true) the fruits of Nobel Prize — awarded work. Other prizes have honored the distinguished people 6 (involve) in helping create a more peaceful world. These famous individuals 7 the contributions they made show how science, literature and peace efforts change the world. Think about the plastic bags. Plastic wouldn’t have been invented 8 Friedrich Wilhelm Ostwald’s research. The German scientist won the Nobel Prize in 1909. Recently, Chinese people 9 (pay) more attention to the results of the Nobel Prize, following many prizes’ uplifting 10 (recognize) of Chinese scientists and writers, such as Tu Youyou and Mo Yan. 综合提升练 好题精练 Cloze 01 一、完形填空 （22-23高一上·山东日照·期末）A teacher gave his students a test. Most of the students finished all the questions without much effort 1 they all read the last one which was “What is the first name of the woman who 2 the school?” All of the students thought that this question was some kind of 3 . They had all seen the cleaning woman many times during each day at school. It was 4 that she was tall and old, but how would they know her 5 ? So they all 6 their test paper, leaving the last question 7 . Just before the class ended, one of the students asked if the last question would count toward the results of the 8 . “ 9 ,” said the teacher. He went on to say, “In your lives and careers, you will 10 many people and they are 11 individual, so they each are worth your 12 and care, even if all you do is 13 and say ‘Hello’.” Over the following days each of the students 14 the importance of finding out the name of the cleaner and introduced themselves. They all learned that cleaner’s name was Dorothy and they never forgot the 15 that everyone is important. 1．A．while B．after C．since D．until 2．A．guards B．manages C．supports D．cleans 3．A．pity B．risk C．joke D．story 4．A．natural B．clear C．possible D．unusual 5．A．address B．family C．name D．age 6．A．left behind B．lifted up C．put away D．handed in 7．A．unanswered B．open C．out D．unprepared 8．A．exercise B．experiment C．test D．match 9．A．Possibly B．No C．Sure D．Never 10．A．love B．help C．respect D．meet 11．A．important B．unique C．intelligent D．honest 12．A．consideration B．attention C．discussion D．protection 13．A．look B．run C．listen D．smile 14．A．remembered B．proved C．realized D．explained 15．A．lesson B．opinion C．promise D．argument Cloze 02（24-25高一下·江苏·期末）I was sitting in a chemistry class when I and six other kids were called down to the headmaster’s office. It was pretty strange because none of us were “ 1 ” students. We all 2 what she wanted to say. This was when she told us she would be choosing 3 of us to be nominated (提名) for the largest 4 in Canada. I never realized I was that 5 . She said, since we all had a (n) 6 high average, she would talk to our teachers to see who most 7 it. A week later, I got an email from the headmaster. It was 8 to me and another student at the meeting. I was shocked; this must have 9 we were the two people she would be choosing from. We were required to write about where we 10 ourselves in ten years. I knew I had to make this count. I spoke from the heart, describing my 11 life: living in the big city, having finished my degree, doing what I loved every day. About another week later, I got called back to her office, only me. I didn’t want to be overexcited because maybe she was being 12 , telling me I wasn’t chosen. She told me I was the one picked. Nobody could have 13 my smile, what a moment! She told me about all the 14 things my teachers said about me. I never realized I was thought so highly of by them. Over 350,000 students graduate from high school every year and I was one of the only 1,500 kids nominated for this scholarship across all of Canada. 15 I didn’t win in the last round, I’d still like to thank everyone who helped me get to where I am today. 1．A．talented B．intelligent C．problem D．normal 2．A．reflected B．hoped C．wondered D．ensured 3．A．both B．one C．all D．none 4．A．ceremony B．business C．group D．scholarship 5．A．honest B．popular C．eager D．excellent 6．A．similar B．different C．strong D．accurate 7．A．discussed B．deserved C．announce D．performed 8．A．attached B．carried C．returned D．addressed 9．A．meant B．predicted C．allowed D．demanded 10．A．see B．behave C．enjoy D．suit 11．A．busy B．wild C．reasonable D．perfect 12．A．anxious B．patient C．personal D．pleased 13．A．let down B．held back C．brought about D．kept up 14．A．beautiful B．important C．negative D．awkward 15．A．So B．Though C．Since D．Unless Passage 01 二、语法填空 （24-25高一下·广东江门·期末）阅读下面短文，在空白处填入一个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 Xuan paper, known 1 one of the Four Treasures of the Study, first came into existence in the Tang Dynasty. The traditional skill of making the paper by hand has 2 (pass) down through generations. The process takes more than 100 steps, all of 3 require high skills. Take papermaking master Zhou Donghong, for example. He filters (过滤) a mixture of water and fibers, lifts it up, and makes a sheet of paper. It takes him only 15 seconds 4 (form) and shape it, but he has devoted 5 (he) to perfecting the skill for decades. “There are a lot of tricks of filtering the fibers, and timing is the 6 (difficult) part of all. We have only one chance to filter the right amount of fibers, and only the proper weight ensures the paper is neither too thin nor too thick, and the margin (差额) for error is 7 (extreme) small”, said Zhou. The skill of papermaking, 8 (recognize) as a national treasure, has also proven to be an international one. We felt 9 great sense of pride as it was listed as an intangible cultural heritage (非物质文化遗产) by UNESCO in 2009. Since then, many technical schools in Jingxian County 10 (teach) papermaking. Passage 02 My Internet journey began when I was just a child, fascinated by the glowing screen of my smartphone. I was so 1 (addict) to it that I checked it constantly while walking, eating, or lying in bed. It was very hard for me 2 (quit) the habit. Then the day came when I finally realized I had to make 3 change. With my eyes fixed 4 my smartphone, I stepped into the road and a car 5 (shoot) past, nearly knocking me off my feet. At that time, I decided to go phone-free for a week. The first day was the hardest. But soon, time slowed down. I picked up the classic novel I had always wanted to read. I also kept a journal and went running, 6 (appreciate) the beauty in life with my own eyes, instead of through my smartphone camera. My offline 7 (relationship) benefited as well. I went for a long walk with an old friend. Our wide-ranging conversation went so much deeper than brief texts ever could. I also spent more time with my parents, bringing them up to date with 8 was going on in my life. We had never felt 9 (close) to each other. By the end of the week, I almost did not want to turn my phone back on. I still use technology, 10 life beyond the screen — richer and more real — matters most. Passage 03 Tang Yuan, also known as Yuan Xiao, is a traditional Chinese food deeply rooted in culture and history. It is most 1 (common) eaten during the Lantern Festival, 2 marks the end of the Chinese New Year celebrations. Tang Yuan symbolizes reunion, happiness, and family unity, making it a meaningful dish for this festive occasion. The origins of Tang Yuan can be traced back to the Song Dynasty (960 — 1279 AD). It first appeared in southern China, where it 3 (make) from glutinous rice flour and filled with sweet ingredients. Its round shape represents 4 (complete) and togetherness. As the tradition spread to northern China, it became associated with the Lantern Festival and was called Yuan Xiao, 5 the south kept the name Tang Yuan. Over time, Tang Yuan 6 (change) in both preparation and flavor. Traditional fillings like black sesame, red bean paste, and peanuts remain popular, but modern innovations have introduced new 7 (variety), such as chocolate and fruit jams. The process of making Tang Yuan is often a family activity, 8 (stress) its symbolic meaning of unity. During the Lantern Festival, families gather 9 (enjoy) Tang Yuan. Tang Yuan’s significance extends beyond its taste. It also reflects cultural values through its blend of tradition and creativity and remains a 10 (belove) symbol of reunion. Passage 04 （24-25高一下·福建福州·期末） On 17 October 2016,  China’s space agency launched the Shenzhou 11 space vehicle 1 (connect) with the Tiangong 2 space laboratory. The vehicle carried two 2 (experience)astronauts, Jing Haipeng and Chen Dong, and took about two hours to complete the docking procedure. The astronauts had many jobs to do during the mission. Firstly, they floated through an 80-centimetre-wide tube so 3 to board Tiangong 2. Once 4 (safe) on board, they waved to the camera, 5 (send) greetings to people on Earth, 6 were watching the mission closely. They also conducted various 7 (experiment) such as growing rice in space. Additionally, they gave 8 (they) medical check-ups to analyze how their bodies 9   (affect) by the space environment.  Jing and Chen finally returned to Earth 30 days later, making their mission the 10 (long) such mission by Chinese astronauts at that time. 19 / 21 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $