第11讲 必修三 Unit 4 Space Exploration（知识全梳理&考点精准练）（寒假预习讲义）高一英语人教版

第11讲 必修三 Unit 4 Space Exploration （知识全梳理&考点精准练）（寒假预习讲义） 内容导航 考点聚焦：归纳核心考点 & 高考考点，有的放矢 重点速记：重难点梳理，查漏补缺，即时巩固 复习提升：真题感知 & 综合提升专练，全面突破 知识梳理 重点01 核心单词和短词 知识精讲 本单元词汇围绕太空探索主题展开，多涉及航天科技、宇宙天体及探索行动相关表达，以下是重点单词和短语的详细讲解： 一、核心词汇精讲 英文词汇 音标 汉语释义 拓展&考点 explore /ɪkˈsplɔː(r)/ v. 探索；勘探；探究 派生词：exploration n. 探索；explorer n. 探险家 launch /lɔːntʃ/ v. 发射；上市 n. 发射 搭配：launch a satellite 发射卫星 orbit /ˈɔːbɪt/ n. 轨道 v. 绕…轨道运行 搭配：in orbit 在轨道上；orbit the Earth 绕地球运行 astronaut /ˈæstrənɔːt/ n. 宇航员 形近词astronomy n. 天文学；astronomer n. 天文学家 capsule /ˈkæpsjuːl/ n. 太空舱；胶囊 搭配：space capsule 太空舱 giant /ˈdʒaɪənt/ adj. 巨大的 n. 巨人 搭配：a giant leap 巨大的飞跃 mystery /ˈmɪstəri/ n. 神秘事物；谜 派生词：mysterious adj. 神秘的 signal /ˈsɪɡnəl/ n. 信号；标志 v. 发信号 搭配send a signal 发送信号；signal to sb. 向某人示意 confirm /kənˈfɜːm/ v. 确认；证实；批准 派生词：confirmation n. 确认 failure /ˈfeɪljə(r)/ n. 失败；故障 反义词：success n. 成功派生词：fail v. 失败； 搭配：failure to do sth. 未能做某事 二、核心短语精讲 英文短语 汉语释义 用法&例句 set sail 本义：起航；启程引申义：开启某探索任务 The spaceship set sail for the outer space last Friday carry out 执行；实施；完成； carry out a plan 执行计划 The research team carried out a survey on space radiation. cheer up （使）高兴起来；（使）振作起来 cheer sb. up 使某人振作 Let’s cheer up the astronauts who are working in the space station. . in spite of 尽管；不管 In spite of the bad weather, the launch was still successful. lead to 导致；通向 The new discovery led to a better understanding of black holes. make progress 取得进步 Humans have made great progress in space exploration. focus on 集中于 Scientists focus on finding signs of water on Mars. in the hope of 怀着…… 的希望 They sent a rover to Mars in the hope of discovering life. come true 实现；成为现实 The dream of landing on the moon came true in 1969. 重点02 语法考点精讲 语法精讲 —— 主谓一致 主谓一致是指句子的主语和谓语动词在人称和数上保持一致，核心遵循三大原则： 语法一致原则、意义一致原则、就近一致原则。 一、语法一致原则 核心规则：主语的单复数形式决定谓语动词的单复数形式，即单数主语用单数谓语， 复数主语用复数谓语。 1. 普通名词/代词作主语 （1）单数主语+单数谓语 例：The rocket was launched successfully yesterday.（火箭是单数） 例：Nobody knows the secret of the universe.（不定代词 nobody 表单数） （1）复数主语+复数谓语 例：These astronauts have undergone strict training.（宇航员是复数） 例：Both of them are interested in space exploration.（both 表复数） 2. 不可数名词/单数可数名词作主语 不可数名词（如 water, information）、单数可数名词作主语，谓语用单数。 例：Space junk is a big problem for spacecraft.（space junk 是不可数名词） 例：A new satellite is going to be sent into orbit next month. 3. 并列主语的特殊情况 由 and 连接两个主语时，若指同一人/物/概念，谓语用单数；若指不同的人/物，谓语用复数。 （1）指同一人/物（单数谓语） 例：The writer and astronaut gives a speech on space travel tomorrow. （作家和宇航员是同一个人） （2）指不同人/物（复数谓语） 例：The writer and the astronaut give a speech tomorrow.（两个不同的人） 二、 意义一致原则（逻辑原则） 核心规则：谓语动词的单复数由主语所表达的实际意义决定，而非形式上的单复数。 1. 集体名词作主语 常见集体名词：family, team, group, class, government, audience （1）强调整体 → 单数谓语 例：Our team is working on a space project.（团队作为整体在工作） （2）强调个体成员 → 复数谓语 例：Our team are from different cities.（团队成员来自不同城市） 2. 表数量的词/短语作主语 （1）分数 / 百分数 + of + 名词：谓语单复数由 of 后的名词决定 例：30% of the data is collected from Mars.（data 是不可数名词，用单数） 例：60% of the astronauts are men.（astronauts 是复数，用复数） （2）a number of + 复数名词 → 复数谓语（表 “许多”）； the number of + 复数名词 → 单数谓语（表 “…… 的数量”） 例：A number of scientists are researching black holes. 例：The number of satellites in orbit is increasing every year. （3）quantities of + 名词 → 无论名词单复数，谓语都用复数； a quantity of + 名词 → 谓语单复数由名词决定 例：Large quantities of fuel are needed for the rocket. 例：A small quantity of water is stored in the space capsule. 3. 单复数同形的名词作主语 根据语境判断意义：常见词有 sheep, deer, means, series, species 例：This means of communication is widely used in space missions.（这种方式→单数） 例：Different means of communication are tested.（不同方式→复数） 三、 就近一致原则（邻近原则） 核心规则：谓语动词的单复数由靠近它的主语决定，常见于特定并列结构。 1. 典型并列连词 （1）either...or...（要么…… 要么……） 例：Either the engineer or the astronauts are responsible for the failure.（靠近的 astronauts 是复数） （2）neither...nor...（既不…… 也不……） 例：Neither the satellite nor the rocket was damaged.（靠近的 rocket 是单数） （3）not only...but also...（不仅…… 而且……） 例：Not only the students but also their teacher is interested in space exploration.（靠近的 teacher 是单数） （4）there be/here be 句型 例：There is a telescope and two cameras in the lab.（靠近 be 动词的 telescope 是单数） 例：Here are two spaceship models and a book.（靠近 be 动词的 models 是复数） 四、 特殊句式的主谓一致 1. 不定式/动名词/从句作主语 不定式（to do）、动名词（doing）、主语从句作主语时，谓语通常用单数。 例：Exploring Mars is a challenging task.（动名词作主语） 例：To send humans to Mars is the goal of many countries.（不定式作主语） 例：What we need is more advanced technology.（主语从句作主语） 特例：若两个不定式/动名词表不同概念，谓语用复数 例：To eat and to sleep are the basic needs of astronauts in space. 2. 倒装句中的主谓一致 倒装句中，谓语动词的单复数由后面的主语决定。 例：On the surface of the moon stands a research station.（主语是 a research station，单数） 例：Among the scientists are several Nobel Prize winners.（主语是 winners，复数） 3. “the + 形容词” 作主语 “the + 形容词” 表一类人时，谓语用复数；表抽象概念时，谓语用单数。 例：The young are more interested in space travel.（年轻人→复数） 例：The unknown is always a mystery to humans.（未知的事物→单数） 五、 易错点总结 1、police, people, cattle 等集合名词，永远表复数，谓语用复数 例：The police are investigating the rocket accident. 2、each/every + 单数名词 + and + 单数名词，谓语用单数 例：Every satellite and every rocket is checked carefully before launch. 3、many a + 单数名词 表 “许多”，但谓语用单数 例：Many a scientist has devoted his life to space exploration. 主谓一致好题精练 一、用所给动词的适当形式填空 1. The spaceship (be) going to launch next Monday. 2. A number of scientists (be) researching space exploration. 3. The number of satellites in orbit (be) increasing year by year. 4. Either the pilot or the engineers (be) responsible for the test. 5. Exploring the universe (be) a lifelong dream for many people. 6. His family (be) going to watch the rocket launch together.（强调整体） 7. His family (be) all interested in astronomy.（强调个体） 8. There (be) a telescope and two cameras in the lab. 9. 30% of the fuel (be) used for the first stage of the flight. 10. Not only the students but also their teacher (be) excited about the space lecture. 二、单项选择 1. A group of scientists ______ to the space center for a visit next week. A. is going B. are going C. was going D. were going 2. The writer and astronaut ______ a speech on space travel this afternoon. A. Gives B. give C. are giving D. were giving 3. What we need ______ more advanced technology and enough funding. A. is B. are C. was D. were 4. Large quantities of water ______ needed for the space station every month. A. is B. are C. was D. has been 5. Neither the rocket nor the satellite ______ damaged in the test. A. is B. are C. were D. have been 6. Many a student ______ interested in the mystery of black holes. A. is B. are C. were D. have been 三、翻译句子（使用主谓一致相关规则） 1. 执行太空任务是一项极具挑战性的工作。 2. 不仅宇航员，还有很多普通人都梦想着飞向太空。 3. 这个科研团队的成员来自不同的国家。 4. 据信，火星上曾经存在过水。 参考答案及详细解析 一、用所给动词的适当形式填空 1. is 解析：主语 the spaceship 是单数可数名词，遵循语法一致原则，谓语动词用单数。 2. are 解析：a number of + 复数名词 表 “许多”，中心词是复数名词 scientists，谓语动词用复数。 3. is 解析：the number of + 复数名词 表 “…… 的数量”，主语核心是 number（单数），谓语动词用单数。 4. are 解析：either...or... 遵循就近一致原则，靠近谓语的主语 the engineers 是复数，故用 are。 5. is 解析：动名词短语 Exploring the universe 作主语，视为单数概念，谓语动词用单数。 6. is 解析：集体名词 family 强调整体，遵循意义一致原则，谓语动词用单数。 7. are 解析：集体名词 family 强调个体成员，遵循意义一致原则，谓语动词用复数。 8. is 解析：there be 句型遵循就近一致原则，靠近 be 动词的主语 a telescope 是单数，故用 is。 9. is 解析：百分数 + of + 名词 作主语时，谓语单复数由 of 后的名词决定，fuel 是不可数名词，故用 is。 10. is 解析：not only...but also... 遵循就近一致原则，靠近谓语的主语 their teacher 是单数，故用 is。 二、单项选择 1. 答案：B 解析：a group of scientists 强调个体成员（一群科学家），谓语用复数；时间状语 next week 表将来，用 are going。 2. 答案：A 解析：the writer and astronaut 指同一个人（兼具作家和宇航员身份），主语为单数，谓语用 gives。 3. 答案：B 解析：主语从句 What we need 指代的内容是 more advanced technology and enough funding （两个事物），视为复数，谓语用 are。 4. 答案：B 解析：large quantities of + 名词 作主语时，无论名词单复数，谓语动词一律用复数，故用 are。 5. 答案：A 解析：neither...nor... 遵循就近一致原则，靠近谓语的主语 the satellite 是单数，且语境为一般情况， 用 is。 6. 答案：A 解析：many a + 单数名词 表 “许多”，但语法形式上为单数，谓语动词用单数，故用 is。 三、翻译句子 1. Carrying out space missions is a very challenging task. 解析：动名词短语作主语，视为单数，谓语用 is；“执行太空任务” 译为 carry out space missions。 2. Not only astronauts but also many ordinary people dream of flying to space. 解析：not only...but also... 就近一致，靠近谓语的 many ordinary people 是复数，谓语用 dream； “梦想做某事” 译为 dream of doing sth.。 3. The members of this research team are from different countries. 解析：主语 the members 是复数，谓语用 are；“科研团队” 译为 research team。 4. It is believed that water once existed on Mars. 解析：固定句型 It is believed that... 中，it 作形式主语，that 从句作真正主语，从句主语 water 是不可数名词，谓语用 existed。 真题感知 一、单项选择 1．（24-25高一下·江苏南京·期末）Either you or he ________ interested in playing chess. ________ you or he fond of music at present? A．are; Are B．is; Are C．are; Is D．is; Is 【答案】B 【详解】考查主谓一致。句意：你和他之间有人对下棋感兴趣。现在你和他有人喜欢音乐吗？Either...or之间是一种选择关系，它们之后接的动词遵循就近原则，第一个空he较动词近，用is；第二个you较近，用are，故选B项。 2．（24-25高一下·四川宜宾·期末） The number of the teachers who ______ cars in our school ______ increasing very fast. A．own; is B．owns; is C．own; are D．owns; are 【答案】A 【详解】考查主谓一致。句意：在我们学校里拥有汽车的老师的数量正在迅速增加。分析句式结构可知，句子使用一般现在时，本题第一空定语从句的先行词是the teachers，who指代先行词在句中作主语，故第一空动词使用复数形式和teachers保持一致。第二空是这个句子的谓语动词，与主语the number保持一致，故使用单数形式。故选A项。 3.（24-25高二下·浙江宁波·期末）A poet and artist _____ coming to speak to us about Chinese literature and painting tomorrow afternoon. A．is B．are C．was D．were 【答案】A 【详解】试题分析：句意：那位诗人和艺术家将于明天下午来跟我们讲关于中国文学和绘画的讲座。根据有and连接的两个部分的名词前面有一个冠词时，是一个人兼有两种身份，故谓语动词应该是单数，故排除BD；又因为时间状语是tomorrow afternoon，come可以用进行时表示将来，故选A。 考点：考查动词时态的用法。 点评：本题难度适中。动词的时态是高中语法知识点的重难之一，需要考生掌握各种时态的用法，有分析理解复杂的句子结构及语境的能力。 即学即练：If you don't like the drink you just leave it and try a different one. A. ordered        B. are ordering    C. will order        D. had ordered 解析：A。句意：“如果你不喜欢你所点的饮料，就把它放那儿，试试另一种。”don't like the drink是现在时，点饮料是过去的动作，因此，用过去时或现在完成时，故选A。 4．（24-25高一下·江西南昌·期末）Huge quantities of fresh water ___________ there since the serious drought in the southern parts of china. A．have sent B．has sent C．has been sent D．have been sent 【答案】D 【详解】考查动词时态语态和主谓一致。句意：自从中国南方的严重干旱以来，大量的淡水被送往那里。根据“quantities of+可数名词复数+不可数名词”做主语，谓语动词用复数，故排除B、C选项；且根据后文since the serious drought in the southern parts of china可知应用现在完成时，且主语与谓语动词构成被动关系，故用现在完成时的被动语态，故排除A选项。综上，故选D。 5．（24-25高一下·海南·期末）No one in the department but Tom and I ______ that the director is going to resign. A．have known B．know C．knows D．am to know 【答案】C 【详解】考查主谓一致。句意：除了Tom和我没有人知道经理要辞职。本句主语是短语“No one in the department but Tom and I”，谓语动词应该和no one保持一致，所以要适应单数，排除AB项，D项的主语是I，故C项正确。 6．（24-25高一下·湖南株洲·期末）Kate as well as her sister interested in studying English. A．are B．take C．takes D．is 【答案】D 【详解】考查主谓一致、时态和固定短语。句意：凯特和她的妹妹都对学习英语感兴趣。分析句子可知，句中涉及固定短语“be interested in…”，意为“对……感兴趣”，句子陈述的是客观事实，为一般现在时，“as well as”意为“和”，连接两个名词作主语时，谓语动词的单复数根据前面的“Kate”判断，故“be”转换为“is”。故选D项。 7．（24-25高一下·湖南邵阳·期末）Not only the animals but also the jungle______digitally. A．creates B．is created C．create D．are created 【答案】B 【详解】考查谓语动词。句意：不仅动物，而且丛林都是数字化的。设空处在句中作谓语，和句子的主语之间为被动关系；not only...but also...(不但......而且.....)连接并列主语，遵循就近原则，谓语动词和the jungle保持一致。故选B。 8．（24-25高一下·湖南常德·期末） He, together with his friends，_______ coming to visit us this weekend. A．is B．are C．will D．should 【答案】A 【详解】 考查主谓一致。句意：他和他的朋友这周末来看我们。A together with B 作主语时，谓语动词与A保持一致，句子为现在进行时表将来，主语为he，所以be动词用is。故选A项。 9．（24-25高一下·广东深圳·期末）No sooner had the movie come out than Simon as well as other reviewers ________ to comment on it. A．is invited B．has invited C．were invited D．was invited 【答案】D 【详解】考查时态、语态主谓一致。句意：这部电影一上映，西蒙以及其他影评人就被邀请对其进行评论。 选“No sooner...than...”结构中，“no sooner”后的句子用过去完成时，“than”后的句子用一般过去时，所以时态应是一般过去时，又因为“Simon as well as other reviewers”与“invite” 之间是被动关系，即 “被邀请”，所以要用一般过去时的被动语态，as well as适用就远原则，谓语用单数形式“was invited”。故选D。 10．（24-25高一下·广东汕头·期末）Frank, rather than his two sisters, _______ London next morning by train which _______ at 8:30. A．is leaving for; will leave B．are leaving for; leaves C．is leaving for; leaves D．will leave for; is leaving 【答案】C 【详解】考查主谓一致和时态。句意：Frank，而不是他的两个姐妹，将乘坐明天早上8点半离开的火车去伦敦。根据句意以及“next morning”可知，第一个空应用现在进行时表将来，表示已经计划好的动作，主语是Frank，谓语动词用第三人称单数；所以第一空填is leaving for；第二空在定语从句“which ________at 8:30”中作谓语动词，应用一般现在时表将来（按照具体时刻表要发生的动作用一般现在时态表将来，常用于交通工具的运行），which在定语从句中作主语，指代先行词train，谓语动词用单数，所以第二空填leaves。故选C。 二、语法填空 11．（24-25高一下·黑龙江哈尔滨·期末）Nowadays, a large quantity of cookers on the market (guarantee) for three years at least. (所给词的适当形式填空) 【答案】is guaranteed 【详解】考查时态语态和主谓一致。句意：如今，市场上大量的炊具至少保修三年。设空处在句中作谓语，应用动词，结合时间状语Nowadays可知，此处应用一般现在时，主语a large quantity of cookers和guarantee之间为被动关系，应用一般现在时的被动语态，谓语动词的数与quantity保持一致，用单数形式。故填is guaranteed。 12．（24-25高一下·广东深圳·期末）Bullying in schools (threat) students’ mental health, which is why many institutions have implemented anti-bullying programs. (所给词的适当形式填空) 【答案】threatens 【详解】考查时态和主谓一致。句意：学校里的欺凌行为威胁着学生的心理健康，这就是为什么许多机构实施了反欺凌计划。根据句意可知，句子陈述的是客观事实，应用一般现在时，空格处为谓语动词，“Bullying in schools”为动名词短语，谓语动词应用单数形式，“threat”对应的动词为“threaten”，意为“威胁”，三单形式为“threatens”。故填threatens。 13．（24-25高一下·山东日照·期末）The work of the charity (fund) by voluntary donations. (所给词的适当形式填空) 【答案】is funded/was funded 【详解】考查时态、语态和主谓一致。句意：慈善机构的工作是由自愿捐款资助的。空处在句中充当谓语。主语为The work of the charity，和fund之间是动宾关系，应用被动语态。这里既可表示过去，也可表示现实情况，所以可用一般过去时或一般现在时，且be动词应用was或is。故填is funded或was funded。 14．（24-25高一下·吉林长春·期末）As far as I know, a large amount of money spent on the construction of the school last year. (用适当的词填空) 【答案】was 【详解】考查时态和主谓一致。句意：据我所知，去年学校的建设花了一大笔钱。a large amount of“大量的”，修饰不可数名词，谓语使用单数形式，主语money和spend之间是被动关系，根据last year可知句子使用一般过去时的被动语态，故填was。 15．（24-25高一下·重庆长寿·期末）Up to now, more than 90 rooms (decorate) with the valuable paintings. （所给词的适当形式填空） 【答案】have been decorated 【详解】考查时态、语态和主谓一致。句意：到目前为止，已有90多个房间装饰着这些珍贵的画作。主语rooms和动词decorate之间是被动关系，结合时间状语Up to now可知应用现在完成时的被动语态，主语表示复数意义，故填have been decorated。 16． （24-25高一下·山东济宁·期末）A large amount of time (spend) on this project up to now. (所给词的适当形式填空) 【答案】has been spent 【详解】考查时态、语态和主谓一致。句意：到目前为止，大量时间被花在这个项目上。由“up to now”可知，句子时态用现在完成时，时间是被花费，因此空格处是现在完成时的被动语态，即have/has been done，主语time是不可数名词，因此空格处是has been spent。故填has been spent。 17．（24-25高一下·江苏·期末）Many a house (equip) with automatic fire alarm systems since then. (所给词的适当形式填空) 【答案】has been equipped 【详解】考查时态语态。句意：从那时起，许多房子都安装了自动火灾报警系统。分析句子可知，此空应填谓语动词，Many a house为第三人称单数形式，与equip为被动关系，且由 since then可知，这里时态应用现在完成时。故填has been equipped。 18．（24-25高一下·江苏南京·期末）Large quantities of information (offer) to the government since last year. (所给词的适当形式填空) 【答案】have been offered 【详解】考查动词时态和语态。句意：自去年以来，已向政府提供了大量信息。分析句子可知，此处为谓语动词的填入，根据since last year时间状语可知，此处为现在完成时，主语Large quantities of information和动词offer为被动关系，所以为现在完成时的被动语态结构，(large) quantities of…(或a quantity of)+名词用作主语时，其谓语动词根据quantity的单复数确定，本题中quantities是复数，助动词用have。故填have been offered。 19．（22-23高一上·广东茂名·期末）So far, many effective measures (take) to protect the wildlife. (所给词的适当形式填空) 【答案】have been taken 【详解】考查被动语态和主谓一致。句意：到目前为止，已经采取了许多有效的措施来保护野生动物。由时间状语“so far”可知，空处谓语动词需用现在完成时态：have/has done，表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响；空处动词与本句主语之间是被动关系，所以空处需用现在完成时态的被动语态：have/has been done，主语是复数 measures，所以此处助动词需用have。故填have been taken。 3. 语篇填空 （24-25高二下·辽宁抚顺·期末） 阅读下列材料，在空白处填入适当内容(1个单词)或填入括号内单词的正确形式。 I felt butterflies in my stomach when I started calligraphy class ten years ago. I wondered what I was doing there. At that moment, I couldn't have known that I'd just made one of the best 1 (choose) of my life. I sat down and listened to the teacher introducing the tools of the craft. Then 2 was the first time for me that I had tried my hand. I took up the brush, using the correct gesture, 3 (dip) it in the ink, and carefully wrote "one" 4 Chinese. Over 5 past five years, I have learned to make versions of well-known poems. Calligraphy seemed like a bridge, 6 connected me to authors from centuries past. Stroke(笔画) by stroke, word by word, I could feel their emotions, cherished my own peace and learned 7 (appreciate) my daily life. Now, calligraphy is not just a hobby, 8 a way to remove myself from the worries of life. Rolling out the paper, I can write for a whole day. Calligraphy 9 (able) me to balance my busy schedule and live 10 (peace). 【答案】 1．choices 2．it 3．dipped 4．in 5．the 6．which 7．to appreciate 8．but 9．enables 10．peacefully 【分析】这是一篇夹叙夹议文。讲述了作者从初上书法课的迷茫，到书法课成为自己身边必不可少的一部分的心理历程。 1．考查名词的数。分析句子结构可知，one of the best后加名词复数，表示“最好的……之一”，故填choices。 2．考查固定句型。分析句子结构可知，it is/was the+序数词+time that是固定句型，意为“这是第几次……”，故填it。 3．考查时态。句意：我拿起画笔，用正确的手势蘸了蘸墨水，小心翼翼地用中文写着“一”。结合句意可知，句中的三个动作take up, dip, write是连贯的、并列的，故时态一致，故填dipped。 4．考查介词。句意：小心翼翼地用中文写着“一”。分析句子结构可知，空处填介词，表示“用……门语言”用介词in，故填in。 5．考查冠词。句意：在过去的五年里，我学会了翻译一些著名的诗歌。over the past five years意为“在过去的五年里”，表示特指，故填the。 6．考查定语从句连词。分析句子结构可知，空处填关系代词，在从句中作主语，先行词是a bridge，故填which。 7．考查动词的固定结构。句意：我可以感受到他们的情绪，珍惜自己的平静，学会欣赏我的日常生活。learn to do sth.意为“学做……”，故填to appreciate。 8．考查并列连词。句意：现在，书法不仅仅是一种爱好，而是一种让自己摆脱生活烦恼的方式。根据句意可知，not…but…意为“不是……而是……”，故填but。 9．考查时态和主谓一致。根据句子结构可知，空处填时态，结合语境，此处用一般现在时，且主语是calligraphy，故填enables。 10．考查副词。分析句子结构可知，空处填副词，修饰动词live，故填peacefully。 【点睛】it的固定句型（和时间有关）总结： ①It is time (about time, high time) that…该句型中that后的从句应该用虚拟语气。注意：常用过去时态表示虚拟，有时也用should+动词原形，should 不能省。常译为“是（正是）……的时候” ②It is/was the first (second, …)time that…该句型应和上一个句型区别开来。该句型中不用虚拟语气，而用完成时态。至于用哪种完成时态，由主句的谓语动词的时态来决定。如果是一般现在时，从句用现在完成时态；如果是一般过去时，从句则用过去完成时态。该结构中that可以省去；it有时用this替换，常译为“是第一（二,…）次…”。 ③It is …since…该句型主要用作处理瞬间动词的完成时，要和表示一段时间的时间状语连用。主句中是时间作表语，其时态是现在时和完成时，引导的从句通常是一般过去时态，而且是瞬间动词。如果主句是一般过去时，从句则用过去完成时。 ④It is …when…该句型中的when引导的是一个时间状语从句，主句中的it指时间，表语由具体的时间充当。常译为“当……的时候，是……” ⑤It be…before…该句型主句中的it指时间，主句中的时态常是一般将来时或过去时两种时态，主句中的表语多是long, not long, 3 days, 2 weeks等表示时间段的词和短语。常译为“…之后才”，“没过……就……”。 四、选词填空 （20-21高一下·广东广州·期末）用所给短语的恰当形式填入下列句子，使其意义完整，有两个短语多余。 in spite of    ；carry sb. through；figure out；in case；set out；be absorbed in；insist on 1．It is necessary that you take notes of these useful expressions you forget them. 2．They kept on doing research day and night hundreds of failures. 3．Time passes quickly when you reading a good book. 4．It took them about one month to how to start the equipment. 5．The soldiers’ courage and determination the terrible wartime. 【答案】 1．in case 2．in spite of 3．are absorbed in 4．figure out 5．carried them through 【分析】 1．考查短语连词。句意：你有必要记下这些有用的表达，以防你忘记它们。分析句子可知，空格处应该填入能够引导从句的短语。短语in case（以防）引导目的状语从句，符合句意的需要和语境。故填in case。 2．考查介词短语。句意：尽管失败了数百次，他们仍日夜不停地进行研究。分析句子可知，空格处应该填入介词短语。短语in spite of（尽管）符合句意的需要和语境。故填in spite of。 3．考查动词短语和时态。句意：当你专心阅读一本好书时，时间会过得很快。分析句子可知，从句中应该填入动词短语，短语be absorbed in（专心做某事）符合句意的需要。根据passes可知，从句使用一般现在时，再由其前的主语“you”可知，be动词使用are。故填are absorbed in。 4．考查动词短语。句意：他们花了大约一个月的时间才弄清楚如何启动设备。短语figure out（弄清楚）接在不定式符号to后，用原形，符合句意的需要和语境。故填figure out。 5．考查动词短语和时态。句意：士兵们的勇气和决心使他们度过了可怕的战争时期。分析句子可知，空格处缺少谓语动词，应该使用动词短语。carry sb through（帮助某人渡过困难时期）符合句意的需要。根据句意可推断，谓语动词用一般过去时，sb指的是soldiers，因此用them代替它。故填carried them through。 综合提升练 一、单项选择 1．Not only Alice but also Jane and Mary _______ as managers of the local stores since they won the national sales competition at the end of October. A．was appointed B．were appointed C．has been appointed D．have been appointed 【答案】D 【详解】考查动词时态语态。句意：自从10月底赢得全国销售比赛以来，不仅爱丽丝，简和玛丽也被任命为当地商店的经理。根据“since they won the national sales competition at the end of October”可知，此处为现在完成时，主语和appoint为被动关系，需用被动语态，主语由not only...but also...连接，谓语动词遵循就近原则，和Jane and Mary保持一致，助动词使用have。故选D。 2．Early to bed and early to rise ______ a man healthy. A．is made B．are made C．make D．makes 【答案】D 【详解】考查动词时态和主谓一致。句意：早睡早起使人健康。结合语境可知本句陈述客观事实，故时态用一般现在时，主语Early to bed and early to rise表示一种习惯，且与动词make“使变得”为主动关系，故句子用一般现在时的主动形式，不定式作主语按第三人称单数处理，故谓语用第三人称单数形式makes。故选D。 3．Either John or his friends ________ to blame for the bad results. A．are B．is C．be D．am 【答案】A 【详解】考查主谓一致。句意：不是约翰就是他的朋友要为糟糕的结果负责。并列主语由Either…or…连接时，遵循就近原则，谓语应和后面的主语his friends表示一致，句子陈述目前事实，应用一般现在时，be动词使用are。故选A。 4．He is the only one of the best students who _______ chosen to take part in the competition so far. A．is B．are C．have been D．has been 【答案】D 【详解】考查时态和主谓一致。句意：到目前为止，他是唯一一个被选中参加比赛的优秀学生。A项是一般现在时，谓语动词单数形式；B项是一般现在时，谓语动词复数形式；C项是现在完成时，谓语动词复数形式；D项是现在完成时，谓语动词单数形式。分析句子可知，空格处为定语从句的谓语部分，先行词one是被the only限定，从句谓语动词应使用单数形式；根据句意，从句应使用现在完成时的被动语态，故选D项。 5．So far, the coach as well as all the players ________ their confidence. A．has lost B．have lost C．lost D．is losing 【答案】A 【详解】考查时态和主谓一致。句意：到目前为止，教练和所有的球员都失去了信心。由“So far”可知，句子时态用现在完成时，“as well as”连接并列的两个主语时，谓语动词的数与前面的主语保持一致，即根据coach来定，coach是单数，因此空格处是has lost。故选A。 二、完形填空 I used to take pride in my 1 tongue in class debates or arguments. When chosen to represent our school in the national debate series, I was very 2 . The journey to the finals was smooth for my team. Among us, I stood out as the most 3 speaker. In each round, all judges selected me as the best speaker. I firmly 4 I would be voted the overall best speaker for the debate series. However, this confidence led to overconfidence. As the finals came near, I became increasingly 5 with the team. I began missing practices, causing 6 among my teammates and our teacher. They had to 7 me to pull through on the day of the finals, as there was no suitable replacement. On the very day of the finals, I felt 8 about showing off my debating skills. But reality was far from what I had imagined. My not being 9 at practices had created a gap between my teammates and me. We couldn’t work together as 10 as before. Our performance was so 11 that even our school supporters fell silent. When it was my turn to 12 as the last speaker, an expectant silence fell over the hall. Everyone expected me to 13 the balance and win the overall best speaker title. Starting my speech, I realized something was wrong. My words didn’t logically 14 my teammates’ points. I struggled through my 15 , feeling hopelessly. In the end, we lost the championship. Only then, as I saw the disappointment in my teammates’ eyes, did the meaning of teamwork truly click inside me: it wasn’t just a phrase; it was what bond us together. It wasn’t just about sharing ideas to win — it was about forming something stronger than any one of us alone. 1．A．sharp B．soft C．slow D．long 2．A．sad B．confident C．confused D．shy 3．A．demanding B．freezing C．outstanding D．easygoing 4．A．appreciated B．supported C．doubted D．believed 5．A．dissatisfied B．satisfied C．agreed D．connected 6．A．comfort B．worry C．peace D．danger 7．A．stick to B．call on C．relate to D．depend on 8．A．excited B．tired C．nervous D．curious 9．A．late B．present C．quiet D．happy 10．A．bravely B．happily C．perfectly D．carefully 11．A．good B．poor C．useless D．common 12．A．regard B．start C．conclude D．expect 13．A．pass B．lose C．check D．tip 14．A．attract B．miss C．follow D．refuse 15．A．belief B．dream C．class D．speech 【答案】 1．A 2．B 3．C 4．D 5．A 6．B 7．D 8．A 9．B 10．C 11．B 12．C 13．D 14．C 15．D 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者曾经因辩论能力强而自负，在参加全国辩论比赛时，因过度自信而忽视团队合作，最终导致团队失利的故事。通过这次经历，作者深刻领悟到了团队合作的重要性。 1．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：我过去常常为自己在课堂上辩论或争论时犀利的口才而自豪。A. sharp尖锐的；B. soft柔软的；C. slow缓慢的；D. long长的。根据前文“take pride in”及后文“all judges selected me as the best speaker”可知，作者在辩论中表现出色，口才犀利，因此感到自豪。故选A项。 2．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：当被选为代表我们学校参加全国辩论系列赛时，我非常自信。A. sad悲伤的；B. confident自信的；C. confused困惑的；D. shy害羞的。根据后文“I firmly 4 I would be voted the overall best speaker for the debate series.”可知，作者坚信自己会成为最佳辩手，因此非常自信。故选B项。 3．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在我们中，我是最杰出的演讲者。A. demanding要求高的；B. freezing极冷的；C. outstanding杰出的；D. easygoing随和的。根据后文“In each round, all judges selected me as the best speaker.”可知，作者在每一轮比赛中都被评委选为最佳辩手，因此是最杰出的演讲者。故选C项。 4．考查动词词义辨析。句意：我坚信我会被选为整个辩论系列的最佳辩手。A. appreciated欣赏；B. supported支持；C. doubted怀疑；D. believed相信。根据前文“I stood out as the most 3 speaker”及后文“I would be voted the overall best speaker for the debate series”可知，作者表现出色，因此坚信自己会成为最佳辩手。故选D项。 5．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：随着决赛的临近，我对团队越来越不满意。A. dissatisfied不满意的；B. satisfied满意的；C. agreed同意的；D. connected连接的。根据后文“I began missing practices”可知，作者开始缺席训练，对团队越来越不满意。故选A项。 6．考查名词词义辨析。句意：我开始缺席训练，这让我的队友和老师感到担忧。A. comfort安慰；B. worry担忧；C. peace和平；D. danger危险。根据前文“I began missing practices”可知，作者缺席训练，这会让团队成员感到担忧。故选B项。 7．考查动词短语辨析。句意：他们不得不依靠我在决赛那天坚持下来，因为没有合适的替代者。A. stick to坚持；B. call on号召；C. relate to与……有关；D. depend on依靠。根据后文“as there was no suitable replacement”可知，没有合适的替代者，因此团队不得不依靠作者。故选D项。 8．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在决赛当天，我对展示自己的辩论技巧感到兴奋。A. excited兴奋的；B. tired疲惫的；C. nervous紧张的；D. curious好奇的。根据后文“But reality was far from what I had imagined.”可知，作者原本对展示自己的辩论技巧感到兴奋，但现实与想象相差甚远。故选A项。 9．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：我没有参加训练，这在我队友和我之间造成了隔阂。A. late迟到的；B. present在场的；C. quiet安静的；D. happy高兴的。根据前文“I began missing practices”可知，作者缺席训练，因此这里指没有在场参加训练。故选B项。 10．考查副词词义辨析。句意：我们无法像以前那样完美地合作。A. bravely勇敢地；B. happily高兴地；C. perfectly完美地；D. carefully仔细地。根据前文“My not being 9 at practices had created a gap between my teammates and me.”可知，作者缺席训练导致与队友之间产生了隔阂，因此无法像以前那样完美地合作。故选C项。 11．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：我们的表现非常糟糕，甚至我们学校的支持者也沉默了。A. good好的；B. poor糟糕的；C. useless无用的；D. common普通的。根据后文“even our school supporters fell silent”可知，团队的表现非常糟糕，以至于支持者也沉默了。故选B项。 12．考查动词词义辨析。句意：轮到我作为最后一位发言者结束比赛时，大厅里一片期待中的寂静。A. regard看待；B. start开始；C. conclude结束；D. expect期待。根据后文“as the last speaker”可知，作者是最后一位发言者，因此是结束比赛。故选C项。 13．考查动词词义辨析。句意：每个人都期待我扭转局势，赢得最佳辩手称号。A. pass通过；B. lose失去；C. check检查；D. tip使倾斜，使翻转。根据后文“win the overall best speaker title”可知，每个人都期待作者扭转局势，赢得最佳辩手称号。tip the balance为固定短语，意为“扭转局势”。故选D项。 14．考查动词词义辨析。句意：我的话在逻辑上没有跟上队友的观点。A. attract吸引；B. miss错过；C. follow跟随；D. refuse拒绝。根据前文“I realized something was wrong”及后文“I struggled through my 15 ”可知，作者意识到自己的话在逻辑上没有跟上队友的观点，因此挣扎着完成演讲。故选C项。 15．考查名词词义辨析。句意：我挣扎着完成演讲，感到绝望。A. belief信念；B. dream梦想；C. class班级；D. speech演讲。根据前文“Starting my speech, I realized something was wrong.”可知，作者正在进行演讲，因此这里指挣扎着完成演讲。故选D项。 三、语法填空 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 Though China’s space program started later than 1 of Russia and the US, it has made great progress. Fifty years ago, China 2 (success) launched its first satellite, Dongfanghong 1, and started a new chapter in space exploration. 3 (honour) its 50th anniversary, the China National Space Administration announced the name for the country’s Mars planetary exploration program on April 24. The mission, Tianwen got its name 4 a long poem Tianwen written by Qu Yuan, a famous poet of the Warring States Period. In the poem, Qu raised a range of questions concerning the sky, stars, natural 5 (phenomenon), myths and the real world, 6 (reflect) his doubts on traditional ideas and his pursuit (追求) of truth. For the past few years, China’s missions, including the Shenzhou and Chang’e series, 7 (further) mankind’s understanding of Earth and the universe. This time, the Tianwen series will carry out the first Mars exploration mission, 8 signals a milestone for China’s move toward deep space. With the name’s deep root in Chinese traditional culture, Tianwen shows the 9 (determine) and perseverance of Chinese people. From its first launch to becoming the third country in the world to independently launch 10 (man) satellites, China now proudly stands in the list of technological advanced countries. 【答案】 1．those 2．successfully 3．To honour 4．from 5．phenomena 6．reflecting 7．have furthered 8．which 9．determination 10．manned 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了中国航天事业的发展历程和成就，包括首次卫星发射、火星探测任务的命名以及中国航天在国际上的地位等。 1．考查代词。句意：尽管中国的太空计划起步晚于俄罗斯和美国，但已取得了巨大进步。此处指代前面的space program，且为复数概念（俄罗斯和美国的太空计划），为同名不同物的复数名词，为避免重复应用those替代。故填those。 2．考查副词。句意：50年前，中国成功发射了第一颗卫星“东方红一号”，开启了太空探索的新篇章。修饰动词launch，应用success的副词形式successfully作状语，意为“成功地”。故填successfully。 3．考查非谓语动词。句意：为纪念其成立50周年，中国国家航天局于4月24日宣布了该国火星行星探测计划的名称。根据语意可知，此处表目的，应用不定式作目的状语，且位于句首，首字母需大写。故填To honour。 4．考查介词。句意：“天问”任务得名于战国时期著名诗人屈原的一首长诗《天问》。结合句意可知，根据语意可知，此处表示“得名于……”，应用固定短语get its name from，from表示“来源于……”。故填from。 5．考查名词复数。句意：在这首诗中，屈原提出了一系列关于天空、星辰、自然现象、神话和现实世界的问题，反映了他对传统观念的质疑和对真理的追求。phenomenon意为“现象”，为可数名词，根据空前的a range of questions和语境可知，此处应用其复数形式 phenomena表示泛指。故填phenomena。 6．考查非谓语动词。句意：同上。分析句子结构可知，句中已有谓语动词raised，所以此处应用非谓语动词形式，reflect与主语Qu之间为主动关系，应用现在分词形式作状语。故填reflecting。 7．考查时态。句意：在过去的几年里，中国的任务，包括神舟和嫦娥系列，进一步加深了人类对地球和宇宙的理解。根据时间状语For the past few years可知，此处应用现在完成时，主语China’s missions为复数，助动词应用have。故填have furthered。 8．考查定语从句。句意：此次，“天问”系列将执行首次火星探测任务，这标志着中国向深空迈进的一个里程碑。此处为非限制性定语从句，修饰前面整个句子，关系词在从句中作主语，应用关系代词which来引导。故填which。 9．考查名词。句意：“天问”这个名字深深植根于中国传统文化，体现了中国人民的决心和毅力。此处与perseverance并列作shows的宾语，应用determine的名词形式determination，为不可数名词，意为“决心”。故填determination。 10．考查形容词。句意：从首次发射到成为世界上第三个独立发射载人卫星的国家，中国现在自豪地跻身于技术先进国家之列。修饰名词satellites，应用man的形容词形式manned作定语，意为“载人的，由人操控的”，manned satellite意为“载人卫星”。故填manned。 四、书面表达 随着世界太空技术的发展，人类的太空梦不再是梦。但是也有人觉得耗费大量的人力和财力来研究和开发太空资源不切实际，不如将这些人力和财力用来着重解决人类当前面临的重大问题，改善地球的生存环境。对此，你有何看法？以“Developing space technology, worthwhile or not?”为题写一篇80词左右的短文。 Developing space technology, worthwhile or not? ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】 Developing space technology, worthwhile or not? With the development of space technology, human beings are exploring further into the space. Those space experiments and explorations cost huge sums of money, which, quite a number of people think, should have been used to protect human natural environment and solve the problems we all are facing. This might be true, but I think in the long run humans will have to turn to other planets when all the resources are used up. For example, humans could make use of the mines on the moon and conduct special experiments in the space. Moreover, some of the new technologies employed in space could be used in our daily life and thus create a better life for us. All in all, space technology development is sure to benefit all human beings and it is well worth it. 【导语】本篇书面表达属于开放性作文，要求考生以“Developing space technology, worthwhile or not?”为题写一篇短文，发表自己对发展太空技术的看法。 【详解】 1. 词汇积累 探索：explore→probe 大量金钱：huge sums of money→a large amount of money 解决：solve→work out/settle 从长远来看：in the long run→in the long term 用完：be used up→run out 利用：make use of→take advantage of 2. 句式拓展 同义句转换 原句：With the development of space technology, human beings are exploring further into the space. 拓展句：With space technology developing, human beings are exploring further into the space. 【点睛】 【高分句型1】 Those space experiments and explorations cost huge sums of money, which, quite a number of people think, should have been used to protect human natural environment and solve the problems we all are facing.(使用了which引导非限制性定语从句和不定式短语作目的状语，还使用了省略了关系代词which/that的定语从句) 【高分句型2】 This might be true, but I think in the long run humans will have to turn to other planets when all the resources are used up. (使用了but连接并列句、省略that的宾语从句和when引导时间状语从句) 19 / 21 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 第11讲 必修三 Unit 4 Space Exploration （知识全梳理&考点精准练）（寒假预习讲义） 内容导航 考点聚焦：归纳核心考点 & 高考考点，有的放矢 重点速记：重难点梳理，查漏补缺，即时巩固 复习提升：真题感知 & 综合提升专练，全面突破 知识梳理 重点01 核心单词和短词 知识精讲 本单元词汇围绕太空探索主题展开，多涉及航天科技、宇宙天体及探索行动相关表达，以下是重点单词和短语的详细讲解： 一、核心词汇精讲 英文词汇 音标 汉语释义 拓展&考点 explore /ɪkˈsplɔː(r)/ v. 探索；勘探；探究 派生词：exploration n. 探索；explorer n. 探险家 launch /lɔːntʃ/ v. 发射；上市 n. 发射 搭配：launch a satellite 发射卫星 orbit /ˈɔːbɪt/ n. 轨道 v. 绕…轨道运行 搭配：in orbit 在轨道上；orbit the Earth 绕地球运行 astronaut /ˈæstrənɔːt/ n. 宇航员 形近词astronomy n. 天文学；astronomer n. 天文学家 capsule /ˈkæpsjuːl/ n. 太空舱；胶囊 搭配：space capsule 太空舱 giant /ˈdʒaɪənt/ adj. 巨大的 n. 巨人 搭配：a giant leap 巨大的飞跃 mystery /ˈmɪstəri/ n. 神秘事物；谜 派生词：mysterious adj. 神秘的 signal /ˈsɪɡnəl/ n. 信号；标志 v. 发信号 搭配send a signal 发送信号；signal to sb. 向某人示意 confirm /kənˈfɜːm/ v. 确认；证实；批准 派生词：confirmation n. 确认 failure /ˈfeɪljə(r)/ n. 失败；故障 反义词：success n. 成功派生词：fail v. 失败； 搭配：failure to do sth. 未能做某事 二、核心短语精讲 英文短语 汉语释义 用法&例句 set sail 本义：起航；启程引申义：开启某探索任务 The spaceship set sail for the outer space last Friday carry out 执行；实施；完成； carry out a plan 执行计划 The research team carried out a survey on space radiation. cheer up （使）高兴起来；（使）振作起来 cheer sb. up 使某人振作 Let’s cheer up the astronauts who are working in the space station. . in spite of 尽管；不管 In spite of the bad weather, the launch was still successful. lead to 导致；通向 The new discovery led to a better understanding of black holes. make progress 取得进步 Humans have made great progress in space exploration. focus on 集中于 Scientists focus on finding signs of water on Mars. in the hope of 怀着…… 的希望 They sent a rover to Mars in the hope of discovering life. come true 实现；成为现实 The dream of landing on the moon came true in 1969. 重点02 语法考点精讲 语法精讲 —— 主谓一致 主谓一致是指句子的主语和谓语动词在人称和数上保持一致，核心遵循三大原则： 语法一致原则、意义一致原则、就近一致原则。 一、语法一致原则 核心规则：主语的单复数形式决定谓语动词的单复数形式，即单数主语用单数谓语， 复数主语用复数谓语。 1. 普通名词/代词作主语 （1）单数主语+单数谓语 例：The rocket was launched successfully yesterday.（火箭是单数） 例：Nobody knows the secret of the universe.（不定代词 nobody 表单数） （1）复数主语+复数谓语 例：These astronauts have undergone strict training.（宇航员是复数） 例：Both of them are interested in space exploration.（both 表复数） 2. 不可数名词/单数可数名词作主语 不可数名词（如 water, information）、单数可数名词作主语，谓语用单数。 例：Space junk is a big problem for spacecraft.（space junk 是不可数名词） 例：A new satellite is going to be sent into orbit next month. 3. 并列主语的特殊情况 由 and 连接两个主语时，若指同一人/物/概念，谓语用单数；若指不同的人/物，谓语用复数。 （1）指同一人/物（单数谓语） 例：The writer and astronaut gives a speech on space travel tomorrow. （作家和宇航员是同一个人） （2）指不同人/物（复数谓语） 例：The writer and the astronaut give a speech tomorrow.（两个不同的人） 二、 意义一致原则（逻辑原则） 核心规则：谓语动词的单复数由主语所表达的实际意义决定，而非形式上的单复数。 1. 集体名词作主语 常见集体名词：family, team, group, class, government, audience （1）强调整体 → 单数谓语 例：Our team is working on a space project.（团队作为整体在工作） （2）强调个体成员 → 复数谓语 例：Our team are from different cities.（团队成员来自不同城市） 2. 表数量的词/短语作主语 （1）分数 / 百分数 + of + 名词：谓语单复数由 of 后的名词决定 例：30% of the data is collected from Mars.（data 是不可数名词，用单数） 例：60% of the astronauts are men.（astronauts 是复数，用复数） （2）a number of + 复数名词 → 复数谓语（表 “许多”）； the number of + 复数名词 → 单数谓语（表 “…… 的数量”） 例：A number of scientists are researching black holes. 例：The number of satellites in orbit is increasing every year. （3）quantities of + 名词 → 无论名词单复数，谓语都用复数； a quantity of + 名词 → 谓语单复数由名词决定 例：Large quantities of fuel are needed for the rocket. 例：A small quantity of water is stored in the space capsule. 3. 单复数同形的名词作主语 根据语境判断意义：常见词有 sheep, deer, means, series, species 例：This means of communication is widely used in space missions.（这种方式→单数） 例：Different means of communication are tested.（不同方式→复数） 三、 就近一致原则（邻近原则） 核心规则：谓语动词的单复数由靠近它的主语决定，常见于特定并列结构。 1. 典型并列连词 （1）either...or...（要么…… 要么……） 例：Either the engineer or the astronauts are responsible for the failure.（靠近的 astronauts 是复数） （2）neither...nor...（既不…… 也不……） 例：Neither the satellite nor the rocket was damaged.（靠近的 rocket 是单数） （3）not only...but also...（不仅…… 而且……） 例：Not only the students but also their teacher is interested in space exploration.（靠近的 teacher 是单数） （4）there be/here be 句型 例：There is a telescope and two cameras in the lab.（靠近 be 动词的 telescope 是单数） 例：Here are two spaceship models and a book.（靠近 be 动词的 models 是复数） 四、 特殊句式的主谓一致 1. 不定式/动名词/从句作主语 不定式（to do）、动名词（doing）、主语从句作主语时，谓语通常用单数。 例：Exploring Mars is a challenging task.（动名词作主语） 例：To send humans to Mars is the goal of many countries.（不定式作主语） 例：What we need is more advanced technology.（主语从句作主语） 特例：若两个不定式/动名词表不同概念，谓语用复数 例：To eat and to sleep are the basic needs of astronauts in space. 2. 倒装句中的主谓一致 倒装句中，谓语动词的单复数由后面的主语决定。 例：On the surface of the moon stands a research station.（主语是 a research station，单数） 例：Among the scientists are several Nobel Prize winners.（主语是 winners，复数） 3. “the + 形容词” 作主语 “the + 形容词” 表一类人时，谓语用复数；表抽象概念时，谓语用单数。 例：The young are more interested in space travel.（年轻人→复数） 例：The unknown is always a mystery to humans.（未知的事物→单数） 五、 易错点总结 1、police, people, cattle 等集合名词，永远表复数，谓语用复数 例：The police are investigating the rocket accident. 2、each/every + 单数名词 + and + 单数名词，谓语用单数 例：Every satellite and every rocket is checked carefully before launch. 3、many a + 单数名词 表 “许多”，但谓语用单数 例：Many a scientist has devoted his life to space exploration. 主谓一致好题精练 一、用所给动词的适当形式填空 1. The spaceship (be) going to launch next Monday. 2. A number of scientists (be) researching space exploration. 3. The number of satellites in orbit (be) increasing year by year. 4. Either the pilot or the engineers (be) responsible for the test. 5. Exploring the universe (be) a lifelong dream for many people. 6. His family (be) going to watch the rocket launch together.（强调整体） 7. His family (be) all interested in astronomy.（强调个体） 8. There (be) a telescope and two cameras in the lab. 9. 30% of the fuel (be) used for the first stage of the flight. 10. Not only the students but also their teacher (be) excited about the space lecture. 二、单项选择 1. A group of scientists ______ to the space center for a visit next week. A. is going B. are going C. was going D. were going 2. The writer and astronaut ______ a speech on space travel this afternoon. A. Gives B. give C. are giving D. were giving 3. What we need ______ more advanced technology and enough funding. A. is B. are C. was D. were 4. Large quantities of water ______ needed for the space station every month. A. is B. are C. was D. has been 5. Neither the rocket nor the satellite ______ damaged in the test. A. is B. are C. were D. have been 6. Many a student ______ interested in the mystery of black holes. A. is B. are C. were D. have been 三、翻译句子（使用主谓一致相关规则） 1. 执行太空任务是一项极具挑战性的工作。 2. 不仅宇航员，还有很多普通人都梦想着飞向太空。 3. 这个科研团队的成员来自不同的国家。 4. 据信，火星上曾经存在过水。 真题感知 一、单项选择 1．（24-25高一下·江苏南京·期末）Either you or he ________ interested in playing chess. ________ you or he fond of music at present? A．are; Are B．is; Are C．are; Is D．is; Is 2．（24-25高一下·四川宜宾·期末） The number of the teachers who ______ cars in our school ______ increasing very fast. A．own; is B．owns; is C．own; are D．owns; are 3.（24-25高二下·浙江宁波·期末）A poet and artist _____ coming to speak to us about Chinese literature and painting tomorrow afternoon. A．is B．are C．was D．were 4．（24-25高一下·江西南昌·期末）Huge quantities of fresh water ___________ there since the serious drought in the southern parts of china. A．have sent B．has sent C．has been sent D．have been sent 5．（24-25高一下·海南·期末）No one in the department but Tom and I ______ that the director is going to resign. A．have known B．know C．knows D．am to know 6．（24-25高一下·湖南株洲·期末）Kate as well as her sister interested in studying English. A．are B．take C．takes D．is 7．（24-25高一下·湖南邵阳·期末）Not only the animals but also the jungle______digitally. A．creates B．is created C．create D．are created 8．（24-25高一下·湖南常德·期末） He, together with his friends，_______ coming to visit us this weekend. A．is B．are C．will D．should 9．（24-25高一下·广东深圳·期末）No sooner had the movie come out than Simon as well as other reviewers ________ to comment on it. A．is invited B．has invited C．were invited D．was invited 10．（24-25高一下·广东汕头·期末）Frank, rather than his two sisters, _______ London next morning by train which _______ at 8:30. A．is leaving for; will leave B．are leaving for; leaves C．is leaving for; leaves D．will leave for; is leaving 二、语法填空 11．（24-25高一下·黑龙江哈尔滨·期末）Nowadays, a large quantity of cookers on the market (guarantee) for three years at least. (所给词的适当形式填空) 12．（24-25高一下·广东深圳·期末）Bullying in schools (threat) students’ mental health, which is why many institutions have implemented anti-bullying programs. (所给词的适当形式填空) 13．（24-25高一下·山东日照·期末）The work of the charity (fund) by voluntary donations. (所给词的适当形式填空) 14．（24-25高一下·吉林长春·期末）As far as I know, a large amount of money spent on the construction of the school last year. (用适当的词填空) 15．（24-25高一下·重庆长寿·期末）Up to now, more than 90 rooms (decorate) with the valuable paintings. （所给词的适当形式填空） 16． （24-25高一下·山东济宁·期末）A large amount of time (spend) on this project up to now. (所给词的适当形式填空) 17．（24-25高一下·江苏·期末）Many a house (equip) with automatic fire alarm systems since then. (所给词的适当形式填空) 18．（24-25高一下·江苏南京·期末）Large quantities of information (offer) to the government since last year. (所给词的适当形式填空) 19．（22-23高一上·广东茂名·期末）So far, many effective measures (take) to protect the wildlife. (所给词的适当形式填空) 3. 语篇填空 （24-25高二下·辽宁抚顺·期末） 阅读下列材料，在空白处填入适当内容(1个单词)或填入括号内单词的正确形式。 I felt butterflies in my stomach when I started calligraphy class ten years ago. I wondered what I was doing there. At that moment, I couldn't have known that I'd just made one of the best 1 (choose) of my life. I sat down and listened to the teacher introducing the tools of the craft. Then 2 was the first time for me that I had tried my hand. I took up the brush, using the correct gesture, 3 (dip) it in the ink, and carefully wrote "one" 4 Chinese. Over 5 past five years, I have learned to make versions of well-known poems. Calligraphy seemed like a bridge, 6 connected me to authors from centuries past. Stroke(笔画) by stroke, word by word, I could feel their emotions, cherished my own peace and learned 7 (appreciate) my daily life. Now, calligraphy is not just a hobby, 8 a way to remove myself from the worries of life. Rolling out the paper, I can write for a whole day. Calligraphy 9 (able) me to balance my busy schedule and live 10 (peace). 【答案】 1．choices 2．it 3．dipped 4．in 5．the 6．which 7．to appreciate 8．but 9．enables 10．peacefully 四、选词填空 （20-21高一下·广东广州·期末）用所给短语的恰当形式填入下列句子，使其意义完整，有两个短语多余。 in spite of    ；carry sb. through；figure out；in case；set out；be absorbed in；insist on 1．It is necessary that you take notes of these useful expressions you forget them. 2．They kept on doing research day and night hundreds of failures. 3．Time passes quickly when you reading a good book. 4．It took them about one month to how to start the equipment. 5．The soldiers’ courage and determination the terrible wartime. 综合提升练 一、单项选择 1．Not only Alice but also Jane and Mary _______ as managers of the local stores since they won the national sales competition at the end of October. A．was appointed B．were appointed C．has been appointed D．have been appointed 2．Early to bed and early to rise ______ a man healthy. A．is made B．are made C．make D．makes 3．Either John or his friends ________ to blame for the bad results. A．are B．is C．be D．am 4．He is the only one of the best students who _______ chosen to take part in the competition so far. A．is B．are C．have been D．has been 5．So far, the coach as well as all the players ________ their confidence. A．has lost B．have lost C．lost D．is losing 二、完形填空 I used to take pride in my 1 tongue in class debates or arguments. When chosen to represent our school in the national debate series, I was very 2 . The journey to the finals was smooth for my team. Among us, I stood out as the most 3 speaker. In each round, all judges selected me as the best speaker. I firmly 4 I would be voted the overall best speaker for the debate series. However, this confidence led to overconfidence. As the finals came near, I became increasingly 5 with the team. I began missing practices, causing 6 among my teammates and our teacher. They had to 7 me to pull through on the day of the finals, as there was no suitable replacement. On the very day of the finals, I felt 8 about showing off my debating skills. But reality was far from what I had imagined. My not being 9 at practices had created a gap between my teammates and me. We couldn’t work together as 10 as before. Our performance was so 11 that even our school supporters fell silent. When it was my turn to 12 as the last speaker, an expectant silence fell over the hall. Everyone expected me to 13 the balance and win the overall best speaker title. Starting my speech, I realized something was wrong. My words didn’t logically 14 my teammates’ points. I struggled through my 15 , feeling hopelessly. In the end, we lost the championship. Only then, as I saw the disappointment in my teammates’ eyes, did the meaning of teamwork truly click inside me: it wasn’t just a phrase; it was what bond us together. It wasn’t just about sharing ideas to win — it was about forming something stronger than any one of us alone. 1．A．sharp B．soft C．slow D．long 2．A．sad B．confident C．confused D．shy 3．A．demanding B．freezing C．outstanding D．easygoing 4．A．appreciated B．supported C．doubted D．believed 5．A．dissatisfied B．satisfied C．agreed D．connected 6．A．comfort B．worry C．peace D．danger 7．A．stick to B．call on C．relate to D．depend on 8．A．excited B．tired C．nervous D．curious 9．A．late B．present C．quiet D．happy 10．A．bravely B．happily C．perfectly D．carefully 11．A．good B．poor C．useless D．common 12．A．regard B．start C．conclude D．expect 13．A．pass B．lose C．check D．tip 14．A．attract B．miss C．follow D．refuse 15．A．belief B．dream C．class D．speech 三、语法填空 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 Though China’s space program started later than 1 of Russia and the US, it has made great progress. Fifty years ago, China 2 (success) launched its first satellite, Dongfanghong 1, and started a new chapter in space exploration. 3 (honour) its 50th anniversary, the China National Space Administration announced the name for the country’s Mars planetary exploration program on April 24. The mission, Tianwen got its name 4 a long poem Tianwen written by Qu Yuan, a famous poet of the Warring States Period. In the poem, Qu raised a range of questions concerning the sky, stars, natural 5 (phenomenon), myths and the real world, 6 (reflect) his doubts on traditional ideas and his pursuit (追求) of truth. For the past few years, China’s missions, including the Shenzhou and Chang’e series, 7 (further) mankind’s understanding of Earth and the universe. This time, the Tianwen series will carry out the first Mars exploration mission, 8 signals a milestone for China’s move toward deep space. With the name’s deep root in Chinese traditional culture, Tianwen shows the 9 (determine) and perseverance of Chinese people. From its first launch to becoming the third country in the world to independently launch 10 (man) satellites, China now proudly stands in the list of technological advanced countries. 四、书面表达 随着世界太空技术的发展，人类的太空梦不再是梦。但是也有人觉得耗费大量的人力和财力来研究和开发太空资源不切实际，不如将这些人力和财力用来着重解决人类当前面临的重大问题，改善地球的生存环境。对此，你有何看法？以“Developing space technology, worthwhile or not?”为题写一篇80词左右的短文。 Developing space technology, worthwhile or not? ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 19 / 21 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $