专题09阅读理解说明文：精读定位，比对分析（题型专练）（上海专用）2026年高考英语二轮复习讲练测

专题09阅读理解说明文 目录 第一部分 题型解码 高屋建瓴，掌握全局 第二部分 考向破译 微观解剖，精细教学 典例引领 方法透视 变式演练 考向01细节理解题 考向02推理判断题【重难】 考向03词义猜测题 考向04主旨大意与段落作用题 第三部分 综合巩固 整合应用，模拟实战 题型简介 上海高考英语阅读理解说明文是必考体裁，占阅读理解板块 20%-30%，选材贴合上海本地教学大纲，多来自 2025 年徐汇、浦东等区模考及市重点校模拟题，涵盖科技发明、社会现象、文化习俗、学术研究等主题。文本特征鲜明，以客观说明为核心，语言严谨、逻辑清晰，多采用总分、分总或因果递进结构，常出现专业术语但搭配通俗解释。题型侧重考查考生对细节的精准捕捉、推理判断及主旨归纳能力，注重与上海高考 “强调语言应用、贴近现实场景” 的命题导向契合，是检验考生逻辑思维和文本解读能力的核心题型。 设题类型 上海高考英语说明文设题围绕 “理解 + 应用” 分层设计，核心分为 4 类：一是细节理解题（占比 40%-50%），考查对具体数据、事实、概念的定位，如 2025 年杨浦一模题中对 “人工智能垃圾分类系统工作步骤” 的提问；二是主旨大意题，要求概括段落或全文主旨，常以 “Which of the following best summarizes the passage?” 形式呈现；三是推理判断题，需基于原文信息推断隐含意义，避免主观臆断，如推断作者态度、某现象的影响；四是词义猜测题，考查对专业术语或陌生词汇的语境理解，多结合上下文举例、定义进行命题。此外，偶尔涉及 “指代判断题”“段落作用题”，贴合上海高考对文本深度解读的要求。 命题方式 上海高考英语说明文命题严格遵循《上海高考英语考试说明》，具有鲜明地域特色和规律性。命题素材优先选取近 1-2 年上海各区模考（如闵行、长宁）及复旦附中、上海中学等校模拟题的改编文本，确保题材贴近上海考生认知。命题时注重 “细节定位清晰、推理有据可依、主旨贴合文本”，避免无依据的主观设问。题干设计简洁明确，选项干扰性强，常设置 “偷换概念”“扩大范围”“过度推理” 等陷阱（如 2025 年普陀一模题中混淆 “实验现象” 与 “实验结论”）。同时，命题侧重考查文本逻辑关系，如因果、对比、例证等，与上海高考强调 “逻辑思维能力” 的命题趋势高度契合。 解题思路 解答上海高考英语说明文需遵循 “先梳结构、再抓细节、最后验逻辑” 的思路。第一步，快速浏览全文，标注段落主旨句（多在首句 / 尾句），理清文本结构（总分、分总等），把握核心说明对象；第二步，审题时圈画题干关键词（如人名、数字、术语），根据关键词定位原文对应段落，精准捕捉细节信息，避免通读全文浪费时间；第三步，解答推理题和主旨题时，立足原文信息，排除主观臆断和干扰选项，结合上海模考常见陷阱（如偷换概念）进行验证；第四步，做完后快速复盘，检查答案是否与文本逻辑一致，尤其注意细节题的答案是否与原文表述完全匹配，确保解题过程 “有依据、不主观”。 考向01细节理解题 【例1-1】（2025 年上海市嘉定区高三二模） Beyond technological drivers, socio-economic shifts have further sped up this transition. The decline of long-term job stability, worsened by automation and global outsourcing, has led to a decline in conventional employment models. Meanwhile, society is becoming increasingly polarized between those who possess financial capital but lack time and those with availability but limited financial means. The on-demand economy serves as a mechanism through which these two groups can exchange value efficiently. Which of the following is a driving force of the economic transition introduced in the passage? A. People tend to have either money or time. B. Business flexibility benefits workers equally. C. Full-time employees are becoming less available. D. Automation is gradually replaced by global outsourcing. 关键词定位法抓核心信息：圈画题干中的时间、地点、专有名词等关键信息，快速在原文中找到对应段落和句子。比如题干问某设备的续航时间， 同义替换比对法辨正误：选项常对原文内容进行同义改写，需注意名词与代词、动词与短语的替换。并列信息梳理法解多元细节：若题干涉及多个细节点，如原因、作用等，可梳理原文中的并列连词（and、in addition 等）连接的内容，逐一匹配选项，避免遗漏关键信息。 数字与限定词核对法防偏差：说明文常含数据、范围等限定内容，解题时需核对选项中数字、程度词是否与原文一致。 【变式1-1】（2025 年上海市浦东新区高三二模） Urban gardening has gained popularity in recent years as people seek to connect with nature and grow their own food in the midst of the city. One of the main advantages of urban gardening is the access to fresh, organic produce... Urban gardening also promotes environmental sustainability. It reduces the need for transporting food from distant farms, thus decreasing carbon emissions. In addition, green spaces in the city help to improve air quality and reduce the urban heat island effect. Moreover, it provides a sense of community. How does urban gardening promote environmental sustainability? A. By increasing carbon emissions. B. By reducing the need for long-distance food transportation, improving air quality, and reducing the urban heat island effect. C. By having no impact on the environment. D. By causing more pollution. 【变式1-2】（2025 年上海七宝中学高三 5 月月考） The robotic exoskeleton, weighing just 1.8 kilograms, has been developed by the Taishan Cultural Tourism Group in cooperation with Kenqing Technology... The robotic exoskeleton can function nonstop for more than five hours on a single charge, covering approximately 14 kilometers... adding that the estimated cost is less than 10,000 yuan apiece. Which of the following details about the robotic exoskeleton is true? A. It weighs 18 kilograms. B. It can work continuously for over five hours per charge. C. It covers 140 kilometers on one charge. D. Its estimated cost is 10,000 yuan each. 【变式1-3】（2025 年上海市浦东新区高三二模） Urban gardening has gained popularity in recent years as people seek to connect with nature and grow their own food in the midst of the city. One of the main advantages of urban gardening is the access to fresh, organic produce. Gardening enthusiasts can grow a variety of fruits, vegetables, and herbs in small spaces, such as balconies, rooftops, or community gardens. What kind of produce can be grown in urban gardens? A. Only flowers. B. Fruits, vegetables, and herbs. C. Only grains. D. No produce can be grown in urban areas. 考向02推理判断题 【例2-1】（2025 年上海市静安区高三二模） MUSEUMS used to stand for something boring and barely relevant to real life. Those kinds of places still exist, but there are far fewer of them, and the more successful ones have changed out of all recognition. To be sure, museums remain showcases for collections and warehouse of valuables, but they have also become pits of popular debates and places where children go for sleepovers. They are no longer places where people look on in fear but where they learn and argue, as they would at universities or art schools. Nicholas Serota describes the museum as “a forum as much as a treasure box”. By describing the museum as “a forum as much as a treasure box”, Nicholas Serota implies that____ A. museums now display objects much relevant to life B. museums provide chances for discussion and store precious objects C. the value of the objects kept in museums causes debate D. museums regard sleepover visitors as new treasure 立足原文找推理依据：推理需以文本细节为根基，不可脱离原文凭空猜测。优先定位题干相关的句子及上下文，标记数据、观点、因果关系等关键信息，以此作为推理的核心支撑。 解读隐含逻辑链：说明文常通过因果、转折、对比等逻辑呈现内容。比如遇到 “however”“thus” 等连词时，要重点分析前后句的逻辑关系，如转折后内容可能暗示前文观点的局限性，因果关系中可由结果反推隐含原因。 精准把控语气与态度：关注作者对说明对象的表述用词，若多用 “remarkably”“effectively” 等褒义词，可推断作者持肯定态度；若出现 “problematic”“unfortunately” 等词，大概率隐含否定或担忧的态度。 排除显性与错误选项：直接摘抄原文内容的选项多非正确答案，因其无需推理；同时排除与原文细节相悖、范围扩大或缩小的选项，聚焦符合逻辑推导的选项。 【变式2-1】（2025 年上海市浦东新区高三二模） If anything, highlighting AI's role in science, the Nobel Committee also revealed its own untimely approach. Alfred Nobel's 1895 vision rewarded the individual genius planting flags in Physics, Chemistry, and Medicine. But today's challenges, such as climate change, cancer, extinction, don't respect those boundaries. Rare is the pure chemist or biologist; common is the geochemist, the computational evolutionary theorist. AI is making these divisions less distinct, linking vast datasets across disciplines and boosting unexpected cooperation. What can be inferred about the Nobel Committee's approach? A. It fits perfectly with modern scientific research. B. It focuses more on interdisciplinary cooperation. C. It is not suitable for today's comprehensive scientific challenges. D. It has been updated to adapt to AI's development. 【变式2-2】（2025 年上海市七宝中学高三 5 月月考） Microplastics are very small pieces of plastic, smaller than 5 millimeters. They come from bigger plastic items breaking down, like shopping bags, take-out containers, and drink bttles. These tiny bits can get into water, soil and air and they can move up the food chain and deposit in our body. After just one day, researchers could see that the microplastics had moved through the mice’s stomachs, got into their blood and ended up in their hair. After two months, the mice that drank water with aged microplastics had more damaged skin and falling hair than those with new microplastics. What can we infer about microplastics from the research on mice? A. New microplastics are harmless to living creatures. B. Microplastics can spread in organisms and cause harm. C. Aged microplastics only damage the skin and hair of animals. D. Microplastics take months to enter the blood of animals. 【变式2-3】（2025 年上海市虹口区高三二模） Of course, there are typically many participants in the pricing process: Accounting provides cost estimates; marketing communicates the pricing strategy; sales provides specific customer input; production sets supply boundaries; and finance establishes the requirements for the entire company's financial health. Input from diverse sources is necessary. However, problems arise when the philosophy of wide participation is carried over to the price-setting process without strong coordinating mechanisms. What can be inferred from the wide participation in the pricing process? A. Decision making requires gathering comprehensive information. B. The coordinating mechanism won't work without a lot of input. C. Potential customers are easily upset at any stage of the process. D. The company loses money unless everyone intends for the best. 考向03词义猜测题 【例3-1】（2025 年上海市普陀区高三一模） Botany, once a core subject in many universities, has seen a sharp decline in recent years. One major issue is the shift of research funding. Previously, a large portion of funds from the National Science Foundation was allocated to botany projects. Now, most funding has been redirected to medical and technological research. Another problem is the widespread "plant blindness" among the public. Ecological restoration projects are suffering because of the lack of professionals who can identify and protect rare plant species. What does the underlined phrase “plant blindness” most probably mean? A. The difficulty in curing plant diseases B. The lack of interest in botany courses C. The inability to notice and value plants D. The shortage of plant protection equipment 定义解释定位法：若生词后有 that is、in other words 等引导词，或破折号、括号等标点，其后内容多为该词的定义或解释。比如原文中 “Plant blindness, namely the inability to notice plants in one's environment, is becoming common”，可通过 “namely” 后的内容猜出 “plant blindness” 指 “植物盲”。 逻辑关系推导法：借助转折（but、however）、并列（and、also）等逻辑词推断词义。遇到转折词时，生词含义常与前文内容相反；遇到并列词时，词义多与相邻词汇相近。例如 “His plan is pragmatic rather than idealistic”，通过 “rather than” 可推断 “pragmatic” 与 “idealistic（理想化的）” 含义相反，即 “务实的”。 举例归纳法：当生词后有 such as、for example 等词引出例子时，可通过例子归纳生词的范畴。如 “Many aquatic creatures, including fish, turtles and dolphins, are affected by water pollution”，由例子可猜出 “aquatic creatures” 指 “水生生物”。 指代对象溯源法：针对 it、they 等代词类猜测题，需向前追溯前文提及的人或事物，结合主谓一致、逻辑搭配确定指代对象，避免混淆指代主体。 【变式3-1】（2025 年上海市闵行区高三一模） The conversational tone of an AI chatbot or voice-based assistant is a good way to learn new concepts, but it may actually make us more willing to believe inaccuracies, compared with information presented in a static article. However, Durian Personalities offer a cure: Its “unapproachability” becomes a filtering mechanism, avoiding frivolous social interactions and encouraging deeper engagement in valuable interpersonal connections. What does the underlined word “frivolous” in the passage probably mean? A. Regular B. Unnecessary C. Nonprofitable D. Time-consuming 【变式3-2】（2025 年上海七宝中学高三 5 月月考） The new energy storage system adopts a modular design, which allows for easy expansion. For instance, a small - scale unit can power 5 households, and adding two more modules can double its capacity. This scalability makes the system suitable for both rural areas and urban communities with varying energy demands. The underlined word “scalability” in the passage most probably means____ A. The ability to be adjusted in size or capacity B. The quality of being environmentally friendly C. The feature of being easy to install D. The characteristic of low energy consumption 【变式3-3】（2025 年上海市松江区高三二模） Urban heat islands form when built - up areas absorb more solar radiation than surrounding rural regions. This phenomenon intensifies in summer, as concrete and asphalt retain heat longer than soil and vegetation. To mitigate this effect, cities are planting more trees and installing green roofs. What does the underlined word “mitigate” in the passage mean? A. Strengthen B. Analyze C. Reduce D. Ignore 考向04主旨大意与段落作用题 【例4-1】（2025 年上海市浦东新区高三二模） The World of Urban Gardening Urban gardening has gained popularity in recent years as people seek to connect with nature and grow their own food in the midst of the city. One of the main advantages of urban gardening is the access to fresh, organic produce. Gardening enthusiasts can grow a variety of fruits, vegetables, and herbs in small spaces, such as balconies, rooftops, or community gardens. Urban gardening also promotes environmental sustainability. It reduces the need for transporting food from distant farms, thus decreasing carbon emissions. In addition, green spaces in the city help to improve air quality and reduce the urban heat island effect. Moreover, it provides a sense of community. Community gardens bring people together, fostering social interaction and a shared sense of responsibility for the environment. What is the main idea of this passage? A. The ways to grow organic produce in urban areas B. The challenges of developing community gardens C. The growing popularity of gardening in rural regions D. The multiple benefits of urban gardening 主旨大意题解题方法 标题 / 首尾句定位法：说明文主旨常浓缩在标题或首尾段，段落主旨多在段首句。快速浏览这些关键位置，可初步锁定核心话题，比如介绍某类技术的文章，首段常点明技术名称及核心价值。 高频词提炼法：文中反复出现的名词、名词短语大概率是说明对象，围绕其展开的核心内容就是主旨。例如全文多次提及 “urban gardening”，且围绕其优势展开，主旨就与城市园艺的价值相关。 逻辑词串联法：借助 “firstly”“moreover”“in addition” 等递进词，梳理文章分论点，整合分论点即可得出主旨，避免遗漏关键要点。 段落作用题解题方法 段首段作用：多为引出说明对象，常通过现象、例子或设问开篇，激发读者兴趣，同时奠定全文说明基调。 段中段作用：多为过渡衔接，既承接前文提及的观点，又通过 “however”“furthermore” 等逻辑词引出下文新内容；也可能是补充细节，用数据、例子支撑前文论点。 段尾段作用：多为总结全文，重申说明对象的意义或影响；部分段落会提出建议、展望，升华主题，或引发读者对相关问题的思考。 【变式4-1】（2025 年上海市松江区高三二模） Prolonged sitting has long been linked to a series of health risks, including obesity and heart disease. However, a recent study conducted by the University of Milan has offered a simple solution. The research team divided 50 volunteers into two groups. One group sat continuously for 4 hours, while the other group took 10 - 30 second walking breaks every 10 minutes during the 4 - hour period. The results showed that the group with walking breaks increased their energy consumption by up to 60% compared with the continuous sitting group. The researchers explained that even short walking breaks can activate muscles that remain idle when sitting, which in turn boosts metabolic rate. This finding provides a practical way for office workers and other people who have to sit for long hours to improve their health without spending extra time on exercise. What is the passage mainly about? A. A study proving the harm of prolonged sitting B. A simple method to reduce health risks from long sitting C. The relationship between metabolic rate and muscle activity D. The importance of exercise for office workers' health 【变式4-2】（2025 年上海市宝山区高三一模） Smart home devices have become increasingly common in modern families, but many elderly people still struggle to use them. To address this problem, a tech company has developed a simplified smart home system tailored to the elderly. The system replaces complex operation interfaces with large - button controllers and voice commands that support dialects. A 3 - month trial involving 80 elderly residents in a community showed that 75% of them could proficiently use the system after just one week. The system can automatically adjust room temperature, remind users to take medicine, and call family members in case of emergency. In the final survey, most participants said the system made their daily life much more convenient. The first paragraph mainly serves to____ The first paragraph mainly serves to____ A. introduce a problem and a corresponding solution B. criticize elderly people for being slow to learn new technology C. compare different smart home systems on the market D. prove the popularity of smart home devices among families 【变式4-3】（2025 年上海市闵行区高三二模） Could a pill make social situations feel less threatening? That's the focus of a clinical experiment that Cacioppo is overseeing. For a year and a half, 96 lonely but healthy subjects have been taking a certain amount of pregnenolone, a chemical substance associated with memory enhancement and stress reduction. The goal of the research is to see how balancing pregnenolone levels affects the subjects. The pill could help reduce the fear that makes lonely people withdraw and act more calmly in social situations. It's like driving in the winter when you can't see clearly. The pill can clear your view, helping you see things clearly instead of feeling afraid of everyone. Then you become more willing to listen to others. Besides, the research also records changes in the subjects' hormone levels and social interaction frequency every month. What is the function of the third paragraph? A. To explain the principle of how the pill works B. To list the side effects of taking the pill C. To introduce the background of the experiment D. To summarize the overall result of the research 1（2025·上海奉贤·三模）The fact that your hair turns grey because of stress is nothing more than an old wives’ tale. It’s true that stress isn’t good for you, but it’s not going to turn you into a silver for just yet. In fact, the answer comes from the cells in your hair. These are what determine the color and eventually, the fade to grey. Most of us start to notice our first grey hairs by the time we hit our thirties. A general rule to go by is that by the age of 50, half of the population will have lost the color in 50 percent of their hair. But why does it happen? Firstly, we need to understand how hair gets its color. Your hair is made up of cells called melanocytes (黑色素细胞) which produce pigments (色素)as they grow into th ehair fiber. There are two different types of melanins (黑色素): eumelanins (真黑色素)and pheomelanins (类黑色素). The former produces black and brown pigments, while the latter produces red and yellow pigments. The exact amount of these pigments determines whether a person has black, brown, blonde or red hair. As we age, the ability of the melanocytes to produce more pigments weakens. That is because our hair grows in different phases. The growing phase lasts between three and five years, after which our follicles (毛囊) turn off for about three months to rest and get ready to grow more hairs. This goes round and round and, after a time, our bodies aren’t as good at producing new hairs. Scientists are continuing to try and find ways to prevent greying hair. A team of scientists in France is working to try and stop the melanocytes from being damaged at the end of each hair cycle. They are trying to use a special enzyme (酶) to protect the cells from damage. If successful, it could lead the way for new products that keep our locks full of color for years to come. 1．What does the phase “an old wives’ tale” in paragraph 1 probably means? A．An incorrect belief B．A useless talk C．A scientific rule D．A helpful experience 2．What do we know about red hair? A．It doesn’t turn grey as people get older B．It contains more pheomelanins than eumelanins C．The amount of pigments in it doesn’t change over time D．People with red hair have weaker ability to produce pigments. 3．What do the French scientists aim to do ? A．To repair damaged hair follicles. B．To protect hair cells against damage C．To shorten the hair cycle to protect the hair. D．To study the relationship between health and hair color. 4．What can we infer from the article? A．Grey hair has nothing to do with stress. B．Grey hair is a symbol of declining health. C．It takes three months for new hair to grow. D．The growth and color change of hair depend on cells. 2（2025·上海·三模）In 1988, Abelardo Morell, a Cuban-born photographer and teacher, transformed an ordinary classroom in Boston into something extraordinary. He covered the windows with black plastic, leaving only a small hole in the material. What happened next amazed his students — an upside-down image of the world outside appeared on the back wall, as if by magic. People walking on the street, trees, and cars were all projected inside the darkened room. This effect is created using a device called a camera obscura, which means “dark room” in Latin. It is one of the oldest forms of image-making, dating back to ancient times. Artists like Leonardo da Vinci and scientists such as Aristotle studied this fascinating phenomenon. When light passes through a small hole into a dark space, it reflects and projects the outside scene, but the image appears upside down. This effect amazed early thinkers and eventually led to the invention of the modern camera. Morell was so inspired by the reactions of his students that he decided to take photographs of the images inside the camera obscura. After many experiments in his home, including using his son’s bedroom as a test space, he developed a technique to capture these dreamlike scenes with a real camera. The results were amazing. Morell’s photographs showed a unique mix of the outside world layered over ordinary indoor settings — such as a living room or bedroom — making them look like scenes from a dream. This moment marked the beginning of a new artistic direction for him. Since then, he has created many powerful and creative images by turning rooms into cameras. Morell later built a portable (可以携带的) camera obscura that could be used anywhere — from rooftops in New York to desert landscapes. His goal is to help people see the world in new ways. By combining science, art, and imagination, his work encourages viewers to pause and reflect on the beauty and mystery of everyday surroundings. 5．What happened when Morell covered the windows and made a small hole in the classroom? A．The outside view appeared inside. B．The room filled with strange shadows. C．The outside view was visible but unclear. D．The room turned completely dark and quiet. 6．The artists are mentioned in paragraph 2 in order to _____. A．explain who first came up with the camera obscura B．highlight that Morell’s idea was completely original C．compare modern photography with classical art styles D．show the long history and artistic value of the technique 7．Why did Morell continue developing his camera obscura photography after the classroom experiment? A．His students’ excitement encouraged him to go further. B．He wanted to share the results with other photographers. C．His interest in making creative images amazed his family. D．He was invited to present the project in other classrooms. 8．Which of the following statements is true of Morell’s photos? A．They are taken using mirrors and glass surfaces. B．They are changed with special digital technology. C．They highlight human settings without any added effects. D．They combine scenes from daily life with projected views. 3（2025·上海·三模）Two billion people already eat bugs as part of their regular diet, according to the United Nation’s Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Most people in Europe, however, reject the idea of entomophagy, the technical term for the human consumption of insects. If citizens of Europe are going to have to start eating insects to fight world hunger, as the FAO has suggested, somebody will have to persuade them that it is a good idea. The main barrier to the proposal is consumer disgust. A plate of locusts (蝗虫) in a salad, where they look as if they are about to jump up at you, is more likely to put European diners off their food than encourage them to try it. One approach to dealing with this obstacle is to hide the insects contained in the food by making them into a powder to make ‘protein flour’. This process is already underway at an insect farm in Malaga, Spain, which makes fish meal for fish farms on the Andalusian coast. However, there are those who would rather see insects served in their original shape and form. Rene Redzepi, chef and co-founder of the world’s most fashionable restaurant, Noma in Copenhagen, regularly includes insects on the menu. Redzepi’s research unit, Nordic Food Lab, does experiments into insect ‘deliciousness’. Researchers at the lab believe that eating bugs is part of a wider move towards diversifying the food supply. The fact that a prestigious establishment like Noma serves bugs to its diners, who pay around €200 a head for the tasting menu, goes some way in dispelling the myth that insects are just meat for those who don’t have money. Despite the dislike for insects, economics and demographics make it all but inevitable that the Western world will ultimately start eating them. Insect marketers are looking to sushi for inspiration. In the UK, people initially had problems with it because they weren’t used to eating raw fish. But in thirty years, it has gone from being relative unknown to being available in every supermarket. If the same can be done with insects, then the battle against world hunger may be won. However, this will only be achieved if the top chefs can come up with recipes for using this cheap source of food in dishes that appeal to the general public. 9．What is one method mentioned in the passage to make insects more acceptable to European diners? A．Serving them raw like sushi. B．Processing them into a powder. C．Cooking them with expensive spices. D．Mixing them with fish in salads. 10．Where does Rene Redzepi’s restaurant, Noma, source its research on insect ‘deliciousness’? A．The United Nation’s Food and Agriculture Organization. B．An insect farm in Malaga, Spain. C．Nordic Food Lab. D．Supermarkets in the UK. 11．What is the main purpose of the passage? A．To compare the nutritional value of insects and fish. B．To explore why Europeans prefer sushi over insects. C．To explain how Noma became the world’s most fashionable restaurant. D．To discuss challenges and solutions for promoting insect consumption in Europe. 12．Based on the passage, why might insect marketers look to sushi for inspiration? A．Sushi is made from insects and has become popular worldwide. B．Sushi’s rise in popularity shows how unfamiliar foods are accepted. C．Sushi is much cheaper to produce than insect-based dishes. D．Sushi chefs have already started using insects in their recipes. 4（2025·上海·三模）Cleaning can be a therapeutic activity for many people, offering a sense of calm and control during stressful or chaotic times. The act of tidying up a room or scrubbing surfaces to shine can feel like meditation in motion, temporarily pausing life’s stressors. However, when cleaning becomes compulsive or interferes with daily life, it may signal a deeper issue that needs attention. For some, cleanliness provides an immediate sense of relief and accomplishment. A University of Connecticut study led by Martin Lang revealed that in high-stress situations, such as the anticipation of public speaking, people often resort to repetitive cleaning behaviors. This reaction stems from an instinct to regain control in an unpredictable moment. Cleaning offers a way to mitigate surprises and create a safer, more predictable environment. The benefits of cleaning during anxious periods include creating a calming physical space and providing a sense of achievement. However, this behavior can become problematic when it crosses into compulsive perfectionism, disrupting other areas of life. While cleaning can reduce anxiety, it becomes an issue when it interferes with daily functioning. For example, if someone avoids socializing, is frequently late, or neglects other responsibilities because of cleaning rituals, this behavior may indicate a problem. Compulsive cleaning doesn’t necessarily point to obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) but could signal a need to address underlying anxiety. If you suspect your cleaning habits are becoming excessive, consulting a therapist is a helpful first step. Professionals can help identify triggers and suggest healthier coping mechanisms. Additionally, incorporating lifestyle changes can complement therapy and promote overall well-being, like exercise regularly, prioritize sleep, adopt a healthy diet and limit alcohol consumption. While cleaning can provide comfort, it’s essential to ensure it doesn’t serve as a substitute for avoiding deeper emotional issues. Life’s unpredictability cannot be eliminated with a spotless home. Seek feedback from trusted friends or family about your habits, and don’t hesitate to consult a mental health professional for guidance. Recognizing the line between constructive cleaning and compulsive behavior is key to maintaining a balanced, healthy life. With the right support and strategies, you can manage stress effectively while embracing life’s inevitable messiness. 13．What did Martin Lang’s study find about cleaning behavior? A．Cleaning reduces energy levels in stressful situations. B．Cleaning offers control during high-stress situations. C．Cleaning distracts people from focusing on stress. D．Cleaning increases anxiety during stressful periods. 14．What does compulsive cleaning often indicate? A．A desire for a minimalist lifestyle B．An underlying issue like anxiety C．A preference for structured routines D．A natural tendency for perfectionism 15．What is the main purpose of the article? A．To promote cleaning for mental clarity B．To describe the benefits of cleaning C．To discuss cleaning as a stress-coping mechanism D．To explain cleaning’s impact on physical health 16．What is a suggested way to manage excessive cleaning habits? A．Schedule daily cleaning sessions for better focus B．Avoid cleaning entirely to prevent stress triggers C．Consult with friends for alternative cleaning tips D．Develop an exercise routine to reduce anxious energy 5（2025·上海·三模）Birds’ evolutionary tree has just been shaken to its roots by the discovery of surprising relationships that may force biologists to re-evaluate much of what they thought they knew about the process of bird evolution. The evolutionary history of birds has long been an open question, because most modern orders arose in a sudden burst of speciation some time between 100 and 65 million years ago, leaving precious few in-between forms to help biologists work out where the orders came from and how they are related. “It’s one of the last big unknowns of birds — trying to figure out how these orders, which look so well-structured in themselves, are grouped together,” says Sushma Reddy, an evolutionary biologist at The Field Museum in Chicago. The few genetic (基因的) comparisons among orders so far have tended to focus on one or a few genes, and have given inconsistent results. To address this issue, Reddy and her team analyzed 19 specific genomic regions (基因组片段) across 169 bird species and used the resulting data to build the most comprehensive evolutionary tree of birds to date. There are several surprises. For example, falcons are more closely related to songbirds than to other hawks and eagles. The closest relative of grebes-the dull-colored diving birds-turn out to be the brilliant long-legged flamingos. Tiny, flashy hummingbirds, according to the new tree, are just a specialised form of nighthawk, whose short, heavy bodies make them an unlikely cousin. And the closest relatives of perching birds — by far the largest and most successful bird group-are the parrots. In fact, the new tree ended up making changes to about a third of all the orders in earlier trees of birds. “That shows you how inconsistent it’s been,” says Reddy. This study may have far-reaching implications for our understanding of the major innovations in the evolutionary history of birds, says Joel Cracraft at the American Museum of Natural History in New York However, some of the more spectacularly surprising relationships uncovered will require further confirmation from additional studies before they are accepted. For example, says Cracraft, the tree puts an order of flying birds, the tinamous, squarely in the midst of the flightless birds, like ostriches, emus and kiwis. If true, this implies either that flightlessness evolved at least twice in this lineage, or else that tinamous re-evolved their ability to fly from a flightless ancestor. “A lot of us actually don’t believe this result,” he says. 17．According to Sushma Reddy, which of the following is one of the last big unknowns of birds? A．Why bird orders are so well-structured. B．How birds evolved from earlier life forms. C．Why there are so few transitional forms of birds. D．How different bird orders are evolutionarily linked. 18．What can be inferred from the fourth paragraph? A．Some traditional groupings of birds may be based on assumptions. B．Appearance is not always a reliable guide to evolutionary relationships. C．Genetic studies have confirmed most earlier bird classification systems. D．Evolutionarily related bird species usually share similar behaviors. 19．Why are the tinamous mentioned in the last paragraph? A．To highlight a confirmed evolutionary link between flightless birds. B．To demonstrate that flightless birds have shared a common ancestor. C．To illustrate a controversial and surprising result of the new bird tree. D．To explain why birds with varying flying abilities belong to the same group. 20．What is the main idea of the passage? A．Some findings are causing scientists to reconsider bird preservation. B．Evolutionary trees help confirm the connections among bird groups. C．Bird species developed rapidly between 100 and 65 million years ago. D．New genetic research has challenged traditional views of bird evolution. 6（2025·上海·三模）Scott Rogowsky, known to fans as HQ Trivia’s “Quiz Daddy,” doesn’t quite fit the image of a pub-quiz host — by his own admission, he’s not much of a drinker. But he was recently spotted at a bar in Greenwich Village, trying — and failing — to recall the name of Darwin’s ship. “HMS Majesty?” he ventured. “No, not that.” A thoughtful silence followed. It’s an unfamiliar role for Rogowsky, who’s more used to posing questions than answering them. As the host of HQ Trivia, Rogowsky leads one of the most popular live mobile games in the world. Every weekday at 3 p.m. and 9 p.m., hundreds of thousands open the app to play a fast-paced game. Players must answer 12 increasingly difficult questions correctly to win a share of the prize money. If you get one wrong, you’re out. Rogowsky’s mix of quick mind, pop culture references, and self-aware charm has made him a standout. “I’m doing my best to entertain,” he says. Before HQ, Rogowsky spent years working in New York’s comedy scene, producing content and hosting a late-night talk show. In late 2016, while considering a move to L.A．, he auditioned (试镜) for a new app-based project developed by Vine creators Rus Yusupov and Colin Kroll. That app became HQ Trivia, and Rogowsky quickly became its face. The game’s appeal isn’t just about the questions — it’s about the format. HQ happens live and can’t be paused or replayed, creating a sense of urgency and shared experience. “You literally can’t play HQ alone,” Rogowsky notes. “Even if you’re physically by yourself, you know others are playing too.” The app saw a rapid rise in popularity. Despite his rising profile — he’s appeared on Good Morning America and NBC Nightly News — Rogowsky is quite modest. “I don’t go very deep in any one field,” he says. “I’m more of a generalist.” What began as a small tech experiment has become a cultural moment. For Rogowsky, HQ isn’t just a game — it’s a live show, a community, and a career breakthrough. “If the engineers can figure this out,” he says, “this is bigger than TV.” 21．It can be learned from the first paragraph that Rogowsky ________. A．prefers history over science B．doesn’t like public attention C．isn’t used to answering quiz questions D．enjoys spending time in quiz-friendly bars 22．Which of the following contributes to the appeal of HQ Trivia? A．Its live format creates a shared experience. B．It offers larger prizes than many TV quiz shows. C．Its questions are mainly expert-level academic ones. D．It lets players pause and think before giving the answer. 23．What does Rogowsky imply by “this is bigger than TV”? A．Television shows are no longer capable of creating enjoyable experiences. B．The idea of the game is inspired by how people usually watch TV together. C．HQ Trivia is designed to follow the success of traditional TV quiz shows. D．The app has the potential to reach and engage more people than television. 24．What is the passage mainly about? A．A comedian’s life in New York. B．The history of online quiz games. C．A new kind of quiz show and its host. D．The competition between mobile apps. 7（2025·上海奉贤·三模）The term “filmmaking” arouses Hollywood charm and luxurious backdrops. But it also has an important place in anthropology (人类学), the scientific study of mankind, as one of the many tools and technologies these scientists use to understand communities, relationships, cultures and history. During the annual Mother Tongue Film Festival, anthropological filmmaking and digital storytelling take centerstage in the Festival’s exploration of the healing power of language and storytelling. Dr. Ákos Östör and Dr. Lina Fruzzetti, two filmmaker-anthropologists at Brown University, are co-creators of six of the Festival’s films. Recently, they donated nine ethnographic (人种志的) films to the National Museum of Natural History’s Human Studies Film Archives (HSFA) — a film collection within the National Anthropological Archives (NAA) that is maintained for future generations to learn more about people across the world and their global history. “This is a moving, visual record of the world and one way in which we further the preservation of the world’s diversity for communities and researchers,” said Dr. Joshua Bell, curator (馆长) of globalization, co-director of the NAA at the museum. Anthropological films will always have a home in the HSFA, because they combine research with lived experience. “There is nothing like film to convey the rich complexity of other people’s lives outside of meeting them. The medium transports people and moves them. It’s very powerful,” said Bell. Through visual ethnography, anthropologists strive to document social dynamics and traditions. But the field has slight differences. For example, filming can change how people interact with each other. It might make them hold back their words and their emotions. Over time, anthropologists have adapted to this, and have come to embrace their roles as active participants in the filmmaking. “It’s shifted from using the camera as a window into a world and instead anthropologists now use the camera as a door that people can walk through. The creating process is much more dialogical,” said Bell. But even though past films were partial “windows” into societies and were shaped by preoccupations of the filmmakers, they still hold value for anthropologists seeking to contextualize the discipline, and for communities themselves seeking to understand their history. Since the late 60s, ethnographic filmmaking has been facing its colonial origins and moving beyond it. The field now works with communities in partnerships rather than distancing them. Anthropologists like Fruzzetti and Östör recognize that cultivating long-term, trust-based relationships is crucial before any camerawork can begin. 25．Which of the following is true about the annual Mother Tongue Film Festival? A．It aims to showcase award-winning international films. B．It highlights the healing ability of storytelling and language. C．It focuses on new technologies for digital storytelling. D．It promotes cooperation between filmmakers and Hollywood. 26．By comparing the camera to a “door” instead of a “window” (Para 7), Bell implied that ____________. A．filmmaking requires more active engagement with communities B．modern cameras are more portable and multifunctional for fieldwork C．anthropologists are better at capturing grand scenic landscapes D．film technology guarantees easy access to closed community 27．According to anthropologists like Fruzzetti and Östör, why is building trust-based relationships crucial before filming? A．To ensure the maintenance of friendship. B．To avoid legal conflicts over film ownership. C．To step up cooperation in the long term. D．To capture cultural practices in their true form. 28．What is the main idea of the passage? A．How film festivals explore the power of language. B．How filmmaking greatly boosts community values. C．How film helps to gain insight into the world’s diversity. D．How anthropologists use cameras to study social dynamics. 8（2025·上海浦东新·三模）The grammar school boy from Stratford-upon-Avon has delivered a significant academic impact after ground-breaking research showed that Shakespeare does benefit children’s literacy and emotional development. But only if you act him out. A study found that a “rehearsal (彩排) room” approach to teaching Shakespeare broadened children’s vocabulary and writing complexity as well as their emotional literacy. “The research shows that the way actors work makes a big difference to the way children use language and also how they think about themselves,” Jacqui O’Hanlon of the Royal Shakespeare Company (RSC) said. “Allowing children to use their whole bodies to bring the text to life and to make choices about character motivation had long been thought to improve literacy but now the research supported it”, she added. The randomized control trial involved hundreds of year 5 pupils at 45 state primary schools with no prior exposure to RSC pedagogy (教学法). They were split into target and control groups and asked to write, for example, a message in a bottle as Ferdinand after the shipwreck in The Tempest (《暴风雨》). The target group was given a 30-minute drama-based activity to accompany the passage. The peer-reviewed results showed that the target group of pupils tapped into a wider vocabulary, used words classed as more complicated or rarer, and wrote at greater length. They also appear to be more comfortable writing in role. While control pupils imagine how they themselves would react to being shipwrecked, target children put themselves in the shoes of a literary character and express that character’s emotion. Another study also found that while control pupils relied on “desert island clichés (陈词滥调)” such as palm trees, target pupils were more expressive giving a broader picture of the sky, the sea and the atmospheric conditions. O’Hanlon expressed surprise at the emotional literacy in the target children’s writing, noting they were more adaptable and hopeful. She stressed that it was probably related to the rehearsal room process where you were used to trying to imagine your way through. She also said more research would be needed but suggested that Shakespeare’s use of 20,000 words, compared with the everyday 2,000 words, significantly enriches children’s language experience, especially when they engage their whole bodies to bring the words to life. She added: “The reason we are performing Shakespeare’s work 400 years on is that there are so many different choices to make about character motivation, the meanings of different kinds of speeches, the setting. Shakespeare is great at asking you the questions. He doesn’t give you the answers and that’s why it’s such an interesting and creative body of work to explore.” 29．Which of the following learners’ activities fits the “rehearsal room” approach? A．Physically perform Shakespeare’s works. B．Emotionally reading Shakespeare’s plays. C．Independently writing reviews of Shakespeare’s plays. D．Regularly memorizing the lines of Shakespeare’s works. 30．What can we learn from the peer-reviewed results? A．Control pupils generally write longer pieces. B．Target pupils prefer using common vocabulary. C．Target pupils better identify with literary characters. D．Control pupils fail to react to an imagined situation. 31．O’Hanlon would most likely to agree that _________. A．young children demonstrate strong literacy and motivation B．memorizing Shakespeare’s texts directly teaches emotional skills C．actors’ performance helps children’s language learning and mental development D．Shakespeare’s enduring popularity lies in open questions and diverse interpretations 32．Which of the following might be the best title of this passage? A．Language’s Power: Writing in role. B．Shakespeare’s Magic: Learning by Acting. C．A Discovery Journey: Exploring Shakespeare’s World. D．A Path to Growth: Conducting Drama-driven Research. 9（2025·上海长宁·二模）What would your answer be if I were to ask you what you wanted from life? Would it be money, power, a loving family, close friends, a great job or something else? Author Gretchen Rubin asked herself that question one day while sitting in traffic on a bus. After giving it some thought, she realized that, overall, she wanted to be happy. If happiness was to be her goal, Rubin realized, “The days are long, but the years are short. Time is passing, and I’m not focusing enough on the things that really matter.” This conclusion began a 12-month commitment to discover what would add more happiness to her life. The pursuit resulted in Rubin’s New York Times best-selling book The Happiness Project. According to some of the reviews, this is more than a typical self-help book. One Amazon review reads, “This is the rare book that will make you both smile and think — often on the same page.” It’s full of humor, insight and actual examples from Rubin’s year-long experiment. In an effort to reach her goal, she tested numerous theories on happiness. Going through philosophy, science, popular culture and more, the writer chose specific habits to examine and try to integrate into her lifestyle. Rubin’s book is divided into 12 chapters, each highlighting a different month and specific area of focus. In chapters one through 11, each new focus or category includes three or four things to work on. For example, the first chapter begins with January and the importance of getting more physical and mental energy. The corresponding goals consist of getting better sleep and exercising more. Later chapters discuss topics such as the importance of making time for friends, play, your passions and more. Chapter 12 concentrates on pulling everything together and adopting all the new habits. At the end of her 12-month journey, Rubin concluded that small, daily changes had, in fact, resulted in a deeper sense of happiness. In this new year, instead of making new resolutions that you’ll probably abandon by February, why not give Rubin’s Happiness Project a try? It is likely that you will then see an increase in your own happiness in 2025 and the happiness you bring to others around you. 33．____ made Gretchen Rubin start her 12-month commitment to studying how to achieve happiness. A．Sitting in traffic on a bus B．Reading a self-help book C．Noticing her overlooking crucial matters D．Wanting to write a best-selling book 34．Which of the following is a feature of The Happiness Project? A．It is organized by monthly challenges. B．It is written in a quite serious way. C．It provides detailed experimental data. D．It offers fun and wise real-life examples. 35．According to The Happiness Project, ____ contributes to greater physical and mental energy. A．enhancing rest and activity B．adopting a strict habit tracker C．scheduling weekly social hours D．pursuing creative outlets daily 36．The main purpose of the passage is to ____. A．describe the author’s personal journey of self-discovery B．inspire readers to seek happiness as the book suggests C．explain the importance of setting goals in life D．promote sales of a particular self-help book 10（2025·上海松江·二模）Beneath its icy surface, the Antarctic Ocean — a vast and remote wilderness — houses a hidden world of microscopic life, including clouds of krill (磷虾). These tiny creatures, just a few inches long, are among the most plentiful and important animals on Earth. Rod Downie, chief polar adviser at WWF-UK, describes Antarctic krill as the “superheroes of the Southern Ocean.” They serve as a critical food source for marine wildlife, including whales, penguins, seals, and seabirds. They feed on microscopic plants in sea ice, which absorb CO2, and are in turn eaten by whales. When whales release waste, it fertilizes marine plants that help cool the planet. However, the unsustainable fishing of krill could disturb this cycle. Downie says, “We urgently need to protect krill habitats within a network of marine protected areas. This project could give us a new tool to help monitor and safeguard this vital species.” But monitoring these organisms presents a grand challenge for scientists. Traditional methods, such as ship-based surveys and sampling, are time-consuming, expensive, and geographically limited. Scientists are using slight differences in seawater colour to count Antarctic krill from space. Dr Cait McCarry, a researcher from the University of Strathclyde, recently returned from Antarctica, where she conducted experiments to measure this effect. She explained, “We start with seawater, then add a krill and measure how much light the water absorbs. Then we add another krill and take another measurement.” This process helps scientists understand how krill concentration affects ocean colour, enabling them to track krill populations from space. The technology isn’t without its limitations. Factors such as cloud cover, sea ice, and variations in water clarity can affect the accuracy of satellite measurements. Furthermore, while satellite data provides information about the overall biomass, it doesn’t provide detailed information on the species composition or the health of individual organisms. And in such cases, field studies, with its unique capacity for on-the-ground investigation, are ready to assume an essential role for a more comprehensive understanding. From the seemingly insignificant variations in seawater color to the complex interplay of life within the Antarctic food web, scientists continue to reveal the complicated workings of this vital ecosystem. Their dedication and the innovative tools they employ offer hope for a future where we can better understand and protect the wonders of our planet. 37．Krill are described as “superheroes of the Southern Ocean” because ______. A．they provide an essential monitoring method B．their vast species dominate the Antarctic Ocean C．they regulate the temperature of Earth in a certain way D．their movements indicate ocean temperatures precisely 38．It can be concluded that ______. A．light absorption changes with krill concentration B．krill’s waste helps plants absorb CO2 more efficiently C．the species of deep-sea plants are enriched due to krill D．krill are mainly threatened by natural hunters like whales 39．What can be inferred from the passage? A．Oceanic research centers around marine life’s complex interactions. B．Though minor now, water color changes promise future discoveries. C．Given overfishing, greater emphasis should be laid on the composition of krill species. D．A full understanding of krill requires integration of satellite monitoring and field studies. 40．What is the passage mainly about? A．The urgency and challenges of studying krill. B．The development of new methods to study krill. C．The role of krill in the ecosystem and efforts to monitor them. D．The impact of human activities on krill and ways to counter it. 11（2025·上海杨浦·二模）On farms all over the country, even the most traditional ones, thought is being given to the possibilities of AI. For the moment, artificial intelligence isn’t making much of an impact on the daily lives of most British farmers. But the way AI can transform agriculture in the near future is very much a reality in universities and research labs. My eyes were opened to the possibilities on a visit to a lab where cows were being automatically monitored in an innovative ‘smart’ dairy. AI was learning to recognize each individual cow and log its behavior. It then analyzed the data to warn of any signs of illness. Meanwhile, in my home county, work is underway to ensure that the upcoming generation of farmers isn’t left behind. In a few weeks’ time, newly arrived students at the Royal Agricultural University (RAU) will start their course in Agricultural Technology, at the heart of which is AI’s role in making farming more effective, productive and adaptive in a world of changing weather patterns. This would have sounded like science fiction in the 1950s, but now, 70 years on, I’m encouraged that tomorrow’s farmers are being armed with the know-how to succeed in the new digital age. Naturally, there are concerns about what all this might mean for the countless number of people who depend on farming for their livelihood. Soft fruit and seasonal veg are extremely tender and need an army of pickers and packers who may find themselves replaced at some point by the sort of standard precision-robots that have been trialled on a strawberry farm. In recent years many places have struggled to employ and keep seasonal workers, so rather than create unemployment, AI might just provide the answer to a worrying labour gap. It’s worth saying that this technology will need a whole new set of workers to produce the hardware, input new data and then install, maintain, repair and replace systems and kit. So don’t despair but do consider upskilling. Since the Industrial Revolution, every generation of farmers has had to deal with the technological changes of the day and they have successfully adapted to survive. Who knows! AI may well turn out to be just the latest in a long line of challenges to be embraced by adaptable and spirited farmers. And anything that saves me the worry of checking the weather forecast day and night during harvest season must be a good thing. 41．What did the author discover during his visit to the lab? A．AI has made automation a reality in the dairy industry. B．AI has helped most British farmers to closely monitor cows. C．AI is being developed to improve cow health through behavior analysis. D．AI is primarily being used to transform universities and labs across Britain. 42．What is the focus of the course in Agricultural Technology at the RAU? A．The role of traditional methods in enhancing crop productivity. B．The development of AI in agricultural practices in the UK. C．The ways climate change affects global food security. D．The impact of AI on boosting farming efficiency and productivity. 43．What can be inferred about the introduction of AI in agriculture from the third and the fourth paragraphs? A．It will lead to widespread unemployment. B．It will eliminate the need for human labor completely. C．It may help address the labor shortage issue. D．It doesn’t affect the nature of seasonal workers. 44．What is the author’s attitude towards the use of AI in agriculture? A．Suspicious. B．Optimistic. C．Neutral. D．Concerned. 12（2025·上海青浦·二模）Last year, Roche, a Swiss drug company, published a review of the clinical trials on neurological drugs it had held between 2016 and 2021. It found that black people were under-represented in all but one. Surprisingly, that news represents progress, because it shows that trial organisers are becoming more aware of a dangerous bias that sets back the safety and effect of medical treatments. Many trials exclude certain groups, and do so deliberately — children, for example, or people with physical or learning disabilities, pregnant women and the elderly. ________ A recent review found that half of trials around the world testing hip-fracture (髋部骨折) interventions excluded people who lived in nursing homes, were old or had some level of cognitive disorder. Though these groups make up almost a third of all patients suffering hip fractures, it is unclear if the interventions will work as safely or as effectively on them. Their doctors face an envious choice: prescribe anyway, with uncertain results; or deny their patients new treatments. Obtaining informed permission for trials is not always easy, especially from people with learning disabilities or dementia (痴呆). Accounting for different groups’ risks of side-effects can complicate the analysis of the data. And some groups mistrust doctors because of a history of mistreatment, which makes it harder to involve them in the trial. Even so, broadening the range of trials’ participants can be practically useful, because they may lead to new medical insights. Running trials on people who are more likely to develop Alzheimer’s, such as those with Down’s syndrome, might help researchers test whether their drugs work preventively. Something like that happened with the Dallas Heart Study in the 2000s. As a large piece of epidemiological research, it included an racially representative sample of people and found a genetic variant in some African-Americans which was related to 40% lower bad cholesterol (胆固醇). That gene is now one of the foremost drug targets in the fight against cardiovascular (心血管的) disease. Fortunately, the bias of clinical testing may be changing. Almost half of trial participants in America are now women (in the rest of the world it is still only 40%). America and Britain look likely to publish regulations that require trial organisers to explain whom they ought to include and how they plan to involve them. 45．According to the review, what is the current problem with clinical trials? A．They target specific groups while excluding some people. B．They test for side effects of the drugs, so they are not useful enough. C．They are not suitable for every patient because of their physical conditions. D．They don’t produce safe or effective results, thus discouraging lots of people. 46．Which sentence best fits the blank in paragraph 3? A．Yet the consequences can be ridiculous. B．However, it is happening for good reasons. C．Therefore, it brings convenience to doctors. D．Moreover, the groups can enjoy better treatments. 47．In the example of the Dallas Heart Study, what does “something like that” in paragraph 6 refer to? A．Running trials on the target patients can help researchers. B．Broadening the range of trials’ participants avoids mistreatments. C．Testing the effectiveness of the drug helps prevent certain diseases. D．Involving a wider range of participants in trials leads to new medical insights. 48．What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A．There will be no bias in clinical testing very soon. B．Women used to be under-represented in clinical trials. C．Regulations on subjects in clinical trials have come into effect. D．Clinical trials are increasingly improving, thus attracting women. 1 / 13 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题09阅读理解说明文 目录 第一部分 题型解码 高屋建瓴，掌握全局 第二部分 考向破译 微观解剖，精细教学 典例引领 方法透视 变式演练 考向01细节理解题 考向02推理判断题【重难】 考向03词义猜测题 考向04主旨大意与段落作用题 第三部分 综合巩固 整合应用，模拟实战 题型简介 上海高考英语阅读理解说明文是必考体裁，占阅读理解板块 20%-30%，选材贴合上海本地教学大纲，多来自 2025 年徐汇、浦东等区模考及市重点校模拟题，涵盖科技发明、社会现象、文化习俗、学术研究等主题。文本特征鲜明，以客观说明为核心，语言严谨、逻辑清晰，多采用总分、分总或因果递进结构，常出现专业术语但搭配通俗解释。题型侧重考查考生对细节的精准捕捉、推理判断及主旨归纳能力，注重与上海高考 “强调语言应用、贴近现实场景” 的命题导向契合，是检验考生逻辑思维和文本解读能力的核心题型。 设题类型 上海高考英语说明文设题围绕 “理解 + 应用” 分层设计，核心分为 4 类：一是细节理解题（占比 40%-50%），考查对具体数据、事实、概念的定位，如 2025 年杨浦一模题中对 “人工智能垃圾分类系统工作步骤” 的提问；二是主旨大意题，要求概括段落或全文主旨，常以 “Which of the following best summarizes the passage?” 形式呈现；三是推理判断题，需基于原文信息推断隐含意义，避免主观臆断，如推断作者态度、某现象的影响；四是词义猜测题，考查对专业术语或陌生词汇的语境理解，多结合上下文举例、定义进行命题。此外，偶尔涉及 “指代判断题”“段落作用题”，贴合上海高考对文本深度解读的要求。 命题方式 上海高考英语说明文命题严格遵循《上海高考英语考试说明》，具有鲜明地域特色和规律性。命题素材优先选取近 1-2 年上海各区模考（如闵行、长宁）及复旦附中、上海中学等校模拟题的改编文本，确保题材贴近上海考生认知。命题时注重 “细节定位清晰、推理有据可依、主旨贴合文本”，避免无依据的主观设问。题干设计简洁明确，选项干扰性强，常设置 “偷换概念”“扩大范围”“过度推理” 等陷阱（如 2025 年普陀一模题中混淆 “实验现象” 与 “实验结论”）。同时，命题侧重考查文本逻辑关系，如因果、对比、例证等，与上海高考强调 “逻辑思维能力” 的命题趋势高度契合。 解题思路 解答上海高考英语说明文需遵循 “先梳结构、再抓细节、最后验逻辑” 的思路。第一步，快速浏览全文，标注段落主旨句（多在首句 / 尾句），理清文本结构（总分、分总等），把握核心说明对象；第二步，审题时圈画题干关键词（如人名、数字、术语），根据关键词定位原文对应段落，精准捕捉细节信息，避免通读全文浪费时间；第三步，解答推理题和主旨题时，立足原文信息，排除主观臆断和干扰选项，结合上海模考常见陷阱（如偷换概念）进行验证；第四步，做完后快速复盘，检查答案是否与文本逻辑一致，尤其注意细节题的答案是否与原文表述完全匹配，确保解题过程 “有依据、不主观”。 考向01细节理解题 【例1-1】（2025 年上海市嘉定区高三二模） Beyond technological drivers, socio-economic shifts have further sped up this transition. The decline of long-term job stability, worsened by automation and global outsourcing, has led to a decline in conventional employment models. Meanwhile, society is becoming increasingly polarized between those who possess financial capital but lack time and those with availability but limited financial means. The on-demand economy serves as a mechanism through which these two groups can exchange value efficiently. Which of the following is a driving force of the economic transition introduced in the passage? A. People tend to have either money or time. B. Business flexibility benefits workers equally. C. Full-time employees are becoming less available. D. Automation is gradually replaced by global outsourcing. 答案A 详解：第一步，题干核心是找经济转型的驱动力，定位原文关键句。原文提及社会两极分化，即一类人有经济实力但缺时间，另一类人有时间但经济条件有限，这一社会现象推动了经济转型。第二步，逐一分析选项。A 项 “人们往往要么有钱要么有时间”，是对原文该两极分化现象的同义概括，符合题意；B 项中 “同等惠及劳动者” 在原文无对应信息，属于无中生有；C 项 “全职员工数量减少” 并非原文提及的转型驱动力，原文仅说传统雇佣模式衰退；D 项与原文 “自动化和全球外包加剧了工作稳定性下降” 相悖，两者是共同作用而非替代关系。综上答案选 A 。 关键词定位法抓核心信息：圈画题干中的时间、地点、专有名词等关键信息，快速在原文中找到对应段落和句子。比如题干问某设备的续航时间， 同义替换比对法辨正误：选项常对原文内容进行同义改写，需注意名词与代词、动词与短语的替换。并列信息梳理法解多元细节：若题干涉及多个细节点，如原因、作用等，可梳理原文中的并列连词（and、in addition 等）连接的内容，逐一匹配选项，避免遗漏关键信息。 数字与限定词核对法防偏差：说明文常含数据、范围等限定内容，解题时需核对选项中数字、程度词是否与原文一致。 【变式1-1】（2025 年上海市浦东新区高三二模） Urban gardening has gained popularity in recent years as people seek to connect with nature and grow their own food in the midst of the city. One of the main advantages of urban gardening is the access to fresh, organic produce... Urban gardening also promotes environmental sustainability. It reduces the need for transporting food from distant farms, thus decreasing carbon emissions. In addition, green spaces in the city help to improve air quality and reduce the urban heat island effect. Moreover, it provides a sense of community. How does urban gardening promote environmental sustainability? A. By increasing carbon emissions. B. By reducing the need for long-distance food transportation, improving air quality, and reducing the urban heat island effect. C. By having no impact on the environment. D. By causing more pollution. 答案B 详解：第一步，题干关键词为 “promote environmental sustainability”，定位原文对应段落。第二步，原文明确提到城市园艺减少长途食品运输需求、降低碳排放、改善空气质量并缓解城市热岛效应，这些均是其促进环境可持续性的表现。第三步，排除错误选项。A 项 “增加碳排放” 与原文 “decreasing carbon emissions” 相悖；C 项 “对环境无影响” 和 D 项 “造成更多污染” 均与原文环保相关的表述冲突。B 项完整复刻原文细节，故答案选 B。 【变式1-2】（2025 年上海七宝中学高三 5 月月考） The robotic exoskeleton, weighing just 1.8 kilograms, has been developed by the Taishan Cultural Tourism Group in cooperation with Kenqing Technology... The robotic exoskeleton can function nonstop for more than five hours on a single charge, covering approximately 14 kilometers... adding that the estimated cost is less than 10,000 yuan apiece. Which of the following details about the robotic exoskeleton is true? A. It weighs 18 kilograms. B. It can work continuously for over five hours per charge. C. It covers 140 kilometers on one charge. D. Its estimated cost is 10,000 yuan each. 答案B 详解：第一步，题干围绕外骨骼机器人的细节判断正误，需逐一核对选项与原文数据。第二步，匹配原文信息：A 项将原文 “1.8 kilograms” 改为 “18 kilograms”，数值错误；B 项与原文 “function nonstop for more than five hours on a single charge” 表述一致，正确；C 项把 “14 kilometers” 改为 “140 kilometers”，篡改数据；D 项将 “less than 10,000 yuan” 改为 “10,000 yuan”，忽略限定词。综上答案选 B。 【变式1-3】（2025 年上海市浦东新区高三二模） Urban gardening has gained popularity in recent years as people seek to connect with nature and grow their own food in the midst of the city. One of the main advantages of urban gardening is the access to fresh, organic produce. Gardening enthusiasts can grow a variety of fruits, vegetables, and herbs in small spaces, such as balconies, rooftops, or community gardens. What kind of produce can be grown in urban gardens? A. Only flowers. B. Fruits, vegetables, and herbs. C. Only grains. D. No produce can be grown in urban areas. 答案B 详解：第一步，题干聚焦城市花园可种植的作物，定位原文关键语句。原文明确提到园艺爱好者可种植多种水果、蔬菜和香草。第二步，分析选项。A 项 “仅花朵”、C 项 “仅谷物” 均与原文作物类型不符；D 项 “无法种植作物” 与原文描述完全相反；B 项与原文细节精准匹配，故答案选 B。 考向02推理判断题 【例2-1】（2025 年上海市静安区高三二模） MUSEUMS used to stand for something boring and barely relevant to real life. Those kinds of places still exist, but there are far fewer of them, and the more successful ones have changed out of all recognition. To be sure, museums remain showcases for collections and warehouse of valuables, but they have also become pits of popular debates and places where children go for sleepovers. They are no longer places where people look on in fear but where they learn and argue, as they would at universities or art schools. Nicholas Serota describes the museum as “a forum as much as a treasure box”. By describing the museum as “a forum as much as a treasure box”, Nicholas Serota implies that____ A. museums now display objects much relevant to life B. museums provide chances for discussion and store precious objects C. the value of the objects kept in museums causes debate D. museums regard sleepover visitors as new treasure 答案B 详解： 第一步，定位关键表述的上下文逻辑。原文先点明如今成功的博物馆既有收藏珍宝的属性，又成了大众辩论的场所和孩子们体验过夜活动的地方，兼具收藏与交流学习功能。第二步，拆解题干引言的含义，“treasure box” 对应前文 “showcases for collections and warehouse of valuables”，即收藏珍贵物品；“forum” 对应 “pits of popular debates”“where they learn and argue”，即提供讨论交流的平台。第三步，分析选项。A 项仅提及展品与生活相关，未涵盖 “收藏” 层面；C 项说展品价值引发争议，原文未提及争议与展品价值的关联；D 项将过夜访客比作珍宝，属于无依据臆断；B 项完整匹配 “讨论场所” 和 “收藏珍宝” 两层含义，符合推理结果。综上答案选 B。 立足原文找推理依据：推理需以文本细节为根基，不可脱离原文凭空猜测。优先定位题干相关的句子及上下文，标记数据、观点、因果关系等关键信息，以此作为推理的核心支撑。 解读隐含逻辑链：说明文常通过因果、转折、对比等逻辑呈现内容。比如遇到 “however”“thus” 等连词时，要重点分析前后句的逻辑关系，如转折后内容可能暗示前文观点的局限性，因果关系中可由结果反推隐含原因。 精准把控语气与态度：关注作者对说明对象的表述用词，若多用 “remarkably”“effectively” 等褒义词，可推断作者持肯定态度；若出现 “problematic”“unfortunately” 等词，大概率隐含否定或担忧的态度。 排除显性与错误选项：直接摘抄原文内容的选项多非正确答案，因其无需推理；同时排除与原文细节相悖、范围扩大或缩小的选项，聚焦符合逻辑推导的选项。 【变式2-1】（2025 年上海市浦东新区高三二模） If anything, highlighting AI's role in science, the Nobel Committee also revealed its own untimely approach. Alfred Nobel's 1895 vision rewarded the individual genius planting flags in Physics, Chemistry, and Medicine. But today's challenges, such as climate change, cancer, extinction, don't respect those boundaries. Rare is the pure chemist or biologist; common is the geochemist, the computational evolutionary theorist. AI is making these divisions less distinct, linking vast datasets across disciplines and boosting unexpected cooperation. What can be inferred about the Nobel Committee's approach? A. It fits perfectly with modern scientific research. B. It focuses more on interdisciplinary cooperation. C. It is not suitable for today's comprehensive scientific challenges. D. It has been updated to adapt to AI's development. 答案C 详解：第一步，定位关于诺贝尔委员会的关键描述。原文提到诺贝尔委员会的模式源于 1895 年，侧重奖励物理、化学、医学等单一学科的杰出个人，而如今气候变化等挑战打破了学科界限，跨学科人才更常见，AI 也在弱化学科划分。第二步，推导逻辑关系。通过 “revealed its own untimely approach” 及转折词 “but”，可推断其模式与当下科学研究现状不匹配。第三步，排除错误选项。A 项与 “untimely approach” 相悖；B 项，侧重跨学科合作是如今的科研特点，而非诺贝尔委员会的模式；D 项，原文未提及该模式已更新适配人工智能；C 项符合 “模式过时，不适应如今综合性科学挑战” 的推理，故答案选 C。 【变式2-2】（2025 年上海市七宝中学高三 5 月月考） Microplastics are very small pieces of plastic, smaller than 5 millimeters. They come from bigger plastic items breaking down, like shopping bags, take-out containers, and drink bttles. These tiny bits can get into water, soil and air and they can move up the food chain and deposit in our body. After just one day, researchers could see that the microplastics had moved through the mice’s stomachs, got into their blood and ended up in their hair. After two months, the mice that drank water with aged microplastics had more damaged skin and falling hair than those with new microplastics. What can we infer about microplastics from the research on mice? A. New microplastics are harmless to living creatures. B. Microplastics can spread in organisms and cause harm. C. Aged microplastics only damage the skin and hair of animals. D. Microplastics take months to enter the blood of animals. 答案B 详解：第一步，梳理实验相关的核心细节。实验显示一天内微塑料就穿过老鼠的胃进入血液并留存于毛发，两个月后饮用含老化微塑料水的老鼠皮肤损伤和脱毛情况更严重。第二步，合理推导实验结论。从微塑料在老鼠体内的传播路径和造成的损伤，可推断其在生物体内可扩散且具有危害性。第三步，分析选项。A 项说新型微塑料无害，原文仅对比出老化微塑料危害更大，并非新型微塑料无危害；C 项中 “only” 表述绝对，原文未排除老化微塑料对其他部位的危害；D 项与 “仅一天就进入血液” 的实验结果相悖；B 项符合实验体现的微塑料传播性和危害性，故答案选 B。 【变式2-3】（2025 年上海市虹口区高三二模） Of course, there are typically many participants in the pricing process: Accounting provides cost estimates; marketing communicates the pricing strategy; sales provides specific customer input; production sets supply boundaries; and finance establishes the requirements for the entire company's financial health. Input from diverse sources is necessary. However, problems arise when the philosophy of wide participation is carried over to the price-setting process without strong coordinating mechanisms. What can be inferred from the wide participation in the pricing process? A. Decision making requires gathering comprehensive information. B. The coordinating mechanism won't work without a lot of input. C. Potential customers are easily upset at any stage of the process. D. The company loses money unless everyone intends for the best. 答案A 详解：第一步，分析原文逻辑。原文指出定价过程有会计、营销、销售等多个部门参与，且各部门分别提供成本评估、客户反馈等不同信息，并强调多渠道意见很有必要，仅在缺乏协调机制时才会出现问题。第二步，推导隐含结论。多个部门参与本质是为了收集各维度信息，保障定价决策全面。第三步，排除干扰选项。B 项颠倒逻辑，原文是无协调机制会出问题，而非协调机制依赖大量意见；C 项提及消费者容易不满，原文无相关表述；D 项说人员全力以赴才能避免亏损，属于过度推测；A 项符合 “多部门参与提供多元信息，助力决策” 的隐含逻辑，故答案选 A。 考向03词义猜测题 【例3-1】（2025 年上海市普陀区高三一模） Botany, once a core subject in many universities, has seen a sharp decline in recent years. One major issue is the shift of research funding. Previously, a large portion of funds from the National Science Foundation was allocated to botany projects. Now, most funding has been redirected to medical and technological research. Another problem is the widespread "plant blindness" among the public. Ecological restoration projects are suffering because of the lack of professionals who can identify and protect rare plant species. What does the underlined phrase “plant blindness” most probably mean? A. The difficulty in curing plant diseases B. The lack of interest in botany courses C. The inability to notice and value plants D. The shortage of plant protection equipment 答案C 详解：第一步，定位 “plant blindness” 的上下文逻辑。前文提植物学衰落，后文指出这一现象导致生态修复项目受影响，原因是缺少能识别和保护珍稀植物的专业人才。第二步，结合语境推导含义。该短语应与 “忽视植物、无法重视植物” 相关。第三步，分析选项。A 项 “治疗植物病害的困难”、B 项 “对植物学课程缺乏兴趣”、D 项 “植物保护设备短缺” 均与上下文提及的 “识别保护植物” 的核心话题无关；C 项 “无法注意到并重视植物” 符合语境推导，故答案选 C。 定义解释定位法：若生词后有 that is、in other words 等引导词，或破折号、括号等标点，其后内容多为该词的定义或解释。比如原文中 “Plant blindness, namely the inability to notice plants in one's environment, is becoming common”，可通过 “namely” 后的内容猜出 “plant blindness” 指 “植物盲”。 逻辑关系推导法：借助转折（but、however）、并列（and、also）等逻辑词推断词义。遇到转折词时，生词含义常与前文内容相反；遇到并列词时，词义多与相邻词汇相近。例如 “His plan is pragmatic rather than idealistic”，通过 “rather than” 可推断 “pragmatic” 与 “idealistic（理想化的）” 含义相反，即 “务实的”。 举例归纳法：当生词后有 such as、for example 等词引出例子时，可通过例子归纳生词的范畴。如 “Many aquatic creatures, including fish, turtles and dolphins, are affected by water pollution”，由例子可猜出 “aquatic creatures” 指 “水生生物”。 指代对象溯源法：针对 it、they 等代词类猜测题，需向前追溯前文提及的人或事物，结合主谓一致、逻辑搭配确定指代对象，避免混淆指代主体。 【变式3-1】（2025 年上海市闵行区高三一模） The conversational tone of an AI chatbot or voice-based assistant is a good way to learn new concepts, but it may actually make us more willing to believe inaccuracies, compared with information presented in a static article. However, Durian Personalities offer a cure: Its “unapproachability” becomes a filtering mechanism, avoiding frivolous social interactions and encouraging deeper engagement in valuable interpersonal connections. What does the underlined word “frivolous” in the passage probably mean? A. Regular B. Unnecessary C. Nonprofitable D. Time-consuming 答案B 详解：第一步，借助逻辑关系找线索。原文提到榴莲人格的 “不可接近性” 成为一种过滤机制，目的是避免某种社交互动，同时促进有价值的深度人际交流，“avoiding” 和 “encouraging” 后的内容形成对比。第二步，推导词义。“frivolous” 修饰的社交互动应与 “valuable（有价值的）” 含义相反。第三步，筛选选项。A 项 “规律的”、C 项 “无利可图的”、D 项 “耗时的” 均与 “有价值的” 不构成反义；B 项 “不必要的” 符合 “过滤掉无意义互动、保留有价值交流” 的逻辑，故答案选 B。 【变式3-2】（2025 年上海七宝中学高三 5 月月考） The new energy storage system adopts a modular design, which allows for easy expansion. For instance, a small - scale unit can power 5 households, and adding two more modules can double its capacity. This scalability makes the system suitable for both rural areas and urban communities with varying energy demands. The underlined word “scalability” in the passage most probably means____ A. The ability to be adjusted in size or capacity B. The quality of being environmentally friendly C. The feature of being easy to install D. The characteristic of low energy consumption 答案A 详解：第一步，通过举例信息锁定词义。前文提到该储能系统采用模块化设计，并举出小型机组可供 5 户家庭用电，增加两个模块可使容量翻倍的例子。第二步，归纳例子核心特征。例子重点体现系统可通过增减模块调整供电容量。第三步，分析选项。B 项 “环保属性”、C 项 “易安装的特点”、D 项 “低能耗的特性” 均未在例子中体现；A 项 “调整尺寸或容量的能力” 与例子呈现的功能一致，故答案选 A。 【变式3-3】（2025 年上海市松江区高三二模） Urban heat islands form when built - up areas absorb more solar radiation than surrounding rural regions. This phenomenon intensifies in summer, as concrete and asphalt retain heat longer than soil and vegetation. To mitigate this effect, cities are planting more trees and installing green roofs. What does the underlined word “mitigate” in the passage mean? A. Strengthen B. Analyze C. Reduce D. Ignore 答案C 详解：第一步，梳理上下文因果与措施逻辑。前文指出城市热岛效应在夏季加剧，后文提到城市种植更多树木、搭建绿色屋顶，这些均是针对热岛效应的应对举措。第二步，推导词语含义。结合常识和语境，这些措施的目的应是减轻热岛效应。第三步，排除错误选项。A 项 “加强” 与措施目的相悖；B 项 “分析”、D 项 “忽视” 均不符合应对环境问题的合理逻辑；C 项 “减轻” 符合语境，故答案选 C。 考向04主旨大意与段落作用题 【例4-1】（2025 年上海市浦东新区高三二模） The World of Urban Gardening Urban gardening has gained popularity in recent years as people seek to connect with nature and grow their own food in the midst of the city. One of the main advantages of urban gardening is the access to fresh, organic produce. Gardening enthusiasts can grow a variety of fruits, vegetables, and herbs in small spaces, such as balconies, rooftops, or community gardens. Urban gardening also promotes environmental sustainability. It reduces the need for transporting food from distant farms, thus decreasing carbon emissions. In addition, green spaces in the city help to improve air quality and reduce the urban heat island effect. Moreover, it provides a sense of community. Community gardens bring people together, fostering social interaction and a shared sense of responsibility for the environment. What is the main idea of this passage? A. The ways to grow organic produce in urban areas B. The challenges of developing community gardens C. The growing popularity of gardening in rural regions D. The multiple benefits of urban gardening 答案D 详解：第一步，定位关键信息。文章标题点明主题是城市园艺，首句引出其受欢迎的背景，后文通过 “one of the main advantages”“also”“moreover” 依次列出三个核心优势。第二步，整合核心内容。全文围绕城市园艺展开，分别阐述了其能提供新鲜食材、推动环境可持续发展、增强社区凝聚力三大好处。第三步，排除错误选项。A 项仅提及种植方式，属于单一细节，非主旨；B 项 “挑战” 与原文 “优势” 相悖；C 项 “农村地区” 与 “urban gardening” 的主题不符；D 项 “城市园艺的多种益处” 契合全文核心，故答案选 D。 主旨大意题解题方法 标题 / 首尾句定位法：说明文主旨常浓缩在标题或首尾段，段落主旨多在段首句。快速浏览这些关键位置，可初步锁定核心话题，比如介绍某类技术的文章，首段常点明技术名称及核心价值。 高频词提炼法：文中反复出现的名词、名词短语大概率是说明对象，围绕其展开的核心内容就是主旨。例如全文多次提及 “urban gardening”，且围绕其优势展开，主旨就与城市园艺的价值相关。 逻辑词串联法：借助 “firstly”“moreover”“in addition” 等递进词，梳理文章分论点，整合分论点即可得出主旨，避免遗漏关键要点。 段落作用题解题方法 段首段作用：多为引出说明对象，常通过现象、例子或设问开篇，激发读者兴趣，同时奠定全文说明基调。 段中段作用：多为过渡衔接，既承接前文提及的观点，又通过 “however”“furthermore” 等逻辑词引出下文新内容；也可能是补充细节，用数据、例子支撑前文论点。 段尾段作用：多为总结全文，重申说明对象的意义或影响；部分段落会提出建议、展望，升华主题，或引发读者对相关问题的思考。 【变式4-1】（2025 年上海市松江区高三二模） Prolonged sitting has long been linked to a series of health risks, including obesity and heart disease. However, a recent study conducted by the University of Milan has offered a simple solution. The research team divided 50 volunteers into two groups. One group sat continuously for 4 hours, while the other group took 10 - 30 second walking breaks every 10 minutes during the 4 - hour period. The results showed that the group with walking breaks increased their energy consumption by up to 60% compared with the continuous sitting group. The researchers explained that even short walking breaks can activate muscles that remain idle when sitting, which in turn boosts metabolic rate. This finding provides a practical way for office workers and other people who have to sit for long hours to improve their health without spending extra time on exercise. What is the passage mainly about? A. A study proving the harm of prolonged sitting B. A simple method to reduce health risks from long sitting C. The relationship between metabolic rate and muscle activity D. The importance of exercise for office workers' health 答案B 详解：第一步，梳理文章逻辑。开篇先指出久坐的健康隐患，随后通过转折词 “however” 引出米兰大学的研究，接着介绍研究分组及过程，最后说明研究结果和该结果带来的实用价值。第二步，锁定核心内容。全文核心围绕 “短时步行休息” 这一解决久坐健康风险的简单方法展开。第三步，分析选项。A 项仅提及久坐危害，未涉及文章重点 “解决办法”；C 项是研究中的细节原理，非主旨；D 项 “锻炼的重要性” 范围过广，文章聚焦的是短时步行休息这一特定方式；B 项精准概括了 “缓解久坐健康风险的简单方法” 这一核心，故答案选 B。 【变式4-2】（2025 年上海市宝山区高三一模） Smart home devices have become increasingly common in modern families, but many elderly people still struggle to use them. To address this problem, a tech company has developed a simplified smart home system tailored to the elderly. The system replaces complex operation interfaces with large - button controllers and voice commands that support dialects. A 3 - month trial involving 80 elderly residents in a community showed that 75% of them could proficiently use the system after just one week. The system can automatically adjust room temperature, remind users to take medicine, and call family members in case of emergency. In the final survey, most participants said the system made their daily life much more convenient. The first paragraph mainly serves to____ The first paragraph mainly serves to____ A. introduce a problem and a corresponding solution B. criticize elderly people for being slow to learn new technology C. compare different smart home systems on the market D. prove the popularity of smart home devices among families 答案A 详解：第一步，分析首段内容。首段前半句提出核心问题 —— 智能家居设备普及但老年人使用困难，后半句给出解决方案 —— 某科技公司研发了适配老年人的简化智能家居系统。第二步，判断段落功能。该段落核心作用是先抛出社会问题，再引出对应的解决办法，为下文介绍系统细节和试用效果做铺垫。第三步，排除错误选项。B 项 “批评老年人” 与原文客观表述不符，无批评语气；C 项 “对比不同系统”，首段未提及多个系统对比；D 项 “证明智能家居普及” 只是开篇铺垫信息，非段落主要作用；A 项准确概括了首段 “提出问题 + 给出方案” 的核心作用，故答案选 A。 【变式4-3】（2025 年上海市闵行区高三二模） Could a pill make social situations feel less threatening? That's the focus of a clinical experiment that Cacioppo is overseeing. For a year and a half, 96 lonely but healthy subjects have been taking a certain amount of pregnenolone, a chemical substance associated with memory enhancement and stress reduction. The goal of the research is to see how balancing pregnenolone levels affects the subjects. The pill could help reduce the fear that makes lonely people withdraw and act more calmly in social situations. It's like driving in the winter when you can't see clearly. The pill can clear your view, helping you see things clearly instead of feeling afraid of everyone. Then you become more willing to listen to others. Besides, the research also records changes in the subjects' hormone levels and social interaction frequency every month. What is the function of the third paragraph? A. To explain the principle of how the pill works B. To list the side effects of taking the pill C. To introduce the background of the experiment D. To summarize the overall result of the research 答案A 详解：第一步，定位第三段内容并梳理上下文逻辑。第一段提出实验核心问题，第二段介绍实验对象和目标，第三段用 “开车” 的比喻，说明药物能帮助孤独人群消除社交恐惧、更理性社交，还提及记录激素水平和社交频率的监测方式。第二步，分析段落功能。该段通过比喻和具体说明，解释了药物在改善社交状态上的作用原理。第三步，筛选选项。B 项 “副作用” 原文未提及；C 项 “实验背景” 是第一段的作用；D 项 “实验结果”，全文未提及最终结果，仅为实验目标和作用分析；A 项符合第三段解释药物作用原理的功能，故答案选 A。 1（2025·上海奉贤·三模）The fact that your hair turns grey because of stress is nothing more than an old wives’ tale. It’s true that stress isn’t good for you, but it’s not going to turn you into a silver for just yet. In fact, the answer comes from the cells in your hair. These are what determine the color and eventually, the fade to grey. Most of us start to notice our first grey hairs by the time we hit our thirties. A general rule to go by is that by the age of 50, half of the population will have lost the color in 50 percent of their hair. But why does it happen? Firstly, we need to understand how hair gets its color. Your hair is made up of cells called melanocytes (黑色素细胞) which produce pigments (色素)as they grow into th ehair fiber. There are two different types of melanins (黑色素): eumelanins (真黑色素)and pheomelanins (类黑色素). The former produces black and brown pigments, while the latter produces red and yellow pigments. The exact amount of these pigments determines whether a person has black, brown, blonde or red hair. As we age, the ability of the melanocytes to produce more pigments weakens. That is because our hair grows in different phases. The growing phase lasts between three and five years, after which our follicles (毛囊) turn off for about three months to rest and get ready to grow more hairs. This goes round and round and, after a time, our bodies aren’t as good at producing new hairs. Scientists are continuing to try and find ways to prevent greying hair. A team of scientists in France is working to try and stop the melanocytes from being damaged at the end of each hair cycle. They are trying to use a special enzyme (酶) to protect the cells from damage. If successful, it could lead the way for new products that keep our locks full of color for years to come. 1．What does the phase “an old wives’ tale” in paragraph 1 probably means? A．An incorrect belief B．A useless talk C．A scientific rule D．A helpful experience 2．What do we know about red hair? A．It doesn’t turn grey as people get older B．It contains more pheomelanins than eumelanins C．The amount of pigments in it doesn’t change over time D．People with red hair have weaker ability to produce pigments. 3．What do the French scientists aim to do ? A．To repair damaged hair follicles. B．To protect hair cells against damage C．To shorten the hair cycle to protect the hair. D．To study the relationship between health and hair color. 4．What can we infer from the article? A．Grey hair has nothing to do with stress. B．Grey hair is a symbol of declining health. C．It takes three months for new hair to grow. D．The growth and color change of hair depend on cells. 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．B 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍头发变白的科学原理，包括黑色素细胞的作用、衰老对色素生成的影响，以及法国科学家对预防头发变白的研究。 1．词义猜测题。根据第一段“The fact that your hair turns grey because of stress is nothing more than an old wives’ tale. It’s true that stress isn’t good for you, but it’s not going to turn you into a silver fox just yet.(头发因为压力而变白的说法只不过是……。虽然压力确实对你不好，但它还不会让你马上变成白发苍苍的人。)”可知，作者认为“压力导致头发变白”的说法不正确，由此可推测，画线短语“an old wives’ tale”意为“错误的观念”符合语境。故选A项。 2．细节理解题。根据第四段“There are two different types of melanins: eumelanins and pheomelanins. The former produces black and brown pigments, while the latter produces red and yellow pigments.(黑色素有两种不同类型：真黑色素和类黑色素。前者产生黑色和棕色色素，后者产生红色和黄色色素。)”以及“The exact amount of these pigments determines whether a person has black, brown, blonde or red hair.(这些色素的确切含量决定了一个人是黑发、棕发、金发还是红发。)”可知，红发的颜色由类黑色素（产生红色色素）决定，说明红发中类黑色素的含量多于真黑色素。故选B项。 3．细节理解题。根据尾段中的“A team of scientists in France is working to try and stop the melanocytes from being damaged at the end of each hair cycle. They are trying to use a special enzyme to protect the cells from damage.(法国的一组科学家正在努力阻止黑色素细胞在每个头发生长周期结束时受到损伤。他们试图使用一种特殊的酶来保护细胞免受损伤。)”可知，法国科学家的目标是保护头发细胞（黑色素细胞）免受损伤。故选B项。 4．推理判断题。根据第一段中的“In fact, the answer comes from the cells in your hair. These are what determine the color and eventually, the fade to grey.(事实上，答案来自你头发中的细胞。正是这些细胞决定了头发的颜色，并最终决定了头发是否会变白。)”及第五段中的“As we age, the ability of the melanocytes to produce more pigments weakens.(随着我们年龄的增长，黑色素细胞产生更多色素的能力会减弱。)”可知，头发生长和颜色变化依赖于头发中的细胞（如黑色素细胞）。故选D项。 2（2025·上海·三模）In 1988, Abelardo Morell, a Cuban-born photographer and teacher, transformed an ordinary classroom in Boston into something extraordinary. He covered the windows with black plastic, leaving only a small hole in the material. What happened next amazed his students — an upside-down image of the world outside appeared on the back wall, as if by magic. People walking on the street, trees, and cars were all projected inside the darkened room. This effect is created using a device called a camera obscura, which means “dark room” in Latin. It is one of the oldest forms of image-making, dating back to ancient times. Artists like Leonardo da Vinci and scientists such as Aristotle studied this fascinating phenomenon. When light passes through a small hole into a dark space, it reflects and projects the outside scene, but the image appears upside down. This effect amazed early thinkers and eventually led to the invention of the modern camera. Morell was so inspired by the reactions of his students that he decided to take photographs of the images inside the camera obscura. After many experiments in his home, including using his son’s bedroom as a test space, he developed a technique to capture these dreamlike scenes with a real camera. The results were amazing. Morell’s photographs showed a unique mix of the outside world layered over ordinary indoor settings — such as a living room or bedroom — making them look like scenes from a dream. This moment marked the beginning of a new artistic direction for him. Since then, he has created many powerful and creative images by turning rooms into cameras. Morell later built a portable (可以携带的) camera obscura that could be used anywhere — from rooftops in New York to desert landscapes. His goal is to help people see the world in new ways. By combining science, art, and imagination, his work encourages viewers to pause and reflect on the beauty and mystery of everyday surroundings. 5．What happened when Morell covered the windows and made a small hole in the classroom? A．The outside view appeared inside. B．The room filled with strange shadows. C．The outside view was visible but unclear. D．The room turned completely dark and quiet. 6．The artists are mentioned in paragraph 2 in order to _____. A．explain who first came up with the camera obscura B．highlight that Morell’s idea was completely original C．compare modern photography with classical art styles D．show the long history and artistic value of the technique 7．Why did Morell continue developing his camera obscura photography after the classroom experiment? A．His students’ excitement encouraged him to go further. B．He wanted to share the results with other photographers. C．His interest in making creative images amazed his family. D．He was invited to present the project in other classrooms. 8．Which of the following statements is true of Morell’s photos? A．They are taken using mirrors and glass surfaces. B．They are changed with special digital technology. C．They highlight human settings without any added effects. D．They combine scenes from daily life with projected views. 【答案】5．A 6．D 7．A 8．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。1988年，古巴摄影师阿韦拉多・莫雷尔用暗箱在波士顿教室制造影像，受学生反应启发，他研发技术拍摄梦幻场景，后制便携暗箱，助人们以新视角看世界。 5．细节理解题。根据第一段“What happened next amazed his students — an upside-down image of the world outside appeared on the back wall, as if by magic. People walking on the street, trees, and cars were all projected inside the darkened room.(接下来发生的事情让他的学生们大为惊讶——外面世界的倒置图像出现在了后墙上，仿佛是魔法般出现的。走在街上的行人、树木和车辆都在黑暗的房间里投射出了影像)”可知，当莫雷尔把窗户遮住，并在教室的墙上开一个小洞之后，教室外面的景象出现在了室内。故选A。 6．推理判断题。根据第二段“This effect is created using a device called a camera obscura, which means “dark room” in Latin. It is one of the oldest forms of image-making, dating back to ancient times. Artists like Leonardo da Vinci and scientists such as Aristotle studied this fascinating phenomenon. When light passes through a small hole into a dark space, it reflects and projects the outside scene, but the image appears upside down. This effect amazed early thinkers and eventually led to the invention of the modern camera.(这种效果是通过一种叫做“暗箱”的设备来实现的，这个词在拉丁语中的意思是“黑暗的房间”。它是最早的成像方式之一，可以追溯到古代时期。像莱奥纳多·达·芬奇这样的艺术家和像亚里士多德这样的科学家都研究过这种令人着迷的现象。当光线通过一个小孔进入一个黑暗的空间时，它会反射并投射出外面的景象，但图像却是倒置的。这种效果令早期的思想家们感到惊奇，并最终促成了现代相机的发明)”可知，在第二段中提及这些艺术家，是为了展示这种技艺的悠久历史和艺术价值。故选D。 7．细节理解题。根据第三段“Morell was so inspired by the reactions of his students that he decided to take photographs of the images inside the camera obscura.(莫雷尔被学生们的表现深深打动，于是决定拍摄暗箱内部的影像)”可知，莫雷尔在课堂实验结束后继续进行暗箱摄影技术的研究是因为他的学生们表现出的浓厚兴趣促使他继续深入探索。故选A。 8．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“Morell’s photographs showed a unique mix of the outside world layered over ordinary indoor settings — such as a living room or bedroom — making them look like scenes from a dream.(莫雷尔的摄影作品将外部世界与普通的室内环境（如客厅或卧室）巧妙地融合在一起，使这些场景看起来就像梦幻中的场景)”可知，D选项“它将日常生活场景与投影画面相结合”正确。故选D。 3（2025·上海·三模）Two billion people already eat bugs as part of their regular diet, according to the United Nation’s Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Most people in Europe, however, reject the idea of entomophagy, the technical term for the human consumption of insects. If citizens of Europe are going to have to start eating insects to fight world hunger, as the FAO has suggested, somebody will have to persuade them that it is a good idea. The main barrier to the proposal is consumer disgust. A plate of locusts (蝗虫) in a salad, where they look as if they are about to jump up at you, is more likely to put European diners off their food than encourage them to try it. One approach to dealing with this obstacle is to hide the insects contained in the food by making them into a powder to make ‘protein flour’. This process is already underway at an insect farm in Malaga, Spain, which makes fish meal for fish farms on the Andalusian coast. However, there are those who would rather see insects served in their original shape and form. Rene Redzepi, chef and co-founder of the world’s most fashionable restaurant, Noma in Copenhagen, regularly includes insects on the menu. Redzepi’s research unit, Nordic Food Lab, does experiments into insect ‘deliciousness’. Researchers at the lab believe that eating bugs is part of a wider move towards diversifying the food supply. The fact that a prestigious establishment like Noma serves bugs to its diners, who pay around €200 a head for the tasting menu, goes some way in dispelling the myth that insects are just meat for those who don’t have money. Despite the dislike for insects, economics and demographics make it all but inevitable that the Western world will ultimately start eating them. Insect marketers are looking to sushi for inspiration. In the UK, people initially had problems with it because they weren’t used to eating raw fish. But in thirty years, it has gone from being relative unknown to being available in every supermarket. If the same can be done with insects, then the battle against world hunger may be won. However, this will only be achieved if the top chefs can come up with recipes for using this cheap source of food in dishes that appeal to the general public. 9．What is one method mentioned in the passage to make insects more acceptable to European diners? A．Serving them raw like sushi. B．Processing them into a powder. C．Cooking them with expensive spices. D．Mixing them with fish in salads. 10．Where does Rene Redzepi’s restaurant, Noma, source its research on insect ‘deliciousness’? A．The United Nation’s Food and Agriculture Organization. B．An insect farm in Malaga, Spain. C．Nordic Food Lab. D．Supermarkets in the UK. 11．What is the main purpose of the passage? A．To compare the nutritional value of insects and fish. B．To explore why Europeans prefer sushi over insects. C．To explain how Noma became the world’s most fashionable restaurant. D．To discuss challenges and solutions for promoting insect consumption in Europe. 12．Based on the passage, why might insect marketers look to sushi for inspiration? A．Sushi is made from insects and has become popular worldwide. B．Sushi’s rise in popularity shows how unfamiliar foods are accepted. C．Sushi is much cheaper to produce than insect-based dishes. D．Sushi chefs have already started using insects in their recipes. 【答案】9．B 10．C 11．D 12．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章探讨了在欧洲推广食用昆虫的障碍和潜在解决方案，并指出随着人口和经济压力，西方接受昆虫食品可能是必然趋势。 9．细节理解题。根据第二段中“One approach to dealing with this obstacle is to hide the insects contained in the food by making them into a powder to make ‘protein flour’. (解决这一障碍的方法之一是将昆虫制成粉末，加工成“蛋白粉”，从而隐藏食物中的昆虫成分)”可知，让昆虫更容易被欧洲食客接受的一种方法是将它们加工成粉末。故选B项。 10．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Rene Redzepi, chef and co-founder of the world’s most fashionable restaurant, Noma in Copenhagen, regularly includes insects on the menu. Redzepi’s research unit, Nordic Food Lab, does experiments into insect ‘deliciousness’. (哥本哈根全球最时尚餐厅Noma的主厨兼联合创始人Rene Redzepi定期将昆虫列入菜单。他领导的研究机构北欧料理实验室正在进行昆虫“美味性”的相关实验)”可知，Rene Redzepi的餐厅Noma在北欧料理实验室对昆虫的“美味性”进行了研究。故选C项。 11．推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是第一段中“If citizens of Europe are going to have to start eating insects to fight world hunger, as the FAO has suggested, somebody will have to persuade them that it is a good idea. (如果欧洲民众真要按照联合国粮农组织的建议，通过食用昆虫来应对全球饥饿问题，那么必须有人能说服他们接受这个主意)”可知，文章围绕欧洲人对食用昆虫的抵触和解决方案展开，介绍了制成粉末、高端餐厅推广、借鉴寿司的接受过程的解决方法，核心目的是探讨推广昆虫食用的挑战与对策。故选D项。 12．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Insect marketers are looking to sushi for inspiration. In the UK, people initially had problems with it because they weren’t used to eating raw fish. But in thirty years, it has gone from being relative unknown to being available in every supermarket. (昆虫食品推广者正从寿司中寻找灵感。在英国，人们最初难以接受寿司，因为他们不习惯食用生鱼。但三十年间，寿司从鲜为人知变得随处可见——如今每家超市都能买到)”可知，此处以寿司为例，说明英国人最初不习惯生鱼，但30年后寿司已普及，其流行轨迹印证了陌生食物如何被大众接受，因此昆虫食品营销者可以从中获取灵感。故选B项。 4（2025·上海·三模）Cleaning can be a therapeutic activity for many people, offering a sense of calm and control during stressful or chaotic times. The act of tidying up a room or scrubbing surfaces to shine can feel like meditation in motion, temporarily pausing life’s stressors. However, when cleaning becomes compulsive or interferes with daily life, it may signal a deeper issue that needs attention. For some, cleanliness provides an immediate sense of relief and accomplishment. A University of Connecticut study led by Martin Lang revealed that in high-stress situations, such as the anticipation of public speaking, people often resort to repetitive cleaning behaviors. This reaction stems from an instinct to regain control in an unpredictable moment. Cleaning offers a way to mitigate surprises and create a safer, more predictable environment. The benefits of cleaning during anxious periods include creating a calming physical space and providing a sense of achievement. However, this behavior can become problematic when it crosses into compulsive perfectionism, disrupting other areas of life. While cleaning can reduce anxiety, it becomes an issue when it interferes with daily functioning. For example, if someone avoids socializing, is frequently late, or neglects other responsibilities because of cleaning rituals, this behavior may indicate a problem. Compulsive cleaning doesn’t necessarily point to obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) but could signal a need to address underlying anxiety. If you suspect your cleaning habits are becoming excessive, consulting a therapist is a helpful first step. Professionals can help identify triggers and suggest healthier coping mechanisms. Additionally, incorporating lifestyle changes can complement therapy and promote overall well-being, like exercise regularly, prioritize sleep, adopt a healthy diet and limit alcohol consumption. While cleaning can provide comfort, it’s essential to ensure it doesn’t serve as a substitute for avoiding deeper emotional issues. Life’s unpredictability cannot be eliminated with a spotless home. Seek feedback from trusted friends or family about your habits, and don’t hesitate to consult a mental health professional for guidance. Recognizing the line between constructive cleaning and compulsive behavior is key to maintaining a balanced, healthy life. With the right support and strategies, you can manage stress effectively while embracing life’s inevitable messiness. 13．What did Martin Lang’s study find about cleaning behavior? A．Cleaning reduces energy levels in stressful situations. B．Cleaning offers control during high-stress situations. C．Cleaning distracts people from focusing on stress. D．Cleaning increases anxiety during stressful periods. 14．What does compulsive cleaning often indicate? A．A desire for a minimalist lifestyle B．An underlying issue like anxiety C．A preference for structured routines D．A natural tendency for perfectionism 15．What is the main purpose of the article? A．To promote cleaning for mental clarity B．To describe the benefits of cleaning C．To discuss cleaning as a stress-coping mechanism D．To explain cleaning’s impact on physical health 16．What is a suggested way to manage excessive cleaning habits? A．Schedule daily cleaning sessions for better focus B．Avoid cleaning entirely to prevent stress triggers C．Consult with friends for alternative cleaning tips D．Develop an exercise routine to reduce anxious energy 【答案】13．B 14．B 15．C 16．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要围绕清洁这一主题，探讨了清洁对人心理的影响，如能带来平静感和掌控感，还分析了过度清洁可能存在的问题以及应对方法等。 13．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“A University of Connecticut study led by Martin Lang revealed that in high-stress situations, such as the anticipation of public speaking, people often resort to repetitive cleaning behaviors. This reaction stems from an instinct to regain control in an unpredictable moment.(康涅狄格大学由Martin Lang主导的一项研究显示，在高压力情境下（如即将进行公开演讲时），人们常常会诉诸重复性的清洁行为。这种反应源于在不可预测的时刻重新掌控局面的本能。)”可知，研究发现高压力下人们通过清洁行为重新掌控局面。故选B。 14．细节理解题。根据文章第四段“Compulsive cleaning doesn’t necessarily point to obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) but could signal a need to address underlying anxiety.(强迫性清洁未必直接指向强迫症（OCD），但可能表明需要处理潜在的焦虑情绪。)”可知，强迫性清洁可能暗示需要处理潜在的问题，例如焦虑。故选B。 15．推理判断题。根据文章内容可知，全文围绕“清洁行为与压力应对”展开，首先肯定清洁在缓解焦虑、提供掌控感方面的积极作用，随后讨论其可能演变为强迫行为的风险，并建议通过专业帮助和生活方式调整应对过度清洁。核心在于分析清洁作为一种 “压力应对机制” 的双重性。选项C“To discuss cleaning as a stress-coping mechanism(探讨清洁作为压力应对机制)”涵盖“缓解压力”和“过度使用的问题”，符合全文内容。故选C。 16．细节理解题。根据文章第五段“Additionally, incorporating lifestyle changes can complement therapy and promote overall well-being, like exercise regularly, prioritize sleep, adopt a healthy diet and limit alcohol consumption.(此外，改变生活方式可作为治疗的补充，促进整体健康，如定期锻炼、保证睡眠、健康饮食和限制饮酒。)”可知，作者建议通过规律锻炼、保证睡眠等生活方式调整来辅助管理过度清洁的习惯。故选D。 5（2025·上海·三模）Birds’ evolutionary tree has just been shaken to its roots by the discovery of surprising relationships that may force biologists to re-evaluate much of what they thought they knew about the process of bird evolution. The evolutionary history of birds has long been an open question, because most modern orders arose in a sudden burst of speciation some time between 100 and 65 million years ago, leaving precious few in-between forms to help biologists work out where the orders came from and how they are related. “It’s one of the last big unknowns of birds — trying to figure out how these orders, which look so well-structured in themselves, are grouped together,” says Sushma Reddy, an evolutionary biologist at The Field Museum in Chicago. The few genetic (基因的) comparisons among orders so far have tended to focus on one or a few genes, and have given inconsistent results. To address this issue, Reddy and her team analyzed 19 specific genomic regions (基因组片段) across 169 bird species and used the resulting data to build the most comprehensive evolutionary tree of birds to date. There are several surprises. For example, falcons are more closely related to songbirds than to other hawks and eagles. The closest relative of grebes-the dull-colored diving birds-turn out to be the brilliant long-legged flamingos. Tiny, flashy hummingbirds, according to the new tree, are just a specialised form of nighthawk, whose short, heavy bodies make them an unlikely cousin. And the closest relatives of perching birds — by far the largest and most successful bird group-are the parrots. In fact, the new tree ended up making changes to about a third of all the orders in earlier trees of birds. “That shows you how inconsistent it’s been,” says Reddy. This study may have far-reaching implications for our understanding of the major innovations in the evolutionary history of birds, says Joel Cracraft at the American Museum of Natural History in New York However, some of the more spectacularly surprising relationships uncovered will require further confirmation from additional studies before they are accepted. For example, says Cracraft, the tree puts an order of flying birds, the tinamous, squarely in the midst of the flightless birds, like ostriches, emus and kiwis. If true, this implies either that flightlessness evolved at least twice in this lineage, or else that tinamous re-evolved their ability to fly from a flightless ancestor. “A lot of us actually don’t believe this result,” he says. 17．According to Sushma Reddy, which of the following is one of the last big unknowns of birds? A．Why bird orders are so well-structured. B．How birds evolved from earlier life forms. C．Why there are so few transitional forms of birds. D．How different bird orders are evolutionarily linked. 18．What can be inferred from the fourth paragraph? A．Some traditional groupings of birds may be based on assumptions. B．Appearance is not always a reliable guide to evolutionary relationships. C．Genetic studies have confirmed most earlier bird classification systems. D．Evolutionarily related bird species usually share similar behaviors. 19．Why are the tinamous mentioned in the last paragraph? A．To highlight a confirmed evolutionary link between flightless birds. B．To demonstrate that flightless birds have shared a common ancestor. C．To illustrate a controversial and surprising result of the new bird tree. D．To explain why birds with varying flying abilities belong to the same group. 20．What is the main idea of the passage? A．Some findings are causing scientists to reconsider bird preservation. B．Evolutionary trees help confirm the connections among bird groups. C．Bird species developed rapidly between 100 and 65 million years ago. D．New genetic research has challenged traditional views of bird evolution. 【答案】17．D 18．B 19．C 20．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍一项基因研究颠覆了传统鸟类进化树，揭示了鸟类目之间出人意料的亲缘关系，并指出部分发现仍需进一步验证。 17．细节理解题。根据第二段“It’s one of the last big unknowns of birds — trying to figure out how these orders, which look so well-structured in themselves, are grouped together(这是鸟类研究领域最后仍存在的一个重大谜团——即要弄清楚这些看似结构十分完善的类别是如何组合在一起的)”可知，不同鸟类类群在进化过程中的相互关联程度是鸟类领域最后仍存在的重大未知因素之一。故选D。 18．推理判断题。根据第四段“There are several surprises. For example, falcons are more closely related to songbirds than to other hawks and eagles. The closest relative of grebes-the dull-colored diving birds-turn out to be the brilliant long-legged flamingos. Tiny, flashy hummingbirds, according to the new tree, are just a specialised form of nighthawk, whose short, heavy bodies make them an unlikely cousin. And the closest relatives of perching birds — by far the largest and most successful bird group-are the parrots. In fact, the new tree ended up making changes to about a third of all the orders in earlier trees of birds. “That shows you how inconsistent it’s been,” says Reddy.(这里有一些令人惊讶的发现。例如，猎鹰与鸣禽的亲缘关系比与其他鹰类和雕类的亲缘关系更为密切。䴙䴘（一种颜色暗淡的潜水鸟类）的近亲竟然是色彩鲜艳的长腿火烈鸟。根据新的进化树，体型小巧、色彩鲜艳的蜂鸟实际上只是夜鹰的一种特殊形态，而夜鹰短小而沉重的身体结构使其很难被视为近亲。而栖息鸟类（迄今为止鸟类中种类最多、最成功的群体）的近亲却是鹦鹉。事实上，新的进化树最终对之前鸟类进化树中的约三分之一的目类做出了调整。雷迪说：“这表明一直以来的情况是多么不一致。”)”可知，外表并不总是能可靠地反映生物间的进化关系。故选B。 19．推理判断题。根据最后一段“For example, says Cracraft, the tree puts an order of flying birds, the tinamous, squarely in the midst of the flightless birds, like ostriches, emus and kiwis. If true, this implies either that flightlessness evolved at least twice in this lineage, or else that tinamous re-evolved their ability to fly from a flightless ancestor. “A lot of us actually don’t believe this result,” he says.(克拉克福特说，例如，这种树将会飞的鸟类——即藤鸡类——与不会飞的鸟类——如鸵鸟、鸸鹋和几维鸟——放到了同一类别之中。如果这一说法属实，那就意味着在这个物种谱系中，飞行能力的丧失至少出现了两次进化过程，或者意味着藤鸡类是从不会飞的祖先身上重新进化出了飞行能力。他说：“我们当中很多人其实并不相信这个结果。”)”可知，在最后一段中要提到雉鸡是为了说明新鸟类谱系中一个有争议且令人惊讶的结果。故选C。 20．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Birds’ evolutionary tree has just been shaken to its roots by the discovery of surprising relationships that may force biologists to re-evaluate much of what they thought they knew about the process of bird evolution.(鸟类的进化树刚刚因一系列令人惊讶的关联发现而彻底动摇，这些发现可能迫使生物学家重新审视他们之前对鸟类进化过程所持有的诸多认知)”结合文章主要介绍一项基因研究颠覆了传统鸟类进化树，揭示了鸟类目之间出人意料的亲缘关系，并指出部分发现仍需进一步验证。可知，这篇文章的主要观点是新的基因研究对鸟类进化的传统观点提出了挑战。故选D。 6（2025·上海·三模）Scott Rogowsky, known to fans as HQ Trivia’s “Quiz Daddy,” doesn’t quite fit the image of a pub-quiz host — by his own admission, he’s not much of a drinker. But he was recently spotted at a bar in Greenwich Village, trying — and failing — to recall the name of Darwin’s ship. “HMS Majesty?” he ventured. “No, not that.” A thoughtful silence followed. It’s an unfamiliar role for Rogowsky, who’s more used to posing questions than answering them. As the host of HQ Trivia, Rogowsky leads one of the most popular live mobile games in the world. Every weekday at 3 p.m. and 9 p.m., hundreds of thousands open the app to play a fast-paced game. Players must answer 12 increasingly difficult questions correctly to win a share of the prize money. If you get one wrong, you’re out. Rogowsky’s mix of quick mind, pop culture references, and self-aware charm has made him a standout. “I’m doing my best to entertain,” he says. Before HQ, Rogowsky spent years working in New York’s comedy scene, producing content and hosting a late-night talk show. In late 2016, while considering a move to L.A．, he auditioned (试镜) for a new app-based project developed by Vine creators Rus Yusupov and Colin Kroll. That app became HQ Trivia, and Rogowsky quickly became its face. The game’s appeal isn’t just about the questions — it’s about the format. HQ happens live and can’t be paused or replayed, creating a sense of urgency and shared experience. “You literally can’t play HQ alone,” Rogowsky notes. “Even if you’re physically by yourself, you know others are playing too.” The app saw a rapid rise in popularity. Despite his rising profile — he’s appeared on Good Morning America and NBC Nightly News — Rogowsky is quite modest. “I don’t go very deep in any one field,” he says. “I’m more of a generalist.” What began as a small tech experiment has become a cultural moment. For Rogowsky, HQ isn’t just a game — it’s a live show, a community, and a career breakthrough. “If the engineers can figure this out,” he says, “this is bigger than TV.” 21．It can be learned from the first paragraph that Rogowsky ________. A．prefers history over science B．doesn’t like public attention C．isn’t used to answering quiz questions D．enjoys spending time in quiz-friendly bars 22．Which of the following contributes to the appeal of HQ Trivia? A．Its live format creates a shared experience. B．It offers larger prizes than many TV quiz shows. C．Its questions are mainly expert-level academic ones. D．It lets players pause and think before giving the answer. 23．What does Rogowsky imply by “this is bigger than TV”? A．Television shows are no longer capable of creating enjoyable experiences. B．The idea of the game is inspired by how people usually watch TV together. C．HQ Trivia is designed to follow the success of traditional TV quiz shows. D．The app has the potential to reach and engage more people than television. 24．What is the passage mainly about? A．A comedian’s life in New York. B．The history of online quiz games. C．A new kind of quiz show and its host. D．The competition between mobile apps. 【答案】21．C 22．A 23．D 24．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。Scott Rogowsky作为HQ Trivia主持人，以独特风格引领这款直播问答游戏，其形式带来共享体验，迅速走红并成为文化现象。 21．细节理解题。根据第一段“It’s an unfamiliar role for Rogowsky, who’s more used to posing questions than answering them.(对于罗戈夫斯基来说，这是一个全新的角色。他通常更习惯于提出问题而非回答问题)”可知，Rogowsky不习惯回答问题。故选C。 22．细节理解题。根据第四段“The game’s appeal isn’t just about the questions — it’s about the format. HQ happens live and can’t be paused or replayed, creating a sense of urgency and shared experience.(这款游戏的魅力不仅在于题目本身，还在于其独特的形式。《HQ》游戏是实时进行的，无法暂停或重放，这营造出了紧迫感和共同体验的氛围)”可知，直播形式营造了一种共同参与的体验促成了《HQ》节目的吸引力。故选A。 23．推理判断题。根据第六段“What began as a small tech experiment has become a cultural moment. For Rogowsky, HQ isn’t just a game — it’s a live show, a community, and a career breakthrough. “If the engineers can figure this out,” he says, “this is bigger than TV.”(起初只是一项小型的技术试验，如今却已成为一个具有重要意义的文化现象。对于罗戈斯基而言，《HQ》不仅仅是一款游戏——它更是一场现场演出、一个社区以及一次职业生涯的重大突破。他说：“如果工程师们能够解决这个问题，那这将比电视节目还要重要。”)”可知，Rogowsky暗示该应用有潜力比电视触及和吸引更多用户。故选D。 24．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Scott Rogowsky, known to fans as HQ Trivia’s “Quiz Daddy,” doesn’t quite fit the image of a pub-quiz host — by his own admission, he’s not much of a drinker.(斯科特·罗戈斯基在粉丝中被称为“HQ问答节目的‘问答之父’”，但他本人却并不认同自己是那种酒吧问答节目的主持人形象——据他自己所说，他其实不太爱喝酒)”结合文章主要说明了Scott Rogowsky作为HQ Trivia主持人，以独特风格引领这款直播问答游戏，其形式带来共享体验，迅速走红并成为文化现象。由此可知，这篇文章主要讲的是一种全新的问答节目及其主持人。故选C。 7（2025·上海奉贤·三模）The term “filmmaking” arouses Hollywood charm and luxurious backdrops. But it also has an important place in anthropology (人类学), the scientific study of mankind, as one of the many tools and technologies these scientists use to understand communities, relationships, cultures and history. During the annual Mother Tongue Film Festival, anthropological filmmaking and digital storytelling take centerstage in the Festival’s exploration of the healing power of language and storytelling. Dr. Ákos Östör and Dr. Lina Fruzzetti, two filmmaker-anthropologists at Brown University, are co-creators of six of the Festival’s films. Recently, they donated nine ethnographic (人种志的) films to the National Museum of Natural History’s Human Studies Film Archives (HSFA) — a film collection within the National Anthropological Archives (NAA) that is maintained for future generations to learn more about people across the world and their global history. “This is a moving, visual record of the world and one way in which we further the preservation of the world’s diversity for communities and researchers,” said Dr. Joshua Bell, curator (馆长) of globalization, co-director of the NAA at the museum. Anthropological films will always have a home in the HSFA, because they combine research with lived experience. “There is nothing like film to convey the rich complexity of other people’s lives outside of meeting them. The medium transports people and moves them. It’s very powerful,” said Bell. Through visual ethnography, anthropologists strive to document social dynamics and traditions. But the field has slight differences. For example, filming can change how people interact with each other. It might make them hold back their words and their emotions. Over time, anthropologists have adapted to this, and have come to embrace their roles as active participants in the filmmaking. “It’s shifted from using the camera as a window into a world and instead anthropologists now use the camera as a door that people can walk through. The creating process is much more dialogical,” said Bell. But even though past films were partial “windows” into societies and were shaped by preoccupations of the filmmakers, they still hold value for anthropologists seeking to contextualize the discipline, and for communities themselves seeking to understand their history. Since the late 60s, ethnographic filmmaking has been facing its colonial origins and moving beyond it. The field now works with communities in partnerships rather than distancing them. Anthropologists like Fruzzetti and Östör recognize that cultivating long-term, trust-based relationships is crucial before any camerawork can begin. 25．Which of the following is true about the annual Mother Tongue Film Festival? A．It aims to showcase award-winning international films. B．It highlights the healing ability of storytelling and language. C．It focuses on new technologies for digital storytelling. D．It promotes cooperation between filmmakers and Hollywood. 26．By comparing the camera to a “door” instead of a “window” (Para 7), Bell implied that ____________. A．filmmaking requires more active engagement with communities B．modern cameras are more portable and multifunctional for fieldwork C．anthropologists are better at capturing grand scenic landscapes D．film technology guarantees easy access to closed community 27．According to anthropologists like Fruzzetti and Östör, why is building trust-based relationships crucial before filming? A．To ensure the maintenance of friendship. B．To avoid legal conflicts over film ownership. C．To step up cooperation in the long term. D．To capture cultural practices in their true form. 28．What is the main idea of the passage? A．How film festivals explore the power of language. B．How filmmaking greatly boosts community values. C．How film helps to gain insight into the world’s diversity. D．How anthropologists use cameras to study social dynamics. 【答案】25．B 26．A 27．D 28．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了人类学电影制作在记录世界多样性、探索人类社会文化中的作用，以及人类学家通过电影媒介与社区互动的演变过程。 25．细节理解题。根据第二段“During the annual Mother Tongue Film Festival, anthropological filmmaking and digital storytelling take centerstage in the Festival’s exploration of the healing power of language and storytelling.”(在一年一度的母语电影节期间，人类学电影制作和数字叙事成为电影节探索语言和叙事治愈力量的核心。)可知，该电影节强调语言和叙事的治愈能力。故选B项。 26．推理判断题。根据第七段““It’s shifted from using the camera as a window into a world and instead anthropologists now use the camera as a door that people can walk through. The creating process is much more dialogical,” said Bell. (贝尔说：“它已经从把相机当作一扇观察世界的窗户，转变为人类学家现在把相机当作一扇人们可以走进的门。创作过程更具对话性。”)”可知，“窗户”象征被动观察，而“门”象征主动参与和互动，结合第六段中的“Over time, anthropologists have adapted to this, and have come to embrace their roles as active participants in the filmmaking. (随着时间的推移，人类学家已经适应了这一点，并开始接受自己作为电影制作中积极参与者的角色。)”可推断，贝尔的比喻强调电影制作需要与社区更积极的互动。故选A项。 27．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Anthropologists like Fruzzetti and Östör recognize that cultivating long-term, trust-based relationships is crucial before any camerawork can begin. (像弗鲁泽蒂和奥斯特这样的人类学家认识到，在任何拍摄工作开始之前，培养基于信任的长期关系至关重要。)”以及第六段中的“For example, filming can change how people interact with each other. It might make them hold back their words and their emotions. (例如，拍摄可能会改变人们之间的互动方式，可能会让他们抑制自己的话语和情绪。)”可知，建立信任关系是为了让拍摄对象在镜头前展现真实的文化实践，避免因不信任而隐瞒或改变行为。故选D项。 28．主旨大意题。根据首段中的“The term “filmmaking” arouses Hollywood charm and luxurious backdrops. But it also has an important place in anthropology (人类学), the scientific study of mankind, as one of the many tools and technologies these scientists use to understand communities, relationships, cultures and history.(“Filmmaking”（电影制作）一词让人联想到好莱坞的魅力和奢华的布景。然而，在人类学——即对人类进行科学研究的学科——中，它也占据着重要地位，作为科学家们用来了解群体、人际关系、文化和历史的众多工具与技术之一。)”可知，文章指出电影制作在人类学中用于理解社区、文化和历史，中间段落围绕人类学电影如何记录世界多样性、人类学家与社区的互动演变展开，末段强调通过信任关系实现真实记录，所以，C选项“电影如何帮助洞察世界的多样性”概括了人类学电影通过记录和互动展现文化多样性的主旨，符合题意。故选C项。 8（2025·上海浦东新·三模）The grammar school boy from Stratford-upon-Avon has delivered a significant academic impact after ground-breaking research showed that Shakespeare does benefit children’s literacy and emotional development. But only if you act him out. A study found that a “rehearsal (彩排) room” approach to teaching Shakespeare broadened children’s vocabulary and writing complexity as well as their emotional literacy. “The research shows that the way actors work makes a big difference to the way children use language and also how they think about themselves,” Jacqui O’Hanlon of the Royal Shakespeare Company (RSC) said. “Allowing children to use their whole bodies to bring the text to life and to make choices about character motivation had long been thought to improve literacy but now the research supported it”, she added. The randomized control trial involved hundreds of year 5 pupils at 45 state primary schools with no prior exposure to RSC pedagogy (教学法). They were split into target and control groups and asked to write, for example, a message in a bottle as Ferdinand after the shipwreck in The Tempest (《暴风雨》). The target group was given a 30-minute drama-based activity to accompany the passage. The peer-reviewed results showed that the target group of pupils tapped into a wider vocabulary, used words classed as more complicated or rarer, and wrote at greater length. They also appear to be more comfortable writing in role. While control pupils imagine how they themselves would react to being shipwrecked, target children put themselves in the shoes of a literary character and express that character’s emotion. Another study also found that while control pupils relied on “desert island clichés (陈词滥调)” such as palm trees, target pupils were more expressive giving a broader picture of the sky, the sea and the atmospheric conditions. O’Hanlon expressed surprise at the emotional literacy in the target children’s writing, noting they were more adaptable and hopeful. She stressed that it was probably related to the rehearsal room process where you were used to trying to imagine your way through. She also said more research would be needed but suggested that Shakespeare’s use of 20,000 words, compared with the everyday 2,000 words, significantly enriches children’s language experience, especially when they engage their whole bodies to bring the words to life. She added: “The reason we are performing Shakespeare’s work 400 years on is that there are so many different choices to make about character motivation, the meanings of different kinds of speeches, the setting. Shakespeare is great at asking you the questions. He doesn’t give you the answers and that’s why it’s such an interesting and creative body of work to explore.” 29．Which of the following learners’ activities fits the “rehearsal room” approach? A．Physically perform Shakespeare’s works. B．Emotionally reading Shakespeare’s plays. C．Independently writing reviews of Shakespeare’s plays. D．Regularly memorizing the lines of Shakespeare’s works. 30．What can we learn from the peer-reviewed results? A．Control pupils generally write longer pieces. B．Target pupils prefer using common vocabulary. C．Target pupils better identify with literary characters. D．Control pupils fail to react to an imagined situation. 31．O’Hanlon would most likely to agree that _________. A．young children demonstrate strong literacy and motivation B．memorizing Shakespeare’s texts directly teaches emotional skills C．actors’ performance helps children’s language learning and mental development D．Shakespeare’s enduring popularity lies in open questions and diverse interpretations 32．Which of the following might be the best title of this passage? A．Language’s Power: Writing in role. B．Shakespeare’s Magic: Learning by Acting. C．A Discovery Journey: Exploring Shakespeare’s World. D．A Path to Growth: Conducting Drama-driven Research. 【答案】29．A 30．C 31．D 32．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一项研究表明，采用“彩排室”教学法演绎莎士比亚作品能促进孩子的语言和情感发展，还阐述了相关研究结果及意义。 29．细节理解题。根据第一段中“A study found that a ‘rehearsal (彩排) room’ approach to teaching Shakespeare broadened children’s vocabulary and writing complexity as well as their emotional literacy. (一项研究发现，用‘彩排室’的方法教授莎士比亚作品可以拓宽孩子们的词汇量、提高写作复杂度以及情感素养)”和第二段中“Allowing children to use their whole bodies to bring the text to life and to make choices about character motivation had long been thought to improve literacy but now the research supported it (让孩子们用整个身体将文本生动呈现出来，并对角色动机做出选择，长期以来人们一直认为这有助于提高读写能力，现在这项研究证实了这一点)”可知，“彩排室”方法要求孩子们用整个身体将文本生动呈现出来，所以“让孩子们用身体去演绎莎士比亚的作品”这一学习活动适合用于“彩排室”学习法。故选A项。 30．细节理解题。根据第三段中“The peer-reviewed results showed that the target group of pupils tapped into a wider vocabulary, used words classed as more complicated or rarer, and wrote at greater length. They also appear to be more comfortable writing in role. While control pupils imagine how they themselves would react to being shipwrecked, target children put themselves in the shoes of a literary character and express that character’s emotion. (同行评议的结果显示，目标学生群体使用了更广泛的词汇，使用了更复杂或更罕见的词汇，写作的篇幅也更长。他们似乎也更适应角色写作。控制组的学生想象他们自己对船失事的反应，而目标组的孩子把自己放在一个文学人物的位置上，表达那个人物的情感)”可知，同行评议的结果显示目标组的学生会把自己放在一个文学人物的位置上，表达那个人物的情感，所以他们更能认同文学角色。故选C项。 31．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“She added: ‘The reason we are performing Shakespeare’s work 400 years on is that there are so many different choices to make about character motivation, the meanings of different kinds of speeches, the setting. Shakespeare is great at asking you the questions. He doesn’t give you the answers and that’s why it’s such an interesting and creative body of work to explore.’(她补充道：‘400年来我们一直在演绎莎士比亚的作品，原因在于对于角色动机、不同类型台词的含义以及场景设置，有太多不同的选择。莎士比亚很擅长向你提出问题。他不会给你答案，这就是为什么这是一个如此有趣且富有创意的作品体系值得去探索’)”可推知，奥汉隆很可能会认同莎士比亚经久不衰的受欢迎程度在于他提出的开放性问题和多样的解读。故选D项。 32．主旨大意题。通读全文，结合第一段中“The grammar school boy from Stratford-upon-Avon has delivered a significant academic impact after ground-breaking research showed that Shakespeare does benefit children’s literacy and emotional development. But only if you act him out. (来自埃文河畔斯特拉特福的文法学校男生产生了重大的学术影响，一项开创性的研究表明，莎士比亚作品确实有利于孩子的读写能力和情感发展。但前提是你要把他的作品演绎出来)”可知，本文主要讲述了通过演绎莎士比亚作品来学习能带来诸多好处。故B项“Shakespeare’s Magic: Learning by Acting.(莎士比亚的魔力：通过演绎来学习)”能概括文章内容，最适合做文章标题。故选B项。 9（2025·上海长宁·二模）What would your answer be if I were to ask you what you wanted from life? Would it be money, power, a loving family, close friends, a great job or something else? Author Gretchen Rubin asked herself that question one day while sitting in traffic on a bus. After giving it some thought, she realized that, overall, she wanted to be happy. If happiness was to be her goal, Rubin realized, “The days are long, but the years are short. Time is passing, and I’m not focusing enough on the things that really matter.” This conclusion began a 12-month commitment to discover what would add more happiness to her life. The pursuit resulted in Rubin’s New York Times best-selling book The Happiness Project. According to some of the reviews, this is more than a typical self-help book. One Amazon review reads, “This is the rare book that will make you both smile and think — often on the same page.” It’s full of humor, insight and actual examples from Rubin’s year-long experiment. In an effort to reach her goal, she tested numerous theories on happiness. Going through philosophy, science, popular culture and more, the writer chose specific habits to examine and try to integrate into her lifestyle. Rubin’s book is divided into 12 chapters, each highlighting a different month and specific area of focus. In chapters one through 11, each new focus or category includes three or four things to work on. For example, the first chapter begins with January and the importance of getting more physical and mental energy. The corresponding goals consist of getting better sleep and exercising more. Later chapters discuss topics such as the importance of making time for friends, play, your passions and more. Chapter 12 concentrates on pulling everything together and adopting all the new habits. At the end of her 12-month journey, Rubin concluded that small, daily changes had, in fact, resulted in a deeper sense of happiness. In this new year, instead of making new resolutions that you’ll probably abandon by February, why not give Rubin’s Happiness Project a try? It is likely that you will then see an increase in your own happiness in 2025 and the happiness you bring to others around you. 33．____ made Gretchen Rubin start her 12-month commitment to studying how to achieve happiness. A．Sitting in traffic on a bus B．Reading a self-help book C．Noticing her overlooking crucial matters D．Wanting to write a best-selling book 34．Which of the following is a feature of The Happiness Project? A．It is organized by monthly challenges. B．It is written in a quite serious way. C．It provides detailed experimental data. D．It offers fun and wise real-life examples. 35．According to The Happiness Project, ____ contributes to greater physical and mental energy. A．enhancing rest and activity B．adopting a strict habit tracker C．scheduling weekly social hours D．pursuing creative outlets daily 36．The main purpose of the passage is to ____. A．describe the author’s personal journey of self-discovery B．inspire readers to seek happiness as the book suggests C．explain the importance of setting goals in life D．promote sales of a particular self-help book 【答案】33．C 34．D 35．A 36．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍Gretchen Rubin的著作《The Happiness Project》及其核心理念。该书评从创作背景，书籍特点，具体内容方面进行了介绍，同时在末尾段落呼吁读者尝试书中方法。 33．细节理解题。根据文章第二段内容“If happiness was to be her goal, Rubin realized, ‘The days are long, but the years are short. Time is passing, and I’m not focusing enough on the things that really matter.’ This conclusion began a 12-month commitment to discover what would add more happiness to her life. (如果幸福是她的目标的话，Rubin意识到，“日子漫长，但岁月短暂。时光在流逝，而我却没有足够专注于那些真正重要的事情。”这一结论促使她开始了为期 12 个月的探索之旅，旨在探寻哪些事物能够为她的生活增添更多的幸福感。)”可知，Rubin意识到自己未足够关注重要事物，这促使她开始12个月的幸福研究。故选C项。 34．细节理解题。根据文章第三段内容“According to some of the reviews, this is more than a typical self-help book. One Amazon review reads, ‘This is the rare book that will make you both smile and think — often on the same page.’ It’s full of humor, insight and actual examples from Rubin’s year-long experiment. (根据一些书评，这不仅仅是一本普通的自助类书籍。亚马逊上有一条书评写道：“这是一本罕见的书籍，它会让你既会心一笑，又能引发深思——常常是在同一页面上。”这本书充满了幽默、深刻的见解以及鲁宾历时一年的实验中的实际事例。)”可知，书中“充满幽默、见解和真实例子”，且评论称其“让人同时微笑和思考”。因此可知，这本书的特点是它提供了有趣且富有智慧的真实生活实例。故选D项。 35．细节理解题。根据文章第四段内容“For example, the first chapter begins with January and the importance of getting more physical and mental energy. The corresponding goals consist of getting better sleep and exercising more. (例如，第一章从一月开始，讲述了获取更多身心活力的重要性。相应的目标包括改善睡眠和增加锻炼。)”可知，获得更多的身心活力可以借助于改善睡眠和增加锻炼，即，增强休息与活动有助于提升身心活力。故选A项。 36．推理判断题。根据文章末尾段内容“In this new year, instead of making new resolutions that you’ll probably abandon by February, why not give Rubin’s Happiness Project a try? It is likely that you will then see an increase in your own happiness in 2025 and the happiness you bring to others around you. (在新的一年里，与其立下那些大概到二月就会放弃的新年决心，为何不试试鲁宾的“幸福计划”呢？这样，您很可能会在 2025 年感受到自身幸福的提升，也会给身边的人带来更多快乐。)”可知，作者在最后一段建议读者尝试书中方法，由此推知，其核心目的是激励读者实践书中的幸福追求方式。故选B项。 10（2025·上海松江·二模）Beneath its icy surface, the Antarctic Ocean — a vast and remote wilderness — houses a hidden world of microscopic life, including clouds of krill (磷虾). These tiny creatures, just a few inches long, are among the most plentiful and important animals on Earth. Rod Downie, chief polar adviser at WWF-UK, describes Antarctic krill as the “superheroes of the Southern Ocean.” They serve as a critical food source for marine wildlife, including whales, penguins, seals, and seabirds. They feed on microscopic plants in sea ice, which absorb CO2, and are in turn eaten by whales. When whales release waste, it fertilizes marine plants that help cool the planet. However, the unsustainable fishing of krill could disturb this cycle. Downie says, “We urgently need to protect krill habitats within a network of marine protected areas. This project could give us a new tool to help monitor and safeguard this vital species.” But monitoring these organisms presents a grand challenge for scientists. Traditional methods, such as ship-based surveys and sampling, are time-consuming, expensive, and geographically limited. Scientists are using slight differences in seawater colour to count Antarctic krill from space. Dr Cait McCarry, a researcher from the University of Strathclyde, recently returned from Antarctica, where she conducted experiments to measure this effect. She explained, “We start with seawater, then add a krill and measure how much light the water absorbs. Then we add another krill and take another measurement.” This process helps scientists understand how krill concentration affects ocean colour, enabling them to track krill populations from space. The technology isn’t without its limitations. Factors such as cloud cover, sea ice, and variations in water clarity can affect the accuracy of satellite measurements. Furthermore, while satellite data provides information about the overall biomass, it doesn’t provide detailed information on the species composition or the health of individual organisms. And in such cases, field studies, with its unique capacity for on-the-ground investigation, are ready to assume an essential role for a more comprehensive understanding. From the seemingly insignificant variations in seawater color to the complex interplay of life within the Antarctic food web, scientists continue to reveal the complicated workings of this vital ecosystem. Their dedication and the innovative tools they employ offer hope for a future where we can better understand and protect the wonders of our planet. 37．Krill are described as “superheroes of the Southern Ocean” because ______. A．they provide an essential monitoring method B．their vast species dominate the Antarctic Ocean C．they regulate the temperature of Earth in a certain way D．their movements indicate ocean temperatures precisely 38．It can be concluded that ______. A．light absorption changes with krill concentration B．krill’s waste helps plants absorb CO2 more efficiently C．the species of deep-sea plants are enriched due to krill D．krill are mainly threatened by natural hunters like whales 39．What can be inferred from the passage? A．Oceanic research centers around marine life’s complex interactions. B．Though minor now, water color changes promise future discoveries. C．Given overfishing, greater emphasis should be laid on the composition of krill species. D．A full understanding of krill requires integration of satellite monitoring and field studies. 40．What is the passage mainly about? A．The urgency and challenges of studying krill. B．The development of new methods to study krill. C．The role of krill in the ecosystem and efforts to monitor them. D．The impact of human activities on krill and ways to counter it. 【答案】37．C 38．A 39．D 40．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了南极磷虾在南大洋生态系统中扮演着重要角色，是众多海洋生物的关键食物来源，且在调节地球温度方面有重要作用。 37．细节理解题。根据第二段“They serve as a critical food source for marine wildlife, including whales, penguins, seals, and seabirds. They feed on microscopic plants in sea ice, which absorb CO2, and are in turn eaten by whales. When whales release waste, it fertilizes marine plants that help cool the planet.(它们是包括鲸鱼、企鹅、海豹和海鸟等海洋野生动物的重要食物来源。它们以海冰中的微小植物为食，这些植物吸收二氧化碳，而它们又反过来被鲸鱼吃掉。当鲸鱼排出粪便时，它会给海洋植物施肥，帮助地球降温)”可知，磷虾被称为 “南大洋超级英雄” 是因为它们以某种方式调节了地球的温度。故选 C。 38．推理判断题。根据第四段 “She explained, “We start with seawater, then add a krill and measure how much light the water absorbs. Then we add another krill and take another measurement.” This process helps scientists understand how krill concentration affects ocean colour, enabling them to track krill populations from space.(她解释说：“我们从海水开始，然后加入一只磷虾并测量水吸收了多少光。然后我们再加入一只磷虾并进行另一次测量。” 这个过程帮助科学家了解磷虾浓度如何影响海洋颜色，使他们能够从太空追踪磷虾的数量。）可推知，光的吸收随着磷虾浓度的变化而变化。故选 A。 39．推理判断题。根据第四段“Scientists are using slight differences in seawater colour to count Antarctic krill from space.(科学家们正在利用海水颜色的细微差异从太空计算南极磷虾的数量)以及第五段 “Factors such as cloud cover, sea ice, and variations in water clarity can affect the accuracy of satellite measurements. Furthermore, while satellite data provides information about the overall biomass, it doesn’t provide detailed information on the species composition or the health of individual organisms. And in such cases, field studies, with its unique capacity for on-the-ground investigation, are ready to assume an essential role for a more comprehensive understanding.(云层覆盖、海冰和水的清澈度等因素会影响卫星测量的准确性。此外，虽然卫星数据提供了关于总体生物量的信息，但它没有提供关于物种组成或个体生物健康的详细信息。在这种情况下，实地研究凭借其独特的实地调查能力，准备在更全面的了解中发挥重要作用)”可推知，要全面了解磷虾，需要将卫星监测和实地研究相结合。故选 D。 40．主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章前两介绍了磷虾在南极海洋生态系统中作为重要食物来源，以及它们在调节地球温度方面的作用；后面几段讲述了科学家面临监测磷虾的挑战，采用了利用海水颜色从太空监测磷虾的新技术，同时也指出了该技术的局限性，以及实地研究的重要性。选项 C“磷虾在生态系统中的作用以及监测它们的努力”能概括文章的大意。故选 C。 11（2025·上海杨浦·二模）On farms all over the country, even the most traditional ones, thought is being given to the possibilities of AI. For the moment, artificial intelligence isn’t making much of an impact on the daily lives of most British farmers. But the way AI can transform agriculture in the near future is very much a reality in universities and research labs. My eyes were opened to the possibilities on a visit to a lab where cows were being automatically monitored in an innovative ‘smart’ dairy. AI was learning to recognize each individual cow and log its behavior. It then analyzed the data to warn of any signs of illness. Meanwhile, in my home county, work is underway to ensure that the upcoming generation of farmers isn’t left behind. In a few weeks’ time, newly arrived students at the Royal Agricultural University (RAU) will start their course in Agricultural Technology, at the heart of which is AI’s role in making farming more effective, productive and adaptive in a world of changing weather patterns. This would have sounded like science fiction in the 1950s, but now, 70 years on, I’m encouraged that tomorrow’s farmers are being armed with the know-how to succeed in the new digital age. Naturally, there are concerns about what all this might mean for the countless number of people who depend on farming for their livelihood. Soft fruit and seasonal veg are extremely tender and need an army of pickers and packers who may find themselves replaced at some point by the sort of standard precision-robots that have been trialled on a strawberry farm. In recent years many places have struggled to employ and keep seasonal workers, so rather than create unemployment, AI might just provide the answer to a worrying labour gap. It’s worth saying that this technology will need a whole new set of workers to produce the hardware, input new data and then install, maintain, repair and replace systems and kit. So don’t despair but do consider upskilling. Since the Industrial Revolution, every generation of farmers has had to deal with the technological changes of the day and they have successfully adapted to survive. Who knows! AI may well turn out to be just the latest in a long line of challenges to be embraced by adaptable and spirited farmers. And anything that saves me the worry of checking the weather forecast day and night during harvest season must be a good thing. 41．What did the author discover during his visit to the lab? A．AI has made automation a reality in the dairy industry. B．AI has helped most British farmers to closely monitor cows. C．AI is being developed to improve cow health through behavior analysis. D．AI is primarily being used to transform universities and labs across Britain. 42．What is the focus of the course in Agricultural Technology at the RAU? A．The role of traditional methods in enhancing crop productivity. B．The development of AI in agricultural practices in the UK. C．The ways climate change affects global food security. D．The impact of AI on boosting farming efficiency and productivity. 43．What can be inferred about the introduction of AI in agriculture from the third and the fourth paragraphs? A．It will lead to widespread unemployment. B．It will eliminate the need for human labor completely. C．It may help address the labor shortage issue. D．It doesn’t affect the nature of seasonal workers. 44．What is the author’s attitude towards the use of AI in agriculture? A．Suspicious. B．Optimistic. C．Neutral. D．Concerned. 【答案】41．C 42．D 43．C 44．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要探讨人工智能（AI）在农业领域的应用现状与未来前景，包括智能奶牛监测、农业技术教育、劳动力替代问题以及作者对AI农业化的积极态度。 41．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“My eyes were opened to the possibilities on a visit to a lab where cows were being automatically monitored in an innovative ‘smart’ dairy. AI was learning to recognize each individual cow and log its behavior. It then analyzed the data to warn of any signs of illness.(在参观一个实验室时，我的眼界被打开了，在那里，奶牛在一个创新的‘智能’奶牛场中被自动监控。人工智能正在学习识别每一头奶牛并记录其行为。然后，它分析数据，警告任何疾病的迹象。)”可推知，在作者所参观的一个实验室里的，人工智能正在学习识别奶牛、记录奶牛行为、并通过分析数据预警疾病迹象；由此可知，作者在参观实验室时发现实验室正在开发通过行为分析改善奶牛健康的人工智能。故选C。 42．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“In a few weeks’ time, newly arrived students at the Royal Agricultural University (RAU) will start their course in Agricultural Technology, at the heart of which is AI’s role in making farming more effective, productive and adaptive in a world of changing weather patterns.(几周后，皇家农业大学（RAU）的新来的学生将开始他们的农业技术课程，这门课程的核心是人工智能在使农业在不断变化的天气模式下更有效、更多产和更适应性方面的作用。)”可推知，皇家农业大学（RAU）农业技术课程的重点是AI对提升农业效率和生产力的影响。故选D。 43．推理判断题。根据文章第四段“In recent years many places have struggled to employ and keep seasonal workers, so rather than create unemployment, AI might just provide the answer to a worrying labour gap.(近年来，许多地方一直在努力雇佣和留住季节性工人，因此，人工智能可能只是为令人担忧的劳动力缺口提供了答案，而不是制造失业。)”可推知，AI可能有助于解决劳动力短缺问题。故选C。 44．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“AI may well turn out to be just the latest in a long line of challenges to be embraced by adaptable and spirited farmers. And anything that saves me the worry of checking the weather forecast day and night during harvest season must be a good thing. (人工智能很可能只是一长串挑战中最新的一个，这些挑战将被适应能力强、精神充沛的农民所接受。任何能让我不用在收获季节日夜查看天气预报的事情都是好事。)”可知，作者对AI节省人力，如免于日夜查看天气预报积极评价，因此推断作者对人工智能在农业上的应用持乐观态度。故选B。 12（2025·上海青浦·二模）Last year, Roche, a Swiss drug company, published a review of the clinical trials on neurological drugs it had held between 2016 and 2021. It found that black people were under-represented in all but one. Surprisingly, that news represents progress, because it shows that trial organisers are becoming more aware of a dangerous bias that sets back the safety and effect of medical treatments. Many trials exclude certain groups, and do so deliberately — children, for example, or people with physical or learning disabilities, pregnant women and the elderly. ________ A recent review found that half of trials around the world testing hip-fracture (髋部骨折) interventions excluded people who lived in nursing homes, were old or had some level of cognitive disorder. Though these groups make up almost a third of all patients suffering hip fractures, it is unclear if the interventions will work as safely or as effectively on them. Their doctors face an envious choice: prescribe anyway, with uncertain results; or deny their patients new treatments. Obtaining informed permission for trials is not always easy, especially from people with learning disabilities or dementia (痴呆). Accounting for different groups’ risks of side-effects can complicate the analysis of the data. And some groups mistrust doctors because of a history of mistreatment, which makes it harder to involve them in the trial. Even so, broadening the range of trials’ participants can be practically useful, because they may lead to new medical insights. Running trials on people who are more likely to develop Alzheimer’s, such as those with Down’s syndrome, might help researchers test whether their drugs work preventively. Something like that happened with the Dallas Heart Study in the 2000s. As a large piece of epidemiological research, it included an racially representative sample of people and found a genetic variant in some African-Americans which was related to 40% lower bad cholesterol (胆固醇). That gene is now one of the foremost drug targets in the fight against cardiovascular (心血管的) disease. Fortunately, the bias of clinical testing may be changing. Almost half of trial participants in America are now women (in the rest of the world it is still only 40%). America and Britain look likely to publish regulations that require trial organisers to explain whom they ought to include and how they plan to involve them. 45．According to the review, what is the current problem with clinical trials? A．They target specific groups while excluding some people. B．They test for side effects of the drugs, so they are not useful enough. C．They are not suitable for every patient because of their physical conditions. D．They don’t produce safe or effective results, thus discouraging lots of people. 46．Which sentence best fits the blank in paragraph 3? A．Yet the consequences can be ridiculous. B．However, it is happening for good reasons. C．Therefore, it brings convenience to doctors. D．Moreover, the groups can enjoy better treatments. 47．In the example of the Dallas Heart Study, what does “something like that” in paragraph 6 refer to? A．Running trials on the target patients can help researchers. B．Broadening the range of trials’ participants avoids mistreatments. C．Testing the effectiveness of the drug helps prevent certain diseases. D．Involving a wider range of participants in trials leads to new medical insights. 48．What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A．There will be no bias in clinical testing very soon. B．Women used to be under-represented in clinical trials. C．Regulations on subjects in clinical trials have come into effect. D．Clinical trials are increasingly improving, thus attracting women. 【答案】45．A 46．A 47．D 48．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讨论了临床试验中代表性不足的问题及其改进措施，强调了扩大参与者范围对医疗进步的重要性。 45．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Many trials exclude certain groups, and do so deliberately — children, for example, or people with physical or learning disabilities, pregnant women and the elderly. (许多试验故意将某些群体排除在外——例如儿童、身体或学习障碍者、孕妇和老年人)” 以及第三段中“A recent review found that half of trials around the world testing hip-fracture (髋部骨折) interventions excluded people who lived in nursing homes, were old or had some level of cognitive disorder. (最近的一项综述发现，世界各地测试髋部骨折干预措施的试验中，有一半将住在养老院、老年人或有某种程度认知障碍的人排除在外)”可知，临床试验的当前问题是它们针对特定群体，却故意排除了一些人，如儿童、有身体或学习障碍的人、孕妇、老人等。故选A项。 46．推理判断题。根据第三段空后“A recent review found that half of trials around the world testing hip-fracture (髋部骨折) interventions excluded people who lived in nursing homes, were old or had some level of cognitive disorder. (最近的一项综述发现，世界各地测试髋部骨折干预措施的试验中，有一半将住在养老院、老年人或有某种程度认知障碍的人排除在外)”提到许多试验故意排除某些群体，以及后文“Though these groups make up almost a third of all patients suffering hip fractures, it is unclear if the interventions will work as safely or as effectively on them. (尽管这些群体几乎占所有髋部骨折患者的三分之一，但目前尚不清楚干预措施对他们是否同样安全或有效)”说这些被排除的群体占髋部骨折患者的近三分之一，却不清楚干预措施对他们是否安全有效，医生面临艰难选择，这种情况是荒谬的。A选项“然而，后果可能是荒谬的”符合语境，能很好地衔接上下文。故选A项。 47．词句猜测题。根据第五段提到“Even so, broadening the range of trials’ participants can be practically useful, because they may lead to new medical insights. (即便如此，扩大试验参与者的范围实际上是有用的，因为它们可能会带来新的医学见解)”以及第六段“Something like that happened with the Dallas Heart Study in the 2000s. As a large piece of epidemiological research, it included an racially representative sample of people and found a genetic variant in some African-Americans which was related to 40% lower bad cholesterol (胆固醇). That gene is now one of the foremost drug targets in the fight against cardiovascular (心血管的) disease. (2000年代的达拉斯心脏研究就发生了类似的事情。作为一项大规模的流行病学研究，它包含了具有种族代表性的人群样本，并在一些非裔美国人中发现了一种与坏胆固醇降低40%相关的基因变异。该基因现在是对抗心血管疾病的最重要药物靶点之一)”可推知，“something like that”指的是让更广泛的参与者参与试验会带来新的医学见解。故选D项。 48．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Fortunately, the bias of clinical testing may be changing. Almost half of trial participants in America are now women (in the rest of the world it is still only 40%). (幸运的是，临床试验的偏见可能正在改变。现在美国近一半的试验参与者是女性（在世界其他地区仍然只有40%）)”由此可推断出过去女性在临床试验中的参与比例是较低的，也就是女性过去在临床试验中的代表性不足。故选B项。 1 / 13 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $