专题12 体裁“解构”-说明文四大篇章结构破题技巧（培优讲义）（全国通用）2026年高考英语二轮复习高效培优系列

该高中英语高考复习讲义聚焦说明文四大篇章结构（现象解释型、问题解决型、观点对比型、事物介绍型），覆盖主旨大意、写作目的、篇章结构等高阶题型，按考情精析-考点深解-解题优化的逻辑架构，通过考点梳理、方法提炼、真题训练（如2025浙江卷典例）帮助学生突破结构识别与逻辑分析难点，体现复习教学的系统性和针对性。 资料创新采用“结构先行”策略（30秒判断文章类型）和“标注段功”符号法（T/F/C/S等），结合典例精析与分层变式巩固，培养学生宏观结构把握能力（思维品质）和逻辑信号敏感度（语言能力）。设置“首尾聚焦”“选项反推”等实用技巧，助力学生高效破解主旨题，为教师提供精准复习节奏把控依据，提升学生应考能力。

专题12 体裁“解构”-- 说明文四大篇章结构破题技巧 目录 第一部分 考情精析 锁定靶心 高效备考 第二部分 重难考点深解 深度溯源 扫清盲区 【考点01】现象解释型说明文 （结构：现象/发现 -> 多角度/多层次解释 -> 意义/展望） 【考点02】问题解决型说明文 （结构：提出问题 -> 分析原因/影响 -> 提出解决方案/评价） 【考点03】观点对比型说明文 （结构：引出话题 -> 呈现不同观点/研究 -> 比较分析 -> 结论/展望） 【考点04】事物介绍/过程描述型说明文 （结构：总述事物/过程 -> 分述特点/步骤 -> 归纳总结） 第三部分 解题思维优化 典例精析+方法提炼+变式巩固 【题型01】主旨大意题（宏观结构把握） 【题型02】写作目的题（宏观功能判断） 【题型03】篇章结构题（脉络梳理能力） 核心考向聚焦 核心价值：说明文是高考阅读理解中占比最高（约60%以上）、题型最稳定的体裁。掌握其四大典型篇章结构，能帮助学生快速把握文章脉络、精准定位信息、高效破解主旨、目的、结构等高阶题型，实现从“读得懂”到“做得对”的跃升。 关键能力与思维瓶颈 关键能力：本专题重点考查 • 宏观结构识别能力（判断文章属于现象解释/问题解决/观点对比/事物介绍） • 段落功能分析能力（区分总起、分述、转折、例证、结论等） • 逻辑信号敏感度（识别however, for example, in contrast, as a result等衔接词） • 主旨抽象概括能力（从细节中提炼核心观点）。 培优瓶颈： • 混淆“细节支撑”与“主旨核心”，误选以偏概全选项； • 忽视尾段“转折—展望”功能，错判作者态度； • 对复合结构（如“问题+对比+对策”）缺乏整体把握，碎片化理解文本。 命题前瞻与备考策略 预测： • 高考将继续以“科技+生态+心理+文化”为说明文主题热点； • 主旨题、目的题、推断题将更强调结构化思维，要求学生基于篇章框架而非局部信息作答； • 出现更多“双题联动”设计（如先考结构，再考主旨），考查综合解读能力。 策略： 1. 结构先行：训练学生30秒内判断文章所属四大结构类型； 2. 标注段功：用T（总）、F（分）、C（对比）、S（总结）、P（问题）、Sol（方案）等符号快速标注段落功能； 3. 首尾聚焦：90%的主旨/目的题答案线索藏于首段引入句或尾段结论句； 4. 选项反推：用“是否覆盖全文主干”“是否匹配结构重心”排除干扰项。 ◇考点 01 现象解释型说明文 现象解释型说明文是高考中最常见的类型之一，旨在对某一自然、社会或科技现象进行客观陈述，并从多角度阐释其成因、机制或影响。 结构范式：现象陈述→多维阐释→意义归纳 先呈现某一自然 / 社会现象（如奇怪现象、反常情况、科学现象），再通过科学原理、数据或案例解释现象产生的原因，最终明确现象本质，对应 “现象→原因→本质” 的逻辑链。 引出现象：开篇呈现一个具体、新颖或具有普遍关注度的现象（如环境变化、行为趋势、科学发现等）； 多维解释：从科学原理、社会背景、数据支撑、历史演变等不同层面分析现象产生的原因或运行机制； 意义或展望：指出该现象的现实意义、潜在影响或未来研究/应对方向。 识别标志：高频使用“why”“how”“due to”“as a result”“research shows”等因果或解释性语言；段落逻辑呈“总—分—总”或“现象—分析”递进式。 如何快速判断？ 看首段：​ 寻找现象描述句。常见标志词如：Studies show that..., It is a common phenomenon that..., Recently, there is a trend that... 看段落主题句：​ 主体段落常以 One reason is..., Another factor lies in...等开头。 ◇考点 02 问题解决型说明文 问题解决型说明文有强烈的实用导向，围绕一个具体问题展开，探讨解决方案。 结构范式：问题界定→成因剖析→方案构建 先明确某一现实问题（如环境问题、社会问题、技术难题），再提出具体解决方案（政策、技术、方法等），最后说明方案的效果、局限性或进一步建议，对应 “问题→措施→结果 / 展望” 的逻辑链。 提出问题：明确指出某一亟待解决的困境、挑战或负面现象（如资源短缺、健康隐患、技术瓶颈等）； 分析影响与成因：阐述问题带来的后果及其深层原因，增强解决必要性； 提出并评估方案：介绍一种或多种解决方案，并可能附带对其可行性、效果或局限性的客观评价。 识别标志：常见“problem”“challenge”“solution”“approach”“address”“mitigate”等关键词；结构清晰体现“问题—分析—对策”逻辑链。 ◇考点 03 观点对比型说明文 观点对比型说明文围绕某一争议性话题，客观呈现不同立场、研究结论或理论观点，并进行比较分析。 结构范式：议题导入→观点呈现→比较综合→立场表明 围绕同一话题（如技术应用、社会现象），呈现两种或多种对立 / 差异观点，分别通过数据、案例、理论支撑各观点，最终可能隐含作者倾向或留待读者判断，对应 “话题引入→观点 1 + 论据→观点 2 + 论据→总结” 的逻辑链。 引出议题：提出一个存在分歧或多元解读的话题（如技术伦理、教育方式、生活方式选择等）； 呈现多方观点：依次介绍两种或以上代表性立场，常引用专家、研究机构或公众意见； 比较与综合：分析各观点的依据、优势与不足，最终给出平衡性结论或未来展望。 识别标志：频繁使用“some argue… while others believe…”“in contrast”“however”“on the one hand… on the other hand”等对比连接词；作者通常保持中立，重在呈现而非评判。 ◇考点 04 事物介绍/过程描述型说明文 系统介绍某一事物的属性、构成、功能，或详述某一过程的操作步骤与原理。 事物介绍：围绕某一具体事物（如技术产品、自然物种、文化现象），介绍其定义、特征、分类、功能、价值等，逻辑多为 “总述→分点展开”。 过程描述：围绕某一操作流程（如实验步骤、制作方法、技术原理），按时间或逻辑顺序说明 “怎么做”，常伴随具体数据或注意事项。 结构范式：总体定义→分层说明→综合总结 总体概述：对事物或过程进行定义、定位或整体描述； 分项说明：按空间顺序、时间顺序或逻辑类别，逐一介绍组成部分、特征、步骤或操作要点； 归纳总结：重申其价值、应用范围或注意事项。 识别标志：多用“consist of”“include”“first, then, finally”“characterized by”“feature”等描述性语言；行文客观、条理清晰，无明显情感倾向或论证意图。 ◇题型 01 主旨大意题（宏观结构把握） 典｜例｜精｜析 典例1【2025浙江1月卷】A novel design approach to gardening has been gaining in popularity worldwide. Referred to as matrix planting, this approach aims for nature to do a lot more of the heavy lifting in the garden, and even some of the designing. Eschewing fertilizers (化肥) and power tools, it’s based on an elegantly simple principle: to garden more like nature does. The concept was born when German city planners sought to plant large areas of parkland after World War II in a reproducible way that would need minimal maintenance. Planners created planting mixes that could be used modularly (模块化). In a matrix garden, plants with similar cultural needs are grouped so that they will grow together above and below ground, forming a cooperative ecosystem that conserves water and discourages weeds. Dutch plantsman and designer Piet Oudolf’s gardens popularized this style, adding artistic flavors to the planting mixes while playing with color and form, including four-season interest and serving the needs of wildlife. Beautiful year-round, they invite you to enjoy the smallest detail, from the sound of grasses in the gentle wind to the sculpture of odd-looking seed heads. It takes a lot of thought to look this natural. While matrix gardens appear wild, they are carefully planned, with cultural needs the first consideration. Led by the concept of “right plant, right place,” they match plants that enjoy the same soil, sun and weather conditions, and arrange them according to their patterns of growth. The benefits are substantial for both gardener and planet. With human inputs dramatically reduced, the garden’s ecology can develop well. Established matrix gardens should not need the life support we give most gardens: fertilizer, dividing, regular watering. Compared to traditional garden plots, they increase carbon absorption, reduce stormwater runoff and boost habitat and biodiversity significantly. 31．Which of the following can be a suitable title for the text? A．The future of gardening is WILD． B．Nature treats all lives as EQUALS. C．Matrix gardens need more CARE. D．Old garden plots work WONDERS. 典例2【2024新课标ⅠⅠ卷】We all know fresh is best when it comes to food. However, most produce at the store went through weeks of travel and covered hundreds of miles before reaching the table. While farmer’s markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey, Babylon Micro-Farm (BMF) shortens it even more. BMF is an indoor garden system. It can be set up for a family. Additionally, it could serve a larger audience such as a hospital, restaurant or school. The innovative design requires little effort to achieve a reliable weekly supply of fresh greens. Specifically, it’s a farm that relies on new technology. By connecting through the Cloud, BMF is remotely monitored. Also, there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time. Because the system is automated, it significantly reduces the amount of water needed to grow plants. Rather than watering rows of soil, the system provides just the right amount to each plant. After harvest, users simply replace the plants with a new pre-seeded pod (容器) to get the next growth cycle started. Moreover, having a system in the same building where it’s eaten means zero emissions (排放) from transporting plants from soil to salad. In addition, there’s no need for pesticides and other chemicals that pollute traditional farms and the surrounding environment. BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives. About half of them walk or bike to work. Inside the office, they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic. “We are passionate about reducing waste, carbon and chemicals in our environment,” said a BMF employee. 11. What does the text mainly talk about? A. BMF’s major strengths. B. BMF’s general management. C. BMF’s global influence. D. BMF’s technical standards. 典例3【2025浙江1月卷】As new technologies take on increasingly humanlike qualities, there’s been a push to make them genderless. “People are stereotyping (形成刻板印象) their gendered objects in very traditional ways,” says Ashley Martin, a Stanford associate professor of organizational behavior. Removing gender from the picture altogether seems like a simple way to fix this. Yet as Martin has found in her work, gender is one of the fundamental ways people form connections with objects, particularly those designed with human characteristics. In her study, Martin asked participants to rate their attachment to male, female, and genderless versions of a digital voice assistant and a self-driving car known as “Miuu.” It was found that gender increased users’ feelings of attachment to these devices and their interest in purchasing them. For example, participants said they would be less likely to buy a genderless voice assistant than versions with male or female voices. While gendering a product may be good marketing, it may also strengthen outdated or harmful ideas about power and identity. The stereotypes commonly associated with men, such as competitiveness and dominance, are more valued than those associated with women. These qualities, in turn, are mapped onto products that have been assigned a gender. Martin’s study also found that creating a genderless object was difficult. For instance, if an object’s name was meant to sound genderless, like Miuu, participants would still assign a gender to it — they would assume Miuu was a “he” or “she.”   Martin sees a silver lining, however: She believes that anthropomorphism (拟人化) “provides an opportunity to change stereotypes.” When women are put into positions of leadership like running companies, it reduces negative stereotypes about women. Similarly, anthropomorphized products could be created to take on stereotype-inconsistent roles — a male robot that assists with nursing or a female robot that helps do calculations, for instance. 35．What does the last paragraph mainly talk about? A．The quality of genderless products. B．The upside of gendering a product. C．The meaning of anthropomorphism. D．The stereotypes of men and women. 变｜式｜巩｜固 变式1（2025·浙江·一模）Many of us believe that our pets make us healthier and happier. While there is some truth to this, the scientific evidence is more complex than it seems. Research in the field of human-animal interaction has produced mixed results. For example, some studies show that pet owners are less likely to be depressed, while others show the opposite. Experts suggest this inconsistency may occur because people who already feel lonely or depressed might get a pet for comfort, thus affecting the data. One clearer benefit of dog ownership is increased physical activity, thanks to daily walks. A famous 1998 study found that pet owners who had suffered heart attacks were more likely to survive the following year. A 2019 analysis even showed a dramatic 24% lower risk of death for dog owners. However, when researchers adjusted for other factors, such as the owners’ pre-existing health and activity levels, this benefit nearly disappeared. “You’re more likely to have a dog if you’re already active.” explains developmental psychologist Megan Mueller, highlighting that correlation does not equal causation. Consequently, scientists are now looking beyond simple ownership. They are focusing on the quality of the relationship between humans and their pets. “Pets are not a medical intervention; they’re a relationship,” says gerontologist Jessica Bibbo. The level of attachment and emotional support seems to be the true key to health benefits. Controlled experiments support this. A 2025 study found that dog owners had lower stress hormone levels when their pets were present during stressful tasks. In another study, a group of older adults who were given crickets to care for showed improved mental health compared to a control group. This suggests that the act of caring itself, not just the type of animal, can be powerful. The secret to a healthier life, it seems, lies not merely in owning a pet, but in building a strong, supportive bond with it. 1．What does the research in paragraph 2 mainly show us? A．Health benefits of pet ownership. B．Various causes for human loneliness. C．Strong objection to the previous belief. D．Inconsistent results of human-pet studies. 2．How does the writer illustrate pet ownership increases physical activities? A．By listing examples. B．By presenting findings. C．By clarifying concepts. D．By giving definitions. 3．What can be inferred from Jessica Bibbo’s statement? A．The value of pets lies in emotional connection. B．Medical interventions are less effective than pets. C．Scientists have overestimated the benefits of pets. D．Pets should not be used in any medical treatment. 4．What’s the main idea of this passage? A．Human beings need animal companionship. B．Pets serve as the best cure for mental issues. C．Pet ownership alone guarantees a healthy life. D．Human-pet bond contributes to owners’ well-being. 变式2（2025·安徽·二模）It’s common to see a barista (咖啡师) create coffee art, but it’s a whole different ballgame doing the same thing with tea. Han Zheming has managed to perfect the skill, creating tea art in cups, or dian cha in Chinese, which used to be a ritual (仪式) during the Song Dynasty. Over the past six years, he has used tea and spoons to create nearly 200 patterns based on ancient paintings. “It’s like adding bells and whistles to tea and giving people a stronger sense of occasion, so drinking tea is more fun,” Han says. It’s also his intention to bring the old ritual back to modern life and have more people appreciate its charm. Chinese tea culture started to enjoy popularity during the Tang Dynasty and flourished (繁荣) throughout the Song Dynasty, when tea had become a necessity for almost everyone, from nobles and scholars to common people, just like other necessary items, such as rice, oil and salt. In the Song Dynasty, the popular way of having tea was through dian cha. The process begins with hot water being poured over fine powdered tea, creating a paste. Then more hot water is slowly added as the tea is constantly whisked (搅动) by hand with a bamboo stick. This action of pouring hot water is called dian, hence the name dian cha, which was listed as an intangible cultural heritage of Runzhou District, Zhenjiang City, Jiangsu Province. Han has been fascinated by the culture and art of the Song Dynasty. “My mother loves traditional culture and I have been leaning toward it under her influence,” Han says. After graduating in 2006, he took great delight in drinking tea gradually. This led him to learn about traditional tea culture and buy ceramic tea sets, especially those made in the style of the Song Dynasty. While studying the history and trying to figure out the reasons behind the use of tea sets, he came across the art of dian cha. “I was amazed by this wonderful way of drinking tea,” Han says. 13．How does the writer introduce the topic of dian cha in the first paragraph? A．By raising a question. B．By defining a concept. C．By making a comparison. D．By giving examples. 14．Why did Han Zheming commit himself to dian cha? A．To show off his skill in making tea. B．To revive the old ritual in modern life. C．To boost tea sales and increase his income. D．To help his mother promote traditional culture. 15．What does paragraph 4 mainly talk about? A．The specific process of making dian cha. B．Han Zheming's experience of growing tea. C．The differences between dian cha and other tea ceremonies. D．Application procedures for intangible cultural heritage registration. 16．Which of the following is the best title for the text? A．A History of Chinese Tea Sets B．A Tea Art Reborn from History C．The Interesting Procedures for Making Tea D．The Different Tea Culture Through Dynasties 变式3（25-26高三上·四川自贡·期中）Millions of tourists travel to parks each year to enjoy the bright colors of fall — but ecologists say the familiar reds, oranges and yellows of fall foliage (叶子) are coming later in the season. “In New England, generally the fall foliage tends to peak in mid-October,” said Richard Primack, a professor of plant ecology. “But because of a warming climate, the peak of fall foliage is tending to move from kind of early to middle October to kind of middle to late October.” Predicting precisely when the leaves will turn from green to red, orange and yellow in fall depends in part on the geographic area, the species and the amount of rainfall, and climate change can largely determine the timing. And leaves of trees with harmful insects will drop sooner, according to Christy Rollinson, a forest ecologist. “Bright colors are associated with a healthy tree, because some colors take energy for the tree to produce.” Peak color used to last for about two weeks, but for certain species, that period might be becoming more condensed as higher temperatures continue late into the fall while days shorten at the same rate. So future generations might just have to be ready to travel at a moment’s notice to catch a peak period in parts of the country. Such changes could affect the tourism industry surrounding leaf peeping (看), according to Sarah Blount, a researcher at the National Environmental Education Foundation. She underscored how important it is to try to improve peak timing predictions. “There’s so much money attached to it.” she said. “People want to buy a plane ticket to go somewhere and don’t want to find that it turns out that it’s too late and all the leaves are gone or it’s too early, so there is a lot of focus on trying to improve the information that we have about that.” 5．What do Richard’s words show? A．The lateness of peak fall foliage. B．The rareness of a trend. C．The impacts of climate change. D．The mass appeal of fall colors. 6．What does paragraph 2 mainly talk about? A．Visible signs of the coming of fall. B．Prediction of fall foliage’s color change. C．Factors in the timing of colorful fall foliage. D．Determinants of the brightness of colors. 7．Which is closest in meaning to the underlined word “condensed” in paragraph 3? A．Irregular. B．Important. C．Lengthy. D．Brief. 8．What does Sarah Blount imply? A．The country relies heavily on tourism. B．Predicting peak foliage precisely is vital. C．It takes effort to protect the environment. D．Scheduling leaf-peeping trips early is better. 变式4（2025·河北·一模）Designed by the architectural firm Annvil, the GUARDEN Vertical Urban Garden is an experimental research initiative aimed at exploring the complex relationship between urban environments and gardening. Teaming up with urban planners, designers, and experts in environmental and natural sciences, this project seeks to cast light on the impacts of urban settings on plant cultivation (栽培). In terms of its core value, urban agriculture holds enormous potential in reducing air pollution, managing runoff effectively, increasing land productivity, and adjusting urban temperatures. However, uncertainties remain regarding the safety of food produced in urban gardens. To address this gap, Annvil has built the first urban vertical garden in Riga, Latvia, serving as a platform for interdisciplinary research. On the local practice front, the GUARDEN Vertical Urban Garden comprises locally sourced plants, emphasizing the importance of local cultivation and global resource conservation. By engaging city residents in the process of urban gardening, the project aims to encourage conversations and cultivate public interest in sustainable urban living. Anna Bates, the project lead, emphasizes the need to reconnect with nature in the digital age, advocating for more green spaces as public meeting areas. As a pilot project, GUARDEN also initiates a comprehensive scientific inquiry into urban agriculture. Through laboratory analysis, researchers evaluate the harvest’s safety, examining heavy metal presence and microbiological composition. Irina Sivicka, a project researcher, highlights the significance of data-driven insights in understanding the correlation between urban pollution and crop safety. Architect Ilze Rukmane-Poča contributes to project development, ensuring an all-rounded approach to urban garden realization. Building on the research and practice above, the findings from the GUARDEN experiment will inform the establishment of urban gardens across major Latvian cities. By integrating scientific evidence into urban planning, initiatives like GUARDEN lay the foundation for sustainable, health-aware urban landscapes. Through continued research and joint efforts, Latvia aims to promote greener, healthier urban environments for its citizens. The GUARDEN Vertical Urban Garden fully presents the intersection of architecture, environmental science, and community engagement, demonstrating Latvia’s commitment to sustainable urban development. 9．What is the primary purpose of the GUARDEN Vertical Urban Garden? A．To showcase modern architectural design. B．To test vertical garden profitability in Latvia. C．To explore urban impacts on plant cultivation. D．To replace rural agriculture with urban farming. 10．What can we know about the GUARDEN project from paragraph 3? A．It boosts Latvia’s agricultural exports. B．It solves global air pollution problems. C．It promotes public interest in green urban life. D．It reduces the need for urban planning experts. 11．What is the main idea of paragraph 4? A．Scientific evaluation of urban food safety. B．Community participation in urban gardening. C．Architectural design of the GUARDEN project. D．Challenges of maintaining urban vertical gardens. 12．What is the author’s attitude toward the GUARDEN project? A．Neutral. B．Reserved. C．Approving. D．Critical. ◇题型 02 写作目的题（宏观功能判断） 典｜例｜精｜析 典例1【2025全国一卷】Microplastics have become a common source of pollution across the Earth — they have settled in the deep sea and on the Himalayas, stuck inside volcanic rocks, filled the stomachs of seabirds and even fallen in fresh Antarctic snow. They are even appearing inside humans. Now, new research suggests that a simple, cheap measure may significantly reduce the level of microplastics in water from your tap (水龙头): boiling and filtering (过滤) it. In a study published Wednesday in Environmental Science & Technology Letters, researchers from China found that boiling tap water for just five minutes — then filtering it after it cools — could remove at least 80 percent of its microplastics. Crucially, this process relies on the water containing enough calcium carbonate (碳酸钙) to trap the plastics. In the study, boiling hard water containing 300 milligrams of calcium carbonate led to an almost 90 percent drop in plastics. But in samples with less than 60 milligrams of calcium carbonate, boiling reduced the level of plastics by just 25 percent. Additionally, the research didn’t include all types of plastics. The team focused only on three common types — polystyrene, polyethylene and polypropylene — and they didn’t study other chemicals previously found in water such as vinyl chloride. Still, the findings show a potential path forward for reducing microplastic exposure — a task that’s becoming increasingly difficult. Even bottled water, scientists found earlier this year, contains 10 to 1,000 times more microplastics than originally thought. Scientists are still trying to determine how harmful microplastics are — but what they do know has raised concerns. The new study suggests boiling tap water could be a tool to limit intake. “The way they demonstrated how microplastics were trapped through the boiling process was nice,” Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay, an environmental engineer of the University of Glasgow in Scotland who was not involved in the research, tells New Scientist. “We should be looking into upgrading drinking water treatment plants so they remove microplastics.” 34．What does the author try to illustrate by mentioning bottled water in paragraph 4? A．The importance of plastic recycling. B．The severity of the microplastic problem. C．The danger in overusing pure water. D．The difficulty in treating polluted water. 典例2【2025北京卷】The call to “know yourself” has been there since ancient times, but our sense of self doesn’t always match what others perceive. Considering the stories we tell about ourselves can help us to change our minds for better. For many years psychologists saw identity as a combination of someone’s values, beliefs, goals and social roles. Then, in the 1980s, Bob Johnson created the life story model of identity, in which he proposes that, as we go through life, these core features are built in with our memories to create a personal story through which we understand our lives. Our life story is something that starts coming together in our teenage years, when we begin to organise our lives into chapters around key events or life changes, and begin to see ourselves as both the central character and, to a varying extent, the story’s author. People with more consistent stories tend to have a stronger sense of identity, and they feel their life has more meaning, direction and sense of purpose. Such people show greater overall life satisfaction, too. Johnson has also investigated the link between well-being and certain story themes. He discovered that whether someone describes having had some control over events in their past is an important predictor of a person’s mental health. Another key theme involves finding some kind of positive meaning after stressful events. “People could talk about gaining knowledge or personal growth,” says Johnson. His research shows that this is often missing for people with mental health conditions. The good news is that there is evidence we can learn to change our own story. Lisa Green, another researcher, sounds a few notes of caution (谨慎). For instance, hearing about the power of redemptive (拯救性的) stories, many people may feel forced to find a positive angle on horrible events. She says that Western culture already pushes people to look for the silver lining behind every cloud. If you want to turn over a new leaf, though, one top tip is that it helps to choose a significant date that signals the start of a new “chapter”. Contrary to popular doubt, resolutions made on I January are more effective for this reason. So, whether your goal is saving money or getting fit, there is no better time to become the author of our own destiny (命运). 33. What does the author mainly do in this passage? A. Clarify a goal. B. Analyse an event. C. Make a comparison. D. Illustrate an approach. 34. What is the passage mainly about? A. How self-identity works. B. How story-tellers are made. C. How personal stories raise doubts. D. How timing affects personal identity. 变｜式｜巩｜固 变式1【2025·云南省保山市摸底】（2025·安徽·二模）By scanning a QR code at a service station, Li Xinpeng had his parcels delivered by an unmanned vehicle, thanks to the launch of the first rural drone delivery route in Wuhan, Hubei Province. The drone is capable of flying at a speed of 70 kilometers per hour and cruising (巡航) at an altitude of 120 meters. Operated by skilled professionals, the payload hexacopter drone boasts an impressive one-hour flight endurance (耐力) and can carry as many as 300 to 500 parcels at a time. “Sometimes a delivery journey would have taken me over 40 minutes on my motorcycle,” remarked Liu Jianying, a postman from the Xinzhou branch of China Post Group (CPG), adding that drone deliveries are not hindered by traffic jams or other road conditions. “The drones will significantly reduce transport time and enhance the efficiency of parcel distribution,” he said. In collaboration with CPG, the local government in Xinzhou pioneered Wuhan's first rural drone delivery route, which is currently undergoing test flights across three pilot villages. It is predicted to officially launch flight operations in early December, with plans to expand to 13 villages within the region upon the successful completion of the trial phase. Xinzhou district is located in the remote Dabie Mountains, featuring vast mountains and forests. Most of the villages are quite far apart in this area, leading to a dispersed (分散的) population. As online shopping experiences significant growth and the demand for delivery continues to rise, this drone delivery route is expected to become an important supplement. “During the initial stages, the purchase, maintenance and operation costs of drones might be relatively high. But in the long term, as drones become widely used, the unit costs will decrease, effectively addressing issues related to labor shortages and high logistics costs,” Zhang Dawei, a professor from the institute of urban and rural governance at Central China Normal University, was quoted by Hubei Daily as saying. 22．What do we know about the drone? A．It can cruise at an altitude of 300m. B．It can only take off in rural regions. C．It can fly at a speed of 120 km/h. D．It can carry hundreds of parcels at once. 23．What does the underlined word “hindered” mean in paragraph 3? A．Reduced. B．Lost. C．Blocked. D．Misled. 24．Why does the writer mention the location of Xinzhou District? A．To emphasize its national status. B．To advocate regional protection. C．To introduce the natural scenery. D．To explain reasons for using drones. 25．What is the future of drone delivery according to Professor Zhang Dawei? A．Promising. B．Tough. C．Alarming. D．Uncertain. 变式2【2025·云南省保山市摸底】（25-26高三上·湖北黄冈·月考）A study published in Nature on July 16th offers the strongest evidence that the urge to sleep is caused by a build-up of electrons in the mitochondria(线粒体) of certain brain cells. If true, sleep may have originally emerged as a way of repairing mitochondria, with its other benefits evolving later. Mitochondria, which exist in almost all human and animal cells, supply energy by taking electrons from fuel molecules (供能分子) obtained from food. However, some electrons leak out during this process. These leaked electrons react with oxygen to create harmful by-products — if these substances build up, they will damage cells. The new study points out that when sleep-control neurons detect too much mitochondrial damage, they cause sleep. These neurons work like circuit-breakers: they make the brain fall into sleep before too many electrons accumulate, preventing further harm. Sleep then restores the balance of electrons and fixes damaged mitochondria. To test this idea, scientists did experiments on fruit flies. First, they labelled the flies’ sleep-control neurons (called dorsal fan-shaped body neurons, dFBNs) with a glowing protein. Then, they disrupted the flies’ sleep by keeping them in constant motion for 12 hours. After the experiment, the scientists observed the dFBNs under a microscope. They found that the mitochondria in these neurons had broken apart — a sign that electrons had caused damage. But once the flies got some sleep, the mitochondria joined back together, just like fixing a broken object. Ivana Rosenzweig, a specialist in sleep neuroscience, describes the findings as a “significant conceptual shift”. Since energy supply is linked to sleep in many species, electron build-up may also cause sleep pressure in humans. The study’s authors note that people with mitochondrial disorders often feel unusually sleepy, and they hope the research will help solve sleep disorders and tiredness-related problems. 26．What can we know from the first two paragraphs? A．Sleep may initially fix mitochondria. B．Mitochondria take electrons from food. C．Electrons leakage damages cells directly. D．Neurons cause sleep when electrons leak. 27．Why does the author mention “fruit flies” in paragraph 3? A．To explain a rule. B．To clarify a concept. C．To make a prediction. D．To confirm an assumption. 28．What can we infer from Ivana Rosenzweig’s comment? A．Electron build-up only affects sleep in fruit flies. B．Previous studies on sleep pressure were completely wrong. C．The study changes the way people understand sleep causes. D．Mitochondrial disorders are the main cause of sleep problems. 29．What is the main purpose of the passage? A．To explain how to improve sleep quality. B．To introduce a study on the cause of sleep urge. C．To discuss the link between diet and sleep health. D．To compare different theories of mitochondrial repair. 变式3【2025·云南省保山市摸底】（25-26高三上·河南·月考）Older adults at high risk of Alzheimer’s disease (阿尔茨海默病) may slow mental decline by walking 3,000 steps daily. The reason for this remains unclear, but it might relate to how regular exercise affects brain health or blood flow to the brain. To investigate, Wai-Ying Wendy Yau from Harvard University and her team studied 296 mentally healthy adults aged 50 to 90. These participants wore step-tracking devices for a week to objectively measure their physical activity. Most also underwent brain imaging to establish baseline levels of tau and beta-amyloid proteins (tau and β-淀粉样蛋白), whose clumps (团块) are believed to cause Alzheimer’s. Over a follow-up period of three to 14 years, the researchers measured these protein levels every two to three years and had participants complete annual mental tests assessing memory and information processing speed. By analyzing the step count, brain imaging, and mental test data using a statistical model, the researchers assessed how exercise impacts mental decline. They discovered that among participants with above-average initial brain levels of misfolded beta-amyloid, taking 3,000 to 5,000 steps daily significantly slowed tau gathering, but not beta- amyloid. Charles Marshall of Queen Mary University of London explained that exercise appears to slow the spread of tau protein, which is more closely linked to Alzheimer’s symptoms than amyloid-beta. This activity level was also linked to a roughly 40% slower rate of mental decline over an average follow-up of nine years, compared to those taking fewer than 3,000 steps. However, the researchers lacked data on whether any participants were identified as having Alzheimer’s during this period. Previous studies linking exercise to reduced mental decline mostly relied on participants recalling their activity levels and rarely examined why staying active might have this effect. Furthermore, taking 5,000 to 7,500 steps daily seemed to slow tau gathering even more, resulting in a 54% slower rate of mental decline compared with inactivity. But daily steps over 7,500 brought no extra mental benefits. The researchers did not determine exactly how regular exercise produces these effects, but possible explanations include reduced symptoms and increased blood flow to the brain. 30．How was participants’ activity data collected? A．Through wearable step-trackers. B．Through annual investigations. C．Through regular physical measurements. D．Through comparisons with earlier studies. 31．Why is the finding about tau protein significant? A．It proves tau is more active than amyloid-beta. B．It shows tau more closely relates to Alzheimer’s. C．It indicates walking is the best exercise for the brain. D．It suggests tau reduction directly improves memory. 32．What was a weakness of previous studies? A．They did not track protein levels. B．They had fewer high-risk subjects. C．Their follow-up periods were shorter. D．They relied on participants’ memories for data. 33．What is the function of the last paragraph? A．To announce a major breakthrough. B．To compare two competing theories. C．To emphasize the certainty of the findings. D．To admit a limitation and suggest directions. 变式4【2025·云南省保山市摸底】（25-26高三上·江苏·月考）Erik Lindebjerg, Global Plastics Policy Lead at the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) , has made an urgent call for more action to fight plastic pollution. He warned that the too much production and use of plastic is filling rivers, oceans, and land environments, killing many kinds of wild animals and making the food, air, and water dirty — with the crisis only worsening by the year. His request comes ahead of important United Nations (UN) talks to finish a global plastic pollution treaty (条约) , a process Lindebjerg thinks very important for solving one of the fastest-accelerating environmental problems of our time. UN statistics show a bad situation: Over 400 million tonnes of plastic are produced annually, half of which is designed for one-time use. Surprisingly, less than 10% of this plastic is recycled, while about 19 million-23 million tonnes end up in lakes, rivers, and seas. The coming Paris meeting represents the last round of talks before writing the legal content of the international treaty that all countries must follow. “This is the time governments must bring ambition, ready to make clear concrete global rules,” Lindebjerg stressed. Key details — including ways to make sure the treaty is followed to help developing nations — must be finished to ensure the treaty is effective and fair. The WWF is calling for rules: stopping or rapidly reducing high-risk plastics, increasing reuse systems, and putting secure recycling first. A strong support system, with financial support and technical cooperation, is also necessary for carrying out the treaty, Lindebjerg added. He spoke highly of China’s efforts, mentioning the “Beautiful China Initiative” and strengthened efforts to protect biodiversity as useful national steps. As the Paris talks near, the global community is waiting for a strong agreement to change the situation of plastic pollution. 1．What is Erik Lindebjerg’s main concern about plastic pollution? A．It isn’t paid enough attention to. B．It is out of control to some extent. C．It is more terrible than expected. D．It affects wild animals’ habitats. 2．Why does the author mention the UN statistics? A．To stress plastic’s overuse. B．To praise plastic’s economic value. C．To blame poor recycling systems. D．To prove the problem’s seriousness. 3．What can be concluded about the Paris meeting? A．It sets country targets. B．It has ended all discussions. C．It mainly provides money. D．It is vital for a global legal treaty. 4．What is the main idea of the last paragraph? A．China’s complete success. B．Solutions and support needed. C．Types of dangerous plastic. D．Arguments over money assistance. ◇题型 03 篇章结构题（脉络梳理能力） 典｜例｜精｜析 典例1【2023年全国乙卷】What comes into your mind when you think of British food? Probably fish and chips, or a Sunday dinner of meat and two vegetables. But is British food really so uninteresting? Even though Britain has a reputation for less-than-impressive cuisine, it is producing more top class chefs who appear frequently on our television screens and whose recipe books frequently top the best seller lists. It’s thanks to these TV chefs rather than any advertising campaign that Britons are turning away from meat-and-two-veg and ready-made meals and becoming more adventurous in their cooking habits. It is recently reported that the number of those sticking to a traditional diet is slowly declining and around half of Britain’s consumers would like to change or improve their cooking in some way. There has been a rise in the number of students applying for food courses at UK universities and colleges. It seems that TV programmes have helped change what people think about cooking. According to a new study from market analysts, 1 in 5 Britons say that watching cookery programmes on TV has encouraged them to try different food. Almost one third say they now use a wider variety of ingredients (配料) than they used to, and just under 1 in 4 say they now buy better quality ingredients than before. One in four adults say that TV chefs have made them much more confident about expanding their cookery knowledge and skills, and young people are also getting more interested in cooking. The UK’s obsession (痴迷) with food is reflected through television scheduling. Cookery shows and documentaries about food are broadcast more often than before. With an increasing number of male chefs on TV, it’s no longer “uncool” for boys to like cooking. 11. What might the author continue talking about? A. The art of cooking in other countries. B. Male chefs on TV programmes. C. Table manners in the UK. D. Studies of big eaters. 典例2 【2023年北京卷】In recent years, researchers from diverse fields have agreed that short-termism is now a significant problem in industrialised societies. The inability to engage with longer-term causes and consequences leads to some of the world’s most serious problems: climate change, biodiversity collapse, and more. The historian Francis Cole argues that the West has entered a period where “only the present exists, a present characterised at once by the cruelty of the instant and by the boredom of an unending now”. It has been proved that people have a bias (偏向) towards the present, focusing on loud attractions in the moment at the expense of the health, well-being and financial stability of their future selves or community. In business, this bias surfaces as short-sighted decisions. And on slow-burning problems like climate change, it translates into the unwillingness to make small sacrifices (牺牲) today that could make a major difference tomorrow. Instead, all that matters is next quarter’s profit, or satisfying some other near-term desires. These biased perspectives cannot be blamed on one single cause. It is fair to say, though, that our psychological biases play a major role. People’s hesitancy to delay satisfaction is the most obvious example, but there are others.One of them is about how the most accessible information in the present affects decisions about the future. For instance, you might hear someone say: “It’s cold this winter, so I needn’t worry about global warming.”Another is that loud and urgent matters are given too much importance, making people ignore longer-term trends that arguably matter more. This is when a pop star draws far more attention than, say, gradual biodiversity decline. As a psychologist once joked, if aliens (外星人) wanted to weaken humanity, they wouldn’t send ships; they would invent climate change. Indeed, when it comes to environmental transformations, we can develop a form of collective “poor memory”, and each new generation can believe the state of affairs they encounter is nothing out of the ordinary. Older people today, for example, can remember a time with insect-covered car windscreens after long drives. Children, on the other hand, have no idea that insect population has dropped dramatically. 28. The author quotes Francis Cole mainly to ________. A. draw a comparison B. introduce a topic C. evaluate a statement D. highlight a problem 30. What does the author intend to tell us? A. Far-sighted thinking matters to humans. B. Humans tend to make long-term sacrifices. C. Current policies facilitate future decision-making. D. Bias towards the present helps reduce near-term desires. 变｜式｜巩｜固 变式1（2025·广东江门·二模）A large beverage (饮料) company will be using over 4.1 billion kilograms of plastic a year by the year 2030, unless it stops using single-use plastic, according to a recent report from the conservation organization Oceana. Oceana also estimates that by 2030, an annual 602 million kilograms of the company’s plastic packaging will be polluting the world’s ocean and waterways. The report says that this amount is enough to fill the stomachs of 18 million blue whales. Oceana made its estimates using the company’s own reported data on its use of plastic packaging between 2018 and 2023, and a forecast of the company’s future sales growth based on past trends. A 2024 study found that a main product by the company is already the world’s worst plastic-polluting brand. Oceana points out the problem is the company’s use of single-use plastic instead of reusable packaging and that it should be solved first. Reusable bottles can be used up to 25 times if made of thicker plastic, and up to 50 times if made of glass. The company previously had a goal of using 25% reusable packaging by 2030, but announced that it had given up that goal at the end of 2024. Instead, the company says it will increase the use of recycled plastic in its packaging and increase the collection of single-use plastic bottles for further recycling. However, Oceana says that although the company has recently planned to rely on the use of recycled materials and collection of plastic for recycling, it won’t reduce the impact of its plastic use. The leader of Oceana said, “Single-use plastic is bad for the ocean, human health, and business. Recycling can’t solve the company’s out-of-control plastic problem. Reuse can.” “Single-use plastic bottles made with recycled content can — just like bottles made of original plastic — still cause ocean pollution and harm ocean life,” he added. As well as harming sea life, plastic use is also harmful to human health. Several studies have connected plastic pollution and microplastics to serious health conditions, such as cancer, heart disease, and dementia (痴呆). 1．How does the author introduce the topic of the text? A．By raising questions. B．By citing a book. C．By making a prediction. D．By reporting historical statistics. 2．Why does the author mention “18 million blue whales” in paragraph 2? A．To report the data of the injured whales. B．To prove the success of wildlife conservation. C．To present the company’s future sales growth. D．To show the shocking amount of plastic waste. 3．What does Oceana suggest the company do to reduce plastic pollution? A．Collect single-use plastic bottles. B．Reduce production to cut plastic use. C．Invest in new plastic-degrading technologies. D．Replace single-use plastic with reusable packaging. 4．What is Oceana’s attitude to the company’s new plan? A．Supportive. B．Optimistic. C．Doubtful. D．Unconcerned. 变式2【2025·云南省保山市摸底】（25-26高三上·湖北·月考）Alex is an ear, nose and throat specialist, who works wonders restoring people’s hearing. But as the chief resident at a teaching hospital, he couldn’t make his young trainees listen. They were talented, but also made mistakes about which he offered clear and direct feedback. These residents kept making the same errors, as though he had never said anything to them. He couldn’t figure out why. Alex was trapped by the mentor’s dilemma: the fact that constructive criticism, meant to push young people to do better, can hurt their confidence and motivation. What can be done? Many people believe in the compliment sandwich — burying criticism between two pieces of praise. But research shows that when young people are criticized by an authority, they care less about whether the authority is a positive person, but more about an existential question: Does this person who has power over my life think I’m incompetent? The compliment sandwich, rather than addressing a young person’s fears of unworthiness, actually confirms anxieties, if the praise is for something seemingly unimportant. Studies show that young people are hungry for signs of social standing and respect, so they are especially insulted (冒犯) when they sense they are being talked down to. There is, in fact, a simple but effective solution. Young people are found willing to take even the most severe criticism if the feedback was motivated by an appreciation for their potential. We call this “wise feedback”. It fits the needs of mentees (被指导者) well, who neither want to be held to an impossible standard, nor want to feel overprotected or dismissed. Studies also show that when you hold young people to high standards and make it clear that you believe they can meet them, young people rise to the challenge because you show respect by taking them seriously. After knowing this, Alex sees why he couldn’t get his medical trainees to listen. He starts explaining to the medical residents that he provides critical feedback because he thinks they can improve and he takes them and their potential seriously. Alex’s young trainees have been more receptive and responsive, ultimately making fewer mistakes. They are listening to him now, partly because they feel listened to. 1．What did Alex find it difficult to do with his young trainees? A．Make them faultless. B．Get them to take his advice. C．Offer them clear feedback. D．Help them to develop their talent. 2．Why is the compliment sandwich ineffective for young people? A．They are keen on gentle criticism. B．They are desperate for more praise. C．They are doubtful about the authority. D．They are fearful of being seen as incapable. 3．What can be inferred about young people from paragraph 4? A．They tend to feel left out. B．They want standards to be lowered. C．They try to refuse challenges. D．They expect their abilities to be trusted. 3．What is the basic structure of the text? A．Problem-Solution. B．Cause and Effect. C．Argument-Evidence. D．Comparison and Contrast. 17 / 18 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题12 体裁“解构”-- 说明文四大篇章结构破题技巧 目录 第一部分 考情精析 锁定靶心 高效备考 第二部分 重难考点深解 深度溯源 扫清盲区 【考点01】现象解释型说明文 （结构：现象/发现 -> 多角度/多层次解释 -> 意义/展望） 【考点02】问题解决型说明文 （结构：提出问题 -> 分析原因/影响 -> 提出解决方案/评价） 【考点03】观点对比型说明文 （结构：引出话题 -> 呈现不同观点/研究 -> 比较分析 -> 结论/展望） 【考点04】事物介绍/过程描述型说明文 （结构：总述事物/过程 -> 分述特点/步骤 -> 归纳总结） 第三部分 解题思维优化 典例精析+方法提炼+变式巩固 【题型01】主旨大意题（宏观结构把握） 【题型02】写作目的题（宏观功能判断） 【题型03】篇章结构题（脉络梳理能力） 核心考向聚焦 核心价值：说明文是高考阅读理解中占比最高（约60%以上）、题型最稳定的体裁。掌握其四大典型篇章结构，能帮助学生快速把握文章脉络、精准定位信息、高效破解主旨、目的、结构等高阶题型，实现从“读得懂”到“做得对”的跃升。 关键能力与思维瓶颈 关键能力：本专题重点考查 • 宏观结构识别能力（判断文章属于现象解释/问题解决/观点对比/事物介绍） • 段落功能分析能力（区分总起、分述、转折、例证、结论等） • 逻辑信号敏感度（识别however, for example, in contrast, as a result等衔接词） • 主旨抽象概括能力（从细节中提炼核心观点）。 培优瓶颈： • 混淆“细节支撑”与“主旨核心”，误选以偏概全选项； • 忽视尾段“转折—展望”功能，错判作者态度； • 对复合结构（如“问题+对比+对策”）缺乏整体把握，碎片化理解文本。 命题前瞻与备考策略 预测： • 高考将继续以“科技+生态+心理+文化”为说明文主题热点； • 主旨题、目的题、推断题将更强调结构化思维，要求学生基于篇章框架而非局部信息作答； • 出现更多“双题联动”设计（如先考结构，再考主旨），考查综合解读能力。 策略： 1. 结构先行：训练学生30秒内判断文章所属四大结构类型； 2. 标注段功：用T（总）、F（分）、C（对比）、S（总结）、P（问题）、Sol（方案）等符号快速标注段落功能； 3. 首尾聚焦：90%的主旨/目的题答案线索藏于首段引入句或尾段结论句； 4. 选项反推：用“是否覆盖全文主干”“是否匹配结构重心”排除干扰项。 ◇考点 01 现象解释型说明文 现象解释型说明文是高考中最常见的类型之一，旨在对某一自然、社会或科技现象进行客观陈述，并从多角度阐释其成因、机制或影响。 结构范式：现象陈述→多维阐释→意义归纳 先呈现某一自然 / 社会现象（如奇怪现象、反常情况、科学现象），再通过科学原理、数据或案例解释现象产生的原因，最终明确现象本质，对应 “现象→原因→本质” 的逻辑链。 引出现象：开篇呈现一个具体、新颖或具有普遍关注度的现象（如环境变化、行为趋势、科学发现等）； 多维解释：从科学原理、社会背景、数据支撑、历史演变等不同层面分析现象产生的原因或运行机制； 意义或展望：指出该现象的现实意义、潜在影响或未来研究/应对方向。 识别标志：高频使用“why”“how”“due to”“as a result”“research shows”等因果或解释性语言；段落逻辑呈“总—分—总”或“现象—分析”递进式。 如何快速判断？ 看首段：​ 寻找现象描述句。常见标志词如：Studies show that..., It is a common phenomenon that..., Recently, there is a trend that... 看段落主题句：​ 主体段落常以 One reason is..., Another factor lies in...等开头。 ◇考点 02 问题解决型说明文 问题解决型说明文有强烈的实用导向，围绕一个具体问题展开，探讨解决方案。 结构范式：问题界定→成因剖析→方案构建 先明确某一现实问题（如环境问题、社会问题、技术难题），再提出具体解决方案（政策、技术、方法等），最后说明方案的效果、局限性或进一步建议，对应 “问题→措施→结果 / 展望” 的逻辑链。 提出问题：明确指出某一亟待解决的困境、挑战或负面现象（如资源短缺、健康隐患、技术瓶颈等）； 分析影响与成因：阐述问题带来的后果及其深层原因，增强解决必要性； 提出并评估方案：介绍一种或多种解决方案，并可能附带对其可行性、效果或局限性的客观评价。 识别标志：常见“problem”“challenge”“solution”“approach”“address”“mitigate”等关键词；结构清晰体现“问题—分析—对策”逻辑链。 ◇考点 03 观点对比型说明文 观点对比型说明文围绕某一争议性话题，客观呈现不同立场、研究结论或理论观点，并进行比较分析。 结构范式：议题导入→观点呈现→比较综合→立场表明 围绕同一话题（如技术应用、社会现象），呈现两种或多种对立 / 差异观点，分别通过数据、案例、理论支撑各观点，最终可能隐含作者倾向或留待读者判断，对应 “话题引入→观点 1 + 论据→观点 2 + 论据→总结” 的逻辑链。 引出议题：提出一个存在分歧或多元解读的话题（如技术伦理、教育方式、生活方式选择等）； 呈现多方观点：依次介绍两种或以上代表性立场，常引用专家、研究机构或公众意见； 比较与综合：分析各观点的依据、优势与不足，最终给出平衡性结论或未来展望。 识别标志：频繁使用“some argue… while others believe…”“in contrast”“however”“on the one hand… on the other hand”等对比连接词；作者通常保持中立，重在呈现而非评判。 ◇考点 04 事物介绍/过程描述型说明文 系统介绍某一事物的属性、构成、功能，或详述某一过程的操作步骤与原理。 事物介绍：围绕某一具体事物（如技术产品、自然物种、文化现象），介绍其定义、特征、分类、功能、价值等，逻辑多为 “总述→分点展开”。 过程描述：围绕某一操作流程（如实验步骤、制作方法、技术原理），按时间或逻辑顺序说明 “怎么做”，常伴随具体数据或注意事项。 结构范式：总体定义→分层说明→综合总结 总体概述：对事物或过程进行定义、定位或整体描述； 分项说明：按空间顺序、时间顺序或逻辑类别，逐一介绍组成部分、特征、步骤或操作要点； 归纳总结：重申其价值、应用范围或注意事项。 识别标志：多用“consist of”“include”“first, then, finally”“characterized by”“feature”等描述性语言；行文客观、条理清晰，无明显情感倾向或论证意图。 ◇题型 01 主旨大意题（宏观结构把握） 典｜例｜精｜析 典例1【2025浙江1月卷】A novel design approach to gardening has been gaining in popularity worldwide. Referred to as matrix planting, this approach aims for nature to do a lot more of the heavy lifting in the garden, and even some of the designing. Eschewing fertilizers (化肥) and power tools, it’s based on an elegantly simple principle: to garden more like nature does. The concept was born when German city planners sought to plant large areas of parkland after World War II in a reproducible way that would need minimal maintenance. Planners created planting mixes that could be used modularly (模块化). In a matrix garden, plants with similar cultural needs are grouped so that they will grow together above and below ground, forming a cooperative ecosystem that conserves water and discourages weeds. Dutch plantsman and designer Piet Oudolf’s gardens popularized this style, adding artistic flavors to the planting mixes while playing with color and form, including four-season interest and serving the needs of wildlife. Beautiful year-round, they invite you to enjoy the smallest detail, from the sound of grasses in the gentle wind to the sculpture of odd-looking seed heads. It takes a lot of thought to look this natural. While matrix gardens appear wild, they are carefully planned, with cultural needs the first consideration. Led by the concept of “right plant, right place,” they match plants that enjoy the same soil, sun and weather conditions, and arrange them according to their patterns of growth. The benefits are substantial for both gardener and planet. With human inputs dramatically reduced, the garden’s ecology can develop well. Established matrix gardens should not need the life support we give most gardens: fertilizer, dividing, regular watering. Compared to traditional garden plots, they increase carbon absorption, reduce stormwater runoff and boost habitat and biodiversity significantly. 31．Which of the following can be a suitable title for the text? A．The future of gardening is WILD． B．Nature treats all lives as EQUALS. C．Matrix gardens need more CARE. D．Old garden plots work WONDERS. 借助篇章结构答题 【答案】 31．A 【解析】 一、题型定位：主旨类标题题（Title Question） 此类题考查学生对全文核心思想的概括能力，需避免以偏概全或主观臆断。标题应覆盖全文主干，体现说明对象及其核心价值。 二、篇章结构再梳理（强化破题线索） 段落 功能 内容要点 第1段 总起引入 提出新概念“matrix planting”，强调其核心理念：模仿自然、减少人工干预。 第2段 历史起源（分述1） 起源于德国战后公园建设——模块化、低维护、生态协同。 第3段 艺术发展（分述2） 荷兰设计师Oudolf加入美学维度（四季观赏、野生动物友好）。 第4段 科学原理（分述3） 看似野生，实则精心规划——“right plant, right place”原则。 第5段 总结+对比优势 与传统园艺对比，突出生态效益（减碳、保水、增生物多样性）。 ✅ 全文结构 = 总（引出矩阵种植）→ 分（起源+艺术+科学）→ 总（生态价值+对比优势） 同时贯穿一条隐性比较线：矩阵种植 vs. 传统园艺 三、选项逐项结构化解析 选项 表面含义 是否契合结构 原因分析 A. The future of gardening is WILD. 园艺的未来是“野生的” ✅ 高度契合 - “WILD”在此非指杂乱，而是呼应文中“appear wild but carefully planned”的自然美学与生态野趣； - “future”对应其全球流行趋势与可持续优势（最后一段）； - 标题具有概括性+吸引力，涵盖技术、生态、美学三大维度。 B. Nature treats all lives as EQUALS. 自然平等对待所有生命 ❌ 偏离主题 - 文中虽提“wildlife”，但重点不在“平等”哲学，而在植物协同与生态功能； - 此为过度引申，非说明文核心。 C. Matrix gardens need more CARE. 矩阵花园需要更多照料 ❌ 与文意相反 - 全文反复强调“minimal maintenance”“human inputs dramatically reduced”； - 此选项颠倒事实，属典型干扰项。 D. Old garden plots work WONDERS. 旧式园圃效果惊人 ❌ 主体错误 - 文章贬抑传统园艺（需施肥、浇水、分株），推崇矩阵种植； - 此选项张冠李戴，完全背离作者立场。 典例2【2024新课标ⅠⅠ卷】We all know fresh is best when it comes to food. However, most produce at the store went through weeks of travel and covered hundreds of miles before reaching the table. While farmer’s markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey, Babylon Micro-Farm (BMF) shortens it even more. BMF is an indoor garden system. It can be set up for a family. Additionally, it could serve a larger audience such as a hospital, restaurant or school. The innovative design requires little effort to achieve a reliable weekly supply of fresh greens. Specifically, it’s a farm that relies on new technology. By connecting through the Cloud, BMF is remotely monitored. Also, there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time. Because the system is automated, it significantly reduces the amount of water needed to grow plants. Rather than watering rows of soil, the system provides just the right amount to each plant. After harvest, users simply replace the plants with a new pre-seeded pod (容器) to get the next growth cycle started. Moreover, having a system in the same building where it’s eaten means zero emissions (排放) from transporting plants from soil to salad. In addition, there’s no need for pesticides and other chemicals that pollute traditional farms and the surrounding environment. BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives. About half of them walk or bike to work. Inside the office, they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic. “We are passionate about reducing waste, carbon and chemicals in our environment,” said a BMF employee. 11. What does the text mainly talk about? A. BMF’s major strengths. B. BMF’s general management. C. BMF’s global influence. D. BMF’s technical standards. 借助篇章结构答题 【答案】 11. A 【解析】 第一步：定位“总起段”（首段） “We all know fresh is best... Babylon Micro-Farm (BMF) shortens it even more.” → 引出主题：BMF能极大缩短食物运输距离，提供更新鲜的食物。这是全文的切入点，也是核心话题。 第二步：识别“分述段”（第2–5段） 第2段：介绍BMF是什么（室内花园系统），适用对象（家庭、医院等）→ 基本功能与适用性 第3段：技术亮点（云端监控、APP、自动化节水、预种苗荚）→ 技术优势 第4段：环保效益（零运输排放、无农药）→ 生态优势 第5段：员工践行可持续生活（步行上班、减少垃圾）→ 企业文化体现其环保理念 四个分述角度虽多，但全部围绕BMF的优点/优势展开，没有涉及管理机制、国际影响或技术参数标准。 第三步：看是否有“总结句”（隐含在末段） 员工引语：“We are passionate about reducing waste, carbon and chemicals...” → 再次强化BMF的核心价值：环保、减碳、健康，是对前文优势的升华。 第四步：选项分析（紧扣结构） 选项 内容 是否匹配结构 A. BMF’s major strengths 主要优势 ✅ 完全对应“分述”部分的三大方面（技术、环保、文化），是“总—分—总”中“分”的核心内容 B. BMF’s general management 一般管理 ❌ 文中未提组织架构、运营模式等管理内容 C. BMF’s global influence 全球影响 ❌ 未涉及国际市场、用户规模或国际评价 D. BMF’s technical standards 技术标准 ❌ 虽提到技术，但重在“应用效果”而非“标准规范” 典例3【2025浙江1月卷】As new technologies take on increasingly humanlike qualities, there’s been a push to make them genderless. “People are stereotyping (形成刻板印象) their gendered objects in very traditional ways,” says Ashley Martin, a Stanford associate professor of organizational behavior. Removing gender from the picture altogether seems like a simple way to fix this. Yet as Martin has found in her work, gender is one of the fundamental ways people form connections with objects, particularly those designed with human characteristics. In her study, Martin asked participants to rate their attachment to male, female, and genderless versions of a digital voice assistant and a self-driving car known as “Miuu.” It was found that gender increased users’ feelings of attachment to these devices and their interest in purchasing them. For example, participants said they would be less likely to buy a genderless voice assistant than versions with male or female voices. While gendering a product may be good marketing, it may also strengthen outdated or harmful ideas about power and identity. The stereotypes commonly associated with men, such as competitiveness and dominance, are more valued than those associated with women. These qualities, in turn, are mapped onto products that have been assigned a gender. Martin’s study also found that creating a genderless object was difficult. For instance, if an object’s name was meant to sound genderless, like Miuu, participants would still assign a gender to it — they would assume Miuu was a “he” or “she.”   Martin sees a silver lining, however: She believes that anthropomorphism (拟人化) “provides an opportunity to change stereotypes.” When women are put into positions of leadership like running companies, it reduces negative stereotypes about women. Similarly, anthropomorphized products could be created to take on stereotype-inconsistent roles — a male robot that assists with nursing or a female robot that helps do calculations, for instance. 35．What does the last paragraph mainly talk about? A．The quality of genderless products. B．The upside of gendering a product. C．The meaning of anthropomorphism. D．The stereotypes of men and women. 借助篇章结构答题 【答案】35．B 【解析】 一、全文结构快速解构 本篇属于典型的 “问题—分析—对策/积极展望”结构（Problem–Analysis–Solution / Hope），这是说明文中常见于科技伦理、社会心理类话题的复合结构： 段落 结构功能 核心内容 第1段 提出问题 新技术拟人化引发性别刻板印象；有人主张去性别化，但研究发现性别有助于人机情感连接。 第2段 实证分析 实验显示：带性别的设备（如语音助手、自动驾驶车）比无性别版本更受喜爱、更易被购买。 第3段 问题深化 性别化虽利于营销，却可能强化传统性别刻板印象（如男性=强势，女性=弱势）。 第4段 现实困境 即使设计为“无性别”（如名字Miuu），用户仍会主动赋予性别，难以真正中立。 第5段（题干所问） 对策/积极展望 转折词“however”引出希望：拟人化可成为打破刻板印象的工具——通过让产品扮演“反刻板角色”（如男护士机器人、女计算机器人），推动观念变革。 ✅ 因此，最后一段不是重复问题，而是提出“转机”或“积极可能性”，属于典型的“silver lining”（一线希望）式结尾。 二、题干解析： 35. What does the last paragraph mainly talk about? → 考查段落主旨，需抓住该段核心观点+作者态度倾向。 三、选项结构化分析 选项 内容 是否匹配最后一段主旨 原因 A. The quality of genderless products. 无性别产品的质量 ❌ 偏离 全段未讨论“质量”，且前文已说“genderless难实现”，本段重点不在产品本身。 B. The upside of gendering a product. 给产品赋予性别的积极面 ✅ 正确 - “silver lining”直接点明积极转向； - 核心观点：拟人化（含性别）可被用来挑战而非强化刻板印象； - “upside” = 积极潜力/好处，准确对应“opportunity to change stereotypes”。 C. The meaning of anthropomorphism. 拟人化的定义 ❌ 片面 虽提到anthropomorphism，但不是解释其含义，而是强调其社会功能（改变偏见）。 D. The stereotypes of men and women. 男女刻板印象 ❌ 旧信息 刻板印象在第3段已详述，最后一段是如何利用拟人化去改变它，而非重述刻板内容。 🔍 关键提示：“however”是段落态度转折信号，标志从“问题困境”转向“解决方案/希望”，这是解题的黄金线索！ 变｜式｜巩｜固 变式1（2025·浙江·一模）Many of us believe that our pets make us healthier and happier. While there is some truth to this, the scientific evidence is more complex than it seems. Research in the field of human-animal interaction has produced mixed results. For example, some studies show that pet owners are less likely to be depressed, while others show the opposite. Experts suggest this inconsistency may occur because people who already feel lonely or depressed might get a pet for comfort, thus affecting the data. One clearer benefit of dog ownership is increased physical activity, thanks to daily walks. A famous 1998 study found that pet owners who had suffered heart attacks were more likely to survive the following year. A 2019 analysis even showed a dramatic 24% lower risk of death for dog owners. However, when researchers adjusted for other factors, such as the owners’ pre-existing health and activity levels, this benefit nearly disappeared. “You’re more likely to have a dog if you’re already active.” explains developmental psychologist Megan Mueller, highlighting that correlation does not equal causation. Consequently, scientists are now looking beyond simple ownership. They are focusing on the quality of the relationship between humans and their pets. “Pets are not a medical intervention; they’re a relationship,” says gerontologist Jessica Bibbo. The level of attachment and emotional support seems to be the true key to health benefits. Controlled experiments support this. A 2025 study found that dog owners had lower stress hormone levels when their pets were present during stressful tasks. In another study, a group of older adults who were given crickets to care for showed improved mental health compared to a control group. This suggests that the act of caring itself, not just the type of animal, can be powerful. The secret to a healthier life, it seems, lies not merely in owning a pet, but in building a strong, supportive bond with it. 1．What does the research in paragraph 2 mainly show us? A．Health benefits of pet ownership. B．Various causes for human loneliness. C．Strong objection to the previous belief. D．Inconsistent results of human-pet studies. 2．How does the writer illustrate pet ownership increases physical activities? A．By listing examples. B．By presenting findings. C．By clarifying concepts. D．By giving definitions. 3．What can be inferred from Jessica Bibbo’s statement? A．The value of pets lies in emotional connection. B．Medical interventions are less effective than pets. C．Scientists have overestimated the benefits of pets. D．Pets should not be used in any medical treatment. 4．What’s the main idea of this passage? A．Human beings need animal companionship. B．Pets serve as the best cure for mental issues. C．Pet ownership alone guarantees a healthy life. D．Human-pet bond contributes to owners’ well-being. 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．A 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍人们普遍认为宠物有益身心健康，但相关科学证据复杂且结果不一。真正的健康益处源于人与宠物的情感联结及照料行为，而非单纯养宠物本身。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“Research in the field of human-animal interaction has produced mixed results. For example, some studies show that pet owners are less likely to be depressed, while others show the opposite. (人与动物互动领域的研究结果参差不齐。例如，一些研究表明养宠物的人不太可能抑郁，而另一些研究则相反)”可知，第二段的研究主要向我们展示了对人与宠物互动的研究结果的不一致。故选D项。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段“One clearer benefit of dog ownership is increased physical activity, thanks to daily walks. A famous 1998 study found that pet owners who had suffered heart attacks were more likely to survive the following year. A 2019 analysis even showed a dramatic 24% lower risk of death for dog owners. (养狗的一个更明显的好处是，由于每天散步，身体活动增加了。1998年一项著名的研究发现，心脏病发作的宠物主人第二年更有可能存活下来。2019年的一项分析甚至显示，养狗的人死亡风险大幅降低了24%)”可知，作者通过呈现研究结果来说明养宠物增加了身体活动。故选B项。 3．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段““Pets are not a medical intervention; they’re a relationship,” says gerontologist Jessica Bibbo. The level of attachment and emotional support seems to be the true key to health benefits. (老年学家杰西卡·比博说：“宠物不是一种医疗干预；它们是一种关系。”依恋程度和情感支持似乎是健康益处的真正关键)”可推知，杰西卡·比博认为宠物的价值在于情感联系。故选A项。 4．主旨大意题。根据最后一段“The secret to a healthier life, it seems, lies not merely in owning a pet, but in building a strong, supportive bond with it. (似乎，健康生活的秘诀不仅仅在于养宠物，还在于与它建立牢固、支持性的纽带)”结合文章主要介绍了养宠物与健康之间的关系，养宠物与健康之间的关系并非简单的因果关系，而是人与宠物之间的情感联系和互动质量对健康有重要影响。可知，这篇文章的主旨是人类与宠物的关系有助于主人的健康。故选D项。 变式2（2025·安徽·二模）It’s common to see a barista (咖啡师) create coffee art, but it’s a whole different ballgame doing the same thing with tea. Han Zheming has managed to perfect the skill, creating tea art in cups, or dian cha in Chinese, which used to be a ritual (仪式) during the Song Dynasty. Over the past six years, he has used tea and spoons to create nearly 200 patterns based on ancient paintings. “It’s like adding bells and whistles to tea and giving people a stronger sense of occasion, so drinking tea is more fun,” Han says. It’s also his intention to bring the old ritual back to modern life and have more people appreciate its charm. Chinese tea culture started to enjoy popularity during the Tang Dynasty and flourished (繁荣) throughout the Song Dynasty, when tea had become a necessity for almost everyone, from nobles and scholars to common people, just like other necessary items, such as rice, oil and salt. In the Song Dynasty, the popular way of having tea was through dian cha. The process begins with hot water being poured over fine powdered tea, creating a paste. Then more hot water is slowly added as the tea is constantly whisked (搅动) by hand with a bamboo stick. This action of pouring hot water is called dian, hence the name dian cha, which was listed as an intangible cultural heritage of Runzhou District, Zhenjiang City, Jiangsu Province. Han has been fascinated by the culture and art of the Song Dynasty. “My mother loves traditional culture and I have been leaning toward it under her influence,” Han says. After graduating in 2006, he took great delight in drinking tea gradually. This led him to learn about traditional tea culture and buy ceramic tea sets, especially those made in the style of the Song Dynasty. While studying the history and trying to figure out the reasons behind the use of tea sets, he came across the art of dian cha. “I was amazed by this wonderful way of drinking tea,” Han says. 13．How does the writer introduce the topic of dian cha in the first paragraph? A．By raising a question. B．By defining a concept. C．By making a comparison. D．By giving examples. 14．Why did Han Zheming commit himself to dian cha? A．To show off his skill in making tea. B．To revive the old ritual in modern life. C．To boost tea sales and increase his income. D．To help his mother promote traditional culture. 15．What does paragraph 4 mainly talk about? A．The specific process of making dian cha. B．Han Zheming's experience of growing tea. C．The differences between dian cha and other tea ceremonies. D．Application procedures for intangible cultural heritage registration. 16．Which of the following is the best title for the text? A．A History of Chinese Tea Sets B．A Tea Art Reborn from History C．The Interesting Procedures for Making Tea D．The Different Tea Culture Through Dynasties 【答案】13．C 14．B 15．A 16．B 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了韩哲明钻研宋代点茶技艺，将这一古老的饮茶仪式重现于现代生活的故事，同时介绍了点茶的历史背景与制作流程。 13．推理判断题。根据第一段“It’s common to see a barista create coffee art, but it’s a whole different ballgame doing the same thing with tea.(看到咖啡师创作咖啡艺术是很常见的，但用茶做同样的事情则完全是另一回事。)”可知，作者将咖啡师的咖啡艺术与茶的点茶技艺进行对比，从而引出点茶这一话题。故选C。 14．细节理解题。根据第二段“It’s also his intention to bring the old ritual back to modern life and have more people appreciate its charm.(他还打算把这个古老的仪式带回现代生活，让更多人欣赏它的魅力。)”可知，韩哲明致力于点茶是为了让这一古老仪式在现代生活中复兴。故选B。 15．主旨大意题。根据第四段“The process begins with hot water being poured over fine powdered tea, creating a paste.(这个过程始于将热水倒在精细的茶粉上，调成糊状。)”以及“Then more hot water is slowly added as the tea is constantly whisked by hand with a bamboo stick.(然后慢慢加入更多热水，同时用竹棍不断用手搅动茶水。)”可知，第四段具体描述了制作环节，清晰展现了点茶的具体流程。故选A。 16．主旨大意题。文章围绕韩哲明复兴宋代点茶技艺展开，既介绍了点茶的历史，也讲述了其在现代的重现，“A Tea Art Reborn from History(一项从历史中重生的茶艺)”能精准概括主旨。故选B。 变式3（25-26高三上·四川自贡·期中）Millions of tourists travel to parks each year to enjoy the bright colors of fall — but ecologists say the familiar reds, oranges and yellows of fall foliage (叶子) are coming later in the season. “In New England, generally the fall foliage tends to peak in mid-October,” said Richard Primack, a professor of plant ecology. “But because of a warming climate, the peak of fall foliage is tending to move from kind of early to middle October to kind of middle to late October.” Predicting precisely when the leaves will turn from green to red, orange and yellow in fall depends in part on the geographic area, the species and the amount of rainfall, and climate change can largely determine the timing. And leaves of trees with harmful insects will drop sooner, according to Christy Rollinson, a forest ecologist. “Bright colors are associated with a healthy tree, because some colors take energy for the tree to produce.” Peak color used to last for about two weeks, but for certain species, that period might be becoming more condensed as higher temperatures continue late into the fall while days shorten at the same rate. So future generations might just have to be ready to travel at a moment’s notice to catch a peak period in parts of the country. Such changes could affect the tourism industry surrounding leaf peeping (看), according to Sarah Blount, a researcher at the National Environmental Education Foundation. She underscored how important it is to try to improve peak timing predictions. “There’s so much money attached to it.” she said. “People want to buy a plane ticket to go somewhere and don’t want to find that it turns out that it’s too late and all the leaves are gone or it’s too early, so there is a lot of focus on trying to improve the information that we have about that.” 5．What do Richard’s words show? A．The lateness of peak fall foliage. B．The rareness of a trend. C．The impacts of climate change. D．The mass appeal of fall colors. 6．What does paragraph 2 mainly talk about? A．Visible signs of the coming of fall. B．Prediction of fall foliage’s color change. C．Factors in the timing of colorful fall foliage. D．Determinants of the brightness of colors. 7．Which is closest in meaning to the underlined word “condensed” in paragraph 3? A．Irregular. B．Important. C．Lengthy. D．Brief. 8．What does Sarah Blount imply? A．The country relies heavily on tourism. B．Predicting peak foliage precisely is vital. C．It takes effort to protect the environment. D．Scheduling leaf-peeping trips early is better. 【答案】5．A 6．C 7．D 8．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍气候变暖导致秋叶变色高峰期推迟及缩短，进而影响相关旅游业的现象。 5．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“But because of a warming climate, the peak of fall foliage is tending to move from kind of early to middle October to kind of middle to late October. (但由于气候变暖，秋叶的观赏高峰期正从10月上中旬推移到10月中下旬)”可知，Richard的话表明了气候变暖导致秋叶观赏高峰期推迟。故选A项。 6．主旨大意题。根据第二段中的“Predicting precisely when the leaves will turn from green to red, orange and yellow in fall depends in part on the geographic area, the species and the amount of rainfall, and climate change can largely determine the timing. (准确预测秋天树叶何时由绿变红、变橙、变黄，部分取决于地理位置、树种和降雨量，而气候变化在很大程度上决定了这个时间)”可知，该段主要讲述的是影响秋叶变色时间的各类因素。故选C项。 7．词句猜测题。根据第三段中的“Peak color used to last for about two weeks, but for certain species, that period might be becoming more condensed as higher temperatures continue late into the fall while days shorten at the same rate. (过去秋叶最佳观赏期能持续约两周，但对于某些树种来说，随着秋季后期气温持续偏高，同时白昼时长以相同速率缩短，这个时期可能会变得更加……)”可知，condensed与前文的last for about two weeks形成对比，结合语境推测其含义为“缩短的、短暂的”，与brief含义最接近。故选D项。 8．推理判断题。根据第四段中的“She underscored how important it is to try to improve peak timing predictions. “There’s so much money attached to it.” she said. (她强调，努力改进观赏高峰期的预测是多么重要。“这其中涉及大量的资金。”她说)”可知，Sarah Blount暗示精准预测秋叶观赏高峰期至关重要。故选B项。 变式4（2025·河北·一模）Designed by the architectural firm Annvil, the GUARDEN Vertical Urban Garden is an experimental research initiative aimed at exploring the complex relationship between urban environments and gardening. Teaming up with urban planners, designers, and experts in environmental and natural sciences, this project seeks to cast light on the impacts of urban settings on plant cultivation (栽培). In terms of its core value, urban agriculture holds enormous potential in reducing air pollution, managing runoff effectively, increasing land productivity, and adjusting urban temperatures. However, uncertainties remain regarding the safety of food produced in urban gardens. To address this gap, Annvil has built the first urban vertical garden in Riga, Latvia, serving as a platform for interdisciplinary research. On the local practice front, the GUARDEN Vertical Urban Garden comprises locally sourced plants, emphasizing the importance of local cultivation and global resource conservation. By engaging city residents in the process of urban gardening, the project aims to encourage conversations and cultivate public interest in sustainable urban living. Anna Bates, the project lead, emphasizes the need to reconnect with nature in the digital age, advocating for more green spaces as public meeting areas. As a pilot project, GUARDEN also initiates a comprehensive scientific inquiry into urban agriculture. Through laboratory analysis, researchers evaluate the harvest’s safety, examining heavy metal presence and microbiological composition. Irina Sivicka, a project researcher, highlights the significance of data-driven insights in understanding the correlation between urban pollution and crop safety. Architect Ilze Rukmane-Poča contributes to project development, ensuring an all-rounded approach to urban garden realization. Building on the research and practice above, the findings from the GUARDEN experiment will inform the establishment of urban gardens across major Latvian cities. By integrating scientific evidence into urban planning, initiatives like GUARDEN lay the foundation for sustainable, health-aware urban landscapes. Through continued research and joint efforts, Latvia aims to promote greener, healthier urban environments for its citizens. The GUARDEN Vertical Urban Garden fully presents the intersection of architecture, environmental science, and community engagement, demonstrating Latvia’s commitment to sustainable urban development. 9．What is the primary purpose of the GUARDEN Vertical Urban Garden? A．To showcase modern architectural design. B．To test vertical garden profitability in Latvia. C．To explore urban impacts on plant cultivation. D．To replace rural agriculture with urban farming. 10．What can we know about the GUARDEN project from paragraph 3? A．It boosts Latvia’s agricultural exports. B．It solves global air pollution problems. C．It promotes public interest in green urban life. D．It reduces the need for urban planning experts. 11．What is the main idea of paragraph 4? A．Scientific evaluation of urban food safety. B．Community participation in urban gardening. C．Architectural design of the GUARDEN project. D．Challenges of maintaining urban vertical gardens. 12．What is the author’s attitude toward the GUARDEN project? A．Neutral. B．Reserved. C．Approving. D．Critical. 【答案】9．C 10．C 11．A 12．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了GUARDEN垂直城市花园项目的目的、实践、科研及意义。 9．细节理解题。根据第一段“Designed by the architectural firm Annvil, the GUARDEN Vertical Urban Garden is an experimental research initiative aimed at exploring the complex relationship between urban environments and gardening. Teaming up with urban planners, designers, and experts in environmental and natural sciences, this project seeks to cast light on the impacts of urban settings on plant cultivation (栽培).(由安维尔建筑事务所设计的GUARDEN垂直城市花园是一项实验性研究项目，旨在探索城市环境与园艺之间的复杂关系。该项目与城市规划师、设计师以及环境和自然科学领域的专家合作，力求揭示城市环境对植物栽培的影响。)”可知，GUARDEN垂直城市花园的主要目的是探索城市对植物栽培的影响。故选C。 10．细节理解题。根据第三段中“By engaging city residents in the process of urban gardening, the project aims to encourage conversations and cultivate public interest in sustainable urban living.(通过让城市居民参与城市园艺过程，该项目旨在鼓励对话，培养公众对可持续城市生活的兴趣。)”可知，GUARDEN项目培养了公众对绿色城市生活的兴趣。故选C。 11．主旨大意题。根据第四段中“As a pilot project, GUARDEN also initiates a comprehensive scientific inquiry into urban agriculture. Through laboratory analysis, researchers evaluate the harvest’s safety, examining heavy metal presence and microbiological composition. Irina Sivicka, a project researcher, highlights the significance of data-driven insights in understanding the correlation between urban pollution and crop safety. Architect Ilze Rukmane-Poča contributes to project development, ensuring an all-rounded approach to urban garden realization.(作为一个试点项目，GUARDEN还开启了一项针对都市农业的全面科学调查。研究人员通过实验室分析评估收获作物的安全性，检测重金属含量与微生物组成。项目研究员Irina Sivicka强调了数据驱动的研究结果在理解城市污染与作物安全性相关性方面的重要意义。建筑师Ilze Rukmane-Poča参与了项目的开发工作，确保城市花园的落成能采用全面完善的方案。)”可知，本段主要讲的是对城市食品安全进行科学评估。故选A。 12．推理判断题。根据最后一段“The GUARDEN Vertical Urban Garden fully presents the intersection of architecture, environmental science, and community engagement, demonstrating Latvia’s commitment to sustainable urban development.(GUARDEN垂直城市花园充分展示了建筑、环境科学和社区参与的交汇点，展示了拉脱维亚对可持续城市发展的承诺。)”可知，作者对GUARDEN项目持支持态度。故选C。 ◇题型 02 写作目的题（宏观功能判断） 典｜例｜精｜析 典例1【2025全国一卷】Microplastics have become a common source of pollution across the Earth — they have settled in the deep sea and on the Himalayas, stuck inside volcanic rocks, filled the stomachs of seabirds and even fallen in fresh Antarctic snow. They are even appearing inside humans. Now, new research suggests that a simple, cheap measure may significantly reduce the level of microplastics in water from your tap (水龙头): boiling and filtering (过滤) it. In a study published Wednesday in Environmental Science & Technology Letters, researchers from China found that boiling tap water for just five minutes — then filtering it after it cools — could remove at least 80 percent of its microplastics. Crucially, this process relies on the water containing enough calcium carbonate (碳酸钙) to trap the plastics. In the study, boiling hard water containing 300 milligrams of calcium carbonate led to an almost 90 percent drop in plastics. But in samples with less than 60 milligrams of calcium carbonate, boiling reduced the level of plastics by just 25 percent. Additionally, the research didn’t include all types of plastics. The team focused only on three common types — polystyrene, polyethylene and polypropylene — and they didn’t study other chemicals previously found in water such as vinyl chloride. Still, the findings show a potential path forward for reducing microplastic exposure — a task that’s becoming increasingly difficult. Even bottled water, scientists found earlier this year, contains 10 to 1,000 times more microplastics than originally thought. Scientists are still trying to determine how harmful microplastics are — but what they do know has raised concerns. The new study suggests boiling tap water could be a tool to limit intake. “The way they demonstrated how microplastics were trapped through the boiling process was nice,” Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay, an environmental engineer of the University of Glasgow in Scotland who was not involved in the research, tells New Scientist. “We should be looking into upgrading drinking water treatment plants so they remove microplastics.” 34．What does the author try to illustrate by mentioning bottled water in paragraph 4? A．The importance of plastic recycling. B．The severity of the microplastic problem. C．The danger in overusing pure water. D．The difficulty in treating polluted water. 借助篇章结构答题 【答案】 34．B 一、全文结构快速定位（紧扣说明文典型模式） 本篇属于典型的 “问题呈现 → 解决方案 → 局限与补充 → 强化问题严重性” 的复合说明结构： 段落 功能 核心内容 第1段 提出问题（现象铺陈） 微塑料无处不在：深海、高山、动物体内、人体、甚至南极雪中 → 污染极其广泛。 第2段 提出对策（研究发现） 煮沸+过滤可去除80%以上微塑料（前提：水中含足够碳酸钙）。 第3段 指出局限 效果依赖水质硬度；仅测试3种塑料；未涵盖其他污染物（如氯乙烯）。 第4段（题干所问） 强化问题严重性 即使看似“干净”的瓶装水也含10–1000倍更多微塑料 → 无处可逃，问题比想象更严峻。 第5段 专家评价+呼吁 肯定方法价值，建议升级水处理厂。 ✅ 因此，第4段并非引入新对策，而是通过“瓶装水”这一反例，打破读者“瓶装水更安全”的错觉，进一步凸显微塑料污染的普遍性与严重性。 二、题干解析 34. What does the author try to illustrate by mentioning bottled water in paragraph 4? → 考查举例目的，需联系上下文逻辑，判断该信息在全文论证中的作用。 三、选项结构化分析 选项 内容 是否匹配 原因分析 A. The importance of plastic recycling. 塑料回收的重要性 ❌ 无关 全文未提“recycling”，焦点在暴露途径与减少摄入，非源头治理。 B. The severity of the microplastic problem. 微塑料问题的严重性 ✅ 正确 - 瓶装水常被视为“纯净”“安全”的替代选择； - 作者指出其微塑料含量远超预期（10–1000倍），说明连“避难所”都已被污染； - 此例强化第1段的问题严重性，为后文“亟需解决方案”提供紧迫性支撑。 C. The danger in overusing pure water. 过度使用纯净水的危险 ❌ 曲解 “pure water”未被讨论；瓶装水≠纯净水，且作者未批评“使用”，而是揭示其隐含风险。 D. The difficulty in treating polluted water. 处理污染水的困难 ⚠️ 接近但偏移 虽第3段提到方法有局限，但第4段重点不在“处理难”，而在“污染广”“无处可避”。瓶装水未经“处理”已是成品，其污染说明源头控制失效，而非处理技术问题。 🔍 关键逻辑链：读者可能想：“那我喝瓶装水总行吧？” → 作者立刻打脸：“不行，瓶装水更糟！” → 证明问题已渗透到所有饮水来源 → 问题极其严重（severity） 典例2【2025北京卷】The call to “know yourself” has been there since ancient times, but our sense of self doesn’t always match what others perceive. Considering the stories we tell about ourselves can help us to change our minds for better. For many years psychologists saw identity as a combination of someone’s values, beliefs, goals and social roles. Then, in the 1980s, Bob Johnson created the life story model of identity, in which he proposes that, as we go through life, these core features are built in with our memories to create a personal story through which we understand our lives. Our life story is something that starts coming together in our teenage years, when we begin to organise our lives into chapters around key events or life changes, and begin to see ourselves as both the central character and, to a varying extent, the story’s author. People with more consistent stories tend to have a stronger sense of identity, and they feel their life has more meaning, direction and sense of purpose. Such people show greater overall life satisfaction, too. Johnson has also investigated the link between well-being and certain story themes. He discovered that whether someone describes having had some control over events in their past is an important predictor of a person’s mental health. Another key theme involves finding some kind of positive meaning after stressful events. “People could talk about gaining knowledge or personal growth,” says Johnson. His research shows that this is often missing for people with mental health conditions. The good news is that there is evidence we can learn to change our own story. Lisa Green, another researcher, sounds a few notes of caution (谨慎). For instance, hearing about the power of redemptive (拯救性的) stories, many people may feel forced to find a positive angle on horrible events. She says that Western culture already pushes people to look for the silver lining behind every cloud. If you want to turn over a new leaf, though, one top tip is that it helps to choose a significant date that signals the start of a new “chapter”. Contrary to popular doubt, resolutions made on I January are more effective for this reason. So, whether your goal is saving money or getting fit, there is no better time to become the author of our own destiny (命运). 33. What does the author mainly do in this passage? A. Clarify a goal. B. Analyse an event. C. Make a comparison. D. Illustrate an approach. 34. What is the passage mainly about? A. How self-identity works. B. How story-tellers are made. C. How personal stories raise doubts. D. How timing affects personal identity. 借助篇章结构答题 【答案】 33. D 34. A 一、全文结构解构（紧扣说明文“总—分—总 + 观点递进”结构） 段落 结构功能 核心内容 第1段 引出话题 + 提出主张 “认识你自己”古老命题 → 自我认知≠他人看法 → 通过讲述自己的故事可改善自我认知（核心观点）。 第2段 理论背景 心理学传统观点 → 引入Bob Johnson的人生故事模型（identity = values + memories → personal narrative）。 第3段 机制阐释 人生故事如何形成（青少年期）、作用（增强身份感、意义感、生活满意度）。 第4段 研究深化 Johnson发现：故事中的“掌控感”和“积极意义” 是心理健康的关键预测因子；人可主动改写故事（希望点）。 第5段 补充提醒（平衡视角） Lisa Green提醒：不要强迫自己在创伤中找“救赎”，避免文化压力。 第6段 实践建议 + 总结升华 给出具体方法：选重要日期开启新“章节”（如1月1日）→ 鼓励读者成为自己命运的“作者”。 ✅ 全文结构 = 提出观点（改写人生故事有益）→ 理论支撑 → 实证依据 → 谨慎提醒 → 行动建议 属于说明文中常见的 “观点—论证—应用”复合结构，核心是介绍并倡导一种理解/塑造自我的方法（approach）。 二、逐题解析 ▶ 第33题：What does the author mainly do in this passage? A. Clarify a goal. B. Analyse an event. C. Make a comparison. D. Illustrate an approach. 【解题思路】 此题考查作者主要写作手法/目的（writing purpose / rhetorical function）。 全文并非分析某个具体事件（排除B）； 没有对两种事物进行系统对比（排除C）； 虽提到“goal”（如存钱、健身），但目标不是重点，重点是通过“人生叙事”这一方式实现改变（排除A）； 作者系统介绍了一种理解与重塑自我的方法：即通过构建/改写个人生命故事来增强身份认同与心理健康，并给出操作建议（选重要日期开启新篇章）。 ✅ D. Illustrate an approach（阐述一种方法/途径） 完全匹配。 🔍 关键词提示： “life story model of identity”（理论方法） “we can learn to change our own story”（可习得的方法） “one top tip is...”（操作性建议） → 全文在“illustrate”（阐明、展示）这一approach。 ▶ 第34题：What is the passage mainly about? A. How self-identity works. B. How story-tellers are made. C. How personal stories raise doubts. D. How timing affects personal identity. 【解题思路】 此题考查全文主旨（main idea）。 A. How self-identity works（自我身份如何运作） → ✅ 正确。全文核心是解释：自我身份并非固定，而是通过“人生故事”建构的；这个故事可被反思、调整，从而影响心理健康与生活方向。这正是“self-identity如何运作”的现代心理学解释。 B. How story-tellers are made→ ❌ 偏离。文中“story”是隐喻（人生叙事），非指文学创作或成为“讲故事的人”。 C. How personal stories raise doubts→ ❌ 片面。第5段虽提“caution”，但只是次要补充，全文基调是肯定人生叙事的积极作用，“doubts”非主线。 D. How timing affects personal identity→ ❌ 细节干扰。最后一段提到“选重要日期”只是一个具体技巧，服务于“改写故事”这一大主题，timing不是核心。 ✅ 因此，A选项最全面、准确概括全文主旨。 变｜式｜巩｜固 变式1【2025·云南省保山市摸底】（2025·安徽·二模）By scanning a QR code at a service station, Li Xinpeng had his parcels delivered by an unmanned vehicle, thanks to the launch of the first rural drone delivery route in Wuhan, Hubei Province. The drone is capable of flying at a speed of 70 kilometers per hour and cruising (巡航) at an altitude of 120 meters. Operated by skilled professionals, the payload hexacopter drone boasts an impressive one-hour flight endurance (耐力) and can carry as many as 300 to 500 parcels at a time. “Sometimes a delivery journey would have taken me over 40 minutes on my motorcycle,” remarked Liu Jianying, a postman from the Xinzhou branch of China Post Group (CPG), adding that drone deliveries are not hindered by traffic jams or other road conditions. “The drones will significantly reduce transport time and enhance the efficiency of parcel distribution,” he said. In collaboration with CPG, the local government in Xinzhou pioneered Wuhan's first rural drone delivery route, which is currently undergoing test flights across three pilot villages. It is predicted to officially launch flight operations in early December, with plans to expand to 13 villages within the region upon the successful completion of the trial phase. Xinzhou district is located in the remote Dabie Mountains, featuring vast mountains and forests. Most of the villages are quite far apart in this area, leading to a dispersed (分散的) population. As online shopping experiences significant growth and the demand for delivery continues to rise, this drone delivery route is expected to become an important supplement. “During the initial stages, the purchase, maintenance and operation costs of drones might be relatively high. But in the long term, as drones become widely used, the unit costs will decrease, effectively addressing issues related to labor shortages and high logistics costs,” Zhang Dawei, a professor from the institute of urban and rural governance at Central China Normal University, was quoted by Hubei Daily as saying. 22．What do we know about the drone? A．It can cruise at an altitude of 300m. B．It can only take off in rural regions. C．It can fly at a speed of 120 km/h. D．It can carry hundreds of parcels at once. 23．What does the underlined word “hindered” mean in paragraph 3? A．Reduced. B．Lost. C．Blocked. D．Misled. 24．Why does the writer mention the location of Xinzhou District? A．To emphasize its national status. B．To advocate regional protection. C．To introduce the natural scenery. D．To explain reasons for using drones. 25．What is the future of drone delivery according to Professor Zhang Dawei? A．Promising. B．Tough. C．Alarming. D．Uncertain. 【答案】22．D 23．C 24．D 25．A 【导语】本文是一篇新闻报道。文章主要介绍了武汉首条农村无人机配送航线的相关情况，包括无人机性能、配送优势及发展前景。 22．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Operated by skilled professionals, the payload hexacopter drone boasts an impressive one-hour flight endurance (耐力) and can carry as many as 300 to 500 parcels at a time. (这款载重六旋翼无人机由专业技术人员操控，续航能力可达一小时，一次最多可搭载300至500个包裹)”可知，该无人机一次可以运送数百个包裹。故选D项。 23．词句猜测题。根据划线单词上文““Sometimes a delivery  journey would have taken me over 40 minutes on my motorcycle,” remarked  Liu Jianying, a postman from the Xinzhou branch of China Post Group  (CPG),(“有时候，我骑摩托车送一次快递要花40多分钟，”来自中国邮政集团新州分公司的邮递员刘建英说)”及下文“by traffic jams or other road conditions. “The drones will significantly reduce transport time and enhance the efficiency of parcel distribution,” he said. (交通堵塞或其他路况。“无人机将大幅缩短运输时间，提高包裹配送效率，”他说)”可知，摩托车配送会受路况影响，而无人机不会，因此“hindered”的含义与“blocked(阻碍)”相近。故选C项。 24．推理判断题。根据第五段“Xinzhou district is located in the remote Dabie Mountains, featuring vast mountains and forests. Most of the villages are quite far apart in this area, leading to a dispersed (分散的) population. As online shopping experiences significant growth and the demand for delivery continues to rise, this drone delivery route is expected to become an important supplement. (新洲区地处偏远的大别山地区，山林广袤。该地区大部分村庄相距甚远，人口分布分散。随着网购的迅猛发展以及配送需求的持续增长，这条无人机配送航线有望成为一项重要补充)”可推知，作者提及新洲区的地理位置是为了解释在这里使用无人机配送的原因。故选D项。 25．推理判断题。根据第六段““During the initial stages, the purchase, maintenance and operation costs of drones might be relatively high. But in the long term, as drones become widely used, the unit costs will decrease, effectively addressing issues related to labor shortages and high logistics costs,” Zhang Dawei, a professor from the institute of urban and rural governance at Central China Normal University, was quoted by Hubei Daily as saying. (湖北日报援引华中师范大学城乡治理研究院教授张大维的话称：“在初期阶段，无人机的采购、维护和运营成本可能相对较高。但从长远来看，随着无人机的广泛应用，单位成本将会下降，有效解决劳动力短缺和物流成本高的问题。”)可知，张教授认为，无人机配送使得成本下降，解决了当地劳动力和物流成本问题。由此推知，无人机配送的未来是充满前景的。故选A项。 变式2【2025·云南省保山市摸底】（25-26高三上·湖北黄冈·月考）A study published in Nature on July 16th offers the strongest evidence that the urge to sleep is caused by a build-up of electrons in the mitochondria(线粒体) of certain brain cells. If true, sleep may have originally emerged as a way of repairing mitochondria, with its other benefits evolving later. Mitochondria, which exist in almost all human and animal cells, supply energy by taking electrons from fuel molecules (供能分子) obtained from food. However, some electrons leak out during this process. These leaked electrons react with oxygen to create harmful by-products — if these substances build up, they will damage cells. The new study points out that when sleep-control neurons detect too much mitochondrial damage, they cause sleep. These neurons work like circuit-breakers: they make the brain fall into sleep before too many electrons accumulate, preventing further harm. Sleep then restores the balance of electrons and fixes damaged mitochondria. To test this idea, scientists did experiments on fruit flies. First, they labelled the flies’ sleep-control neurons (called dorsal fan-shaped body neurons, dFBNs) with a glowing protein. Then, they disrupted the flies’ sleep by keeping them in constant motion for 12 hours. After the experiment, the scientists observed the dFBNs under a microscope. They found that the mitochondria in these neurons had broken apart — a sign that electrons had caused damage. But once the flies got some sleep, the mitochondria joined back together, just like fixing a broken object. Ivana Rosenzweig, a specialist in sleep neuroscience, describes the findings as a “significant conceptual shift”. Since energy supply is linked to sleep in many species, electron build-up may also cause sleep pressure in humans. The study’s authors note that people with mitochondrial disorders often feel unusually sleepy, and they hope the research will help solve sleep disorders and tiredness-related problems. 26．What can we know from the first two paragraphs? A．Sleep may initially fix mitochondria. B．Mitochondria take electrons from food. C．Electrons leakage damages cells directly. D．Neurons cause sleep when electrons leak. 27．Why does the author mention “fruit flies” in paragraph 3? A．To explain a rule. B．To clarify a concept. C．To make a prediction. D．To confirm an assumption. 28．What can we infer from Ivana Rosenzweig’s comment? A．Electron build-up only affects sleep in fruit flies. B．Previous studies on sleep pressure were completely wrong. C．The study changes the way people understand sleep causes. D．Mitochondrial disorders are the main cause of sleep problems. 29．What is the main purpose of the passage? A．To explain how to improve sleep quality. B．To introduce a study on the cause of sleep urge. C．To discuss the link between diet and sleep health. D．To compare different theories of mitochondrial repair. 【答案】26．A 27．D 28．C 29．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了发表在《自然》杂志上的一项研究，该研究提供了强有力的证据，表明睡眠欲望是由某些脑细胞线粒体中电子的积累引起的。睡眠最初可能是作为修复线粒体的一种方式出现。文章还介绍了相关实验过程及该研究对解决睡眠障碍的潜在意义。 26．细节理解题。根据文章第一段中的“If true, sleep may have originally emerged as a way of repairing mitochondria, with its other benefits evolving later.(如果这是真的，睡眠最初可能是作为一种修复线粒体的方式出现的，而它的其他好处是后来才进化的。)”以及第二段中的“The new study points out that when sleep-control neurons detect too much mitochondrial damage, they cause sleep. These neurons work like circuit-breakers: they make the brain fall into sleep before too many electrons accumulate, preventing further harm. Sleep then restores the balance of electrons and fixes damaged mitochondria.(这项新研究指出，当睡眠控制神经元检测到线粒体损伤过多时，它们会导致睡眠。这些神经元就像断路器一样:在过多的电子积累之前，它们让大脑进入睡眠状态，防止进一步的伤害。然后睡眠恢复了电子的平衡，修复了受损的线粒体。)”可知，睡眠最初可能是作为一种修复线粒体的方式出现的，即睡眠最初可能修复线粒体。故选A项。 27．推理判断题。根据文章第三段“To test this idea, scientists did experiments on fruit flies.(为了验证这个想法，科学家们在果蝇身上做了实验。)”以及后文描述的实验过程和结果，可知作者提到“果蝇”是为了验证前文提到的“当睡眠控制神经元检测到线粒体损伤过多时，它们会导致睡眠”这一假设。故选D项。 28．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Ivana Rosenzweig, a specialist in sleep neuroscience, describes the findings as a “significant conceptual shift”. Since energy supply is linked to sleep in many species, electron build-up may also cause sleep pressure in humans.(睡眠神经科学专家Ivana Rosenzweig将这一发现描述为“重大的概念转变”。由于能量供应与许多物种的睡眠有关，电子的积累也可能导致人类的睡眠压力。)”可知，Ivana Rosenzweig认为这项研究改变了人们对睡眠原因的理解方式，即电子的积累可能导致睡眠压力，这是一个重大的概念转变。故选C项。 29．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“A study published in Nature on July 16th offers the strongest evidence that the urge to sleep is caused by a build-up of electrons in the mitochondria(线粒体) of certain brain cells.(7月16日发表在《自然》杂志上的一项研究提供了最有力的证据，证明睡眠的冲动是由某些脑细胞线粒体中电子的积累引起的。)”以及后文对该研究的详细描述和实验验证，可知文章的主要目的是介绍一项关于睡眠冲动原因的研究。故选B项。 变式3【2025·云南省保山市摸底】（25-26高三上·河南·月考）Older adults at high risk of Alzheimer’s disease (阿尔茨海默病) may slow mental decline by walking 3,000 steps daily. The reason for this remains unclear, but it might relate to how regular exercise affects brain health or blood flow to the brain. To investigate, Wai-Ying Wendy Yau from Harvard University and her team studied 296 mentally healthy adults aged 50 to 90. These participants wore step-tracking devices for a week to objectively measure their physical activity. Most also underwent brain imaging to establish baseline levels of tau and beta-amyloid proteins (tau and β-淀粉样蛋白), whose clumps (团块) are believed to cause Alzheimer’s. Over a follow-up period of three to 14 years, the researchers measured these protein levels every two to three years and had participants complete annual mental tests assessing memory and information processing speed. By analyzing the step count, brain imaging, and mental test data using a statistical model, the researchers assessed how exercise impacts mental decline. They discovered that among participants with above-average initial brain levels of misfolded beta-amyloid, taking 3,000 to 5,000 steps daily significantly slowed tau gathering, but not beta- amyloid. Charles Marshall of Queen Mary University of London explained that exercise appears to slow the spread of tau protein, which is more closely linked to Alzheimer’s symptoms than amyloid-beta. This activity level was also linked to a roughly 40% slower rate of mental decline over an average follow-up of nine years, compared to those taking fewer than 3,000 steps. However, the researchers lacked data on whether any participants were identified as having Alzheimer’s during this period. Previous studies linking exercise to reduced mental decline mostly relied on participants recalling their activity levels and rarely examined why staying active might have this effect. Furthermore, taking 5,000 to 7,500 steps daily seemed to slow tau gathering even more, resulting in a 54% slower rate of mental decline compared with inactivity. But daily steps over 7,500 brought no extra mental benefits. The researchers did not determine exactly how regular exercise produces these effects, but possible explanations include reduced symptoms and increased blood flow to the brain. 30．How was participants’ activity data collected? A．Through wearable step-trackers. B．Through annual investigations. C．Through regular physical measurements. D．Through comparisons with earlier studies. 31．Why is the finding about tau protein significant? A．It proves tau is more active than amyloid-beta. B．It shows tau more closely relates to Alzheimer’s. C．It indicates walking is the best exercise for the brain. D．It suggests tau reduction directly improves memory. 32．What was a weakness of previous studies? A．They did not track protein levels. B．They had fewer high-risk subjects. C．Their follow-up periods were shorter. D．They relied on participants’ memories for data. 33．What is the function of the last paragraph? A．To announce a major breakthrough. B．To compare two competing theories. C．To emphasize the certainty of the findings. D．To admit a limitation and suggest directions. 【答案】30．A 31．B 32．D 33．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要说明了哈佛大学团队研究发现，高风险阿尔茨海默病群体每日走 3000 步可减缓认知衰退，步数达5000-7500步效果更好，具体作用机制待探索。 30．细节理解题。根据第二段“These participants wore step-tracking devices for a week to objectively measure their physical activity.(这些参与者在一周内佩戴了步数追踪设备，以客观地测量他们的身体活动量)”可知，参与者的行为数据是通过可穿戴的步数计数器收集。故选A。 31．细节理解题。根据第三段“Charles Marshall of Queen Mary University of London explained that exercise appears to slow the spread of tau protein, which is more closely linked to Alzheimer’s symptoms than amyloid-beta.(伦敦玛丽女王大学的查尔斯·马歇尔解释说，运动似乎能够减缓tau蛋白的扩散。与β-淀粉样蛋白相比，tau蛋白与阿尔茨海默病的症状关系更为密切)”可知，tau蛋白与阿尔茨海默病症状的关联比β-淀粉样蛋白更紧密，这正是该发现的重要意义。故选B。 32．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“Previous studies linking exercise to reduced mental decline mostly relied on participants recalling their activity levels and rarely examined why staying active might have this effect.(以往有关运动与减缓认知衰退之间关系的研究大多依赖参与者回忆自己的运动量，并且很少探究为何保持活跃会带来这种效果)”可知，以往的研究依赖参与者的记忆来获取数据。故选D。 33．推理判断题。根据最后一段“The researchers did not determine exactly how regular exercise produces these effects, but possible explanations include reduced symptoms and increased blood flow to the brain.(研究人员并未确切阐明规律性锻炼为何会产生这些效果，但可能的解释包括症状减轻以及大脑血流量的增加)”可知，最后一段的作用是承认存在的局限性并提出解决方向。故选D。 变式4【2025·云南省保山市摸底】（25-26高三上·江苏·月考）Erik Lindebjerg, Global Plastics Policy Lead at the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) , has made an urgent call for more action to fight plastic pollution. He warned that the too much production and use of plastic is filling rivers, oceans, and land environments, killing many kinds of wild animals and making the food, air, and water dirty — with the crisis only worsening by the year. His request comes ahead of important United Nations (UN) talks to finish a global plastic pollution treaty (条约) , a process Lindebjerg thinks very important for solving one of the fastest-accelerating environmental problems of our time. UN statistics show a bad situation: Over 400 million tonnes of plastic are produced annually, half of which is designed for one-time use. Surprisingly, less than 10% of this plastic is recycled, while about 19 million-23 million tonnes end up in lakes, rivers, and seas. The coming Paris meeting represents the last round of talks before writing the legal content of the international treaty that all countries must follow. “This is the time governments must bring ambition, ready to make clear concrete global rules,” Lindebjerg stressed. Key details — including ways to make sure the treaty is followed to help developing nations — must be finished to ensure the treaty is effective and fair. The WWF is calling for rules: stopping or rapidly reducing high-risk plastics, increasing reuse systems, and putting secure recycling first. A strong support system, with financial support and technical cooperation, is also necessary for carrying out the treaty, Lindebjerg added. He spoke highly of China’s efforts, mentioning the “Beautiful China Initiative” and strengthened efforts to protect biodiversity as useful national steps. As the Paris talks near, the global community is waiting for a strong agreement to change the situation of plastic pollution. 1．What is Erik Lindebjerg’s main concern about plastic pollution? A．It isn’t paid enough attention to. B．It is out of control to some extent. C．It is more terrible than expected. D．It affects wild animals’ habitats. 2．Why does the author mention the UN statistics? A．To stress plastic’s overuse. B．To praise plastic’s economic value. C．To blame poor recycling systems. D．To prove the problem’s seriousness. 3．What can be concluded about the Paris meeting? A．It sets country targets. B．It has ended all discussions. C．It mainly provides money. D．It is vital for a global legal treaty. 4．What is the main idea of the last paragraph? A．China’s complete success. B．Solutions and support needed. C．Types of dangerous plastic. D．Arguments over money assistance. 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．D 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇新闻报道。文章主要讲述了世界自然基金会全球塑料政策负责人呼吁采取更多行动应对塑料污染问题，以及相关情况。 34．推理判断题。根据第一段中“He warned that the too much production and use of plastic is filling rivers, oceans, and land environments, killing many kinds of wild animals and making the food, air, and water dirty — with the crisis only worsening by the year.(他警告说，塑料的过度生产和使用正在填满河流、海洋和陆地环境，杀死许多种野生动物，使食物、空气和水变脏——而且危机逐年加剧)”可知，Erik Lindebjerg主要担心塑料污染在一定程度上已经失控。故选B。 35．推理判断题。根据第二段中“UN statistics show a bad situation: Over 400 million tonnes of plastic are produced annually, half of which is designed for one-time use. Surprisingly, less than 10% of this plastic is recycled, while about 19 million-23 million tonnes end up in lakes, rivers, and seas.(联合国统计数据显示情况糟糕：每年生产超过4亿吨塑料，其中一半是一次性使用的。令人惊讶的是，这种塑料的回收率不到10%，而约1900万至2300万吨塑料最终进入了湖泊、河流和海洋)”可知，作者提到联合国统计数据是为了证明问题的严重性。故选D。 36．细节理解题。根据第三段中“The coming Paris meeting represents the last round of talks before writing the legal content of the international treaty that all countries must follow.(即将举行的巴黎会议是在撰写所有国家都必须遵守的国际条约的法律内容之前的最后一轮谈判)”可知，巴黎会议对于全球法律条约至关重要。故选D。 37．主旨大意题。根据最后一段中“The WWF is calling for rules: stopping or rapidly reducing high-risk plastics, increasing reuse systems, and putting secure recycling first. A strong support system, with financial support and technical cooperation, is also necessary for carrying out the treaty, Lindebjerg added.(世界自然基金会呼吁制定规则：停止或迅速减少高风险塑料，增加再利用系统，并将安全回收放在首位。林德伯格补充说，执行该条约还需要一个强有力的支持系统，包括资金支持和技术合作)”并结合整段内容可知，最后一段逻辑清晰：①WWF 呼吁制定规则（停止高危塑料、增加重复使用、优先无毒回收）；②实施条约需要支持系统（资金+技术）；③赞扬中国的相关努力。核心围绕“解决塑料污染的具体方案和所需支持”展开。故选B。 ◇题型 03 篇章结构题（脉络梳理能力） 典｜例｜精｜析 典例1【2023年全国乙卷】What comes into your mind when you think of British food? Probably fish and chips, or a Sunday dinner of meat and two vegetables. But is British food really so uninteresting? Even though Britain has a reputation for less-than-impressive cuisine, it is producing more top class chefs who appear frequently on our television screens and whose recipe books frequently top the best seller lists. It’s thanks to these TV chefs rather than any advertising campaign that Britons are turning away from meat-and-two-veg and ready-made meals and becoming more adventurous in their cooking habits. It is recently reported that the number of those sticking to a traditional diet is slowly declining and around half of Britain’s consumers would like to change or improve their cooking in some way. There has been a rise in the number of students applying for food courses at UK universities and colleges. It seems that TV programmes have helped change what people think about cooking. According to a new study from market analysts, 1 in 5 Britons say that watching cookery programmes on TV has encouraged them to try different food. Almost one third say they now use a wider variety of ingredients (配料) than they used to, and just under 1 in 4 say they now buy better quality ingredients than before. One in four adults say that TV chefs have made them much more confident about expanding their cookery knowledge and skills, and young people are also getting more interested in cooking. The UK’s obsession (痴迷) with food is reflected through television scheduling. Cookery shows and documentaries about food are broadcast more often than before. With an increasing number of male chefs on TV, it’s no longer “uncool” for boys to like cooking. 11. What might the author continue talking about? A. The art of cooking in other countries. B. Male chefs on TV programmes. C. Table manners in the UK. D. Studies of big eaters. 借助篇章结构答题 【答案】 11. B 【解析】一、全文结构解构（典型“现象—归因—数据支撑—社会影响”结构） 段落 功能 核心内容 第1段 提出反常识现象 打破刻板印象：英国菜≠乏味；英国正涌现出大量顶级厨师，影响力大。 第2段 归因 + 趋势 变化主因：电视厨师带动烹饪热潮 → 传统饮食者减少，民众愿提升厨艺，高校食品专业申请人数上升。 第3段 数据支撑 + 社会影响深化 - 1/5 受节目启发尝试新食物 - 1/3 使用更多样配料 - 1/4 购买更优质食材 - 年轻人、男性参与度提高 → “男孩爱做饭不再‘不酷’” ✅ 全文逻辑链： 旧印象（英国菜无趣）→ 新现实（厨师崛起）→ 推动力（电视节目）→ 具体表现（行为改变+观念转变） 特别注意：最后一句：“With an increasing number of male chefs on TV, it’s no longer ‘uncool’ for boys to like cooking.” → 这是一个社会文化层面的积极转变信号，且以“male chefs”作为例证收尾。 二、题干解析 11. What might the author continue talking about? → 考查语篇连贯性与话题延续性。正确选项应： 与上文逻辑紧密衔接； 延续当前讨论重心（电视厨师的社会影响）； 最好能展开最后一句提到的新点（male chefs / gender and cooking）。 三、选项分析 选项 内容 是否合理 原因 A. The art of cooking in other countries. 其他国家的烹饪艺术 ❌ 跳转话题 全文聚焦英国本土烹饪文化的复兴，突然转向“其他国家”缺乏逻辑铺垫。 B. Male chefs on TV programmes. 电视节目中的男性厨师 ✅ 高度合理 - 上一段末句刚提到“increasing number of male chefs on TV”； - 且指出其社会影响：“boys no longer think cooking is uncool”； - 下文自然可展开讨论男性厨师如何改变性别刻板印象、代表人物、节目类型等。 C. Table manners in the UK. 英国餐桌礼仪 ❌ 无关偏移 “table manners”从未提及，与“烹饪兴趣”“电视厨师”无直接关联。 D. Studies of big eaters. 大胃王研究 ❌ 完全脱节 文章谈“烹饪质量与兴趣”，非“食量”或“饮食行为异常”。 🔍 关键线索：尾句是下文的“预告” 高考说明文常在段尾埋下“钩子”（hook），引导下文展开。此处“male chefs”就是这样一个钩子。 典例2 【2023年北京卷】In recent years, researchers from diverse fields have agreed that short-termism is now a significant problem in industrialised societies. The inability to engage with longer-term causes and consequences leads to some of the world’s most serious problems: climate change, biodiversity collapse, and more. The historian Francis Cole argues that the West has entered a period where “only the present exists, a present characterised at once by the cruelty of the instant and by the boredom of an unending now”. It has been proved that people have a bias (偏向) towards the present, focusing on loud attractions in the moment at the expense of the health, well-being and financial stability of their future selves or community. In business, this bias surfaces as short-sighted decisions. And on slow-burning problems like climate change, it translates into the unwillingness to make small sacrifices (牺牲) today that could make a major difference tomorrow. Instead, all that matters is next quarter’s profit, or satisfying some other near-term desires. These biased perspectives cannot be blamed on one single cause. It is fair to say, though, that our psychological biases play a major role. People’s hesitancy to delay satisfaction is the most obvious example, but there are others.One of them is about how the most accessible information in the present affects decisions about the future. For instance, you might hear someone say: “It’s cold this winter, so I needn’t worry about global warming.”Another is that loud and urgent matters are given too much importance, making people ignore longer-term trends that arguably matter more. This is when a pop star draws far more attention than, say, gradual biodiversity decline. As a psychologist once joked, if aliens (外星人) wanted to weaken humanity, they wouldn’t send ships; they would invent climate change. Indeed, when it comes to environmental transformations, we can develop a form of collective “poor memory”, and each new generation can believe the state of affairs they encounter is nothing out of the ordinary. Older people today, for example, can remember a time with insect-covered car windscreens after long drives. Children, on the other hand, have no idea that insect population has dropped dramatically. 28. The author quotes Francis Cole mainly to ________. A. draw a comparison B. introduce a topic C. evaluate a statement D. highlight a problem 30. What does the author intend to tell us? A. Far-sighted thinking matters to humans. B. Humans tend to make long-term sacrifices. C. Current policies facilitate future decision-making. D. Bias towards the present helps reduce near-term desires. 借助篇章结构答题 【答案】28. D 30. A 【解析】 一、全文结构解构（典型“问题提出 → 原因分析 → 例证强化 → 警示升华”结构） 段落 结构功能 核心内容 第1段 提出核心问题 短视主义是工业化社会的重大问题 → 导致气候危机、生物多样性崩溃；引用历史学家Francis Cole的话强化“当下即全部”的病态时间观。 第2段 心理与行为表现 人类存在“现时偏向”：牺牲未来健康/稳定换取即时满足；企业追求季度利润，忽视长期风险。 第3段 归因 + 多重认知偏差 心理偏见是主因： ① 即时满足偏好； ② 当下信息主导未来判断（如“今年冷=无全球变暖”）； ③ 紧急噪音压倒长期趋势（明星 > 生物灭绝）。 第4段 警示 + 集体记忆缺失 用“外星人笑话”和“挡风玻璃昆虫”例子说明：每一代人都把当前退化状态当作“正常”，丧失对长期恶化的感知力。 ✅ 全文主线：短视主义是严重问题（What）→ 源于心理偏见（Why）→ 表现为集体失忆（How bad it is） 二、逐题解析 ▶ 第28题：The author quotes Francis Cole mainly to ________. A. draw a comparison B. introduce a topic C. evaluate a statement D. highlight a problem 【解题思路】 考查引用目的，需结合该引语在段落及全文中的功能。 引语内容：“only the present exists... cruelty of the instant and boredom of an unending now” → 描绘一种病态的、被当下奴役的时间体验，极具文学性和批判性。 所处位置：第1段末句，紧接在“short-termism is a significant problem”之后。 → 显然不是“引入话题”（B错，话题已在首句提出），而是用权威话语强化问题的严重性与文化深度。 功能分析： 不是“比较”（A错，无对比对象）； 不是“评价某陈述”（C错，Cole的话本身就是观点，非被评价对象）； 而是借历史学家之口，凸显短视主义已成时代病症 → 强调问题的深刻性与紧迫性。 ✅ 正确答案：D. highlight a problem（突出问题） 🔍 技巧提示： 当引用出现在问题提出段的结尾，且语言具有批判性、概括性、文学性时，其功能多为“highlight the problem”或“add authority to the claim”。 ▶ 第30题：What does the author intend to tell us? A. Far-sighted thinking matters to humans. B. Humans tend to make long-term sacrifices. C. Current policies facilitate future decision-making. D. Bias towards the present helps reduce near-term desires. 【解题思路】 考查作者写作意图/全文主旨。 全文基调：批判短视，呼吁长远眼光。 关键证据： “short-termism... leads to... climate change, biodiversity collapse”（危害） “unwillingness to make small sacrifices today that could make a major difference tomorrow”（缺远见） “collective poor memory”导致代际认知断层（后果严重） 作者立场：隐含主张——人类必须克服现时偏向，培养长远思维。 逐项分析： A. Far-sighted thinking matters to humans.（长远思维对人类至关重要）✅ 正确。这是对全文批判“short-termism”的正面回应，也是作者希望读者领悟的核心启示。 B. Humans tend to make long-term sacrifices.❌ 与文意相反。文中说人们不愿做短期牺牲以换长期收益。 C. Current policies facilitate future decision-making.❌ 无中生有。全文批评现有决策机制（如企业追求季度利润），未提政策支持长远。 D. Bias towards the present helps reduce near-term desires.❌ 逻辑颠倒。“present bias”恰恰是放大近期待望、忽视未来，而非“减少”欲望。 ✅ 因此，A 是唯一符合作者意图的选项。 变｜式｜巩｜固 变式1（2025·广东江门·二模）A large beverage (饮料) company will be using over 4.1 billion kilograms of plastic a year by the year 2030, unless it stops using single-use plastic, according to a recent report from the conservation organization Oceana. Oceana also estimates that by 2030, an annual 602 million kilograms of the company’s plastic packaging will be polluting the world’s ocean and waterways. The report says that this amount is enough to fill the stomachs of 18 million blue whales. Oceana made its estimates using the company’s own reported data on its use of plastic packaging between 2018 and 2023, and a forecast of the company’s future sales growth based on past trends. A 2024 study found that a main product by the company is already the world’s worst plastic-polluting brand. Oceana points out the problem is the company’s use of single-use plastic instead of reusable packaging and that it should be solved first. Reusable bottles can be used up to 25 times if made of thicker plastic, and up to 50 times if made of glass. The company previously had a goal of using 25% reusable packaging by 2030, but announced that it had given up that goal at the end of 2024. Instead, the company says it will increase the use of recycled plastic in its packaging and increase the collection of single-use plastic bottles for further recycling. However, Oceana says that although the company has recently planned to rely on the use of recycled materials and collection of plastic for recycling, it won’t reduce the impact of its plastic use. The leader of Oceana said, “Single-use plastic is bad for the ocean, human health, and business. Recycling can’t solve the company’s out-of-control plastic problem. Reuse can.” “Single-use plastic bottles made with recycled content can — just like bottles made of original plastic — still cause ocean pollution and harm ocean life,” he added. As well as harming sea life, plastic use is also harmful to human health. Several studies have connected plastic pollution and microplastics to serious health conditions, such as cancer, heart disease, and dementia (痴呆). 1．How does the author introduce the topic of the text? A．By raising questions. B．By citing a book. C．By making a prediction. D．By reporting historical statistics. 2．Why does the author mention “18 million blue whales” in paragraph 2? A．To report the data of the injured whales. B．To prove the success of wildlife conservation. C．To present the company’s future sales growth. D．To show the shocking amount of plastic waste. 3．What does Oceana suggest the company do to reduce plastic pollution? A．Collect single-use plastic bottles. B．Reduce production to cut plastic use. C．Invest in new plastic-degrading technologies. D．Replace single-use plastic with reusable packaging. 4．What is Oceana’s attitude to the company’s new plan? A．Supportive. B．Optimistic. C．Doubtful. D．Unconcerned. 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．D 4．C 【导语】这是一篇新闻报道。介绍了某大型饮料公司一次性塑料使用带来的污染问题、环保组织Oceana的建议等，体现了塑料污染对环境与健康的危害。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段“A large beverage (饮料) company will be using over 4.1 billion kilograms of plastic a year by the year 2030, unless it stops using single-use plastic, according to a recent report from the conservation organization Oceana. (根据环保组织Oceana的最新报告，除非停止使用一次性塑料，否则到2030年，一家大型饮料公司每年将使用超过41亿公斤的塑料)”可知，作者通过预测该公司2030年的塑料使用量引出话题。故选C项。 2．推理判断题。根据第二段“Oceana also estimates that by 2030, an annual 602 million kilograms of the company’s plastic packaging will be polluting the world’s ocean and waterways. The report says that this amount is enough to fill the stomachs of 18 million blue whales. (Oceana还估计，到2030年，该公司每年将有6.02亿公斤的塑料包装污染全球海洋和水道。报告称，这个数量足以填满1800万头蓝鲸的胃)”可知，提到1800万头蓝鲸是为了凸显塑料垃圾数量惊人。故选D项。 3．细节理解题。根据第三段“Oceana points out the problem is the company’s use of single-use plastic instead of reusable packaging and that it should be solved first. (Oceana指出，问题在于该公司使用一次性塑料而非可重复使用的包装，这一问题应优先解决)”可知，Oceana建议该公司用可重复使用的包装替代一次性塑料。故选D项。 4．推理判断题。根据第四段“However, Oceana says that although the company has recently planned to rely on the use of recycled materials and collection of plastic for recycling, it won’t reduce the impact of its plastic use. (然而，Oceana表示，尽管该公司最近计划依赖回收材料的使用和塑料回收收集，但这并不能减少其塑料使用的影响)”及“Recycling can’t solve the company’s out-of-control plastic problem. (回收无法解决该公司失控的塑料问题)”可知，Oceana对该公司的新计划持怀疑态度。故选C项。 变式2【2025·云南省保山市摸底】（25-26高三上·湖北·月考）Alex is an ear, nose and throat specialist, who works wonders restoring people’s hearing. But as the chief resident at a teaching hospital, he couldn’t make his young trainees listen. They were talented, but also made mistakes about which he offered clear and direct feedback. These residents kept making the same errors, as though he had never said anything to them. He couldn’t figure out why. Alex was trapped by the mentor’s dilemma: the fact that constructive criticism, meant to push young people to do better, can hurt their confidence and motivation. What can be done? Many people believe in the compliment sandwich — burying criticism between two pieces of praise. But research shows that when young people are criticized by an authority, they care less about whether the authority is a positive person, but more about an existential question: Does this person who has power over my life think I’m incompetent? The compliment sandwich, rather than addressing a young person’s fears of unworthiness, actually confirms anxieties, if the praise is for something seemingly unimportant. Studies show that young people are hungry for signs of social standing and respect, so they are especially insulted (冒犯) when they sense they are being talked down to. There is, in fact, a simple but effective solution. Young people are found willing to take even the most severe criticism if the feedback was motivated by an appreciation for their potential. We call this “wise feedback”. It fits the needs of mentees (被指导者) well, who neither want to be held to an impossible standard, nor want to feel overprotected or dismissed. Studies also show that when you hold young people to high standards and make it clear that you believe they can meet them, young people rise to the challenge because you show respect by taking them seriously. After knowing this, Alex sees why he couldn’t get his medical trainees to listen. He starts explaining to the medical residents that he provides critical feedback because he thinks they can improve and he takes them and their potential seriously. Alex’s young trainees have been more receptive and responsive, ultimately making fewer mistakes. They are listening to him now, partly because they feel listened to. 1．What did Alex find it difficult to do with his young trainees? A．Make them faultless. B．Get them to take his advice. C．Offer them clear feedback. D．Help them to develop their talent. 2．Why is the compliment sandwich ineffective for young people? A．They are keen on gentle criticism. B．They are desperate for more praise. C．They are doubtful about the authority. D．They are fearful of being seen as incapable. 3．What can be inferred about young people from paragraph 4? A．They tend to feel left out. B．They want standards to be lowered. C．They try to refuse challenges. D．They expect their abilities to be trusted. 3．What is the basic structure of the text? A．Problem-Solution. B．Cause and Effect. C．Argument-Evidence. D．Comparison and Contrast. 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．D 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍导师Alex面临的反馈困境，分析“赞美三明治”的不足，以及“明智反馈”的有效性。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“They were talented, but also made mistakes about which he offered clear and direct feedback. These residents kept making the same errors, as though he had never said anything to them.(他们很有才华，但也会犯错，对此他给出了清晰直接的反馈。这些住院医生却一直犯同样的错误，就好像他什么都没说过一样)”可知，Alex发现很难让年轻学员接受他的建议。故选B项。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“But research shows that when young people are criticized by an authority, they care less about whether the authority is a positive person, but more about an existential question: Does this person who has power over my life think I’m incompetent? The compliment sandwich, rather than addressing a young person’s fears of unworthiness, actually confirms anxieties, if the praise is for something seemingly unimportant. (但研究表明，当年轻人受到权威人士的批评时，他们不太在意权威人士是否积极，而更在意一个生存问题：这个支配我生活的人觉得我无能吗？“赞美三明治”并没有解决年轻人对自身价值不足的恐惧，如果表扬是针对一些看起来不重要的事情，反而加剧了他们的焦虑)”可知，“赞美三明治”对年轻人无效是因为他们害怕被认为无能。故选D项。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段中的“Young people are found willing to take even the most severe criticism if the feedback was motivated by an appreciation for their potential.(研究发现，如果反馈的动机是认可年轻人的潜力，他们甚至愿意接受最严厉的批评)”和“Studies also show that when you hold young people to high standards and make it clear that you believe they can meet them, young people rise to the challenge because you show respect by taking them seriously.(研究表明，当你对年轻人设定高标准并明确表示相信他们能达到这些标准时，他们会迎接挑战，因为你认真对待他们是对他们的尊重)”可知，年轻人期望自己的能力被信任。故选D项。 4．推理判断题。通读全文可知，第一段提出Alex无法让学员接受反馈的问题，第二段点明“导师困境”，第三段分析“赞美三明治”的无效性，第四段给出“明智反馈”的解决方案，第五段讲述Alex应用该方案后的效果，由此可知文章结构为“问题—解决方案”。故选A项。 17 / 18 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $