专题10 阅读理解说明文类、议论文类（专题专练）（上海专用）2026年高考英语二轮复习讲练测

题型综合练10 阅读理解说明文类、议论文类 目录 第一部分 风向速递 洞察考向，感知前沿 第二部分 分层突破 固本培优，精准提分 A组·保分基础练 考向01 阅读理解说明文类 题型01 细节理解题 题型02 推理判断题 题型03 词义推断题 题型04 主旨大意题 考向02 阅读理解议论文类 题型01 细节理解题 题型02 推理判断题 题型03 词义推断题 题型04 主旨大意题 B组·抢分能力练 第三部分 真题验证 对标高考，感悟考法 （2026年浦东新区一模） The capture-recapture method involves getting a sample — waiting for some animals to wander by, for instance, then collecting some — marking the individuals distinctively, then releasing them back into the population. After some time has passed, you repeat the process to pick another group of animals and count how many of them are already marked. If you captured, say, 50 animals initially and marked them all, then on your recapture step you found half the animals you saw were marked, this tells you something about the whole population. Since half the sample is marked, this implies that half of the whole population is marked — so there must be about 100 individuals. This can give a reasonably accurate estimate of a population, without having to find and count every single member of it. 43. Which of the following graph best illustrates the capture-recapture method?（marked ） A. B. C. D. 【答案】 . A 【43题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二、三段“The capture-recapture method involves getting a sample — waiting for some animals to wander by, for instance, then collecting some — marking the individuals distinctively, then releasing them back into the population. After some time has passed, you repeat the process to pick another group of animals and count how many of them are already marked. If you captured, say, 50 animals initially and marked them all, then on your recapture step you found half the animals you saw were marked, this tells you something about the whole population. Since half the sample is marked, this implies that half of the whole population is marked — so there must be about 100 individuals. This can give a reasonably accurate estimate of a population, without having to find and count every single member of it. (‘捕获——重捕法’的操作流程是：先获取样本——比如等待一些动物经过时捕捉一部分，给这些个体做上独特标记后，再将它们放回种群。一段时间后，重复上述过程捕捉另一组动物，统计其中已被标记的个体数量。举例来说，如果你最初捕捉并标记了50只动物，第二次捕捉时发现其中一半带有标记，这就能让你推断出整个种群的数量。既然样本中有一半是标记个体，那就意味着整个种群里有一半被标记过——因此种群总数约为100只。这种方法无需找到并计数种群中的每一个成员，就能对种群数量做出相当准确的估算。)”可知，“捕获——重捕法”的核心流程是：①捕捉并标记一定数量的个体（如50只动物）→②放回原种群使其混合→③再次捕捉一定数量的个体→④统计其中被标记的个体比例→⑤根据比例估算总数量。符合这一流程的图表即为正确选项。故选A。 （2026年嘉定区一模） More troubling is the disrespectful attitude towards complex art that surfaces in Lewis’s writing. Her rude view on Joyce’s literature (“what-if novels, but harder to read”), her dislike for pioneering films, and her confession of finding the Beatles music “boring” imply that her problem with “genius” might partly be a personal hate for difficult art and its creators. Worse still, these dislikes go without strong proof. Her unjust claim that Picasso is admired because of his imperfection, not despite them, reads more like an angry opinion than reasoned argument. While some online fans might admire some superstars uncritically, true faith in innate genius has been weaker since the 1960s. Lewis jumps on a train that is already slowing. 45. What does the underlined sentence in the last paragraph imply? A. Lewis is criticizing an idea that is no longer influential. B. Lewis’s book is thoughtful despite some drawbacks. C. Lewis’s criticism is fresh but faces the public’s resistance. D. Lewis is aware that the public’s faith in genius is declining. 【答案】 45. A 句意猜测题。根据划线词上文“While some online fans might admire some superstars uncritically, true faith in innate genius has been weaker since the 1960s.(虽然一些网络粉丝会不加批判地追捧某些巨星，但自 20 世纪 60 年代以来，人们对 “天赋型天才” 的盲目崇拜已经有所减弱。)”可知，自20世纪60年代起，人们对‘天赋型天才’的笃信已大幅减弱”，即说明刘易斯是在批评一种已不再具有影响力的观念。故划线意思是“刘易斯是在批评一种已不再具有影响力的观念”。故选A。 考向01 阅读理解说明文类 【例1】In theory, this phenomenon is driven by the emergence of artificial intelligence (AI) that surpasses human cognitive (认知的) capabilities and can autonomously enhance itself. The theory suggests that such advancements could evolve at a pace so rapid that humans would be unable to foresee or stop the process. The implications of reaching this singularity point could be good or disastrous for the human race. For now,the concept stays within the boundaries of science fiction, but nonetheless, it’s still worth thinking about what such a future might look like,so that humanity might steer AI development in such a way as to promote its civilizational interests. The underlined word “steer” in the passage is closest in meaning to_________. A．quicken B．restrict C．direct D．predict 【答案】1．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了技术奇点的概念、影响及专家对其到来时间的争议。 词句猜测题。根据划线单词前半句话“For now, the concept stays within the boundaries of science fiction, but nonetheless, it's still worth thinking about what such a future might look like(目前，这个概念仍处于科幻小说的范畴之内，但尽管如此，思考一下这样的未来可能是什么样子仍然是值得的)”以及后面“AI development in such a way as to promote its civilizational interests(以促进人类文明利益的方式发展人工智能)”可知，技术奇点 目前还处于科幻范畴，但思考其未来模样很有价值，目的是为了引导人工智能发展，进而促进文明利益。由此推知，划线词steer意思是“引导、指引”。故选C。 【例2】AI is now disrupting the industry that helped bring it into being. Every part of entertainment stands to be affected by generative AI, which digests inputs of text, image, audio or video to create new outputs of the same. But the games business will change the most, argues Andreessen Horowitz, a venture-capital (VC) firm. Games interactivity requires them to be stuffed with laboriously designed content: consider the 30 square miles of landscape or 60 hours of music in “Red Dead Redemption 2”, a recent cowboy adventure. Enlisting AI assistants to churn it out could drastically shrink timescales and budgets. 46. What is this passage mainly about? A. The evolution of graphics-processing units (GPUs). B. The impact of generative AI on the gaming industry. C. The societal significance of graphics-processing units (GPUs). D. The challenges generative AI presents to gaming studios. 【答案】 46. B 【46题详解】 主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第二段中“AI is now disrupting the industry that helped bring it into being. Every part of entertainment stands to be affected by generative AI, which digests inputs of text, image, audio or video to create new outputs of the same. But the games business will change the most (人工智能现在正在颠覆帮助它诞生的行业。娱乐的每个部分都将受到生成式人工智能的影响，它可以消化文本、图像、音频或视频的输入，以创造相同的新输出。但变化最大的将是游戏行业)”可知，文章主要围绕生成式人工智能对游戏行业的影响展开，介绍了人工智能有望简化游戏开发过程，可以被用来创造新的游戏内容，并且可能改变游戏开发的格局。小型公司可能会更快地意识到人工智能可能带来的新机遇，但大型工作室也能够利用人工智能技术来增强他们的业务。故选B项。 【例3】A database that follows the world’s fossil fuel production, reserves, and release of carbon was launched on Monday. The launch comes out at the same time as two important climate talks happening at the international level. One is the climate talks at the United Nation’s General Assembly in New York which began on September 13 . The other is COP27 in Sharm El Skeikh which began in November. It really matters to environmental sustainability. …… Until now, there has been private data available for purchase, and research of the world’s fossil fuel usage and reserves. The International Energy Agency also keeps public data on oil, gas, and coal. But it centers on the demand for those fossil fuels. This new database, however, looks at what is yet to be burned. The information could help environmental groups to pressure leaders for stronger policies reducing the amount of carbon they release. 46. What’s the writer’s attitude towards the launch of the new database? A. Positive. B. Flexible. C. Critical. D. Ironical. 【答案】 46. A 【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了全球首个化石燃料公共数据库上线。 【46题详解】 推理判断题。根据第一段“It really matters to environmental sustainability. (这对环境的可持续性非常重要。)”和第三段“The information could help environmental groups to pressure leaders for stronger policies reducing the amount of carbon they release.(这些信息可以帮助环保组织向领导人施压，要求他们制定更强有力的政策，减少碳排放。)”可推断，作者对新数据库的启动持积极的态度。故选A。 【例4】As Christmas approached, the price of turkey went wild. It didn’t rocket, as some might suggest. Nor did it crash. It just started waving. We live in the age of the variable prices. In the eyes of sellers, the right price—the one that will draw the most profit from consumers’ wallets—has become the focus of huge experiments. These sorts of price experiments have become a routine part of finding that right price. It may come as a surprise that, in buying a pie, you might be participating in a carefully designed social-science experiment. But this is what online comparison shopping has brought. Simply put, the convenience to know the price of anything, anytime, anywhere, has given us, the consumers, so much power that sellers—in a desperate effort to regain the upper hand, or at least avoid extinction—are now staring back through the screen. They are trying to “comparison shopping” us. 46. What is the passage mainly about? A. The advantages of online shopping over traditional shopping. B. Measures sellers take to maximize profits. C. The analysis of pricing mechanism. D. The battle between buyers and sellers in Internet age. 【答案】 46. C 【解析】 【导语】本文是说明文。文章主要讲述在网络时代，因为受到很多因素的影响，物品的价格不再是一成不变的了，文章对定价机制进行了分析 【46题详解】 主旨大意题。根据第二段“It may come as a surprise that, in buying a pie, you might be participating in a carefully designed social-science experiment. But this is what online comparison shopping has brought. (买馅饼时，你可能会参加一个精心设计的社会科学实验，这可能会让人感到惊讶。但这就是网上比价购物所带来的。)”和最后一段““In the Internet era, I don’t think anyone could have predicted how complicated these strategies have become,” says Robert Dolan, a professor at Harvard. (哈佛大学教授罗伯特·多兰表示：“在互联网时代，我认为没有人能够预测这些策略会变得多么复杂。”。)”可知，这篇文章主要讲述在网络时代，因为受到很多因素的影响，物品的价格不再是一成不变的了，文章对定价机制进行了分析。故选C。 【例5】Of course, there are typically many participants in the pricing process: Accounting provides cost estimates; marketing communicates the pricing strategy; sales provides specific customer input; production sets supply boundaries; and finance establishes the requirements for the entire company’s financial health. Input from diverse sources is necessary. However, problems arise when the philosophy of wide participation is carried over to the price-setting process without strong coordinating mechanisms (协调机制). 65. What can be inferred from the wide participation in the pricing process? A. Decision making requires gathering comprehensive information. B. The coordinating mechanism won’t work without a lot of input. C. Potential customers are easily upset at any stage of the process. D. The company loses money unless everyone intends for the best. 【答案】 65. A 【65题详解】 推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中“Of course, there are typically many participants in the pricing process: Accounting provides cost estimates; marketing communicates the pricing strategy; sales provides specific customer input; production sets supply boundaries; and finance establishes the requirements for the entire company’s financial health. Input from diverse sources is necessary. (当然，定价过程中通常有很多参与者：会计提供成本估算;营销传达定价策略；销售人员提供具体的客户意见；生产设置供应边界；财务部门为整个公司的财务 状况制定了要求。来自不同来源的投入是必要的。)”可知，定价过程的广泛参与是因为决策需要收集全面的信息，故选A项。 考向02 阅读理解议论文类 【例1】Yes, reading like a writer is extra work. But it’s necessary work to the writing practice. By observing the strategies writers employ to tell convincing stories or write engaging arguments, you equip yourself with the knowledge to perform these strategies yourself. 59. The author suggests RLW is “necessary work” (para.7) because readers can ________. A. write lengthy novels like Jane Eyre B. gain knowledge in employment C. become professional literary critic D. improve their own writing craft 【答案】D 【59题详解】 细节理解题。根据最后一段“Yes, reading like a writer is extra work. But it’s necessary work to the writing practice. By observing the strategies writers employ to tell convincing stories or write engaging arguments, you equip yourself with the knowledge to perform these strategies yourself.(是的，像作家那样阅读需要额外的工作。但这对于写作实践来说是必要的工作。通过观察作家使用的策略来讲述令人信服的故事或撰写引人入胜的论点，你为自己装备了运用这些策略的知识)”可知，作者认为RLW是“必要的工作”是因为读者可以提高自己的写作技巧，故选D项。 【例2】Loyalty is defined as an employee’s commitment to their organisation and its goals. It means a willingness to put in extra effort and to uphold the company’s values and objectives. Loyal workers often identify strongly with their workplace, are reliable and view the organisation positively, even during tough times. When long-term employees change workplaces, it does not mean they are disloyal. It signifies a change in priorities and a redefined loyalty bond. Employees are loyal to their employer and its interests while working there. But they also seek mutual growth and expect to be recognised and rewarded. 65. How does the passage suggest employees should approach loyalty in the modern workplace? A. By remaining with a single employer for their entire career. B. By prioritizing personal growth and recognition. C. By relying on traditional definitions of loyalty. D. By avoiding job changes to maintain loyalty. 【答案】 65. B 【65题详解】 推理判断题。根据第九段最后两句“Employees are loyal to their employer and its interests while working there. But they also seek mutual growth and expect to be recognised and rewarded.(员工在那里工作时忠于雇主及其利益。但他们也寻求共同成长，并期望得到认可和回报)”可知，文章建议员工在现代工作场所应该通过强调个人成长和认可来对待忠诚。故选B。 【例3】It’s true that quite a few most respected scientific authorities have confirmed that the world is becoming hotter and hotter. There’s also strong evidence that humans are contributing to the warming. Countless recent reports have proved the same thing. For instance, a 2010 summary about the climate science by the Royal Society noted that: The global warming over the last half - century has been caused mainly by human activity. …… Of course, the earth’s climate has always been changing due to “natural” factors such as volcanic eruption or changes in solar, or cycles concerning the Earth’s going around the sun. According to the scientific research, however, the warming observed by now matches the pattern of warming we would expect from a build - up of greenhouse gas in the atmosphere - not the warming we would expect from other possible causes. Which of the following is not the cause of climate change? A. volcanic eruption B. floods arid droughts C. changes in solar D. cycles concerning the Earth’s going around the sun 【答案】 B 【导语】这是一篇议论文。这篇文章对人类是否造成了全球变暖这一理论进行了论述，表明全球变暖是否是人类的影响尚且不能定论。 【解析】细节题。由Of course, the earth’s climate has always been changing due to “natural” factors such as volcanic eruption or changes in solar, or cycles concerning the Earth’s going around the sun. 可知洪水和干旱造成气候变化的原因。 【例4】Some people prefer to do almost everything over the Internet.To them, dealing with an actual human is like an evolutionary step backward.It feels very slow because humans don't work at 4G speeds.When you have dinner with friends, you will often notice someone paying more attention to his mobile phone.We have programmed ourselves to think that every new message brings life－changing news, so taking calls and checking our texts are more important than talking to the people we are with.What is worse, some people even tend to send anonymous(匿名的)rude messages by e­mail. Some people are less willing to deal with humans because ________. A．they are becoming less patient B．they are growing too independent C．they have to handle many important messages D．they have to follow an evolutionary step backward 【答案】A 【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段第三句“It feels very slow because humans don't work at 4G speeds.”可知现在的人不愿意与他人交流，主要是因为嫌回应的速度不够快，也就是没有耐心。故A正确。 Passage 1（【来源】上海市上海交大附中嘉定分校2025-2026学年高三上学期11月期中英语试题） No matter how much better than us computers are in fields such as calculating and analyzing, we humans still have a few skills that are exclusive to us — keeping secrets, for example. But don’t feel too relieved just yet, because computers may be catching up faster than we thought. The Google Brain team has been working on computing systems called “neural networks” — systems that were designed based on how neurons work in the human brain. This time, they gave a mission to three of the neural networks, which they named Alice, Bob and Eve. Each of the networks had its own job-Alice sent messages to Bob, Eve tried to “eavesdrop” (偷听) and find out the messages, and Alice and Bob had to figure out a way to hide the messages from Eve. All the help that Alice and Bob got from the researchers before the mission began was made up of a set of numbers called a key, which Eve didn’t have access to. At first, Alice was not very good at sending secret messages. But slowly it worked on a way to encrypt them — putting information into a special code so that others could not understand it even if they got the information-using the numbers given by researchers. The important part here is that Alice had to come up with her own encryption algorithm, but neither Bob nor Eve was given that information. Bob didn’t have any idea how the key should be applied to the encrypted message, and Eve was basically working completely from scratch. And after practice, Bob also came to be able to decrypt Alice’s messages. Without the numbers or keys, Eve failed to understand Alice’s “speech” most of the time. This test is considered a big step in the development of computers’ learning skills. “Computing with neural networks on this scale has only become possible in the last few years, so we really are at the beginning of what’s possible,” Joe Sturonas of US encryption company PKWARE told New Scientist magazine. Unfortunately, the test happened only one week after UK physicist Stephen Hawking, while speaking at Cambridge University, warned how artificial intelligence could develop a will of its own. This could be “either the best or the worst thing ever to happen to humanity”, he said. But just as Sturonas pointed out, no matter what the possibilities of computers are in the future, they are just starting out. We still have plenty of time to work out a solution before they get anywhere near becoming a threat to humanity. 1．The Google Brain team did the test to find out ________. A．how “neural networks” encrypt and decrypt B．how “neural networks” communicate with each other C．if “neural networks” could develop a will of their own D．if “neural networks” could keep their communication private 2．Which of the following statements is TRUE about the test? A．Alice was responsible for sending messages because she was good at encryption. B．Alice and Bob learned to encrypt and decode with the help of researchers. C．Eve often found it hard to make sense of the messages Alice sent to Bob. D．The three neural networks worked together on the numbers given by researchers. 3．What can we conclude from the article? A．Artificial intelligence is not great at blind decryption, at least for now. B．Artificial intelligence is now able to decode encrypted text without any guidance. C．The more advanced artificial intelligence is, the more we can benefit from it. D．Stephen Hawking is strongly against the development of artificial intelligence. 4．What is the author’s attitude towards artificial intelligence? A．neutral B．positive C．negative D．indifferent 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．A 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍谷歌大脑团队测试神经网络能否保密通信，及该测试的意义和霍金对人工智能发展的警示。 1．推理判断题。根据第二段中的“The Google Brain team has been working on computing systems called ‘neural networks’ — systems that were designed based on how neurons work in the human brain. This time, they gave a mission to three of the neural networks, which they named Alice, Bob and Eve.(谷歌大脑团队一直在研究名为“神经网络”的计算系统 —— 这类系统是基于人类大脑中神经元的工作原理设计的。这一次，他们给三个分别名为Alice、Bob和Eve的神经网络分配了一项任务)”以及第三段中的“Each of the networks had its own job-Alice sent messages to Bob, Eve tried to ‘eavesdrop’ (偷听) and find out the messages, and Alice and Bob had to figure out a way to hide the messages from Eve.(每个网络都有自己的任务 ——Alice给Bob发送信息，Eve试图“偷听”并找出这些信息，而Alice和Bob必须想办法向Eve隐藏这些信息)”可知，谷歌大脑团队做这项测试是为了查明神经网络是否能让它们的通信保持私密。故 D项。 2．细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Without the numbers or keys, Eve failed to understand Alice’s ‘speech’ most of the time.(没有这些数字或密钥，Eve大多数时候都无法理解Alice的“话语”)”可知，Eve常常难以理解Alice发给Bob的信息。故选C项。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段中的“Without the numbers or keys, Eve failed to understand Alice’s ‘speech’ most of the time.(没有这些数字或密钥，Eve大多数时候都无法理解Alice的“话语”)”以及第五段中的“Computing with neural networks on this scale has only become possible in the last few years, so we really are at the beginning of what’s possible (如此规模的神经网络计算只是在过去几年才成为可能，所以我们确实还处于一切皆有可能的开端)”可知，人工智能至少目前不擅长无线索解密。故选A项。 4．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Unfortunately, the test happened only one week after UK physicist Stephen Hawking, while speaking at Cambridge University, warned how artificial intelligence could develop a will of its own. This could be “either the best or the worst thing ever to happen to humanity”, he said.(不幸的是，就在测试进行的一周前，英国物理学家斯蒂芬·霍金在剑桥大学发表演讲时警告说，人工智能可能会发展出自己的意志。他说，这可能是“人类有史以来发生的最好或最坏的事情”)”和最后一段“But just as Sturonas pointed out, no matter what the possibilities of computers are in the future, they are just starting out. We still have plenty of time to work out a solution before they get anywhere near becoming a threat to humanity.(但正如Sturonas所指出的，无论计算机未来有何种可能性，它们都才刚刚起步。在它们接近对人类构成威胁之前，我们还有足够的时间想出解决方案)”可知，作者既提及人工智能发展的进展，也提到霍金的警示，同时指出人类有时间应对潜在威胁，态度是中立的。故选A项。 Passage 2（【来源】上海市华东师范大学第二附属中学2025-2026学年高三上学期第二次周测英语试题） What do humans have in common with the dinosaurs that stamped through ancient forests? It turns out that both may have a surprising impact on the size of seeds in the fruits growing around them. When researchers mapped the evolution of seed sizes onto that of land animals, they observed that when land animals got bigger, so did fruit seeds— with a few outsize exceptions. A recent study in Palaeontology illustrates how, over the course of natural history, megafauna such as dinosaurs curbed the growth of seed sizes by physically altering the ecosystem, influencing forest light levels. Today that role may be filled by a much tuner species: humans. The idea that land animals can alter their environments is “fairly straightforward and well substantiated in a variety of scales,” explains Clive Jones, an ecologist who was not involved in the new study. For instance, plain elephants push down trees and tear at bushes, transforming the plant landscape. But even this elephantine influence is minor in comparison to that of prehistoric creatures. The researchers’ new model suggests dinosaurs caused a level of destruction that prevented an evolutionary tendency for seeds to grow bigger, says study author Christopher Doughty. Bigger seeds tend to attract bigger animals for dispersal（播撒）and to grow into taller plants. Doughty explains; both factors can give plants better access to sunlight in crowded conditions. But this was generally not the case when there were “big slow-moving dinosaurs knocking things down, opening up the environment” and thinning forests, Doughty says. After dinosaurs went extinct, the underlying layer of forest vegetation became about 20 percent darker. This change “reset the slate” for plants and other animals, Doughty says. And “during this time the canopy（树冠）became more closed,” notes Brian Atkinson, a botanist not involved in the study. This growth would have placed evolutionary pressure on seeds to get larger again, Atkinson says, which is also reflected in fossil data. But even though we’re far from megafauna-sized, humans’ influence on forests—particularly via logging—resembles that of those long-extinct giants, Doughty says. If we continue at this rate, our effect on fruit seeds might someday equal that of dinosaurs. Jones notes that humans influence plant life in many other ways as well. “Agriculture is one obvious example,” he says, along with “introducing exotic species, clearing forests to make suburbia, to make cities, and so on.” That complexity is one reason it could be difficult for the model to predict future fruit seed sizes, Doughty says. Another important factor to consider is the rapid pace at which human technology tends to develop in domains such as farming. Although the model provides a good analytical comparison of forest density alterations by megafauna and by humans, developments such as agriculture mean “normal ecological rules don’t really apply anymore.” 5．The underlined word “megafauna” in paragraph one probably means _________. A．a creature that alters the ecosystem B．animals of particularly large size C．a species that relies on forest light levels D．evolutionary exceptions feeding on seeds 6．What does the example of plain elephants illustrate? A．Land animals are able to change their surroundings. B．Transformation of plant landscape is crucial to survival. C．Elephantine influence is minor compared with dinosaurs’. D．Their impact substantiates the scale of prehistoric creatures. 7．Which of the following statements does Atkinson probably agree with? A．Dinosaur extinction causes forest to grow dark, B．Fossil evidence proves humans deforest Earth. C．Thick forests force seeds to grow larger again. D．Farming and urbanization cause deforestation. 8．What is the passage mainly about? A．Humans and dinosaurs have much in common. B．The bigger land animals get, the smaller seed sizes. C．Normal ecological rules don’t really apply anymore. D．Dinosaurs limited fruit seed sizes—and humans may, too. 【答案】5．B 6．A 7．C 8．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要探讨了恐龙和人类对森林生态系统及种子大小的相似影响。 5．词句猜测题。根据第一段中“A recent study in Palaeontology illustrates how, over the course of natural history, megafauna such as dinosaurs curbed the growth of seed sizes by physically altering the ecosystem, influencing forest light levels.(《古生物学》期刊近期一项研究表明，在自然历史进程中，恐龙等megafauna通过物理方式改变生态系统、影响森林光照条件，从而抑制了种子大小的增长。)”可知，恐龙属于体型特别庞大的动物，因此“megafauna”应指“体型特别大的动物”。故选B项。 6．推理判断题。根据第二段中的“The idea that land animals can alter their environments is “fairly straightforward and well substantiated in a variety of scales,” explains Clive Jones, an ecologist who was not involved in the new study. For instance, plain elephants push down trees and tear at bushes, transforming the plant landscape.(未参与这项新研究的生态学家克莱夫・琼斯解释道：“陆地动物能够改变自身生存环境，这一观点相当直观，且在多个尺度上都有充分的证据支持。”例如，平原大象会推倒树木、撕扯灌木丛，从而改变植物景观。)”可知，举平原大象的例子是为了说明陆地动物能够改变它们的周围环境。故选A项。 7．推理判断题。根据第四段“After dinosaurs went extinct, the underlying layer of forest vegetation became about 20 percent darker. This change “reset the slate” for plants and other animals, Doughty says. And “during this time the canopy became more closed,” notes Brian Atkinson, a botanist not involved in the study. This growth would have placed evolutionary pressure on seeds to get larger again, Atkinson says, which is also reflected in fossil data.(恐龙灭绝后，森林植被的下层区域亮度降低了约20%。多蒂表示，这一变化为植物和其他动物 “重新设定了发展起点”。未参与该研究的植物学家布莱恩・阿特金森指出，“在此期间，树冠变得更加茂密闭合”。他还称，这种生长态势会给种子带来再次变大的进化压力，这一点也体现在化石数据中。)”可知，阿特金森可能同意“茂密的森林迫使种子再次变大”这一观点。故选C项。 8．主旨大意题。根据第一段中的“When researchers mapped the evolution of seed sizes onto that of land animals, they observed that when land animals got bigger, so did fruit seeds— with a few outsize exceptions. A recent study in Palaeontology illustrates how, over the course of natural history, megafauna such as dinosaurs curbed the growth of seed sizes by physically altering the ecosystem, influencing forest light levels. Today that role may be filled by a much tuner species: humans.(当研究人员将种子大小的进化历程与陆地动物的进化历程进行对比映射时，他们发现：陆地动物体型越大，果实种子也随之越大——不过存在少数异常巨大的例外情况。《古生物学》期刊近期一项研究表明，在自然历史进程中，恐龙等巨型动物通过物理方式改变生态系统、影响森林光照条件，从而抑制了种子大小的增长。如今，这一角色或许由一个体型小得多的物种来承担：人类。)”和最后一段中的“Although the model provides a good analytical comparison of forest density alterations by megafauna and by humans, developments such as agriculture mean “normal ecological rules don’t really apply anymore.”(尽管该模型对巨型动物与人类引发的森林密度变化提供了良好的分析对比，但农业等发展意味着“正常的生态规则已不再真正适用”)。”可知，文章核心是恐龙曾通过改变生态系统限制种子尺寸，而人类活动（如伐木、农业等）可能产生类似效应。故选D项。 Passage 3（【来源】上海市上海师范大学附属中学闵行分校2025-2026学年高三上学期期中考试英语试卷 ） Modified floating wood could seed the formation of new sea ice in the Arctic, helping counteract the rapid decline of ice coverage due to global warming. The area of the Arctic Ocean covered by ice is shrinking as the climate warms, and it has been projected that the region will see its first ice-free summer day before 2030. The loss of ice leads to a vicious cycle: because the exposed water is darker than ice, it absorbs more of the sun’s heat, warming the water further and making it increasingly hard for ice to reform. This has led people to suggest various geoengineering plans to refreeze the water both in the Arctic and Antarctica. Now, Tian Li at Purdue University in West Lafayette, Indiana, and her colleagues are proposing modifying wood to help it seed the formation of new ice. “We choose wood because it’s a natural material,” says Li. “You see a lot of floating wood in ocean water and it raises much less of an environmental concern than things made of artificial materials.” To create the modified material, which they call ice-wood, the researchers took a 10-centimetre-square, 1.5-centimetre-thick piece of American basswood (Tilia americana) and cut a small chunk out of the middle. This chunk was placed on a hotplate so that one side carbonized, while the larger piece was treated with hydrogen peroxide (过氧化氢)and heat, removing much of a polymer (聚合物)called lignin. The two pieces were then put back together. Lignin gives wood its colour, so removing it makes that part of the wood whiter and better at reflecting light. The idea is that when the ice-wood floats in the sea, water is drawn up through natural microchannels. Sunlight then warms the dark, carbonized part of the surface, making the water there evaporate, after which it recondenses on the colder, whiter part of the surface. During tests in ponds with water kept at about 2℃ (36℉), the top of a piece of floating ice-wood stayed below freezing, even when the air temperature reached between 7℃ and 8℃ (44.6℉and 46.4℉). Though covering the whole Arctic isn’t realistic, Li suggests that larger pieces of ice-wood could be used around coastal regions, where Indigenous people rely on ice to hunt fish, to speed up the ice coverage in winter and reduce ice loss in summer. But a big question remains about whether our focus should be on geoengineering approaches to prevent ice loss or on slowing the climate change that is causing it. “I find it strange to put so much energy into these ideas when we already know what is needed: reduced carbon dioxide emissions,” says Julienne Stroeve at University College London. 9．What is the main purpose of the “ice-wood” project? A．To clean the ocean water in the Arctic. B．To provide a new building material for coastal regions. C．To help new sea ice form in the Arctic. D．To study the behavior of seabirds in cold environments. 10．Which of the following situations best illustrates a similar “vicious cycle” as mentioned in the 2nd paragraph? A．A forest fire destroys trees→sunlight reaches the forest floor→new seedlings grow→the forest begins to recover. B．A student sleeps less to study more→poor sleep leads to lower concentration→needs more time to study the same material→sleeps even less. C．A farmer uses a new fertilizer→crop yield increases→the farmer earns more money→the farmer buys more land. D．A person gets a high-paying job→saves more money→makes various investments→poor investments lead to debt. 11．Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage? A．The wood relies on creating a temperature difference to promote ice formation. B．Lignin is removed so as to make the wood darker and better at absorbing heat. C．The carbonized part directly freezes the surrounding seawater through rapid cooling. D．American basswood was chosen as the raw material for its exceptional durability. 12．Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for this passage? A．The Arctic Crisis: Causes and Global Consequences B．Refreezing the Arctic: The Science and Promise of Engineered Ice-Wood C．From Forest to Ocean: A New Material’s Role in the Arctic Environment D．Wood Against Warming: A Controversial Path to Save Arctic Ice 【答案】9．C 10．B 11．A 12．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍普渡大学团队研发“冰木”材料，旨在帮助北极形成新海冰以应对全球变暖导致的海冰减少，同时提及相关争议。 9．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Modified floating wood could seed the formation of new sea ice in the Arctic(经过改造的浮木有助于北极新海冰的形成)”及第三段“Now, Tian Li at Purdue University in West Lafayette, Indiana, and her colleagues are proposing modifying wood to help it seed the formation of new ice.(如今，印第安纳州西拉法叶市普渡大学的Tian Li及其同事正提议对木材进行改造，以帮助其促成新海冰的形成)”可知，“冰木”项目的主要目的是帮助北极形成新海冰。故选C项。 10．推理判断题。根据第二段“The area of the Arctic Ocean covered by ice is shrinking as the climate warms, and it has been projected that the region will see its first ice-free summer day before 2030. The loss of ice leads to a vicious cycle: because the exposed water is darker than ice, it absorbs more of the sun’s heat, warming the water further and making it increasingly hard for ice to reform. This has led people to suggest various geoengineering plans to refreeze the water both in the Arctic and Antarctica.(随着气候变暖，北冰洋的冰盖面积正在不断缩小，据预测，该地区将在 2030 年前迎来首个无冰夏日。海冰的消融会引发一个恶性循环：由于裸露的海水比冰颜色更深，它会吸收更多太阳热量，进一步使海水升温，导致冰体愈发难以重新形成。这促使人们提出了各类地球工程计划，旨在让北冰洋和南极洲的海水重新冻结)”可知，“恶性循环”指北极海冰减少→裸露海水吸收更多太阳热量→水温升高→海冰更难形成→海冰进一步减少，即一个负面结果会引发连锁反应，导致情况持续恶化。B项“学生为多学习而少睡觉→睡眠不足导致注意力下降→学习相同内容需更多时间→睡得更少”符合这一逻辑。故选B项。 11．细节理解题。根据第六段中的“Sunlight then warms the dark, carbonized part of the surface, making the water there evaporate, after which it recondenses on the colder, whiter part of the surface.(阳光随后加热表面深色的碳化部分，使那里的水分蒸发，之后在较冷的白色部分凝结)”及第七段“During tests in ponds with water kept at about 2℃ (36℉), the top of a piece of floating ice-wood stayed below freezing, even when the air temperature reached between 7℃ and 8℃ (44.6℉and 46.4℉).(在水温保持在约 2℃（36 华氏度）的池塘中进行测试时，即便空气温度达到 7℃至 8℃（44.6 华氏度至 46.4 华氏度），漂浮的冰木顶部依然保持在冰点以下)”可知，“冰木”依靠表面碳化部分与去木质素部分的温度差促进冰的形成。故选A项。 12．主旨大意题。通读全文，根据第一段“Modified floating wood could seed the formation of new sea ice in the Arctic, helping counteract the rapid decline of ice coverage due to global warming.(经过改造的浮木或能促成北极新海冰的形成，助力抵消因全球变暖导致的冰盖面积快速缩减)”文章核心围绕“冰木”这一工程材料展开，介绍其研发背景、制作原理、实验效果及应用前景，同时提及相关争议。B项“让北极重新结冰：工程化冰木的科学与前景”能全面概括核心内容,为最佳标题。故选B项。 Passage 4（【来源】上海市建平中学2025-2026学年高三上学期11月练习英语试卷） Surgical students are less capable than their ancestors because they spend too much time with screens and not enough with physical materials. These claims from Roger Kneebone, professor of surgical education at Imperial College London, were widely reported last week. According to Kneebone, today’s students lack the dexterity that is important for sewing, cutting and stitching. He argues that this is because, instead of taking part in creative subjects that involve manual work during their school education, “a lot of things are reduced to swiping on a two-dimensional flat screen”. There hasn’t been much research into the effects of smartphones on surgical skills. However, one 2012 study found no statistically significant change in digital dexterity among frequent smartphone users, and it did find a significant improvement in reaction time. If anything, says Pete Etchells, a psychologist at Bath Spa University, UK, the use of digital technology of any kind — rather than smartphones specifically — is linked with a higher level of surgical skill. One 2007 study, for example, found that young surgeons who played a lot of video games made fewer errors in surgery and worked faster than those who didn’t. A randomized, controlled trial in 2012 found that surgery simulators(模拟) were less effective at training surgeons than just letting them play on games consoles. These were small studies that merely found modest effects, warns Etchells, but they don’t paint a picture of digital technology damaging the core skills of surgery. More broadly, says Andrew Przybylski of the Oxford Internet Institute, UK, Kneebone’s concerns and the resulting coverage are part of a wider reaction to the role of technology in our lives. Around a decade ago, we anticipated that digital experiences could lead to improvements in various kinds of real-world competence, such as brain-training games enhancing cognitive performance or video games boosting surgical dexterity. “As those hopes haven’t materialized, we rightly feel disappointed,” says Przybylski. There is also a society-wide fear about new technologies, which is often unfounded. Przybylski’s own work has found that, contrary to widespread concern around technology and young people, screen time seems to have a small, positive effect on teenagers in all but the most extreme of cases. “Collective anxiety about the role of smartphones, and social media companies, fuel this sort of fear of technology,” he says. Ultimately, Kneebone may turn out to be right that the decline in crafts and handiwork at school is reducing the quality of the surgical student intake. But there seems little evidence of it yet. In fact, it is probably a positive thing that our youngest surgeons are digitally literate. In the very near future, a surgeon’s ability to interact with technology — be that surgical robots or augmented reality — will become increasingly important. 13．What does the underlined word dexterity mean? A．Power of concentration. B．Experience of performing surgery. C．Capacity to use words or mind. D．Skills related to hand work. 14．What can we learn from the studies mentioned in Paragraph 3 and 4? A．People are confident that video games will boost cognitive performance. B．Surgeons won’t be less skillful when exposed to digital technology. C．Digital applications except smartphones strengthen surgical skills. D．Most surgeons are modest about their improved working efficiency. 15．The perceived decline of medical students’ surgical competence is due to___________. A．people’s fear about technology that is backed up by scientific evidence B．people’s failure to see the positive effects of digital technology emerge C．the increased time teenagers spent using smartphones and social media D．the decreased access to handiwork and crafts required in medical school 16．Which of the following may serve as the best title for this passage? A．Surgical Skills, Need Enhancing? B．Digital Devices, Enhance Reaction Time? C．Surgeons, Be Trained as Digital Natives? D．Screen Time, Bad for Young Surgeons? 【答案】13．D 14．B 15．B 16．D 【导语】这是一篇议论文。本文讨论了关于现代外科学生是否因过多使用电子设备而缺乏手术所需的手工技能的争议。Roger Kneebone教授认为，学生因减少手工活动而技能下降，但研究表明数字技术（如电子游戏）可能反而提升手术表现；同时讲述了相关争议背后的社会与认知原因。但从长远来看，数字素养对未来外科医生可能越来越重要。 13．词义猜测题。根据后文的定语从句“that is important for sewing, cutting and stitching(这对缝纫、切割和缝合很重要)”可知，句中“sewing(缝纫)”，“cutting(切割)”，“stitching(缝合)” 均为外科手术中手工操作相关动作，因此可推知，“dexterity”应指向“手术中与手工操作相关的能力”。故选D项。 14．推理判断题。文章第三段的研究“However, one 2012 study found no statistically significant change in digital dexterity among frequent smartphone users, and it did find a significant improvement in reaction time.(然而，2012年的一项研究发现，经常使用智能手机的人在数字灵巧度方面没有出现统计学上的显著变化，但反应时间确实有显著提高。)”发现频繁使用智能手机对数字灵巧度无负面影响，反而提升反应速度；同时结合第四段研究“One 2007 study, for example, found that young surgeons who played a lot of video games made fewer errors in surgery and worked faster than those who didn’t. A randomized, controlled trial in 2012 found that surgery simulators were less effective at training surgeons than just letting them play on games consoles.(例如，2007年的一项研究发现，经常玩电子游戏的年轻外科医生在手术中出现的失误更少，操作速度也比不玩电子游戏的医生更快。2012年的一项随机对照试验则表明，手术模拟器在培养外科医生方面的效果，不如仅仅让他们玩游戏机。)”可知，2007年研究显示玩电子游戏的外科医生手术错误更少、速度更快；2012年试验表明手术模拟器效果不如游戏机训练。由此推知，这些研究均指向数字技术未损害外科技能，即，外科医生接触数字技术后并不会变得技术能力下降。故选B项。 15．细节理解题。根据文章第五段内容“Around a decade ago, we anticipated that digital experiences could lead to improvements in various kinds of real-world competence, such as brain-training games enhancing cognitive performance or video games boosting surgical dexterity. ‘As those hopes haven’t materialized, we rightly feel disappointed,’ says Przybylski.(大约十年前，我们曾预期数字体验能够促进各种实际能力的提升，比如脑力训练游戏能够提高认知能力，或者视频游戏能够增强手术技能。但“由于这些期望并未实现，我们理所当然地感到失望。”Przybylski说道。)”可知，担忧源于对技术作用的过度期待落空，即，这种“能力下降”的认知主要源于人们未看到技术积极效果显现的失望。故选B项。 16．主旨大意题。通过阅读文章内容可知，文章首段内容“Surgical students are less capable than their ancestors because they spend too much time with screens and not enough with physical materials. These claims from Roger Kneebone, professor of surgical education at Imperial College London, were widely reported last week.(外科专业学生的能力不如前辈，因为他们花太多时间在屏幕上，而在实物操作上投入的时间不足。伦敦帝国理工学院外科教育教授Roger Kneebone的这些说法上周得到了广泛报道。)”提出了Roger Kneebone的观点“屏幕时间损害外科学生技能”，却在第三段“However, one 2012 study found no statistically significant change in digital dexterity among frequent smartphone users, and it did find a significant improvement in reaction time.(然而，2012 年的一项研究发现，经常使用智能手机的人在数字灵巧度方面没有出现统计学上的显著变化，但反应时间确实有显著提高。)”，第四段“These were small studies that merely found modest effects, warns Etchells, but they don’t paint a picture of digital technology damaging the core skills of surgery.(Etchells警告说，这些只是小型研究，只发现了适度的影响，但它们并没有描绘出数字技术损害手术核心技能的画面。)”用“研究发现”进行了反驳。由此可知，文章核心围绕Kneebone 的观点“屏幕时间有害外科技能”为话题，用“研究”反驳展开，主旨是“探讨屏幕时间对年轻外科医生的影响是否负面”。D项“Screen Time, Bad for Young Surgeons?(屏幕时间对年轻外科医生有害吗？)”贴合主旨要义，可作最佳标题。故选D项。 Passage 5（【来源】上海市复旦大学附属中学2025-2026学年高三上学期期中英语试题） Sarcasm (讽刺) and jazz have something surprisingly in common: You know them when you hear them. Sarcasm is mostly understood through tone of voice, which is used to portray the opposite of the literal words. For example, when someone says, “Well, that’s exactly what I need right now,” their tone can tell you it’s not what they need at all. Most frequently, sarcasm highlights an irritation or is, quite simply, mean. If you want to be happier and improve your relationships, cut out sarcasm. Why? Because sarcasm is actually hostility disguised as humor. Despite smiling outwardly, many people who receive sarcastic comments feel put down and often think the sarcastic person is rude, or contemptible (可鄙的). Indeed, it’s not surprising that the origin of the word sarcasm derives from the Greek word “sarkazein” which literally means “to tear or strip the flesh off.” Hence, it’s no wonder that sarcasm is often used after the word “cutting” and that it hurts. What’s more, since actions strongly determine thoughts and feelings, when a person consistently acts sarcastically it may only serve to heighten their underlying hostility and insecurity. After all, when you come right down to it, sarcasm can be used as a subtle form of bullying—and most bullies are angry, insecure, or cowardly. Alternatively, when a person stops voicing negative comments, especially sarcastic ones, they may soon start to feel happier and more self-confident. Also, other people in their life benefit even more because they no longer have to hear the emotionally hurtful language of sarcasm. Now, I’m not saying all sarcasm is bad. It may just be better used sparingly—like a powerful spice in cooking. Too much of the spice, and the dish will be overwhelmed by it. Similarly, an occasional dash of sarcastic wit can spice up a chat and add an element of humor to it. But a big or steady serving of sarcasm will overwhelm the emotional flavor of any conversation and can taste very bitter to its recipient. So, tone down the sarcasm and work on clever wit instead, which is usually without any hostility and thus more appreciated by those you’re communicating with. In essence, sarcasm is easy while true, harmless wit takes talent. Thus, the main difference between wit and sarcasm is that, as already stated, sarcasm is often hostility disguised as humor. It can be intended to hurt and is often bitter and biting. Witty statements are usually in response to someone’s unhelpful remarks or behaviors, and the intent is to untangle and clarify the issue by emphasizing its ridicule. Sarcastic statements are expressed in a cutting manner; witty remarks are delivered with undisguised and harmless humor. 17．Why does the author say sarcasm and jazz have something surprisingly in common? A．Both are recognized when heard. B．Both have exactly the same tone. C．Both mean the opposite of what they appear to. D．Both have hidden in them an evident irritation. 18．What happens when a person consistently acts sarcastically? A．They feel their dignity greatly heightened. B．They feel increasingly insecure and hostile. C．They endure hostility under the disguise of humor. D．They taste bitterness even in pleasant interactions. 19．What does the author say about people quitting sarcastic comments? A．It makes others happier and more self-confident. B．It restrains them from being irritating and bullying. C．It benefits not only themselves but also those around them. D．It shields them from negative comments and outright hostility. 20．What is the chief difference between a speaker’s wit and sarcasm? A．Their intention. B．Their appreciation. C．Their emphasis. D．Their clarity. 【答案】17．A 18．B 19．C 20．A 【导语】本文为议论文。文章通过类比讽刺与爵士乐的共性引入主题，论证 "减少讽刺、倡导善意机智" 的观点，剖析讽刺的本质危害、与机智的核心区别，最终给出沟通建议。 17．细节理解题。根据文章第一段内容“Sarcasm and jazz have something surprisingly in common: You know them when you hear them.(讽刺和爵士乐之间竟有着惊人的相似之处：当你听到它们的时候，就能立刻辨别出来。)”可知，讽刺和爵士乐之间的相似之处在于“一听就能识别出来”。故选A项。 18．细节理解题。根据文章第五段内容“What’s more, since actions strongly determine thoughts and feelings, when a person consistently acts sarcastically it may only serve to heighten their underlying hostility and insecurity.(此外，由于行为会极大地影响思想和情感，如果一个人总是以讽刺的方式行事，这可能只会加剧他们内心深处的敌意和不安感。)”可知，持续讽刺行为会强化内在的敌意和不安全感。故选B项。 19．细节理解题。根据文章第六段内容“Alternatively, when a person stops voicing negative comments, especially sarcastic ones, they may soon start to feel happier and more self-confident. Also, other people in their life benefit even more because they no longer have to hear the emotionally hurtful language of sarcasm.(另外，当一个人不再发表负面评论（尤其是带有讽刺意味的评论）时，他们很快就会开始感到更加快乐和自信。而且，他们生活中的其他人也会受益更多，因为他们不再需要听到那种充满情感伤害的讽刺话语了。)”可知，停止讽刺后，本人更快乐自信，周围人因免受伤害而获益更多，即，对自己，对周围的人都有益处。故选C项。 20．推理判断题。根据文章末尾段内容“Thus, the main difference between wit and sarcasm is that, as already stated, sarcasm is often hostility disguised as humor. It can be intended to hurt and is often bitter and biting. Witty statements are usually in response to someone’s unhelpful remarks or behaviors, and the intent is to untangle and clarify the issue by emphasizing its ridicule.(因此，机智与讽刺的主要区别在于：正如我们之前所说，讽刺往往是以幽默的形式来掩饰敌意的。它的目的往往在于伤害他人，并且通常带有尖刻和刺耳的意味。机智的言论通常是对他人无益的言论或行为的回应，其目的在于通过强调其荒谬之处来理清并阐明问题。)”可知，讽刺是“伪装成幽默的敌意”，意图伤人；机智则“无恶意且幽默”，无敌意，意图理清问题。由此推知，二者的主要区别在于意图不同。故选A项。 （2023年1月·上海高考真题） 外刊来源： To tell the age of most layered rocks, scientists study the fossils these rocks contain. Fossils provide important evidence to help determine what happened in Earth history and when it happened. The word “ fossil” makes many people think of dinosaurs. Dinosaurs are now featured in books, movies, and television programs, and the bones of some large dinosaurs are on display in many museums. These reptiles were dominant animals on Earth for well over 100 million years from the Late Triassic through the Late Cretaceous. Many dinosaurs were quite small, but by the middle of the Mesozoic Period, some species weighed as much as 80 tons. By around 65 years ago all dinosaurs were extinct. In spite of all of the interest in dinosaurs, they form only a small fraction of the millions of species that live and have lived on Earth. The great bulk of the fossil record is dominated by fossils of animals with shells and microscopic remains of plants and animals, and these remains are widespread in sedimentary rocks. It is these fossils that are studied by most paleontologists. In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, the English geologist and engineer William Smith and the French paleontologists Georges Cuvier and Alexandre Brongniart discovered that rocks of the same age may contain the same fossils even when the rocks are separated by long distances. They published the first geologic maps of large areas on which rocks containing similar fossils were shown. By careful observation of the rocks and their fossils , these men and other geologists were able to recognize rocks of the same age on opposite sides of the English Channel. William Smith was able to apply his knowledge of fossils in a very practical way.He was an engineer building canals in England, which has lots of vegetation and few surface exposures of rock. He needed to know what rocks he could expect to find on the hills through which he had to build a canal. Often he could tell what kind of rock was likely to be below the surface by examining the fossils that had eroded from the rocks of the hillside or by digging a small hole to find fossils. Knowing what rocks to expect allowed Smith to estimate costs and determine what tools were needed for the job. Smith and others knew that the succession of life forms preserved as fossils is useful for understanding how and when the rocks formed. Only later did scientists develop a theory to explain that succession. 63. What is the purpose of scientists in studying fossils? A. To clarify the category of the layered rock. B. To utilize the structure of the layered rock. C.To determine the time of presence of the layered rocks. D.To modify the environment with a layered rock. 64. Which of the following statements is true about dinosaurs? A. The mystery of the extinction of the dinosaurs is still unresolved. B. Dinosaurs have existed around the world for about 6.5 million years. C.The dinosaurs were extinct in the Mesozoic Period. D.There was no correlation between dinosaurs and fossils. 65. What can we learn about William Smith? A. He is a famous French paleontologist. B. He can predict the types of rock beneath the surface. C.He can identify rocks of the same age around the world. D.He needs to turn to professionals to estimate the exploration costs. 66. What is this article mainly talking about? A.New fossils found by geologists. B. The formation of the dinosaur fossils. C. Tools required to develop the sedimentary rocks. D. Fossils in the rocks facilitating related research advances. 【答案】63-66CABD 【导读】文章主要大意：本文主要介绍了地质学家通过研究化石来确定地层岩石的年代，并解释了化石在确定地球历史发展和时间上的重要作用。文章还指出了恐龙只是地球上生物化石中的一小部分，大部分化石是由动植物微观遗骸和贝壳类动物组成。最后，文章提到了早期地质学家通过化石研究地层岩石和制作地质图的重要贡献。 【解析】 63.C【解析]根据文章第一段第一句To tell the age of most layered rocks,scientists study the fossils these rocks contain.可知，此处句意为:“为了告诉大多数层状岩石的年龄，科学家们研究了这些岩石所包含的化石”，即科学家研究层状岩石的目的是研究其年龄，换言之就是在研究层状岩石的存在时间，故选C。 64.A【解析]根据文章第二段最后一句The reasons for and the rapidity of their extinction are a matter of intense debate among scientists.可知，恐龙灭绝的原因和速度是科学家们激烈争论的问题，换言之，恐龙灭绝之谜至今仍然未有答案，A项表述正确:根据文章第二段第三句These reptiles were dominant animals on Earth for well over 100 million years from the Late Triassic through the Late Cretaceous.可知，恐龙在晚三叠世至晚白垩世的一百多万年间是地球上的主要动物，B项表述有误:根据文章第二段倒数第二句By around 65 million years ago all dinosaurs were extinct.可知，大约到了6500万年前，所有的恐龙都灭绝了，C项表述有误:根据第二段第一句The word“fossil”makes many people think of dinosaurs.以及下文相关内容可推知，恐龙和化石之间存在一定关联，D项表述有误。故选A。 65.B【解析】根据文章倒数第二段倒数第二句Often he could tell what kind of rock was likely to be below the surface by examining the fossils that had eroded from the rocks of the hillside or by digging a small hole to find fossils.可知，威廉·史密斯经常可以通过检查被山坡岩石侵蚀的化石或者挖一个小洞寻找化石来判断地表以下可能有什么样的岩石，结合选项分析，B项表述正确，故选B。 66.D【解析]根据文章标题以及整篇文章讲述的相关内容可知，本文讲述的内容与与“化石和岩石”相关，再根据相关选项分析，可以排除A项和C项，而B项是文章所举的一个相对典型的例子，相比之下D项表述符合文章讲述的内容，故选 D。 （2022年7月·上海高考真题） Business innovation is an organization's process for introducing new ideas, workflows methodologies, services or products. Like IT innovation, which calls for using technology new ways to create a more efficient and agile organization, business innovation should enable the achievement of goals across the entire organization, with sights set on accomplishing core business aims and initiatives. Innovation often begins with idea generation , whereas ideas are narrowed down during brainstorming sessions, after which leaders consider the business viability, feasibility and desirability of each idea.existing products, services or processes; or it should solve a problem; or it should reach new customers. Recent examples of business innovation include the introduction of the Dyson vacuum cleaner, whose creator and namesake James Dyson declared in advertisements that he set out to build a better product by applying industrial cyclone technologies to the household appliance. The purpose of the business innovation process is to create value for the organization. That value can come from creating new revenue opportunities or driving more revenue through existing channels: from creating efficiencies that save time, money or both; or from improvements to productivity or performance. In short, innovation should lead to higher profits Additionally, the results of an organization’s innovation process should yield a competitive advantage; it should help the organization to grow and reach-or, better still, exceed -strategic objectives. Innovation and invention are closely linked, but the two terms are not interchangeable. An invention ts an entirely new creation. The process of business innovation can produce an invention, but the term is broader in scope and includes the application of an existing concept or practice in a new way.or applying new technology to an existing product or process to improve upon it. To better understand the difference,consider this: The telephone is an invention,but the smartphone is an innovation. Business innovation can also be classified as either revolutionary or evolutionary. Revolutionary business innovation yields a drastic change in a product, service, process, etc. which often destroys or supplants an existing business model This is also known as radical innovation. Evolutionary or incremental innovation involves smaller, more continuous improvements that, while important, are not drastic enough to shift a company or market into a new paradigm. Disruptive innovation is a category that emphasizes the destructive aspect of revolutionary innovation: this term applies to business innovation that lends to the creation of a new market that displaces an existing one or. similarly, a significant upheaval in a category of products or services. Business innovation, like most business initiatives, hits both benefits and risks. Organizations should recognize on the negative tide that the bushiness innovation process can be a costly undertaking than does not always produce a rectum on investment (ROI); that ideas considered likely to succeed could still fail; and that stakeholders could fight the changes required to be successful. On the other hand, organizations need to weigh those risks against the benefits of business innovation. 63. What does the underlined word in the first paragraph mean? A. Persuasibility B. Scarcity C. Generality D. Practicability 64. What is the purpose of business innovation? A. Create value benefits for the enterprise. B. Reform the management structure of enterprises. C.Encourage staff to make more inventions. D. Upgrade the product performance. 65 Which of the following is true about innovation and invention? A. They are essentially the same concept. B. They can replace each other in the context. C.They can bring huge commercial benefits. D.They are closely related but have different conceptual scopes. 66. What is the main content of this passage? A. The precautions for brainstorming meetings. B. The considerations for business innovation. C. The difference between innovation and invention. D. The revolutionary change in business innovation. 【答案】63-66 DADB 【导读】本文主要介绍了商业创新的概念和过程。商业创新是指组织引入新的想法、工作流程、方法、服务或产品的过程，其目的是创造价值，包括创造新的收入机会、提高效率、提高生产力或者性能等，从而实现核心业务目标和倡议。商业创新应该使整个组织都能够实现目标，并且可以带来竞争优势。商业创新与发明密切相关，但这两个术语并不完全等同。商业创新分为革命性和进化性，前者对产品、服务、流程等进行彻底改变，后者则是通过小步迭代来实现改进。商业创新既有好处又有风险，组织必须衡量风险并权衡收益。 【详解】 63.D【解析】结合语境以及该词之后的并列词语 feasibility and desirability可推知此处表述的是关于“领导者对于头脑风暴所提创意可行性的考虑”，其中 viability有“生存能力，耐用性 可行性”之意，结合选项分析，Practicability一词也有“实用性，可行性“之意，而 Persuasive 意为“有说服力的，劝诱的”，Scarcity意为“树缺的”，Generality意为“概括性的”，故选D。 64.A【解析】根据文章第二段第一句提及的 The purpose of the business innovation process is to create value for the organization可知，商业创新过程的目的是为组织创造价值，再结合下文对这种价值的具体讲述，可知A项的“为企业创造价值效益”表述正确，故选A。 65 D【解析】根据第三段内容可知，该段主要在讲述创新和发明两者概念的不同之处，再结合该段最后一句所举的“电话与智能手机”的相关例子,可推知A项表述错误:根据文章第三段第一句提及的 Innovation and invention are closely linked but the two terms are not interchangeable 可知，创新和发明紧密相连，但这两个术语不能互换，B项表述有误:C项文章未明确提及;结合文章第三段第三句提及的 The process of business innovation can produce an invention, but the term is broader in scope 可知，创新和发明的概念范围不同，D项表述正确，故选D。 66 B【解析】根据整篇文章内容分析，可知本文主要围绕 Business innovation词进行讲述，其中不仅提及了 Business innovation 一词的概念，还提出其改进的方向、实现目的以及相关的创新分类。除此以外，文章还对商业创新的积极影响和消极影响进行了简要概述。因此，结合选项分析，这篇文章讲述的主要内容是“业务创新需要考虑的因素”，即B项表述正确，故选B。 1 / 25 学科网(北京)股份有限公司 学科网(北京)股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 题型综合练10 阅读理解说明文类、议论文类 目录 第一部分 风向速递 洞察考向，感知前沿 第二部分 分层突破 固本培优，精准提分 A组·保分基础练 考向01 阅读理解说明文类 题型01 细节理解题 题型02 推理判断题 题型03 词义推断题 题型04 主旨大意题 考向02 阅读理解议论文类 题型01 细节理解题 题型02 推理判断题 题型03 词义推断题 题型04 主旨大意题 B组·抢分能力练 第三部分 真题验证 对标高考，感悟考法 （2026年浦东新区一模） The capture-recapture method involves getting a sample — waiting for some animals to wander by, for instance, then collecting some — marking the individuals distinctively, then releasing them back into the population. After some time has passed, you repeat the process to pick another group of animals and count how many of them are already marked. If you captured, say, 50 animals initially and marked them all, then on your recapture step you found half the animals you saw were marked, this tells you something about the whole population. Since half the sample is marked, this implies that half of the whole population is marked — so there must be about 100 individuals. This can give a reasonably accurate estimate of a population, without having to find and count every single member of it. 43. Which of the following graph best illustrates the capture-recapture method?（marked ） A. B. C. D. （2026年嘉定区一模） More troubling is the disrespectful attitude towards complex art that surfaces in Lewis’s writing. Her rude view on Joyce’s literature (“what-if novels, but harder to read”), her dislike for pioneering films, and her confession of finding the Beatles music “boring” imply that her problem with “genius” might partly be a personal hate for difficult art and its creators. Worse still, these dislikes go without strong proof. Her unjust claim that Picasso is admired because of his imperfection, not despite them, reads more like an angry opinion than reasoned argument. While some online fans might admire some superstars uncritically, true faith in innate genius has been weaker since the 1960s. Lewis jumps on a train that is already slowing. 45. What does the underlined sentence in the last paragraph imply? A. Lewis is criticizing an idea that is no longer influential. B. Lewis’s book is thoughtful despite some drawbacks. C. Lewis’s criticism is fresh but faces the public’s resistance. D. Lewis is aware that the public’s faith in genius is declining. 考向01 阅读理解说明文类 【例1】In theory, this phenomenon is driven by the emergence of artificial intelligence (AI) that surpasses human cognitive (认知的) capabilities and can autonomously enhance itself. The theory suggests that such advancements could evolve at a pace so rapid that humans would be unable to foresee or stop the process. The implications of reaching this singularity point could be good or disastrous for the human race. For now,the concept stays within the boundaries of science fiction, but nonetheless, it’s still worth thinking about what such a future might look like,so that humanity might steer AI development in such a way as to promote its civilizational interests. The underlined word “steer” in the passage is closest in meaning to_________. A．quicken B．restrict C．direct D．predict 【例2】AI is now disrupting the industry that helped bring it into being. Every part of entertainment stands to be affected by generative AI, which digests inputs of text, image, audio or video to create new outputs of the same. But the games business will change the most, argues Andreessen Horowitz, a venture-capital (VC) firm. Games interactivity requires them to be stuffed with laboriously designed content: consider the 30 square miles of landscape or 60 hours of music in “Red Dead Redemption 2”, a recent cowboy adventure. Enlisting AI assistants to churn it out could drastically shrink timescales and budgets. 46. What is this passage mainly about? A. The evolution of graphics-processing units (GPUs). B. The impact of generative AI on the gaming industry. C. The societal significance of graphics-processing units (GPUs). D. The challenges generative AI presents to gaming studios. 【例3】A database that follows the world’s fossil fuel production, reserves, and release of carbon was launched on Monday. The launch comes out at the same time as two important climate talks happening at the international level. One is the climate talks at the United Nation’s General Assembly in New York which began on September 13 . The other is COP27 in Sharm El Skeikh which began in November. It really matters to environmental sustainability. …… Until now, there has been private data available for purchase, and research of the world’s fossil fuel usage and reserves. The International Energy Agency also keeps public data on oil, gas, and coal. But it centers on the demand for those fossil fuels. This new database, however, looks at what is yet to be burned. The information could help environmental groups to pressure leaders for stronger policies reducing the amount of carbon they release. 46. What’s the writer’s attitude towards the launch of the new database? A. Positive. B. Flexible. C. Critical. D. Ironical. 【例4】As Christmas approached, the price of turkey went wild. It didn’t rocket, as some might suggest. Nor did it crash. It just started waving. We live in the age of the variable prices. In the eyes of sellers, the right price—the one that will draw the most profit from consumers’ wallets—has become the focus of huge experiments. These sorts of price experiments have become a routine part of finding that right price. It may come as a surprise that, in buying a pie, you might be participating in a carefully designed social-science experiment. But this is what online comparison shopping has brought. Simply put, the convenience to know the price of anything, anytime, anywhere, has given us, the consumers, so much power that sellers—in a desperate effort to regain the upper hand, or at least avoid extinction—are now staring back through the screen. They are trying to “comparison shopping” us. 46. What is the passage mainly about? A. The advantages of online shopping over traditional shopping. B. Measures sellers take to maximize profits. C. The analysis of pricing mechanism. D. The battle between buyers and sellers in Internet age. 【例5】Of course, there are typically many participants in the pricing process: Accounting provides cost estimates; marketing communicates the pricing strategy; sales provides specific customer input; production sets supply boundaries; and finance establishes the requirements for the entire company’s financial health. Input from diverse sources is necessary. However, problems arise when the philosophy of wide participation is carried over to the price-setting process without strong coordinating mechanisms (协调机制). 65. What can be inferred from the wide participation in the pricing process? A. Decision making requires gathering comprehensive information. B. The coordinating mechanism won’t work without a lot of input. C. Potential customers are easily upset at any stage of the process. D. The company loses money unless everyone intends for the best. 考向02 阅读理解议论文类 【例1】Yes, reading like a writer is extra work. But it’s necessary work to the writing practice. By observing the strategies writers employ to tell convincing stories or write engaging arguments, you equip yourself with the knowledge to perform these strategies yourself. 59. The author suggests RLW is “necessary work” (para.7) because readers can ________. A. write lengthy novels like Jane Eyre B. gain knowledge in employment C. become professional literary critic D. improve their own writing craft 【例2】Loyalty is defined as an employee’s commitment to their organisation and its goals. It means a willingness to put in extra effort and to uphold the company’s values and objectives. Loyal workers often identify strongly with their workplace, are reliable and view the organisation positively, even during tough times. When long-term employees change workplaces, it does not mean they are disloyal. It signifies a change in priorities and a redefined loyalty bond. Employees are loyal to their employer and its interests while working there. But they also seek mutual growth and expect to be recognised and rewarded. 65. How does the passage suggest employees should approach loyalty in the modern workplace? A. By remaining with a single employer for their entire career. B. By prioritizing personal growth and recognition. C. By relying on traditional definitions of loyalty. D. By avoiding job changes to maintain loyalty. 【例3】It’s true that quite a few most respected scientific authorities have confirmed that the world is becoming hotter and hotter. There’s also strong evidence that humans are contributing to the warming. Countless recent reports have proved the same thing. For instance, a 2010 summary about the climate science by the Royal Society noted that: The global warming over the last half - century has been caused mainly by human activity. …… Of course, the earth’s climate has always been changing due to “natural” factors such as volcanic eruption or changes in solar, or cycles concerning the Earth’s going around the sun. According to the scientific research, however, the warming observed by now matches the pattern of warming we would expect from a build - up of greenhouse gas in the atmosphere - not the warming we would expect from other possible causes. Which of the following is not the cause of climate change? A. volcanic eruption B. floods arid droughts C. changes in solar D. cycles concerning the Earth’s going around the sun 【例4】Some people prefer to do almost everything over the Internet.To them, dealing with an actual human is like an evolutionary step backward.It feels very slow because humans don't work at 4G speeds.When you have dinner with friends, you will often notice someone paying more attention to his mobile phone.We have programmed ourselves to think that every new message brings life－changing news, so taking calls and checking our texts are more important than talking to the people we are with.What is worse, some people even tend to send anonymous(匿名的)rude messages by e­mail. Some people are less willing to deal with humans because ________. A．they are becoming less patient B．they are growing too independent C．they have to handle many important messages D．they have to follow an evolutionary step backward Passage 1（【来源】上海市上海交大附中嘉定分校2025-2026学年高三上学期11月期中英语试题） No matter how much better than us computers are in fields such as calculating and analyzing, we humans still have a few skills that are exclusive to us — keeping secrets, for example. But don’t feel too relieved just yet, because computers may be catching up faster than we thought. The Google Brain team has been working on computing systems called “neural networks” — systems that were designed based on how neurons work in the human brain. This time, they gave a mission to three of the neural networks, which they named Alice, Bob and Eve. Each of the networks had its own job-Alice sent messages to Bob, Eve tried to “eavesdrop” (偷听) and find out the messages, and Alice and Bob had to figure out a way to hide the messages from Eve. All the help that Alice and Bob got from the researchers before the mission began was made up of a set of numbers called a key, which Eve didn’t have access to. At first, Alice was not very good at sending secret messages. But slowly it worked on a way to encrypt them — putting information into a special code so that others could not understand it even if they got the information-using the numbers given by researchers. The important part here is that Alice had to come up with her own encryption algorithm, but neither Bob nor Eve was given that information. Bob didn’t have any idea how the key should be applied to the encrypted message, and Eve was basically working completely from scratch. And after practice, Bob also came to be able to decrypt Alice’s messages. Without the numbers or keys, Eve failed to understand Alice’s “speech” most of the time. This test is considered a big step in the development of computers’ learning skills. “Computing with neural networks on this scale has only become possible in the last few years, so we really are at the beginning of what’s possible,” Joe Sturonas of US encryption company PKWARE told New Scientist magazine. Unfortunately, the test happened only one week after UK physicist Stephen Hawking, while speaking at Cambridge University, warned how artificial intelligence could develop a will of its own. This could be “either the best or the worst thing ever to happen to humanity”, he said. But just as Sturonas pointed out, no matter what the possibilities of computers are in the future, they are just starting out. We still have plenty of time to work out a solution before they get anywhere near becoming a threat to humanity. 1．The Google Brain team did the test to find out ________. A．how “neural networks” encrypt and decrypt B．how “neural networks” communicate with each other C．if “neural networks” could develop a will of their own D．if “neural networks” could keep their communication private 2．Which of the following statements is TRUE about the test? A．Alice was responsible for sending messages because she was good at encryption. B．Alice and Bob learned to encrypt and decode with the help of researchers. C．Eve often found it hard to make sense of the messages Alice sent to Bob. D．The three neural networks worked together on the numbers given by researchers. 3．What can we conclude from the article? A．Artificial intelligence is not great at blind decryption, at least for now. B．Artificial intelligence is now able to decode encrypted text without any guidance. C．The more advanced artificial intelligence is, the more we can benefit from it. D．Stephen Hawking is strongly against the development of artificial intelligence. 4．What is the author’s attitude towards artificial intelligence? A．neutral B．positive C．negative D．indifferent Passage 2（【来源】上海市华东师范大学第二附属中学2025-2026学年高三上学期第二次周测英语试题） What do humans have in common with the dinosaurs that stamped through ancient forests? It turns out that both may have a surprising impact on the size of seeds in the fruits growing around them. When researchers mapped the evolution of seed sizes onto that of land animals, they observed that when land animals got bigger, so did fruit seeds— with a few outsize exceptions. A recent study in Palaeontology illustrates how, over the course of natural history, megafauna such as dinosaurs curbed the growth of seed sizes by physically altering the ecosystem, influencing forest light levels. Today that role may be filled by a much tuner species: humans. The idea that land animals can alter their environments is “fairly straightforward and well substantiated in a variety of scales,” explains Clive Jones, an ecologist who was not involved in the new study. For instance, plain elephants push down trees and tear at bushes, transforming the plant landscape. But even this elephantine influence is minor in comparison to that of prehistoric creatures. The researchers’ new model suggests dinosaurs caused a level of destruction that prevented an evolutionary tendency for seeds to grow bigger, says study author Christopher Doughty. Bigger seeds tend to attract bigger animals for dispersal（播撒）and to grow into taller plants. Doughty explains; both factors can give plants better access to sunlight in crowded conditions. But this was generally not the case when there were “big slow-moving dinosaurs knocking things down, opening up the environment” and thinning forests, Doughty says. After dinosaurs went extinct, the underlying layer of forest vegetation became about 20 percent darker. This change “reset the slate” for plants and other animals, Doughty says. And “during this time the canopy（树冠）became more closed,” notes Brian Atkinson, a botanist not involved in the study. This growth would have placed evolutionary pressure on seeds to get larger again, Atkinson says, which is also reflected in fossil data. But even though we’re far from megafauna-sized, humans’ influence on forests—particularly via logging—resembles that of those long-extinct giants, Doughty says. If we continue at this rate, our effect on fruit seeds might someday equal that of dinosaurs. Jones notes that humans influence plant life in many other ways as well. “Agriculture is one obvious example,” he says, along with “introducing exotic species, clearing forests to make suburbia, to make cities, and so on.” That complexity is one reason it could be difficult for the model to predict future fruit seed sizes, Doughty says. Another important factor to consider is the rapid pace at which human technology tends to develop in domains such as farming. Although the model provides a good analytical comparison of forest density alterations by megafauna and by humans, developments such as agriculture mean “normal ecological rules don’t really apply anymore.” 5．The underlined word “megafauna” in paragraph one probably means _________. A．a creature that alters the ecosystem B．animals of particularly large size C．a species that relies on forest light levels D．evolutionary exceptions feeding on seeds 6．What does the example of plain elephants illustrate? A．Land animals are able to change their surroundings. B．Transformation of plant landscape is crucial to survival. C．Elephantine influence is minor compared with dinosaurs’. D．Their impact substantiates the scale of prehistoric creatures. 7．Which of the following statements does Atkinson probably agree with? A．Dinosaur extinction causes forest to grow dark, B．Fossil evidence proves humans deforest Earth. C．Thick forests force seeds to grow larger again. D．Farming and urbanization cause deforestation. 8．What is the passage mainly about? A．Humans and dinosaurs have much in common. B．The bigger land animals get, the smaller seed sizes. C．Normal ecological rules don’t really apply anymore. D．Dinosaurs limited fruit seed sizes—and humans may, too. Passage 3（【来源】上海市上海师范大学附属中学闵行分校2025-2026学年高三上学期期中考试英语试卷 ） Modified floating wood could seed the formation of new sea ice in the Arctic, helping counteract the rapid decline of ice coverage due to global warming. The area of the Arctic Ocean covered by ice is shrinking as the climate warms, and it has been projected that the region will see its first ice-free summer day before 2030. The loss of ice leads to a vicious cycle: because the exposed water is darker than ice, it absorbs more of the sun’s heat, warming the water further and making it increasingly hard for ice to reform. This has led people to suggest various geoengineering plans to refreeze the water both in the Arctic and Antarctica. Now, Tian Li at Purdue University in West Lafayette, Indiana, and her colleagues are proposing modifying wood to help it seed the formation of new ice. “We choose wood because it’s a natural material,” says Li. “You see a lot of floating wood in ocean water and it raises much less of an environmental concern than things made of artificial materials.” To create the modified material, which they call ice-wood, the researchers took a 10-centimetre-square, 1.5-centimetre-thick piece of American basswood (Tilia americana) and cut a small chunk out of the middle. This chunk was placed on a hotplate so that one side carbonized, while the larger piece was treated with hydrogen peroxide (过氧化氢)and heat, removing much of a polymer (聚合物)called lignin. The two pieces were then put back together. Lignin gives wood its colour, so removing it makes that part of the wood whiter and better at reflecting light. The idea is that when the ice-wood floats in the sea, water is drawn up through natural microchannels. Sunlight then warms the dark, carbonized part of the surface, making the water there evaporate, after which it recondenses on the colder, whiter part of the surface. During tests in ponds with water kept at about 2℃ (36℉), the top of a piece of floating ice-wood stayed below freezing, even when the air temperature reached between 7℃ and 8℃ (44.6℉and 46.4℉). Though covering the whole Arctic isn’t realistic, Li suggests that larger pieces of ice-wood could be used around coastal regions, where Indigenous people rely on ice to hunt fish, to speed up the ice coverage in winter and reduce ice loss in summer. But a big question remains about whether our focus should be on geoengineering approaches to prevent ice loss or on slowing the climate change that is causing it. “I find it strange to put so much energy into these ideas when we already know what is needed: reduced carbon dioxide emissions,” says Julienne Stroeve at University College London. 9．What is the main purpose of the “ice-wood” project? A．To clean the ocean water in the Arctic. B．To provide a new building material for coastal regions. C．To help new sea ice form in the Arctic. D．To study the behavior of seabirds in cold environments. 10．Which of the following situations best illustrates a similar “vicious cycle” as mentioned in the 2nd paragraph? A．A forest fire destroys trees→sunlight reaches the forest floor→new seedlings grow→the forest begins to recover. B．A student sleeps less to study more→poor sleep leads to lower concentration→needs more time to study the same material→sleeps even less. C．A farmer uses a new fertilizer→crop yield increases→the farmer earns more money→the farmer buys more land. D．A person gets a high-paying job→saves more money→makes various investments→poor investments lead to debt. 11．Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage? A．The wood relies on creating a temperature difference to promote ice formation. B．Lignin is removed so as to make the wood darker and better at absorbing heat. C．The carbonized part directly freezes the surrounding seawater through rapid cooling. D．American basswood was chosen as the raw material for its exceptional durability. 12．Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for this passage? A．The Arctic Crisis: Causes and Global Consequences B．Refreezing the Arctic: The Science and Promise of Engineered Ice-Wood C．From Forest to Ocean: A New Material’s Role in the Arctic Environment D．Wood Against Warming: A Controversial Path to Save Arctic Ice Passage 4（【来源】上海市建平中学2025-2026学年高三上学期11月练习英语试卷） Surgical students are less capable than their ancestors because they spend too much time with screens and not enough with physical materials. These claims from Roger Kneebone, professor of surgical education at Imperial College London, were widely reported last week. According to Kneebone, today’s students lack the dexterity that is important for sewing, cutting and stitching. He argues that this is because, instead of taking part in creative subjects that involve manual work during their school education, “a lot of things are reduced to swiping on a two-dimensional flat screen”. There hasn’t been much research into the effects of smartphones on surgical skills. However, one 2012 study found no statistically significant change in digital dexterity among frequent smartphone users, and it did find a significant improvement in reaction time. If anything, says Pete Etchells, a psychologist at Bath Spa University, UK, the use of digital technology of any kind — rather than smartphones specifically — is linked with a higher level of surgical skill. One 2007 study, for example, found that young surgeons who played a lot of video games made fewer errors in surgery and worked faster than those who didn’t. A randomized, controlled trial in 2012 found that surgery simulators(模拟) were less effective at training surgeons than just letting them play on games consoles. These were small studies that merely found modest effects, warns Etchells, but they don’t paint a picture of digital technology damaging the core skills of surgery. More broadly, says Andrew Przybylski of the Oxford Internet Institute, UK, Kneebone’s concerns and the resulting coverage are part of a wider reaction to the role of technology in our lives. Around a decade ago, we anticipated that digital experiences could lead to improvements in various kinds of real-world competence, such as brain-training games enhancing cognitive performance or video games boosting surgical dexterity. “As those hopes haven’t materialized, we rightly feel disappointed,” says Przybylski. There is also a society-wide fear about new technologies, which is often unfounded. Przybylski’s own work has found that, contrary to widespread concern around technology and young people, screen time seems to have a small, positive effect on teenagers in all but the most extreme of cases. “Collective anxiety about the role of smartphones, and social media companies, fuel this sort of fear of technology,” he says. Ultimately, Kneebone may turn out to be right that the decline in crafts and handiwork at school is reducing the quality of the surgical student intake. But there seems little evidence of it yet. In fact, it is probably a positive thing that our youngest surgeons are digitally literate. In the very near future, a surgeon’s ability to interact with technology — be that surgical robots or augmented reality — will become increasingly important. 13．What does the underlined word dexterity mean? A．Power of concentration. B．Experience of performing surgery. C．Capacity to use words or mind. D．Skills related to hand work. 14．What can we learn from the studies mentioned in Paragraph 3 and 4? A．People are confident that video games will boost cognitive performance. B．Surgeons won’t be less skillful when exposed to digital technology. C．Digital applications except smartphones strengthen surgical skills. D．Most surgeons are modest about their improved working efficiency. 15．The perceived decline of medical students’ surgical competence is due to___________. A．people’s fear about technology that is backed up by scientific evidence B．people’s failure to see the positive effects of digital technology emerge C．the increased time teenagers spent using smartphones and social media D．the decreased access to handiwork and crafts required in medical school 16．Which of the following may serve as the best title for this passage? A．Surgical Skills, Need Enhancing? B．Digital Devices, Enhance Reaction Time? C．Surgeons, Be Trained as Digital Natives? D．Screen Time, Bad for Young Surgeons? Passage 5（【来源】上海市复旦大学附属中学2025-2026学年高三上学期期中英语试题） Sarcasm (讽刺) and jazz have something surprisingly in common: You know them when you hear them. Sarcasm is mostly understood through tone of voice, which is used to portray the opposite of the literal words. For example, when someone says, “Well, that’s exactly what I need right now,” their tone can tell you it’s not what they need at all. Most frequently, sarcasm highlights an irritation or is, quite simply, mean. If you want to be happier and improve your relationships, cut out sarcasm. Why? Because sarcasm is actually hostility disguised as humor. Despite smiling outwardly, many people who receive sarcastic comments feel put down and often think the sarcastic person is rude, or contemptible (可鄙的). Indeed, it’s not surprising that the origin of the word sarcasm derives from the Greek word “sarkazein” which literally means “to tear or strip the flesh off.” Hence, it’s no wonder that sarcasm is often used after the word “cutting” and that it hurts. What’s more, since actions strongly determine thoughts and feelings, when a person consistently acts sarcastically it may only serve to heighten their underlying hostility and insecurity. After all, when you come right down to it, sarcasm can be used as a subtle form of bullying—and most bullies are angry, insecure, or cowardly. Alternatively, when a person stops voicing negative comments, especially sarcastic ones, they may soon start to feel happier and more self-confident. Also, other people in their life benefit even more because they no longer have to hear the emotionally hurtful language of sarcasm. Now, I’m not saying all sarcasm is bad. It may just be better used sparingly—like a powerful spice in cooking. Too much of the spice, and the dish will be overwhelmed by it. Similarly, an occasional dash of sarcastic wit can spice up a chat and add an element of humor to it. But a big or steady serving of sarcasm will overwhelm the emotional flavor of any conversation and can taste very bitter to its recipient. So, tone down the sarcasm and work on clever wit instead, which is usually without any hostility and thus more appreciated by those you’re communicating with. In essence, sarcasm is easy while true, harmless wit takes talent. Thus, the main difference between wit and sarcasm is that, as already stated, sarcasm is often hostility disguised as humor. It can be intended to hurt and is often bitter and biting. Witty statements are usually in response to someone’s unhelpful remarks or behaviors, and the intent is to untangle and clarify the issue by emphasizing its ridicule. Sarcastic statements are expressed in a cutting manner; witty remarks are delivered with undisguised and harmless humor. 17．Why does the author say sarcasm and jazz have something surprisingly in common? A．Both are recognized when heard. B．Both have exactly the same tone. C．Both mean the opposite of what they appear to. D．Both have hidden in them an evident irritation. 18．What happens when a person consistently acts sarcastically? A．They feel their dignity greatly heightened. B．They feel increasingly insecure and hostile. C．They endure hostility under the disguise of humor. D．They taste bitterness even in pleasant interactions. 19．What does the author say about people quitting sarcastic comments? A．It makes others happier and more self-confident. B．It restrains them from being irritating and bullying. C．It benefits not only themselves but also those around them. D．It shields them from negative comments and outright hostility. 20．What is the chief difference between a speaker’s wit and sarcasm? A．Their intention. B．Their appreciation. C．Their emphasis. D．Their clarity. （2023年1月·上海高考真题） To tell the age of most layered rocks, scientists study the fossils these rocks contain. Fossils provide important evidence to help determine what happened in Earth history and when it happened. The word “ fossil” makes many people think of dinosaurs. Dinosaurs are now featured in books, movies, and television programs, and the bones of some large dinosaurs are on display in many museums. These reptiles were dominant animals on Earth for well over 100 million years from the Late Triassic through the Late Cretaceous. Many dinosaurs were quite small, but by the middle of the Mesozoic Period, some species weighed as much as 80 tons. By around 65 years ago all dinosaurs were extinct. In spite of all of the interest in dinosaurs, they form only a small fraction of the millions of species that live and have lived on Earth. The great bulk of the fossil record is dominated by fossils of animals with shells and microscopic remains of plants and animals, and these remains are widespread in sedimentary rocks. It is these fossils that are studied by most paleontologists. In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, the English geologist and engineer William Smith and the French paleontologists Georges Cuvier and Alexandre Brongniart discovered that rocks of the same age may contain the same fossils even when the rocks are separated by long distances. They published the first geologic maps of large areas on which rocks containing similar fossils were shown. By careful observation of the rocks and their fossils , these men and other geologists were able to recognize rocks of the same age on opposite sides of the English Channel. William Smith was able to apply his knowledge of fossils in a very practical way.He was an engineer building canals in England, which has lots of vegetation and few surface exposures of rock. He needed to know what rocks he could expect to find on the hills through which he had to build a canal. Often he could tell what kind of rock was likely to be below the surface by examining the fossils that had eroded from the rocks of the hillside or by digging a small hole to find fossils. Knowing what rocks to expect allowed Smith to estimate costs and determine what tools were needed for the job. Smith and others knew that the succession of life forms preserved as fossils is useful for understanding how and when the rocks formed. Only later did scientists develop a theory to explain that succession. 63. What is the purpose of scientists in studying fossils? A. To clarify the category of the layered rock. B. To utilize the structure of the layered rock. C.To determine the time of presence of the layered rocks. D.To modify the environment with a layered rock. 64. Which of the following statements is true about dinosaurs? A. The mystery of the extinction of the dinosaurs is still unresolved. B. Dinosaurs have existed around the world for about 6.5 million years. C.The dinosaurs were extinct in the Mesozoic Period. D.There was no correlation between dinosaurs and fossils. 65. What can we learn about William Smith? A. He is a famous French paleontologist. B. He can predict the types of rock beneath the surface. C.He can identify rocks of the same age around the world. D.He needs to turn to professionals to estimate the exploration costs. 66. What is this article mainly talking about? A.New fossils found by geologists. B. The formation of the dinosaur fossils. C. Tools required to develop the sedimentary rocks. D. Fossils in the rocks facilitating related research advances. （2022年7月·上海高考真题） Business innovation is an organization's process for introducing new ideas, workflows methodologies, services or products. Like IT innovation, which calls for using technology new ways to create a more efficient and agile organization, business innovation should enable the achievement of goals across the entire organization, with sights set on accomplishing core business aims and initiatives. Innovation often begins with idea generation , whereas ideas are narrowed down during brainstorming sessions, after which leaders consider the business viability, feasibility and desirability of each idea.existing products, services or processes; or it should solve a problem; or it should reach new customers. Recent examples of business innovation include the introduction of the Dyson vacuum cleaner, whose creator and namesake James Dyson declared in advertisements that he set out to build a better product by applying industrial cyclone technologies to the household appliance. The purpose of the business innovation process is to create value for the organization. That value can come from creating new revenue opportunities or driving more revenue through existing channels: from creating efficiencies that save time, money or both; or from improvements to productivity or performance. In short, innovation should lead to higher profits Additionally, the results of an organization’s innovation process should yield a competitive advantage; it should help the organization to grow and reach-or, better still, exceed -strategic objectives. Innovation and invention are closely linked, but the two terms are not interchangeable. An invention ts an entirely new creation. The process of business innovation can produce an invention, but the term is broader in scope and includes the application of an existing concept or practice in a new way.or applying new technology to an existing product or process to improve upon it. To better understand the difference,consider this: The telephone is an invention,but the smartphone is an innovation. Business innovation can also be classified as either revolutionary or evolutionary. Revolutionary business innovation yields a drastic change in a product, service, process, etc. which often destroys or supplants an existing business model This is also known as radical innovation. Evolutionary or incremental innovation involves smaller, more continuous improvements that, while important, are not drastic enough to shift a company or market into a new paradigm. Disruptive innovation is a category that emphasizes the destructive aspect of revolutionary innovation: this term applies to business innovation that lends to the creation of a new market that displaces an existing one or. similarly, a significant upheaval in a category of products or services. Business innovation, like most business initiatives, hits both benefits and risks. Organizations should recognize on the negative tide that the bushiness innovation process can be a costly undertaking than does not always produce a rectum on investment (ROI); that ideas considered likely to succeed could still fail; and that stakeholders could fight the changes required to be successful. On the other hand, organizations need to weigh those risks against the benefits of business innovation. 63. What does the underlined word in the first paragraph mean? A. Persuasibility B. Scarcity C. Generality D. Practicability 64. What is the purpose of business innovation? A. Create value benefits for the enterprise. B. Reform the management structure of enterprises. C.Encourage staff to make more inventions. D. Upgrade the product performance. 65 Which of the following is true about innovation and invention? A. They are essentially the same concept. B. They can replace each other in the context. C.They can bring huge commercial benefits. D.They are closely related but have different conceptual scopes. 66. What is the main content of this passage? A. The precautions for brainstorming meetings. B. The considerations for business innovation. C. The difference between innovation and invention. D. The revolutionary change in business innovation. 1 / 25 学科网(北京)股份有限公司 学科网(北京)股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $