专题10 推理判断题的文本依据与逻辑延伸（培优讲义）（全国通用）2026年高考英语二轮复习高效培优系列

该高中英语高考复习讲义聚焦推理判断题，涵盖隐含意义、写作意图等8大核心考点，按考情精析-考点深解-解题思维优化逻辑架构，通过考点梳理（思维导图）、方法指导（逻辑信号词突破）、真题训练（典例+变式）环节，帮助学生突破主观臆断等瓶颈，体现复习系统性与针对性。 资料创新采用分层训练法（基础单句逻辑到高分层语篇推理）和错题归因策略（建立推理错误类型统计表），如观点态度题通过“情感词+语气”解码态度，培养学生思维品质与学习能力。设置典例精讲与变式巩固，助力学生高效提升逻辑推理能力，为教师把控复习节奏提供精准指导。

专题10 推理判断题的文本依据与逻辑延伸 目录 第一部分 考情精析 锁定靶心 高效备考 第二部分 重难考点深解 深度溯源 扫清盲区 【考点01】隐含意义推断题：听懂“弦外之音” 【考点02】写作意图推断题：看透作者“为何而写” 【考点03】观点态度推断题：褒？贬？中立 【考点04】人物性格特征题：言行即人品，证据在文中 【考点05】文章出处推断题：广告？新闻？科普？ 【考点06】写作对象推断题：写给谁看？从用词和话题破译 【考点07】预测文章走势题：逻辑推演，预见下文 【考点08】行文写作手法题：行文逻辑法 第三部分 解题思维优化 典例精析+方法提炼+变式巩固 【题型01】隐含意义推断题：答案不在明处，在逻辑缝隙中 【题型02】写作意图推断题：功能导向，直击写作目的 【题型03】观点态度推断题：情感词+语气=态度密码 【题型04】人物性格特征题：拒绝主观印象，只信事实情节 【题型05】文章出处和写作对象：看体裁、辨风格、定来源 【题型06】预测走势和行文手法：析结构、辨方法、解意图 核心考向聚焦 核心价值： 关键能力与思维瓶颈 关键能力：本专题重点考查文本信息的深度解码能力：识别长难句中的逻辑关系（如转折、因果） 逻辑推理能力：基于原文信息进行"一步推理"，避免过度解读 语境分析能力：结合文化背景与语篇结构推断隐含意义。 培优瓶颈： 1：主观臆断——用个人经验代替文本依据（如2025全国二卷第34题，考生易脱离原文推断瓶装水的环保影响） 思维误区2：过度推理——在原文基础上添加多重假设（如2024新课标I卷第35题，考生易夸大Daru对生物多样性应用程序的建议） 思维误区3：细节混淆——将原文事实信息误认为推理结论（如2023新课标I卷第26题，误把项目描述当作影响评价） 命题前瞻与备考策略 预测： 2026年高考将强化"文本依据+逻辑链"的双重考查，选项设置更具迷惑性（如近义干扰、反向干扰）。 策略： 1. 分层训练法：基础层（单句逻辑训练）→进阶层（段落推理训练）→高分层（语篇结构推理训练） 2. 错题归因法：建立"推理错误类型统计表"（如"无中生有""偷换概念""过度推理"），针对性突破 逻辑信号词专项突破：重点训练but/however（转折逻辑）、because/thus（因果逻辑）、in contrast（对比逻辑）等信号词引导的推理题 ◇考点 01 隐含意义推断题：听懂“弦外之音” 1.题型解读 隐含推断题要求考生根据文中的信息进行合理的、适度的逻辑推断,推断出作者没有直接说明的内容,可能会发生的事情,理解作者的言外之意等。考生只有正确把握文章的内在关系,理解关键词句的真正含义,才可能作出准确的推断。此类题目的题干主要包括六个动词:infer(推断),indicate(象征,暗示),imply(暗示),suggest(暗示),conclude(得出结论)和 assume(假定,设想)。 2.设题方式 设题方式灵活：题干的表述更加多样化，不再局限于传统的“infer”“imply”“suggest”等词，可能会以更具体、更贴近文本内容的方式提问，如“Based on the passage, what can we learn about...”“What does the author want to convey through...”等。 34. What does the author try to illustrate by mentioning bottled water in paragraph 4?（2025全国二卷，隐含含义题） 35. What is Daru’s suggestion for biodiversity apps? （2024新课标I卷，隐含含义题） 3.思维导图 ◇考点 02 写作意图推断题：看透作者“为何而写” 1.题型解读 此题型要求考生根据文章的论述，在复杂的语境条件下把握作者的思路，推测作者隐藏的思想及真正的写作意图及运用某种写作手法的目的。作者一般不直接陈述自己的意图，而是通过文章所提供的事实和形象，客观地使读者信服某种想法或意见。此类题属于得分率较低的高难度题。 2.设题方式 写作意图推测题的常见设问方式有： 35. What is the author’s purpose in writing the text? （2024新课标I卷，写作意图题） For what purpose did the author write the passage? The writer writes this passage in order to _________. The purpose of the text is to _________. What is the purpose of the last part of the text? The writer uses…in the first paragraph to ________. The writer uses the example of….to _________. ◇考点 03 观点态度推断题：褒？贬？中立 1.题型解读 所谓作者的观点和态度,就是作者对某个话题、行为、事件的看法、感觉或判断。作者的观点和态度一般分为三大类:支持、赞同、乐观;客观、中立;反对、批评、怀疑、悲观。作者的这种思想倾向和感情色彩往往隐含在文章的字里行间。因此,在推断过程中应特别注意文中作者的措辞,尤其是表达感情色彩的形容词或副词。此类试题往往让考生推断文章作者或文中人物对某事所持的态度、观点或看法,或推断文中人物的语气、性格等。 2.设题方式 31. What is Ducke’s attitude toward the Saint Lukas’ services? （2024全国甲卷，态度推断题） 26. Which of the following best describes the impact of the program? （2023新课标I卷，人物评价题） 3. 思维导图 ◇考点 04 人物性格特征题：言行即人品，证据在文中 1.题型解读 人物性格特征题要求考生根据文中人物的言行举止推断其性格品质，核心原则是"言行即人品，证据在文中"。这类题目需避免主观印象，必须基于原文具体情节进行推断。 2.设题方式 26. Which of the following best describes the impact of the program? （2023新课标I卷，人物评价题） 1．Which of the following best describes......? 2．According to the text, which words can best describe ......? 3.Which of the following best describe ...... according to Paragraph ...? 4.How would the author feel about the outcome of the event? 5.What did the author think of ......? 3. 解题技巧 把描述人物的性格特征的词一一列出，基本上考题不会超出这些词汇，考前把它们的意思记熟。预测每个词需要和什么样的事迹相对应，这样在考场上就能迅速地找到答案。对这种题要迅速解决，以给其他试题提供做题时间。 描写人物特征的相关形容词: adaptable 有适应能力的 aggressive 有进取心的 ambitious 有雄心的 appreciative 感激的，感谢的 4cautious 小心的，谨慎的 concerned 关心的 considerate 体贴的 cooperative  合作的 courageous 勇敢的 demanding 要求极严的 devoted 全心全意的 reliable 可靠的 faithful 忠诚的 far-sighted 有远见的 humorous 幽默的 independent 独立的 indifferent 冷漠的 diligent勤奋的 responsible负责任的 knowledgeable知识渊博的 sensible 明智的，理智的 straightforward 率直的，坦率的 talented 有才能的 tolerant 宽容的，容忍的 innovative 创新的 easy-going 随和的 open-minded 思想开明的 grateful 感激的，感谢的 intelligent 聪明的 determined 意志坚定地 committed 尽心尽力的 ◇考点 05 文章出处推断题：广告？新闻？科普？ 1.题型解读 要求推断文章来源（如网站、杂志、广告等），需关注文体特征（如广告含价格、联系方式；新闻含时间、地点。 2.设题方式 21. Where is this text probably taken from? （2022新课标I卷，文章出处题） ①Where is this text probably taken from? ②In which section of a website can the text appear? 3. 解题技巧思维导图 “推断文章出处”类试题应从文章的内容或结构入手来判断其出处： (a travel guide)：此类文章旨在介绍某一旅游景点的自然景观和人文特色，目的是吸引游客来访。 (an advertisement)：现代生活中广告无处不在，英语阅读理解也是如此。有时会考查微型海报、通知、启示、时刻表、图表等。 (a class presentation)：此类文章往往紧扣主题，口语性强、语言活泼，形式新颖，伴随有图片、图表、文字介绍等信息。 (an Internet page)：此类文章往往会提供超级链接标志，如For more information, please click here. (a news report)：此类文章内容广泛，涉及人物、时政、教育、体育、科技等，突出新颖性、突发性和真实性。新闻呈“倒金字塔”结构，第一段概括全文内容最重要。 (a research paper)：此类文章重点介绍科技领域最新研究成果：新发现、新思想、新发明。第一段概括介绍，然后分段陈述。文章结构严谨，语言规范，句式复杂。 (a book review)：书评、影评类文章涉及到作者介绍，内容梗概、人物性格评论，写作特色以及个人好恶等内容。 (a science magazine)：此类文章内容广泛，涉及到日常生活习惯、健康饮食、太空与海洋、创造与发明、计算机发展、人类未来、动物世界等。其重点是普及科学知识，提高科学素养。 ◇考点 06 写作对象推断题：写给谁看？从用词和话题破译 1.题型解读 要求推断目标读者（如学生、专家、普通市民），需结合语言难度与话题内容判断。如话题为"校园垃圾分类指南"，语言简单→读者为"students" 2.设题方式 1．Which of the following best describes......? 2．According to the text, which words can best describe ......? 3.Which of the following best describe ...... according to Paragraph ...? 4.How would the author feel about the outcome of the event? 5.What did the author think of ......? 3. 解题技巧 把描述人物的性格特征的词一一列出，基本上考题不会超出这些词汇，考前把它们的意思记熟。预测每个词需要和什么样的事迹相对应，这样在考场上就能迅速地找到答案。对这种题要迅速解决，以给其他试题提供做题时间。 ◇考点 07 预测文章走势：逻辑推演，预见下文 1.题型解读 “预测文章走势”是指读者基于已有信息（如标题、首段、上下文线索、逻辑连接词、作者语气等），对文章后续内容、结构走向或作者下一步论述方向进行合理推断的能力。 2. 文章走势的设问方式 1. What will be discussed further in the coming paragraph? 2．What may the researchers do next according to the last paragraph? 3．What would the author most probably discuss next? 4．Where does the article go next? 5.What would the following paragraph talk about? 3. 解题技巧 对事件可能的结局或下一段可能涉及的内容等进行猜测推理。做此类题目时，务必把握作者的写作思路，如文章可能按事件发展的经过描写，也可能按因果关系、对比关系来叙述，从而做出比较科学的、合情合理的预测判断。特别要注意文章最后一段的内容及最后几句话。 考生在阅读全文基础上，“预测下段”类试题应注意以下两点策略： ①从最后一段入手。有时候，作者在最后一段提到一个话题，但是没有充分说明，因此需要在下一段就此问题深入分析、论述或讨论。所以考生学会依据最后一段甚至最后一句话进行推断也不失为明智选择。 ②从第一段入手。实用类说明文往往采用“总分”或者“总分总”结构，即第一段总体概况说明，然后分段阐述。因此只要考生把握好第一段即主题段内容，顺藤摸瓜，即可推断下段内容应该是主题段中尚未提及的内容。 思维导图 ◇考点 08 写作手法题——行文逻辑法 1.题型解读 要求分析作者的写作手法（如举例、对比、因果分析），需识别信号词（如for example表举例，but表对比） 2.设题方式 32. How does the author present the issue in the first paragraph? (2025全国一卷) 34. What is the function of the quoted statements in paragraph 4? (2024九省联考卷) 3.解题技巧 ①根据文章题材来判断。 记叙文多采取以时间为序、以空间为序、以故事情节发展为序等叙事方式进行写作。 说明文往往采取下定义、举例子、列数字、对比等方式使说明更清晰或更具说服力。 议论文大多通过举例子、列数字、引名言、作对比是使得观点更可信，更有权威性。 ②根据“原文定位”来判断。 先根据题干判断是具体某段还是全文写作手法，然后寻找标志词，进而找到答案。 形式 含义 标志词 by giving examples 通过举例 for example, for instance by analyzing causes 通过分析原因 as a result/consequence by giving definitions 通过下定义 that is to say by listing data/statistics 通过列数字 increase by 13% by describing a process 通过描述过程 first, second, third, finally by following time order 遵循时间顺序 in 1920，in the 1940s, nowadays by making comparisons/contrast 通过对比 but, while by making classifications 通过分类 first, next, then by analyzing cause and effect 通过分析因果 That is because…. by following space order 遵循空间顺序 由近及远，由外到内 ◇题型 01 隐含意义推断题：答案不在明处，在逻辑缝隙中 典｜例｜精｜析 典例1（2025年全国一卷篇D节选）Microplastics have become a common source of pollution across the Earth — they have settled in the deep sea and on the Himalayas, stuck inside volcanic rocks, filled the stomachs of seabirds and even fallen in fresh Antarctic snow. They are even appearing inside humans. ... Still, the findings show a potential path forward for reducing microplastic exposure — a task that's becoming increasingly difficult. Even bottled water, scientists found earlier this year, contains 10 to 1,000 times more microplastics than originally thought. Scientists are still trying to determine how harmful microplastics are — but what they do know has raised concerns. The new study suggests boiling tap water could be a tool to limit intake. “The way they demonstrated how microplastics were trapped through the boiling process was nice," Caroline Gauchotte - Lindsay, an environmental engineer at the University of Glasgow in Scotland who was not involved in the research, tells New Scientist. “We should be looking into upgrading drinking water treatment plants so they remove microplastics.” 34. What does the author try to illustrate by mentioning bottled water in paragraph 4? A. The importance of plastic recycling. B. The severity of the microplastic problem. C. The danger in overusing pure water. D. The difficulty in treating polluted water. 35. What is Gauchotte - Lindsay's suggestion about? A. Choice of new research methods. B. Possible direction for further study. C. Need to involve more researchers. D. Potential application of the findings. 典例2（2025年全国二卷C篇节选)When Sonja Detrinidad opened her online shop selling houseplants, she didn't have high hopes for it. But the opposite happened: She was flooded, shipping out 1, 200 orders in June of2020 alone. In the past year, Detrinidad sent out more than 70, 000 plants. Her success is just one example of increased time at home leading to an explosion in the houseplant industry. ... If you're among the groups of people who are enjoying the mental and physical health benefits of surrounding yourself with plants, don't beat yourself up if one (or a few!) doesn't make it. “Doctors practice medicine and lawyers practice law and you should allow yourself the practice it takes to sustain a plant. Tending to plants is an exercise in patience and learning. Be invested in taking care of it, but if it dies, go get another one, ” Detrinidad says. 30. What does Detrinidad try to explain by mentioning doctors and lawyers? A. The necessity of social skills. B. The meaning of sustainability. C. The importance of repeated efforts. D. The value of professional opinions. 方｜法｜提｜练 变｜式｜巩｜固 变式1（25-26高三上·重庆·期中）Gen Z is changing the rules of work, and the results are redefining what professional success looks like in 2025. According to a new Glassdoor report, “career minimalism” is at the heart of this shift. In Glassdoor’s survey of more than 1,000 U. S. professionals, a striking 68% of Gen Zrespondents said they wouldn’t pursue management if it weren’t for paycheck or title, signaling a rejection of the traditional corporate climb favored by previous generations and a belief that management is something of a poisonous chalice (圣杯). The survey, however, is somewhat at odds with other data collected by Glassdoor. Daniel Zhao, chief economist for the company, told Fortune that an earlier report had found Gen Zentering the ranks of management at the same rates as older generations did. “Management is not for everybody, and that’s okay,” he said, “but it is still seen as the best path for climbing the career ladder.” What the new survey suggests is that management is now seen as a career-ladder move, not something good in its own right. Gen Z approaches life’s traditional milestones with “reasoned skepticism”. They are hungry for coaching and welcome in-office collaboration yet also desire the death of the nine-to-five mentality and embrace flexibility. If Gen Z isn’t less ambitious yet isn’t thrilled about corporate management, where’s that energy going? The report cited Harris Poll findings that 57% of Gen Z currently have a side hustle (副业) compared to 48% of millennials and 31% of Gen Xers. Side hustle s are central to Gen Z’s identity, offering creative or activist outlets that main jobs cannot supply. For many, the “day job” simply finances the “passion project” — as one Glassdoor community member put it: “I always joke that I don’t dream of labor… If people were truly passionate about their job, it wouldn’t pay anything. Passion is for your five-nine after the nine-five.” When Gen Zers do move into management, Glassdoor finds that they’ re rewriting the traditional book. Gen Z is reconsidering what it means to be successful at work in this moment. They’ re not rejecting ambition — they’ re redirecting it toward sustainable career path s that prioritize both financial security and personal fulfillment. 5．Why is Daniel Zhao quoted in paragraph 3? A．To draw attention to a new concept. B．To confirm the accuracy of the report. C．To raise awareness of a worrying trend. D．To offer another perspective on the survey. 8．What is the professional success defined by Gen Z? A．Earning money with meaning. B．Winning power through effort. C．Dropping promotion for hobbies. D．Staying put for financial security. 变式2（2025·浙江·一模）Germany is transforming a 580-acre abandoned airport into an eco-friendly neighborhood — a project officials hope will serve as a blueprint for other disused airports. The old airport shut down after a new, modern one was built nearby. In 2017, developers announced the 5 million-square-meter Tegel Projekt, which aims to solve urban problems like car pollution and housing shortages. The new area will have large green spaces, bike lanes, and 5,000 affordable, energy-efficient homes for over 10,000 people. It will also include facilities such as daycare centers, schools, and shops; an extra 4, 000 homes are planned for the surrounding areas. “We want people to rediscover public spaces for socializing, playing, or relaxing,” said Constanze Doll, the project’s spokesperson. “Important places like kindergartens, bakeries, and supermarkets can be easily reached on foot”. Eco-friendliness is at the core of the design: vertical gardens on apartment buildings(to keep them cool without expensive, energy-hungry air conditioning), solar panels on every rooftop to supply electricity, and “Sponge City” technology — like pavements that let water seep through and rain gardens — to collect water. Builders will also use local wood and cut emissions to make the construction process carbon-neutral. Turning old airports into neighborhoods isn’t common, but it’s not the first time. For example, in America, after Denver’s main airport moved to a new site 25 miles from the city center, developers turned the old airport(3 miles from town) into a residential community with over 3,500 single-family homes, parks, shops, and even an ice rink in a former aircraft hangar. Next to Tegel’s new neighborhood will be a commercial zone using some old airport infrastructure, including “Urban Tech Republic” for tech companies and a campus for Berliner Hochschule für Technik University. Construction started in 2023, with the first areas opening by 2027, and there are plans for electric buses and a tramway. “The streets and squares will belong to the people again, rather than to cars,” Doll added. 13．Which of the following best describes the new area introduced in Paragraph 3? A．Sustainable and habitable. B．Connected and luxurious. C．High-end and futuristic. D．Developed and multicultural. 15．What might be the author’s attitude towards the Tegel Project? A．Indifferent. B．Optimistic. C．Doubtful. D．Tolerant. 变式3（25-26高三上·山东·月考）For decades, researchers have sought to understand why some people consistently follow through on their goals while others struggle, even with strong motivation and commitment. A study published in Motivation and Emotion now reveals that the key may not be what goals people set, but their psychological approach to pursuing them. The research team, led by Karla Waldenmeier and Nicola Baumann, tested a central idea of Personality Systems Interactions (PSI) theory, which suggests that “action-oriented” individuals are more likely to achieve difficult goals due to their ability to manage emotions and switch from planning to action when faced with challenges. While previous studies had examined this process theoretically, this research connected self-chosen goals, their perceived difficulty, and actual achievement in a real-world context. In the study, participants were asked to define six personal goals they intended to accomplish within four weeks, each rated for difficulty. Researchers used a well-established psychological scale to measure participants’ action-state orientation, categorizing them as either action-oriented (subject to initiative) or state-oriented (subject to hesitation under pressure). After four weeks, participants reported their achievement. The results showed that goal difficulty negatively predicted goal achievement overall, meaning harder goals were less likely to be achieved. Additionally, people who scored higher on action orientation were more likely to achieve their goals, especially when those goals were rated as difficult. In contrast, state-oriented individuals were less successful when goals required more effort. Interestingly, when goals were easy, both groups performed similarly. The researchers concluded, “So, who climbs Mount Everest? First, is climbing Mount Everest an easy or a difficult goal for someone? If it is considered easy, there shouldn’t be a huge difference between individuals. However, if it is considered difficult, action-oriented individuals are more likely to succeed, thanks to better self-regulation, which is crucial when achieving a difficult goal — whether climbing Mount Everest or calling a friend after an argument.” However, the study does have limitations, including potential biases in self-reported data and the absence of motivation tracking throughout the process. This highlights the need for further research into the precise ways through which psychological orientation transforms ambition into achievement. . 11．Who is more likely to climb Mount Everest according to the study? A．An emotional person who acts on feeling. B．An active person who works out difficulties. C．A cautious person who focuses on problems. D．A flexible person who switches to easier goals. 变式4（2025高三·山东·专题练习）Something to Know About the New Chinese AI Tool DeepSeek Founded in 2023 by a hedge fund manager, Liang Wenfeng, the company is headquartered in Hangzhou, China, and specializes in developing open-source large language models. Because it is an open-source platform, developers can customize it to their needs. Little known before January, the AI assistant launch has fueled optimism for AI innovation, challenging the dominance of US tech giants that rely on massive investments in chips, data centers and energy. DeepSeek operates as a conversational AI, meaning it can understand and respond to natural language inputs. You can ask it a simple question, request help with a project, assist with research, draft emails and solve reasoning problems using DeepThink. DeepSeek offers two LLMs: DeepSeek-V3 and DeepThink (R1). DeepSeek-V3 works like the standard ChatGPT model, providing fast responses, generating text, rewriting emails and summarizing documents. DeepThink (R1) provides an alternative to OpenAI’s ChatGPT o1 model, which requires a subscription, but both DeepSeek models are free to use. They can be accessed via web browsers and mobile apps on iOS and Android devices. In fact, by late January 2025, the DeepSeek app became the most downloaded free app on both Apple’s iOS App Store and Google’s Play Store in the US and dozens of countries globally. DeepSeek uses advanced machine learning models to process information and generate responses, making it capable of handling various tasks. Also setting it apart from other AI tools, the DeepThink (R1) model shows you its exact “thought process” and the time it took to get the answer before giving you a detailed reply. 3．What can we infer from the fact that DeepSeek became the most downloaded free app in many countries? A．People in these countries prefer free AI apps. B．DeepSeek has significant advantages over other similar apps. C．The promotion of DeepSeek in these countries is very successful. D．There are no other good AI apps in these countries. 4．What is the author’s attitude towards DeepSeek? A．Doubtful. B．Negative. C．Positive. D．Neutral. ◇题型 02 写作意图推断题：功能导向，直击写作目的 典｜例｜精｜析 典例1【2024新课标ⅠⅠ卷】Given the astonishing potential of AI to transform our lives, we all need to take action to deal with our AI-powered future, and this is where AI by Design: A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence comes in. This absorbing new book by Catriona Campbell is a practical roadmap addressing the challenges posed by the forthcoming AI revolution (变革). In the wrong hands, such a book could prove as complicated to process as the computer code (代码) that powers AI but, thankfully, Campbell has more than two decades’ professional experience translating the heady into the understandable. She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic, making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which, by the close, will make you feel almost as smart as AI. As we soon come to learn from AI by Design, AI is already super-smart and will become more capable, moving from the current generation of “narrow-AI” to Artificial General Intelligence. From there, Campbell says, will come Artificial Dominant Intelligence. This is why Campbell has set out to raise awareness of AI and its future now-several decades before these developments are expected to take place. She says it is essential that we keep control of artificial intelligence, or risk being sidelined and perhaps even worse. Campbell’s point is to wake up those responsible for AI-the technology companies and world leaders-so they are on the same page as all the experts currently developing it. She explains we are at a “tipping point” in history and must act now to prevent an extinction-level event for humanity. We need to consider how we want our future with Al to pan out. Such structured thinking, followed by global regulation, will enable us to achieve greatness rather than our downfall. AI will affect us all, and if you only read one book on the subject, this is it. 15. What is the author’s purpose in writing the text? A. To recommend a book on AI. B. To give a brief account of AI history. C. To clarify the definition of AI. D. To honor an outstanding AI expert. What is the author’s purpose in writing the text? A. To recommend a book on AI. B. To give a brief account of AI history. C. To clarify the definition of AI. D. To honor an outstanding AI expert. 典例2（2023•新高考全国Ⅰ卷·阅读理解B）When John Todd was a child, he loved to explore the woods around his house, observing how nature solved problems. A dirty stream, for example, often became clear after flowing through plants and along rocks where tiny creatures lived. When he got older, John started to wonder if this process could be used to clean up the messes people were making. After studying agriculture, medicine, and fisheries in college, John went back to observing nature and asking questions. Why can certain plants trap harmful bacteria(细菌)? Which kinds of fish can eat cancer-causing chemicals? With the right combination of animals and plants, he figured, maybe he could clean up waste the way nature did. He decided to build what he would later call an eco-machine. The task John set for himself was to remove harmful substances from some sludge (污泥). First, he constructed a series of clear fibreglass tanks connected to each other. Then he went around to local ponds and streams and brought back some plants and animals. He placed them in the tanks and waited. Little by little, these different kinds of life got used to one another and formed their own ecosystem. After a few weeks, John added the sludge. He was amazed at the results. The plants and animals in the eco-machine took the sludge as food and began to eat it! Within weeks, it had all been digested, and all that was left was pure water. Over the years, John has taken on many big jobs. He developed a greenhouse-like facility that treated sewage(污水) from 1,600 homes in South Burlington. He also designed an eco-machine to clean canal water in Fuzhou, a city in southeast China. “Ecological design” is the name John gives to what he does.“Life on Earth is kind of a box of spare parts for the inventor,” he says.“You put organisms in new relationships and observe what’s happening. Then you let these new systems develop their own ways to self-repair.” 26.What is the author’s purpose in mentioning Fuzhou? A. To review John’s research plans. B. To show an application of John’s idea. C. To compare John’s different jobs. D. To erase doubts about John’s invention. 典例3（2023•新高考全国Ⅱ卷·阅读理解C篇）Reading Art: Art for Book Lovers is a celebration of an everyday object—the book, represented here in almost three hundred artworks from museums around the world. The image of the reader appears throughout history, in art made long before books as we now know them came into being. In artists’ representations of books and reading, we see moments of shared humanity that go beyond culture and time. In this “book of books”, artworks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these connections between different eras and cultures. We see scenes of children learning to read at home or at school, with the book as a focus for relations between the generations. Adults are portrayed (描绘) alone in many settings and poses—absorbed in a volume, deep in thought or lost in a moment of leisure. These scenes may have been painted hundreds of years ago, but they record moments we can all relate to.  Books themselves may be used symbolically in paintings to demonstrate the intellect (才智), wealth or faith of the subject. Before the wide use of the printing press, books were treasured objects and could be works of art in their own right. More recently, as books have become inexpensive or even throwaway, artists have used them as the raw material for artworks—transforming covers, pages or even complete volumes into paintings and sculptures. Continued developments in communication technologies were once believed to make the printed page outdated. From a 21st-century point of view, the printed book is certainly ancient, but it remains as interactive as any battery-powered e-reader. To serve its function, a book must be activated by a user: the cover opened, the pages parted, the contents reviewed, perhaps notes written down or words underlined. And in contrast to our increasingly networked lives where the information we consume is monitored and tracked, a printed book still offers the chance of a wholly private, “off-line” activity. 1.What does the author want to say by mentioning the e-reader? A. The printed book is not totally out of date. B. Technology has changed the way we read. C. Our lives in the 21st century are networked. D. People now rarely have the patience to read. 变｜式｜巩｜固 变式1（2025高三上·贵州·专题练习）Many people are beginning to notice that modern technology is changing the way we think. It does not only affect our ability to concentrate, but also the way we read and reason. However, a more serious problem is often ignored: this change may create a new kind of inequality (不平等性). Think of this by comparing with food consumption: Today, obesity is much more common among the poor than the rich, as cheap, ultra-processed snacks have become easier to get. Some people worry that the same thing may happen with reading and thinking skills. In the future, strong reading ability may become something that only people with money and good education can keep. Deep reading is not a natural skill. It must be learned through time, effort, and practice. Scientists say that long-form reading can change the brain. It helps us grow vocabulary, improves logical thinking, and trains us to focus for a long time. But digital reading habits are very different. The online world distracts us a lot. Social media, constant messages, and endless short videos make us jump quickly from one thing to another. Thus, we get used to skimming instead of thinking deeply. For many young people, even reading no longer seems necessary. TikTok, YouTube Shorts, fake news, and AI-generated contents offer fast entertainment with almost no effort. This “snack food” for the brain is easy to enjoy but hard to resist. Some people say, “Everyone can choose to read seriously if they want.” But this ignores reality. Just like junk food harms the poor more, digital distraction also hits poor children harder. Research already shows that children from low-income families spend more hours on screens every day than those from richer families. If this continues, the reading gap may slowly become a thinking gap — and then a social gap. What is the purpose in writing the passage? A．To describe a health trend. B．To warn about a potential gap. C．To list technology’s harms. D．To teach people how to read deeply. 变式2（2025高三下·江苏·专题练习）King Shahryar, betrayed (背叛) by his wife, decides to marry a new woman each night and have her killed by morning to ensure he is never betrayed again. Scheherazade volunteers to marry the king. Each evening, she begins an engaging story but stops at dawn, leaving him eager for more. Night after night, she keeps him attracted with new tales, and over 1,001 nights, the king falls in love with her and abandons his cruel ways. This ancient tale from One Thousand and One Nights highlights storytelling’s impact. Our recent research shows that strong storytelling skills can dramatically improve someone’s well-being. At its core, storytelling helps people find meaning from life’s chaos. Studies show we shape our identities by turning experiences into personal stories. Skilled storytellers excel at two key skills: they need to connect events logically and they must learn to see the world through the eyes of their characters, understanding the “why” of what drives people. Applying these two skills to their own lives, skillful storytellers use the first to identify and pursue what gives their life meaning, while the second develops a mindset that prioritizes the “why” behind their actions over just the “how”. To illustrate this point, we conducted studies with 800 participants. We measured storytelling ability through self-reports, friend evaluations and expert reviews on lab experiments where each participant told one story about himself and the other with three given random words. In addition to these assessments of storytelling skills, we asked participants questions to get a sense of how meaningful they found life and whether they approached decisions with a “why” mindset rather than a “how” mindset. Results consistently linked storytelling skills to stronger life meaning and goal clarity. Personality also mattered: people open to new experiences collected more interesting life stories, while shy people used storytelling to balance out their limited social interaction. A strong “why” mindset connects with reduced stress and extended life. Storytelling also builds social connections. By helping people express their purpose and build relationships, stories may indirectly strengthen both mental and physical health. Storytelling workshops, now popular globally, may do more than teach communication they could help participants redefine their life’s direction. Why does the author mention Scheherazade’s stories in the first paragraph? A．To show Scheherazade’s cleverness. B．To entertain readers with a classic tale. C．To introduce the topic of storytelling. D．To compare ancient and modern stories. 变式3（2025高三·江西·专题练习）When hearing the word “genius”, many people automatically visualize a person with crazy and messy hair- someone like Albert Einstein, the famous scientist. They imagine the genius to be hurriedly writing calculations on a whiteboard, perhaps speaking to themselves as they work. This is a widespread idea of what a genius is like, but is it accurate? What makes a person a genius? Psychological studies define a genius as being a person with an above-average intelligence, and many researchers believe that an IQ (Intelligence Quotient) of above 140 indicates that a person has a high potential of genius. Research confirms that natural and inherited intellectual ability does play a role in determining genius, and statistics show that genius tendencies are frequently passed down from generation to generation. But is a person’s natural intelligence strongly linked to genius? Many people who score highly on intelligence tests are not successful in everyday life, and they often do not display any above-average abilities. The 19th century British scientist, Sir Francis Galton, believed that the term “genius” could only be applied to someone who had accomplished a significant achievement. What mattered to Galton was not a person’s potential ability, but how much a person could achieve with that ability. He considered characteristics such as passion and capacity to work hard as important to genius as intelligence. Some believe that genius may almost be a type of psychosis. It is a fact that some of the world’s most celebrated intellectual geniuses display very poor social and emotional skills, and these people mirror the conventional image of the “mad scientist” genius. Others believe one can be a genius in one or two areas but not in others. They believe many people can have elements of genius — such as being a confident speaker or an excellent sportsman. At present there is nothing agreed upon definition of genius. However, it does appear that both genetic and environmental factors contribute toward creating a genius. Why is Einstein mentioned in the first paragraph? A．To highlight his scientific breakthroughs. B．To list different definitions of intelligence. C．To illustrate the common image of genius. D．To explain the role of creativity in science. 变式4（25-26高三上·四川成都·期中）Butterflies are sensitive to environmental changes, meaning they are important indicators of ecosystem health, but they are in decline. New research suggests butterfly numbers can be boosted by making small changes to road verges (边缘). While most studies on road verges and butterflies have focused on temperate climates with natural plants in rural areas, new research from Nanyang Technological University (NTU) examined planted vegetation along major roads in big cities of Singapore. Researchers surveyed 101 road verges, each at least 30m long, located along major roads with speed limits between 50 km/h and 70 km/h, and planted with non-native bushes. They found verges with a mixture of different flowering plant species directly increased the total number of butterflies and butterfly species. “A greater diversity of flowering plants can offer a variety of nectar (花蜜) sources for butterflies. This can attract more species of butterflies, especially those that prefer a broad range of nectar from different flowers,” explains Associate Professor Eleanor Slade from NTU’s Asian School of the Environment. ... 18．Why is Eleanor Slade mentioned in paragraph 3? A．To explain research methods. B．To back the findings of the new study. C．To propose strategies for improvement. D．To prove the city is more suitable for research. ◇题型 03 观点态度推断题：情感词+语气=态度密码 典｜例｜精｜析 典例1(2024·全国甲卷D节选) Doctors see up to 150 patients every day. The train’s equipment allows for basic checkups. “I was very impressed by the doctors and their assistants working and living in such little space but still staying focused and very concerned,” says Ducke. “They were the best chance for many rural people to get the treatment they want. ” 31. What is Ducke’s attitude toward the Saint Lukas’ services? A. Appreciative. B. Doubtful C. Ambiguous. D. Cautious. 典例2（2023•新高考全国Ⅰ卷·阅读理解D篇节选）In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates? Did they follow those least willing to change their minds? This happened some of the time, but it wasn’t the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together.”Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous. 35.What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies? A. Unclear. B. Dismissive. C. Doubtful. D. Approving. 变｜式｜巩｜固 变式1（2025高三·山东·专题练习）The Unexpected Wave of Cultural Exchange On January 15, 2025, a surprising event shocked social media users in both China and the United States. Many American TikTok users, known as “TT refugees”, joined the Chinese social platform Xiaohongshu (Little Red Book) after the U.S. government announced a ban on TikTok starting January 19. This sudden migration brought an unprecedented (前所未有的) cultural exchange, reshaping the way people in both countries viewed each other. When American users first explored Xiaohongshu, they were amazed by what they saw. Modern Chinese cities like Shanghai, Beijing, Chengdu and Chongqing were vibrant  (充满活力的) and highly developed, offering diverse food cultures and lively lifestyles. This new perspective contradicted (与……相矛盾) the stereotypes (刻板印象) portrayed in traditional Western media. At the same time, Chinese users learned from “TT refugees” that the U. S. also faced challenges like high housing costs and limited healthcare access, which were rarely shown in Chinese media. For years, traditional media in both countries have shaped narrow and often inaccurate impressions of the other. However, platforms like Xiaohongshu and Douyin (TikTok in China) are breaking these one-sided narratives (叙述). American users are now discovering China’s rapid modernization, while Chinese users are gaining a clearer picture of the realities behind the “American Dream”. This online interaction is only part of a broader trend. Policies like China’s “144-hour visa-free transit” have encouraged more Western tourists to visit China and share their experiences through videos. These personal accounts are helping to break the “information bubbles” created by traditional media, fostering mutual understanding and respect. As Chairman Mao once said, “History is created by the people.” Although the long-term impact of this wave of cultural exchange on international relations remains uncertain, it is clear that it has laid a solid foundation for improving understanding and reducing misunderstandings between the two nations. For those seeking peace and truth, this development is a step forward. Finally, as an observer of such cultural exchanges, I warmly welcome more sincere and friendly “TT refugees” to join platforms like Xiaohongshu. Together, we can explore the authentic (真实的) beauty of this colorful world. 39．How does the author view the impact of the cultural exchange brought by the “TT refugees”? A．Skeptical. B．Indifferent. C．Positive and hopeful. D．Critical of its effectiveness. 变式2（25-26高三上·江苏泰州·期中）By the age of 5, children are much better than both young and adult monkeys at shifting their attention from one set of rules to another. Their findings add to evidence that unique cognitive changes occur in humans before they reach 5 years of age. Like memory and self-control, switching between “mental sets”, such as rules or instructions, is a core cognitive ability developed at young age. It lets us quickly adjust to changes in the environment, for example, choosing a different way to get somewhere when our focus is blocked Eva Reindl at the University of St Andrews in the UK and her colleagues designed a set of tasks to compare attention-shifting abilities in humans and monkeys of different ages. Children and monkeys, which ranged from 5 to 36 years in age, were trained to determine which of four cups on two different sets of shelves contained a reward—stickers for children and bananas for chimps. On the green shelves, a green cup held the treats, while on the blue shelves, it was a pink cup. When they had to switch from one set of shelves to another, the monkeys successfully selected the right cup 52 per cent of the time. This is comparable to 3-year-old children, who had a success rate of 50 per cent, and 4-year-olds, who chose correctly in 59 per cent of cases. Among 5-year-olds, the success rate was far higher, at 80 per cent. “There’s definitely something going on from 5 years of age,” says Reindl. The improvement on the task with age in children is probably due to biological changes such as the development of the brain’s frontal lobes (额叶), says Reindl. But cultural development may play a more important role. Just as adults voice phone numbers or directions aloud to remember them, language may have helped the older children to switch between the two rules. Although testing tendency makes it hard to compare humans with other monkeys, the general findings are straight-forward, says Frans at Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia. “It’s hard to argue with the conclusion that 5-year-old children do better than younger ones and better than monkeys of various ages, including adults.” 1．What is Frans’s attitude towards the findings? A．Opposed. B．Supportive. C．Unclear. D．Indifferent. 变式3（2026·浙江·一模）As classical music adapts to the digital age, its cultural importance remains clear. The 2025 Beijing Forum for Symphonic Music highlighted the urgent need for innovation. Orchestras must change not only their artistic expression but also how they connect with audiences. This ensures that symphonic music will continue to thrive for future generations by embracing both its long history and the transformations of a new era. A central focus is attracting younger listeners. Data shows that a growing number of concertgoers are now under 45, with many born after 1990 and 2000. To connect with this group, orchestras are integrating music into digital worlds familiar to them, such as video games and movies. For example, the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra hosts concerts playing famous game soundtracks, which have been very successful. This approach shows that young people are eager to experience symphonic music in formats they feel connected to. Orchestras are also adopting new formats and technologies. Some have introduced 60-minute concerts to create shorter and more accessible experiences for modern attention spans. Artificial intelligence is also changing the field. AI systems can now compose music quickly, and they can help choose programs for concerts. While AI cannot replace a musician’s personal feelings and skill, it saves time, allowing musicians to focus on more thoughtful decisions. Beyond technology, the future depends on training young musicians and engaging local communities. Music schools aim to protect students’ passion and creativity, preparing them for a professional world. Meanwhile, orchestras are moving out of traditional concert halls. In Tianjin, for instance, free outdoor performances bring music to the heart of the community. Similarly, a festival in Switzerland holds concerts in school gyms and local barns, creating a relaxed and welcoming atmosphere. These efforts make classical music more accessible and inviting, helping it stay relevant in today’s society. What is the author’s main attitude toward the future of symphonic music? A．Worried about its disappearance. B．Optimistic about its innovative potential. C．Critical of its move away from tradition. D．Uncertain about the impact of AI. 变式4（2025高三下·山东·专题练习）The sun likes to remind us that Earth is merely one part of a joint system. Despite our connection with the sun, there are still numerous scientific mysteries to uncover about this critical star, particularly its magnetic field (磁场). Now, for the first time, scientists have taken nearly daily measurements of the sun’s coronal (日冕的) magnetic field and this observation offers a more dynamic view of this solar region. The solar magnetic field is the primary driver of solar storms and flares. As society grows increasingly reliant on technology, this space weather generates threats to power networks, communication systems, and in-space technologies like GPS and satellites. “Global mapping of the coronal magnetic field has been a big missing part in the study of the sun,” said Zihao Yang, a postdoctoral fellow from Peking University in China. “This research is helping us fill a crucial gap in our understanding of coronal magnetic fields, which are the source of the energy for storms that can impact Earth.” Scientists have been able to routinely measure the magnetic field on the sun’s surface. Large telescopes like the Daniel K. Inouye Solar Telescope (DKIST), which is the world’s largest solar telescope, can measure the three-dimensional coronal magnetic fields in depth. It recently demonstrated its ability to make detailed observations of the coronal magnetic field. However, DKIST can’t map the sun all at once. To try to get more overall mapping, the team turned to the Upgraded Coronal Multi-channel Polarimeter (UCoMP). UCoMP can block out parts of the sun. It uses a dise called a coronagraph to enable scientists to measure the sun’s atmosphere. UCoMP has a much smaller aperture (光图) compared to DKIST, but it can take a wider view, which makes it possible for scientists to study the entire sun on most days. “We are entering a new age of solar physics research when we can routinely measure the coronal magnetic field,” said Yang. Using DKIST’s and UCoMP’s measurements together offers a more all-sided view of the coronal magnetic field. What does Zihao Yang think of the research? A．It’s well-received. B．It’s risk-free. C．It’s pioneering. D．It’s misleading. ◇题型 04 人物性格特征题：拒绝主观印象，只信事实情节 典｜例｜精｜析 典例1(2025年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(1月浙江卷)英语真题C节选)A novel design approach to gardening has been gaining in popularity worldwide. Referred to as matrix planting, this approach aims for nature to do a lot more of the heavy lifting in the garden, and even some of the designing. Eschewing fertilizers(化肥) and power tools, it’s based on an elegantly simple principle: to garden more like nature does. The concept was born when German city planners sought to plant large areas of parkland after World War II in a reproducible way that would need minimal maintenance. Planners created planting mixes that could be used modularly(模块化). In a matrix garden, plants with similar cultural needs are grouped so that they will grow together above and below ground, forming a cooperative ecosystem that conserves water and discourages weeds. Dutch plantsman and designer Piet Oudolf’s gardens popularized this style, adding artistic flavors to the planting mixes while playing with color and form, including four-season interest and serving the needs of wildlife. Beautiful year-round, they invite you to enjoy the smallest detail, from the sound of grasses in the gentle wind to the sculpture of odd-looking seed heads. ... 30. Which of the following best describes Piet Oudolf’s gardens? A. Traditional. B. Odd-looking. C. Tasteful. D. Well-protected. 典例2【2019全国I卷B篇节选】For Canaan Elementary’s second grade in Patchogue, N.Y., today is speech day, and right now it’s Chris Palaez’s turn. The 8-year-old is the joker of the class. With shining dark eyes, he seems like the kind of kid who would enjoy public speaking. But he’s nervous. “I’m here to tell you today why you should … should…” Chris trips on the “-ld,” a pronunciation difficulty for many non-native English speakers. His teacher, Thomas Whaley, is next to him, whispering support. “…Vote for …me …” Except for some stumbles, Chris is doing amazingly well. When he brings his speech to a nice conclusion, Whaley invites the rest of the class to praise him. A son of immigrants, Chris stared learning English a little over three years ago. Whaley recalls (回想起) how at the beginning of the year, when called upon to read, Chris would excuse himself to go to the bathroom. Learning English as a second language can be a painful experience. What you need is a great teacher who lets you make mistakes. “It takes a lot for any student,” Whaley explains, “especially for a student who is learning English as their new language, to feel confident enough to say, ‘I don’t know, but I want to know.’” Whaley got the idea of this second-grade presidential campaign project when he asked the children one day to raise their hands if they thought they could never be a president. The answer broke his heart. Whaley says the project is about more than just learning to read and speak in public. He wants these kids to learn to boast (夸耀) about themselves. “Boasting about yourself, and your best qualities,” Whaley says, “is very difficult for a child who came into the classroom not feeling confident.” Which of the following best describes Whaley as a teacher? A．Humorous. B．Ambitious. C．Caring. D．Demanding. 变｜式｜巩｜固 变式1（25-26高三上·甘肃武威·月考）While visiting a school for the blind in Old Delhi, India, Yash Mehta observed that none of the students were using digital braille (盲文) readers. Priced between $2,000 and $20,000, these devices are too expensive for students. Mehta decided to try and make his own version. Since that day in India, Mehta began moving towards his goal by working with teachers and students at the Blind Relief Association in New Delhi, India. Having always been passionate about engineering, he found the hardware aspects of the project manageable. However, programming the device to transform input text to braille was something he had to teach himself. Ultimately, he overcame this barrier by increasing his skills and understanding of programming. Mehta’s innovative braille device simulates (模拟) braille letter patterns by using a set of six motors that gently press against the user’s fingers. These motors are connected to an Arduino, an open-source electronics platform known for its user-friendly hardware and programmable software. Letter information is input into the device, translated to braille and sent to the motors. Users can read the braille output with 86% accuracy by resting their fingers just above the motor output. In October, Mehta received recognition for his efforts when he became one of 30 finalists in the Thermo Fisher Scientific Junior Innovators Challenge. In the competition, he was awarded first place in the technology category and a $3,500 prize. His current model cost only $35, and Mehta has filed a patent for his device. He wants to add OCR (optical character recognition) into the device, which would allow his invention to also translate printed text and handwritten notes. He plans to provide 1,000 free units each year to blind individuals in developing nations. Which of the following can best describe Mehta? A．Honest and courageous. B．Creative and helpful. C．Suspicious and intelligent. D．Humble and sympathetic. 变式2（25-26高三上·四川·月考）A few years ago, I was living with my grandmother while looking for work. One evening she asked for the phone number of a ride-hailing (叫车) service she’d heard about. I explained it was app-only. After a moment’s thought, my 80-year-old grandmother replied, “Then why don’t you make something like that?” That conversation brought about an idea that later grew into a trusted service for senior transportation. I quietly started working with a friend of mine. At first, we kept the project a secret from my grandmother— we wanted to make sure it was truly helpful before showing it to her. From the start, our mission was clear: to serve older adults without smartphones. They could simply call a number and use a voice menu to book rides, order food, schedule deliveries, manage medications, or request home help. This simple, phone-based system became the core of our company, enabling seniors to live safely and independently at home. When my grandmother finally took her first ride using our service, she was so proud of me, her loved grandson. She really appreciated how professional and kind the drivers were, especially since they already understood the kind of help seniors might need. She quickly became our biggest supporter, enthusiastically telling everyone about it— from her friends in the book club to other social groups. Word spread quickly, and soon her community had welcomed hundreds of new users— all thanks to one proud grandma. She became the real inspiration behind a service that gave many seniors their freedom and confidence back. My co-founder and I started giving talks at local retirement communities, sharing how the service worked and how it could help. For many of our users, having access to reliable transportation means they can continue to live on their own. A missed ride isn’t just an inconvenience— it could mean missing a crucial doctor’s appointment or even risking their health. As I often explain, even small things, like getting the wrong type of milk, can become a real problem for someone who can’t easily pop out to the store. Which can best describe the core idea of the author’s company? A．Considerate. B．Innovative. C．Complicated. D．Technological. 变式3（2025高三下·江苏·专题练习）Freshman Matthew Martin has enjoyed playing sports, and forming friendships throughout his first year in high school. As he finished Grade 8, Martin started the search for his high school and after applying to Jesuit High School, Martin’s father brought up the idea of Le Valle and thought it would be a good fit to go there. After spending time with Le Valle schoolmate Will Koch, Martin fell in love with the community. This year, Martin played on Le Valle’s golf team and soccer team. While the sports themselves were nothing new, he made the leap from recreational soccer to playing competitively and was on a golf team for the first time rather than competing individually. Competing on these two teams taught Martin the value of hard work and the importance of not cutting corners, both in athletics and life. “Always make sure everything gets done and make sure it gets done right, 100% complete,” Martin said, “quality over quantity.” In previous years, Martin noted that he wouldn’t ask as many questions and would be on the quiet side in class, but thanks to all his teachers this year, he asked more questions and felt more comfortable engaging in discussion. During and after class, Martin could be found as one of two freshmen in math teacher Mr. Linus Oey’s Honors Algebra (代数) class. Martin said that although it was his hardest class, once he started asking questions and started to really engage and try his hardest, he felt much more comfortable and confident with the class. Martin has many pieces of advice he wishes he could tell himself on the first day of school this year and to the incoming freshmen. “Just relax, have fun. Just make sure you try your hardest no matter what,” Martin said. “Be sure to join clubs or sports. That’s seriously how you can meet somebody, like I’ve met so many best friends through soccer and through the soccer camp.” Which of the following best describes today’s Martin? A．Innovative and responsible. B．Adventurous and independent. C．Competitive and graceful. D．Hardworking and active. 变式4（25-26高三上·江苏南通·期中）A year ago, Sushila Meena wouldn’t have even dreamt of playing with famous sports persons like Sachin Tendulkar. But sometimes dreams that come true are those you never knew you had. The 10-year-old cricketer (板球手) shot to fame when Tendulkar shared a video of her bowling (投球) action on social media, comparing her to bowler Zaheer Khan, who was the key player in India winning the 2011 ICC Cricket World Cup. But her story is much more than just an Instagram post. Sushila’s journey from a small village to national fame is a testament to her hard work. And it couldn’t have been possible without the support of her coach, Ishwarl Meena. Ishwarl Meena, a dedicated coach, began teaching cricket in June 2017 when the 2017 ICC Women’s World Cup was in full swing. He started training girls as a way to connect them with their school and to enable them to excel in women’s cricket — where competition is less fierce. “If they play cricket, they get connected to the school and come more often,” he explains. He recalls that Sushila joined his free training programme in the third grade. Initially, Sushila was focused on batting, like most other girls, but she soon took on bowling to broaden her skills. Under his guidance, Sushila has refined her technique, following the coach’s instruction that bowlers should spin (旋转) the ball. “Sushila’s bowling became good around 3 — 4 months ago. I remember last year I thought she wouldn’t be able to bowl, but now she has progressed remarkably,” he notes. Sushila comes from a humble background; her father works as a labourer while her mother is a housewife. In her village, due to poor local economic conditions, opportunities for youth are limited. Despite these challenges, Sushila remains committed to pursuing her passion for cricket. “I want to play for India one day,” she says with determination. Her dream is to break barriers and pave the way for other girls from rural areas to take up sports and become excellent. Which words can best describe Sushila Meena? A．Determined and ambitious. B．Curious and courageous. C．Optimistic and intelligent. D．Humble and passionate. ◇题型 05 文章出处和写作对象：看体裁、辨风格、定来源 典｜例｜精｜析 典例1（2023•全国乙卷·阅读理解D篇）If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not. Writing is one of humanity’s later achievements, and until fairly recently even many literate(有文字的) societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in things. Ideally a history would bring together texts and objects, and some chapters of this book are able to do just that, but in many cases we simply can’t. The clearest example of this between literate and non-literate history is perhaps the first conflict, at Botany Bay, between Captain Cook’s voyage and the Australian Aboriginals. From the English side, we have scientific reports and the captain’s record of that terrible day. From the Australian side, we have only a wooden shield(盾) dropped by a man in flight after his first experience of gunshot. If we want to reconstruct what was actually going on that day, the shield must be questioned and interpreted as deeply and strictly as the written reports. In addition to the problem of miscomprehension from both sides, there are victories accidentally or deliberately twisted, especially when only the victors know how to write. Those who are on the losing side often have only their things to tell their stories. The Caribbean Taino, the Australian Aboriginals, the African people of Benin and the Incas, all of whom appear in this book, can speak to us now of their past achievements most powerfully through the objects they made: a history told through things gives them back a voice. When we consider contact (联系) between literate and non-literate societies such as these, all our first-hand accounts are necessarily twisted, only one half of a dialogue. If we are to find the other half of that conversation, we have to read not just the texts, but the objects. 5.Which of the following books is the text most likely selected from? A. How Maps Tell Stories of the World. B. A Short History of Australia. C. A History of the World in 100 Objects. D. How Art Works Tell Stories. 典例2（2023•新高考全国Ⅱ卷·阅读理解C篇）Reading Art: Art for Book Lovers is a celebration of an everyday object—the book, represented here in almost three hundred artworks from museums around the world. The image of the reader appears throughout history, in art made long before books as we now know them came into being. In artists’ representations of books and reading, we see moments of shared humanity that go beyond culture and time. In this “book of books”, artworks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these connections between different eras and cultures. We see scenes of children learning to read at home or at school, with the book as a focus for relations between the generations. Adults are portrayed (描绘) alone in many settings and poses—absorbed in a volume, deep in thought or lost in a moment of leisure. These scenes may have been painted hundreds of years ago, but they record moments we can all relate to.  Books themselves may be used symbolically in paintings to demonstrate the intellect (才智), wealth or faith of the subject. Before the wide use of the printing press, books were treasured objects and could be works of art in their own right. More recently, as books have become inexpensive or even throwaway, artists have used them as the raw material for artworks—transforming covers, pages or even complete volumes into paintings and sculptures. Continued developments in communication technologies were once believed to make the printed page outdated. From a 21st-century point of view, the printed book is certainly ancient, but it remains as interactive as any battery-powered e-reader. To serve its function, a book must be activated by a user: the cover opened, the pages parted, the contents reviewed, perhaps notes written down or words underlined. And in contrast to our increasingly networked lives where the information we consume is monitored and tracked, a printed book still offers the chance of a wholly private, “off-line” activity. 28.Where is the text most probably taken from? A. An introduction to a book. B. An essay on the art of writing. C.A guidebook to a museum. D.A review of modern paintings. 方｜法｜提｜练 第一步：扫描题干，识别关键词如, poster海报，travel brochure旅游指南，journal杂志，instruction说明书, digest文摘，science journal科学期刊等词。 第二步：浏览全文，特别关注第一段和最后一段，找到文章主旨句。在应用文中，还要重点关注小标题。牢记选项词。 第三步：对文中信息及各类出处综合特点进行对比分析，核对选项。 变｜式｜巩｜固 变式1（23-24高三上·浙江·期中）Some talk of building settlements on the moon or Mars to help make sure humanity survives long into the future. Others have their sights set closer to home: on future cities under the ocean. “Technologically speaking, it is absolutely possible to colonize the bottom of the sea,” says Fabien Cousteau, a well-known ocean explorer who once spent 31 days living in what is now the world’s only functioning undersea habitat, Aquarius. It’s about the size of a school bus and located 62 feet below the ocean surface off the Florida Keys. Just as astronauts test what it would be like to live in space, aquanauts try out undersea living with an eye on the future. Escaping from disasters such as climate change, wars, or pandemics is one reason to live under the sea. Others include studying, exploring, or appreciating the ocean. It’s costly and expensive to constantly keep up an ocean habitat which must pump in or make its own air, electricity, and fresh water. Inhabitants have to deal with high pressure. And infections can develop rapidly due to high humidity. Despite the challenges, several new ocean habitats and cities are under construction. A series of space station-like undersea living quarters for aquanauts called Proteus are scheduled to be completed by 2025 off Curacao, an island north of Venezuela in South America. An undersea colony called Ven Base Alpha will be built near a hydrothermal vent, which would supply it with energy. Meanwhile, an undersea city called Ocean Spiral in Japan would link its surface to the deep sea, using the difference in pressure to generate energy and produce fresh water. This sounds amazing, but it would be extremely expensive and remains just a design. Not everyone agrees that building homes in the ocean is a good idea. This type of development could place even more strain on ecosystems that are already struggling with pollution and climate change. It’s important to make sure that any construction is done carefully, says Susanne Menden-Deuer, an oceanographer at the University of Rhode Island. Wild undersea habitats should be treated as “the precious, irreplaceable resource that they are,” she says. Where is the text most probably taken from? A．A textbook. B．A travel guide. C．An academic journal. D．A science magazine. 变式2（2024·山西太原·一模）It felt as if we had been climbing for hours. I stopped to catch my breath as a wave of dizziness swept over me in the thin mountain air. I was on an amazing trip with my family to experience the festival of Qoyllur Riti, which takes place at 4,300 meters high in the southern Andes of Peru. As I looked back down the trail we had climbed, and up towards where we had to go, the colorful sight struck me a lot. Entire families wearing local costumes were travelling to this unique festival from all over Peru. Among them were old men, mothers with small babies and children all following the same route. Many of them had horses and donkeys carry their food, blankets, cooking pots and tents. Others had made their way on foot through the mountains for days to attend this remarkable event. We continued climbing upward for another hour and a half before reaching the Sinakara Valley. Right across this flat piece of ground people were putting up shelters and tents to protect themselves from the freezing mist and rain. It was clear, however, from the sound of the drums and singing rising from the campsite that the weather was not going to weaken the festival spirit. The air of excitement, even from our place more than a mile away, was palpable. After dinner, we went to bed fully clothed inside our sleeping bags. We were up early the next morning, the main day of the festival, despite having slept badly on the frozen ground. The ukukus, men wearing black masks and costumes, had left the campsite in the early hours to climb the nearest mountain by the light of the full moon. From time to time during the procession, they stopped to dance on the glaciers, believing this would bring luck to their villages for the year to come. In the dawn light, we watched them winding their way back down like a large black snake. As they descended, they were joined by groups of dancers in bright traditional costumes. They performed wherever there was space. Although there did not seem to be anyone organizing them or any timetable, the whole festival had become a huge harmonious celebration. Where is this text most likely from? A．A health report. B．A sports newspaper. C．A fashion forum. D．A culture magazine. 变式3（2025·山东省滨州市高三期末）Whether you plan to head out to the theater or binge from the couch, our critics have gathered together their favorite films of 2024. Have at it! Flow Near the outset of Gints’ exquisite animated feature, a grey cat is swept up by a flood, finding itself stuck with a few other animals on a tiny ark of sorts. Featuring cross-species cooperation in the face of a climate crisis, the filmmaker works miracles with computer graphics sending what look like hand-drawn animals into photorealistic backgrounds. Article 20 Article 20 is a thought-provoking film. It focuses on a legal clause and unfolds a series of events and conflicts around it. The story delves into the impact of this article on different individuals and society, exploring themes of justice, rights, and human nature. With its engaging plot and profound meaning, it prompts the audience to reflect on various aspects of the law and life. The Room Next Door In Pedro Almodovar’s latest, Martha (Tilda Swinton) and Ingrid (Julianne Moore) are long lost friends who reconnect after Martha is diagnosed with a terminal illness. The director has adapted Sigrid Nunez’s novel What Are You Going Through for his first English-language feature, and none of his renowned sensibilities are lost in translation. Tuesday Julia Louis-Dreyfus gives a career-best performance as Zora, a single mother living with her terminally ill daughter Tuesday. One day, Tuesday is visited by death in the form of a talking parrot who can change size, voiced in a magnificent baritone by Arinze Kene. Zora tries everything to keep him at bay, but is forced to confront her greatest fear. What might be the text? A．A movie report. B．A review of 2024 movies. C．A movie recommendation. D．An academic movie study. 变式4（2025·安徽省阜阳市高三期末）Worldwide, the planes, trains and automobiles we use to get around pumped much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, one-fifth of all man-made emissions. Some three-quarters of transport emissions came from road vehicles. Converting road transport to run on green energy would be a huge step towards achieving net zero emissions by mid-century, a change needed if we are to limit global warming to safe levels. This is why policymakers have been pushing car makers to accelerate efforts to bring an end to the manufacture of vehicles fitted with an internal combustion engine (内燃机). In the European Union, the two sides agreed to reach that destination by 2035.However, the deadline was practically difficult to meet. Therefore, they finally arrived at a compromise (折中) solution: new cars with internal combustion engines can continue to be sold after 2035, provided the engines use carbon-neutral (碳中和的) fuels. Some people in the automotive industry want to keep the internal combustion engine alive. The idea is attractive to short-sighted policymakers, too, because it reduces the expense of charging equipment and to teach people the skills to build and maintain different technologies. However, not all car makers want to delay. Many understand that the transition to electric vehicles will take time, and want to get on with transforming their businesses. They want policy certainty and continuity from governments to allow them to get down to business. If the electric-vehicle transition is further delayed, there are likely to be bad effects elsewhere that will ultimately put a brake on global decarbonization (脱碳). The growing global demand for personal mobility means a truly green transport transition will happen only by addressing another factor. Technological innovation will take us only so far: behavioural change is also needed. Alongside a convincing and evidence-based strategy to develop electric vehicles and replace fossil fuels, we must plan and redesign urban environments around the world to encourage active transport — walking and cycling — rather than driving. That surely is the best route to a cleaner, healthier world. In which section of a newspaper does the text probably appear? A．Culture. B．Opinion. C．Entertainment. D．Lifestyle. ◇题型 06 预测走势和行文手法：析结构、辨方法、解意图 典｜例｜精｜析 典例1（2023•全国乙卷·阅读理解C篇）What comes into your mind when you think of British food? Probably fish and chips, or a Sunday dinner of meat and two vegetables. But is British food really so uninteresting? Even though Britain has a reputation for less-than-impressive cuisine, it is producing more top class chefs who appear frequently on our television screens and whose recipe books frequently top the best seller lists. It’s thanks to these TV chefs rather than any advertising campaign that Britons are turning away from meat-and-two-veg and ready-made meals and becoming more adventurous in their cooking habits. It is recently reported that the number of those sticking to a traditional diet is slowly declining and around half of Britain’s consumers would like to change or improve their cooking in some way. There has been a rise in the number of students applying for food courses at UK universities and colleges. It seems that TV programmes have helped change what people think about cooking. According to a new study from market analysts, 1 in 5 Britons say that watching cookery programmes on TV has encouraged them to try different food. Almost one third say they now use a wider variety of ingredients(配料) than they used to, and just under 1 in 4 say they now buy better quality ingredients than before. One in four adults say that TV chefs have made them much more confident about expanding their cookery knowledge and skills, and young people are also getting more interested in cooking. The UK's obsession(痴迷) with food is reflected through television scheduling. Cookery shows and documentaries about food are broadcast more often than before. With an increasing number of male chefs on TV, it’s no longer “uncool” for boys to like cooking. 31.What might the author continue talking about? A. The art of cooking in other countries. B. Male chefs on TV programmes. C. Table manners in the UK. D. Studies of big eaters. 典例2 （2012•全国卷Ⅰ·阅读理解D篇节选）Grown-ups are often surprised by how well they remember something they learned as children but have never practiced ever since. A man who has not had a chance to go swimming for years can still swim as well as ever when he gets back in the water. He can get on a bicycle after many years and still ride away. He can play catch and hit a ball as well as his son. A mother who has not thought about the words for years can teach her daughter the poem that begins "Twinkle, twinkle, little star" or remember the story of Cinderella or Goldilocks and the Three Bears. One explanation is the law of overlearning, which can be stated as follows: Once we have learned something, additional learning trials(尝试) increase the length of time we will remember it. In childhood we usually continue to practice such skills as swimming, bicycle riding, and playing baseball long after we have learned them. We continue to listen to and remind ourselves of words such as "Twinkle, twinkle, little star" and childhood tales such as Cinderella and Goldilocks. We not only learn but overlearn. The multiplication tables(乘法口诀表) are an exception to the general rule that we forget rather quickly the things that we learn in school, because they are another of the things we overlearn in childhood. The law of overlearning explains why cramming(突击学习)for an examination, though it may result in a passing grade, is not a satisfactory way to learn a college course. By cramming, a student may learn the subject well enough to get by on the examination, but he is likely soon to forget almost everything he learned. A little overlearning, on the other hand, is really necessary for one's future development. 28.The author explains the law of over learning by_________. A. presenting research findings B. setting down general rules C. making a comparison D. using examples 方｜法｜提｜练 在高考阅读中主要考查下定义、分类说明、列举例证和对比等写作手法。其中，“引用”和“例证”是议论文和说明文中最常用的写作手法之一。是历年高考阅读试题中必不可缺的命题方向。“引用”和“例证”的共同目的就是增强说服力，以更好的达到说理、说明的目的。“引用”和“例证”的共同功能就是服务于段落或篇章的主题。 变｜式｜巩｜固 变式1（2025·湖南省长沙市第一中学高三阶段性检测（五））The researchers involved in the studies also have plans to use different age groups in future research to look into the impacts of more personal nostalgic clues rather than common nostalgia ones such as old music and movies. What will the follow-up study focus on? A．Nostalgic experience types. B．Personal nostalgia effects. C．The impact of nostalgia on all age groups. D．The reason for the popularity of nostalgia. 变式2（2025·山东省淄博市高三摸底质量检测）There remains one important area for further research which is to consider how benchmarks should be adjusted for language differences. Crawford group uses standard, confirmed English-language benchmarks for assessing children’s early literacy skills. But languages differ in their complexity, and some are more, or less, straightforward for learning skills such as decoding or reading fluency. Criterion tailored to language or group of languages would ensure appropriate expectations for children’s skill levels and progress, and enable more accurate comparisons across languages. What will the follow-up research focus on? A．Standardizing curricula. B．Developing accurate testing methods. C．Increasing educational fund. D．Adjusting criteria to different languages. 变式3（2025·新疆普通高考适应性检测分学科第二次模拟）Wind chill and other estimates of how cold it feels outside are ultimately forecasted to help inform people about potentially deadly weather. Everyone ought to remember that dangerous health issues, especially when wind chill is at its most extreme, can take hold in minutes. So you’d better stay inside when there’s risk of frostbite or hypothermia. But if you must go outside, it is necessary and vital for you to plan accordingly. What will be continued to discuss? A．Ways to prevent wind chill outdoors. B．The signs of suffering from frostbites. C．Advantages of staying inside in winter. D．The consequences of severe wind chill. 变式4（2025·辽宁省名校联盟高考模拟卷（调研卷）英语试题（一））There are endless numbers of practical applications for this new window coating, from commercial use to residential use, and even for use in the automotive industry. What will the text possibly talk about in the following paragraphs? A．The coating’s other potential applications. B．The underlying logic of the coating’s function. C．The history and development of window coatings. D．Further study to seek new materials for the coating. 17 / 18 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题10 推理判断题的文本依据与逻辑延伸 目录 第一部分 考情精析 锁定靶心 高效备考 第二部分 重难考点深解 深度溯源 扫清盲区 【考点01】隐含意义推断题：听懂“弦外之音” 【考点02】写作意图推断题：看透作者“为何而写” 【考点03】观点态度推断题：褒？贬？中立 【考点04】人物性格特征题：言行即人品，证据在文中 【考点05】文章出处推断题：广告？新闻？科普？ 【考点06】写作对象推断题：写给谁看？从用词和话题破译 【考点07】预测文章走势题：逻辑推演，预见下文 【考点08】行文写作手法题：行文逻辑法 第三部分 解题思维优化 典例精析+方法提炼+变式巩固 【题型01】隐含意义推断题：答案不在明处，在逻辑缝隙中 【题型02】写作意图推断题：功能导向，直击写作目的 【题型03】观点态度推断题：情感词+语气=态度密码 【题型04】人物性格特征题：拒绝主观印象，只信事实情节 【题型05】文章出处和写作对象：看体裁、辨风格、定来源 【题型06】预测走势和行文手法：析结构、辨方法、解意图 核心考向聚焦 核心价值： 关键能力与思维瓶颈 关键能力：本专题重点考查文本信息的深度解码能力：识别长难句中的逻辑关系（如转折、因果） 逻辑推理能力：基于原文信息进行"一步推理"，避免过度解读 语境分析能力：结合文化背景与语篇结构推断隐含意义。 培优瓶颈： 1：主观臆断——用个人经验代替文本依据（如2025全国二卷第34题，考生易脱离原文推断瓶装水的环保影响） 思维误区2：过度推理——在原文基础上添加多重假设（如2024新课标I卷第35题，考生易夸大Daru对生物多样性应用程序的建议） 思维误区3：细节混淆——将原文事实信息误认为推理结论（如2023新课标I卷第26题，误把项目描述当作影响评价） 命题前瞻与备考策略 预测： 2026年高考将强化"文本依据+逻辑链"的双重考查，选项设置更具迷惑性（如近义干扰、反向干扰）。 策略： 1. 分层训练法：基础层（单句逻辑训练）→进阶层（段落推理训练）→高分层（语篇结构推理训练） 2. 错题归因法：建立"推理错误类型统计表"（如"无中生有""偷换概念""过度推理"），针对性突破 逻辑信号词专项突破：重点训练but/however（转折逻辑）、because/thus（因果逻辑）、in contrast（对比逻辑）等信号词引导的推理题 ◇考点 01 隐含意义推断题：听懂“弦外之音” 1.题型解读 隐含推断题要求考生根据文中的信息进行合理的、适度的逻辑推断,推断出作者没有直接说明的内容,可能会发生的事情,理解作者的言外之意等。考生只有正确把握文章的内在关系,理解关键词句的真正含义,才可能作出准确的推断。此类题目的题干主要包括六个动词:infer(推断),indicate(象征,暗示),imply(暗示),suggest(暗示),conclude(得出结论)和 assume(假定,设想)。 2.设题方式 设题方式灵活：题干的表述更加多样化，不再局限于传统的“infer”“imply”“suggest”等词，可能会以更具体、更贴近文本内容的方式提问，如“Based on the passage, what can we learn about...”“What does the author want to convey through...”等。 34. What does the author try to illustrate by mentioning bottled water in paragraph 4?（2025全国二卷，隐含含义题） 35. What is Daru’s suggestion for biodiversity apps? （2024新课标I卷，隐含含义题） 3.思维导图 ◇考点 02 写作意图推断题：看透作者“为何而写” 1.题型解读 此题型要求考生根据文章的论述，在复杂的语境条件下把握作者的思路，推测作者隐藏的思想及真正的写作意图及运用某种写作手法的目的。作者一般不直接陈述自己的意图，而是通过文章所提供的事实和形象，客观地使读者信服某种想法或意见。此类题属于得分率较低的高难度题。 2.设题方式 写作意图推测题的常见设问方式有： 35. What is the author’s purpose in writing the text? （2024新课标I卷，写作意图题） For what purpose did the author write the passage? The writer writes this passage in order to _________. The purpose of the text is to _________. What is the purpose of the last part of the text? The writer uses…in the first paragraph to ________. The writer uses the example of….to _________. ◇考点 03 观点态度推断题：褒？贬？中立 1.题型解读 所谓作者的观点和态度,就是作者对某个话题、行为、事件的看法、感觉或判断。作者的观点和态度一般分为三大类:支持、赞同、乐观;客观、中立;反对、批评、怀疑、悲观。作者的这种思想倾向和感情色彩往往隐含在文章的字里行间。因此,在推断过程中应特别注意文中作者的措辞,尤其是表达感情色彩的形容词或副词。此类试题往往让考生推断文章作者或文中人物对某事所持的态度、观点或看法,或推断文中人物的语气、性格等。 2.设题方式 31. What is Ducke’s attitude toward the Saint Lukas’ services? （2024全国甲卷，态度推断题） 26. Which of the following best describes the impact of the program? （2023新课标I卷，人物评价题） 3. 思维导图 ◇考点 04 人物性格特征题：言行即人品，证据在文中 1.题型解读 人物性格特征题要求考生根据文中人物的言行举止推断其性格品质，核心原则是"言行即人品，证据在文中"。这类题目需避免主观印象，必须基于原文具体情节进行推断。 2.设题方式 26. Which of the following best describes the impact of the program? （2023新课标I卷，人物评价题） 1．Which of the following best describes......? 2．According to the text, which words can best describe ......? 3.Which of the following best describe ...... according to Paragraph ...? 4.How would the author feel about the outcome of the event? 5.What did the author think of ......? 3. 解题技巧 把描述人物的性格特征的词一一列出，基本上考题不会超出这些词汇，考前把它们的意思记熟。预测每个词需要和什么样的事迹相对应，这样在考场上就能迅速地找到答案。对这种题要迅速解决，以给其他试题提供做题时间。 描写人物特征的相关形容词: adaptable 有适应能力的 aggressive 有进取心的 ambitious 有雄心的 appreciative 感激的，感谢的 4cautious 小心的，谨慎的 concerned 关心的 considerate 体贴的 cooperative  合作的 courageous 勇敢的 demanding 要求极严的 devoted 全心全意的 reliable 可靠的 faithful 忠诚的 far-sighted 有远见的 humorous 幽默的 independent 独立的 indifferent 冷漠的 diligent勤奋的 responsible负责任的 knowledgeable知识渊博的 sensible 明智的，理智的 straightforward 率直的，坦率的 talented 有才能的 tolerant 宽容的，容忍的 innovative 创新的 easy-going 随和的 open-minded 思想开明的 grateful 感激的，感谢的 intelligent 聪明的 determined 意志坚定地 committed 尽心尽力的 ◇考点 05 文章出处推断题：广告？新闻？科普？ 1.题型解读 要求推断文章来源（如网站、杂志、广告等），需关注文体特征（如广告含价格、联系方式；新闻含时间、地点。 2.设题方式 21. Where is this text probably taken from? （2022新课标I卷，文章出处题） ①Where is this text probably taken from? ②In which section of a website can the text appear? 3. 解题技巧思维导图 “推断文章出处”类试题应从文章的内容或结构入手来判断其出处： (a travel guide)：此类文章旨在介绍某一旅游景点的自然景观和人文特色，目的是吸引游客来访。 (an advertisement)：现代生活中广告无处不在，英语阅读理解也是如此。有时会考查微型海报、通知、启示、时刻表、图表等。 (a class presentation)：此类文章往往紧扣主题，口语性强、语言活泼，形式新颖，伴随有图片、图表、文字介绍等信息。 (an Internet page)：此类文章往往会提供超级链接标志，如For more information, please click here. (a news report)：此类文章内容广泛，涉及人物、时政、教育、体育、科技等，突出新颖性、突发性和真实性。新闻呈“倒金字塔”结构，第一段概括全文内容最重要。 (a research paper)：此类文章重点介绍科技领域最新研究成果：新发现、新思想、新发明。第一段概括介绍，然后分段陈述。文章结构严谨，语言规范，句式复杂。 (a book review)：书评、影评类文章涉及到作者介绍，内容梗概、人物性格评论，写作特色以及个人好恶等内容。 (a science magazine)：此类文章内容广泛，涉及到日常生活习惯、健康饮食、太空与海洋、创造与发明、计算机发展、人类未来、动物世界等。其重点是普及科学知识，提高科学素养。 ◇考点 06 写作对象推断题：写给谁看？从用词和话题破译 1.题型解读 要求推断目标读者（如学生、专家、普通市民），需结合语言难度与话题内容判断。如话题为"校园垃圾分类指南"，语言简单→读者为"students" 2.设题方式 1．Which of the following best describes......? 2．According to the text, which words can best describe ......? 3.Which of the following best describe ...... according to Paragraph ...? 4.How would the author feel about the outcome of the event? 5.What did the author think of ......? 3. 解题技巧 把描述人物的性格特征的词一一列出，基本上考题不会超出这些词汇，考前把它们的意思记熟。预测每个词需要和什么样的事迹相对应，这样在考场上就能迅速地找到答案。对这种题要迅速解决，以给其他试题提供做题时间。 ◇考点 07 预测文章走势：逻辑推演，预见下文 1.题型解读 “预测文章走势”是指读者基于已有信息（如标题、首段、上下文线索、逻辑连接词、作者语气等），对文章后续内容、结构走向或作者下一步论述方向进行合理推断的能力。 2. 文章走势的设问方式 1. What will be discussed further in the coming paragraph? 2．What may the researchers do next according to the last paragraph? 3．What would the author most probably discuss next? 4．Where does the article go next? 5.What would the following paragraph talk about? 3. 解题技巧 对事件可能的结局或下一段可能涉及的内容等进行猜测推理。做此类题目时，务必把握作者的写作思路，如文章可能按事件发展的经过描写，也可能按因果关系、对比关系来叙述，从而做出比较科学的、合情合理的预测判断。特别要注意文章最后一段的内容及最后几句话。 考生在阅读全文基础上，“预测下段”类试题应注意以下两点策略： ①从最后一段入手。有时候，作者在最后一段提到一个话题，但是没有充分说明，因此需要在下一段就此问题深入分析、论述或讨论。所以考生学会依据最后一段甚至最后一句话进行推断也不失为明智选择。 ②从第一段入手。实用类说明文往往采用“总分”或者“总分总”结构，即第一段总体概况说明，然后分段阐述。因此只要考生把握好第一段即主题段内容，顺藤摸瓜，即可推断下段内容应该是主题段中尚未提及的内容。 思维导图 ◇考点 08 写作手法题——行文逻辑法 1.题型解读 要求分析作者的写作手法（如举例、对比、因果分析），需识别信号词（如for example表举例，but表对比） 2.设题方式 32. How does the author present the issue in the first paragraph? (2025全国一卷) 34. What is the function of the quoted statements in paragraph 4? (2024九省联考卷) 3.解题技巧 ①根据文章题材来判断。 记叙文多采取以时间为序、以空间为序、以故事情节发展为序等叙事方式进行写作。 说明文往往采取下定义、举例子、列数字、对比等方式使说明更清晰或更具说服力。 议论文大多通过举例子、列数字、引名言、作对比是使得观点更可信，更有权威性。 ②根据“原文定位”来判断。 先根据题干判断是具体某段还是全文写作手法，然后寻找标志词，进而找到答案。 形式 含义 标志词 by giving examples 通过举例 for example, for instance by analyzing causes 通过分析原因 as a result/consequence by giving definitions 通过下定义 that is to say by listing data/statistics 通过列数字 increase by 13% by describing a process 通过描述过程 first, second, third, finally by following time order 遵循时间顺序 in 1920，in the 1940s, nowadays by making comparisons/contrast 通过对比 but, while by making classifications 通过分类 first, next, then by analyzing cause and effect 通过分析因果 That is because…. by following space order 遵循空间顺序 由近及远，由外到内 ◇题型 01 隐含意义推断题：答案不在明处，在逻辑缝隙中 典｜例｜精｜析 典例1（2025年全国一卷篇D节选）Microplastics have become a common source of pollution across the Earth — they have settled in the deep sea and on the Himalayas, stuck inside volcanic rocks, filled the stomachs of seabirds and even fallen in fresh Antarctic snow. They are even appearing inside humans. ... Still, the findings show a potential path forward for reducing microplastic exposure — a task that's becoming increasingly difficult. Even bottled water, scientists found earlier this year, contains 10 to 1,000 times more microplastics than originally thought. Scientists are still trying to determine how harmful microplastics are — but what they do know has raised concerns. The new study suggests boiling tap water could be a tool to limit intake. “The way they demonstrated how microplastics were trapped through the boiling process was nice," Caroline Gauchotte - Lindsay, an environmental engineer at the University of Glasgow in Scotland who was not involved in the research, tells New Scientist. “We should be looking into upgrading drinking water treatment plants so they remove microplastics.” 34. What does the author try to illustrate by mentioning bottled water in paragraph 4? A. The importance of plastic recycling. B. The severity of the microplastic problem. C. The danger in overusing pure water. D. The difficulty in treating polluted water. 35. What is Gauchotte - Lindsay's suggestion about? A. Choice of new research methods. B. Possible direction for further study. C. Need to involve more researchers. D. Potential application of the findings. 34.【答案】B 解题思路： 1. 定位细节：根据题干关键词"bottled water"定位到第四段第二句"Even bottled water, scientists found earlier this year, contains 10 to 1,000 times more microplastics than originally thought." 2. 揣摩细节：作者提到瓶装水中微塑料含量比原先认为的高出10到1000倍，这一数据旨在强调微塑料污染问题的严重性。 3. 逻辑推理：前文提到微塑料已遍布地球各个角落，甚至进入人体。提及瓶装水是为了进一步说明微塑料问题的普遍性和严重性，而非讨论塑料回收、过度使用纯净水的危险或处理污染水的困难。 4. 避免误区：选项A、C、D均偏离原文主旨，属于过度推理或无中生有。 35.【答案】D 解题思路： 1. 定位细节：根据题干人名"Gauchotte-Lindsay"定位到第四段最后一句"We should be looking into upgrading drinking water treatment plants so they remove microplastics." 2. 揣摩细节：Gauchotte-Lindsay建议升级饮用水处理厂以去除微塑料，这是对研究发现（煮沸自来水可限制微塑料摄入）的实际应用建议。 3. 逻辑推理：该建议并非关于新研究方法的选择（A），也不是进一步研究的方向（B），更不是需要更多研究人员参与（C），而是如何将研究成果应用于实际。 4. 选项分析：D选项"Potential application of the findings"（研究结果的潜在应用）准确概括了Gauchotte-Lindsay的建议。 典例2（2025年全国二卷C篇节选)When Sonja Detrinidad opened her online shop selling houseplants, she didn't have high hopes for it. But the opposite happened: She was flooded, shipping out 1, 200 orders in June of2020 alone. In the past year, Detrinidad sent out more than 70, 000 plants. Her success is just one example of increased time at home leading to an explosion in the houseplant industry. ... If you're among the groups of people who are enjoying the mental and physical health benefits of surrounding yourself with plants, don't beat yourself up if one (or a few!) doesn't make it. “Doctors practice medicine and lawyers practice law and you should allow yourself the practice it takes to sustain a plant. Tending to plants is an exercise in patience and learning. Be invested in taking care of it, but if it dies, go get another one, ” Detrinidad says. 30. What does Detrinidad try to explain by mentioning doctors and lawyers? A. The necessity of social skills. B. The meaning of sustainability. C. The importance of repeated efforts. D. The value of professional opinions. 【答案】C 解题思路： 1. 定位细节：根据题干关键词"doctors and lawyers"定位到最后一段："Doctors practice medicine and lawyers practice law and you should allow yourself the practice it takes to sustain a plant." 2. 揣摩细节：Detrinidad将照顾植物与医生、律师的职业实践类比，强调"practice"（实践/练习）的重要性。 3. 逻辑推理：医生和律师需要不断实践才能熟练掌握技能，照顾植物也一样，需要反复尝试和练习，即使失败了也要继续努力。这强调了反复努力的重要性。 4. 选项分析：A选项"社交技能的必要性"、B选项"可持续性的意义"、D选项"专业意见的价值"均与原文语境不符，C选项"反复努力的重要性"准确反映了Detrinidad的观点。 变｜式｜巩｜固 变式1（25-26高三上·重庆·期中）Gen Z is changing the rules of work, and the results are redefining what professional success looks like in 2025. According to a new Glassdoor report, “career minimalism” is at the heart of this shift. In Glassdoor’s survey of more than 1,000 U. S. professionals, a striking 68% of Gen Zrespondents said they wouldn’t pursue management if it weren’t for paycheck or title, signaling a rejection of the traditional corporate climb favored by previous generations and a belief that management is something of a poisonous chalice (圣杯). The survey, however, is somewhat at odds with other data collected by Glassdoor. Daniel Zhao, chief economist for the company, told Fortune that an earlier report had found Gen Zentering the ranks of management at the same rates as older generations did. “Management is not for everybody, and that’s okay,” he said, “but it is still seen as the best path for climbing the career ladder.” What the new survey suggests is that management is now seen as a career-ladder move, not something good in its own right. Gen Z approaches life’s traditional milestones with “reasoned skepticism”. They are hungry for coaching and welcome in-office collaboration yet also desire the death of the nine-to-five mentality and embrace flexibility. If Gen Z isn’t less ambitious yet isn’t thrilled about corporate management, where’s that energy going? The report cited Harris Poll findings that 57% of Gen Z currently have a side hustle (副业) compared to 48% of millennials and 31% of Gen Xers. Side hustle s are central to Gen Z’s identity, offering creative or activist outlets that main jobs cannot supply. For many, the “day job” simply finances the “passion project” — as one Glassdoor community member put it: “I always joke that I don’t dream of labor… If people were truly passionate about their job, it wouldn’t pay anything. Passion is for your five-nine after the nine-five.” When Gen Zers do move into management, Glassdoor finds that they’ re rewriting the traditional book. Gen Z is reconsidering what it means to be successful at work in this moment. They’ re not rejecting ambition — they’ re redirecting it toward sustainable career path s that prioritize both financial security and personal fulfillment. 5．Why is Daniel Zhao quoted in paragraph 3? A．To draw attention to a new concept. B．To confirm the accuracy of the report. C．To raise awareness of a worrying trend. D．To offer another perspective on the survey. 【答案】D 【解析】推理判断题。文章第二段引述了新调查的结果(68%的Z世代表示不会为头衔或薪水去追求管理岗)。第三段开头说“The survey, however, is somewhat at odds with other data collected by Glassdoor. (然而，这项调查与Glassdoor收集的其他数据有些矛盾)”，随后引用了该公司首席经济学家Daniel Zhao的言论“Daniel Zhao, chief economist for the company, told Fortune that an earlier report had found Gen Z entering the ranks of management at the same rates as older generations did. “Management is not for everybody, and that’s okay,” he said, “but it is still seen as the best path for climbing the career ladder.”(该公司首席经济学家Daniel Zhao告诉《财富》杂志，早前的一份报告发现，Z世代进入管理层的比例与老一代相同。“管理并不适合所有人，这没关系，”他说，“但它仍然被视为职业晋升的最佳途径”)”，指出早前的报告显示Z世代进入管理层级的比率与老一辈相同，并指出管理层仍被视为职业晋升的最佳路径。这里引用Daniel Zhao的话，是为了提供一个与第二段新调查结果不同的视角或数据，说明问题的复杂性。故选D项。 8．What is the professional success defined by Gen Z? A．Earning money with meaning. B．Winning power through effort. C．Dropping promotion for hobbies. D．Staying put for financial security. 【答案】A 【解析】推理判断题。文章探讨了Z世代对职业成功的定义。根据第四段可知，他们“embrace flexibility (拥抱灵活性)”并质疑传统里程碑；第五段指出他们更热衷副业；第六段说明“the “day job” simply finances the “passion project” (“日常工作”仅仅是为“激情项目”提供资金)”；最后一段总结“They’re redirecting it toward sustainable career paths that prioritize both financial security and personal fulfillment. (他们正在将雄心重新导向那些优先考虑财务安全和个人成就感的可持续职业道路)”。综合来看，Z世代定义的职业成功是：通过工作获得经济保障(赚钱)，同时这项工作或副业能提供个人意义和满足感(有意义的追求)，而不仅仅是追求权力或完全放弃晋升只搞爱好。A项“有意义的赚钱”最全面地概括了这一点。故选A项。 变式2（2025·浙江·一模）Germany is transforming a 580-acre abandoned airport into an eco-friendly neighborhood — a project officials hope will serve as a blueprint for other disused airports. The old airport shut down after a new, modern one was built nearby. In 2017, developers announced the 5 million-square-meter Tegel Projekt, which aims to solve urban problems like car pollution and housing shortages. The new area will have large green spaces, bike lanes, and 5,000 affordable, energy-efficient homes for over 10,000 people. It will also include facilities such as daycare centers, schools, and shops; an extra 4, 000 homes are planned for the surrounding areas. “We want people to rediscover public spaces for socializing, playing, or relaxing,” said Constanze Doll, the project’s spokesperson. “Important places like kindergartens, bakeries, and supermarkets can be easily reached on foot”. Eco-friendliness is at the core of the design: vertical gardens on apartment buildings(to keep them cool without expensive, energy-hungry air conditioning), solar panels on every rooftop to supply electricity, and “Sponge City” technology — like pavements that let water seep through and rain gardens — to collect water. Builders will also use local wood and cut emissions to make the construction process carbon-neutral. Turning old airports into neighborhoods isn’t common, but it’s not the first time. For example, in America, after Denver’s main airport moved to a new site 25 miles from the city center, developers turned the old airport(3 miles from town) into a residential community with over 3,500 single-family homes, parks, shops, and even an ice rink in a former aircraft hangar. Next to Tegel’s new neighborhood will be a commercial zone using some old airport infrastructure, including “Urban Tech Republic” for tech companies and a campus for Berliner Hochschule für Technik University. Construction started in 2023, with the first areas opening by 2027, and there are plans for electric buses and a tramway. “The streets and squares will belong to the people again, rather than to cars,” Doll added. 13．Which of the following best describes the new area introduced in Paragraph 3? A．Sustainable and habitable. B．Connected and luxurious. C．High-end and futuristic. D．Developed and multicultural. 15．What might be the author’s attitude towards the Tegel Project? A．Indifferent. B．Optimistic. C．Doubtful. D．Tolerant. 【答案】6．A 7．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍德国将一处废弃机场改造为环保社区的Tegel项目，包括项目目标、设计特点、配套设施等，并提及类似案例，展现其示范意义。 6．推理判断题。根据第三段中的“The new area will have large green spaces, bike lanes, and 5,000 affordable, energy-efficient homes for over 10,000 people. It will also include facilities such as daycare centers, schools, and shops; an extra 4,000 homes are planned for the surrounding areas. “We want people to rediscover public spaces for socializing, playing, or relaxing,” said Constanze Doll, the project’s spokesperson. “Important places like kindergartens, bakeries, and supermarkets can be easily reached on foot”.(这个新区域将有大片绿地、自行车道，以及5000套经济适用、节能的住房，可容纳1万多人居住。该区域还将包括日托中心、学校和商店等设施；周边地区计划额外建设4000套住房。该项目发言人康斯坦茨·多尔说：“我们希望人们重新发现用于社交、娱乐或休闲的公共空间。幼儿园、面包店和超市等重要场所都能步行轻松到达。”)”可知，新区域有宜居的住房、完善的生活设施，且注重居民生活便捷性，同时结合下文第四段提及的生态友好设计，可判断该区域兼具可持续性和宜居性。故选A项。 7．推理判断题。根据第一段中的“Germany is transforming a 580-acre abandoned airport into an eco-friendly neighborhood — a project officials hope will serve as a blueprint for other disused airports.(德国正将一处580英亩的废弃机场改造为环保社区——官员们希望这个项目能成为其他废弃机场改造的蓝图)”、第三段对新区域宜居设施的介绍、第四段生态友好设计的详细阐述，以及第五段提及美国类似成功案例、第六段对项目后续规划（商业街区、交通配套等）的说明可知，作者客观介绍了项目的积极意义、合理设计和美好规划，字里行间透露出对该项目的乐观态度。故选B项。 变式3（25-26高三上·山东·月考）For decades, researchers have sought to understand why some people consistently follow through on their goals while others struggle, even with strong motivation and commitment. A study published in Motivation and Emotion now reveals that the key may not be what goals people set, but their psychological approach to pursuing them. The research team, led by Karla Waldenmeier and Nicola Baumann, tested a central idea of Personality Systems Interactions (PSI) theory, which suggests that “action-oriented” individuals are more likely to achieve difficult goals due to their ability to manage emotions and switch from planning to action when faced with challenges. While previous studies had examined this process theoretically, this research connected self-chosen goals, their perceived difficulty, and actual achievement in a real-world context. In the study, participants were asked to define six personal goals they intended to accomplish within four weeks, each rated for difficulty. Researchers used a well-established psychological scale to measure participants’ action-state orientation, categorizing them as either action-oriented (subject to initiative) or state-oriented (subject to hesitation under pressure). After four weeks, participants reported their achievement. The results showed that goal difficulty negatively predicted goal achievement overall, meaning harder goals were less likely to be achieved. Additionally, people who scored higher on action orientation were more likely to achieve their goals, especially when those goals were rated as difficult. In contrast, state-oriented individuals were less successful when goals required more effort. Interestingly, when goals were easy, both groups performed similarly. The researchers concluded, “So, who climbs Mount Everest? First, is climbing Mount Everest an easy or a difficult goal for someone? If it is considered easy, there shouldn’t be a huge difference between individuals. However, if it is considered difficult, action-oriented individuals are more likely to succeed, thanks to better self-regulation, which is crucial when achieving a difficult goal — whether climbing Mount Everest or calling a friend after an argument.” However, the study does have limitations, including potential biases in self-reported data and the absence of motivation tracking throughout the process. This highlights the need for further research into the precise ways through which psychological orientation transforms ambition into achievement. 11．Who is more likely to climb Mount Everest according to the study? A．An emotional person who acts on feeling. B．An active person who works out difficulties. C．A cautious person who focuses on problems. D．A flexible person who switches to easier goals. 【答案】B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍一项关于目标达成影响因素的研究，指出达成目标的关键在于行动导向的心理模式，而非目标本身，并阐述了研究过程、结果及局限性。 【详解】推理判断题。根据第五段“However, if it is considered difficult, action-oriented individuals are more likely to succeed, thanks to better self-regulation, which is crucial when achieving a difficult goal — whether climbing Mount Everest or calling a friend after an argument.(然而，如果任务被认为较为艰巨，那么注重行动的人则更有可能取得成功，这是因为他们的自我调节能力更强，而这种能力在实现艰巨目标时（无论是攀登珠穆朗玛峰还是在争吵后给朋友打电话）都至关重要)”可知，攀登珠峰这类高难度目标，更适合行动力强、善于克服困难的人。故选B项。 变式4（2025高三·山东·专题练习）Something to Know About the New Chinese AI Tool DeepSeek Founded in 2023 by a hedge fund manager, Liang Wenfeng, the company is headquartered in Hangzhou, China, and specializes in developing open-source large language models. Because it is an open-source platform, developers can customize it to their needs. Little known before January, the AI assistant launch has fueled optimism for AI innovation, challenging the dominance of US tech giants that rely on massive investments in chips, data centers and energy. DeepSeek operates as a conversational AI, meaning it can understand and respond to natural language inputs. You can ask it a simple question, request help with a project, assist with research, draft emails and solve reasoning problems using DeepThink. DeepSeek offers two LLMs: DeepSeek-V3 and DeepThink (R1). DeepSeek-V3 works like the standard ChatGPT model, providing fast responses, generating text, rewriting emails and summarizing documents. DeepThink (R1) provides an alternative to OpenAI’s ChatGPT o1 model, which requires a subscription, but both DeepSeek models are free to use. They can be accessed via web browsers and mobile apps on iOS and Android devices. In fact, by late January 2025, the DeepSeek app became the most downloaded free app on both Apple’s iOS App Store and Google’s Play Store in the US and dozens of countries globally. DeepSeek uses advanced machine learning models to process information and generate responses, making it capable of handling various tasks. Also setting it apart from other AI tools, the DeepThink (R1) model shows you its exact “thought process” and the time it took to get the answer before giving you a detailed reply. 3．What can we infer from the fact that DeepSeek became the most downloaded free app in many countries? A．People in these countries prefer free AI apps. B．DeepSeek has significant advantages over other similar apps. C．The promotion of DeepSeek in these countries is very successful. D．There are no other good AI apps in these countries. 4．What is the author’s attitude towards DeepSeek? A．Doubtful. B．Negative. C．Positive. D．Neutral. 【答案】9．B 10．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了中国AI工具DeepSeek的成立背景、技术特点、模型优势及全球下载表现，突出其开源免费、功能创新和市场影响力。 9．推理判断题。根据前文提到的“开源平台可定制”、“挑战美国科技巨头”、“免费使用”和“DeepThink显示思考过程”等独特优势，以及第五段中“In fact, by late January 2025, the DeepSeek app became the most downloaded free app on both Apple’s iOS App Store and Google’s Play Store in the US and dozens of countries globally. (事实上，到2025年1月下旬，DeepSeek应用程序成为美国和全球数十个国家苹果iOS应用商店和谷歌Play商店下载量最多的免费应用程序)”可推知，DeepSeek能在多国成为下载最多的免费应用是因为与其他类似的应用程序相比，它有明显的竞争优势。故选B项。 10．推理判断题。根据第二段中“fueled optimism for AI innovation, challenging the dominance of US tech giants (激发了AI创新的乐观情绪，挑战了美国科技巨头的主导地位)”、第四段中“both DeepSeek models are free to use (两款DeepSeek模型均可免费使用)”、第六段中“advanced machine learning models to process information and generate responses (采用先进的机器学习模型处理信息并生成回复)”和第七段“setting it apart from other AI tools (使其区别于其他AI工具)”等描述，作者通过“创新”“挑战”“免费”“先进”“独特”等积极描述，体现对DeepSeek的肯定态度。故选C项。 ◇题型 02 写作意图推断题：功能导向，直击写作目的 典｜例｜精｜析 典例1【2024新课标ⅠⅠ卷】Given the astonishing potential of AI to transform our lives, we all need to take action to deal with our AI-powered future, and this is where AI by Design: A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence comes in. This absorbing new book by Catriona Campbell is a practical roadmap addressing the challenges posed by the forthcoming AI revolution (变革). In the wrong hands, such a book could prove as complicated to process as the computer code (代码) that powers AI but, thankfully, Campbell has more than two decades’ professional experience translating the heady into the understandable. She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic, making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which, by the close, will make you feel almost as smart as AI. As we soon come to learn from AI by Design, AI is already super-smart and will become more capable, moving from the current generation of “narrow-AI” to Artificial General Intelligence. From there, Campbell says, will come Artificial Dominant Intelligence. This is why Campbell has set out to raise awareness of AI and its future now-several decades before these developments are expected to take place. She says it is essential that we keep control of artificial intelligence, or risk being sidelined and perhaps even worse. Campbell’s point is to wake up those responsible for AI-the technology companies and world leaders-so they are on the same page as all the experts currently developing it. She explains we are at a “tipping point” in history and must act now to prevent an extinction-level event for humanity. We need to consider how we want our future with Al to pan out. Such structured thinking, followed by global regulation, will enable us to achieve greatness rather than our downfall. AI will affect us all, and if you only read one book on the subject, this is it. 15. What is the author’s purpose in writing the text? A. To recommend a book on AI. B. To give a brief account of AI history. C. To clarify the definition of AI. D. To honor an outstanding AI expert. 【答案】A 解题思路： 1. 文体推断法：根据文章开头"Given the astonishing potential of AI... this is where AI by Design: A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence comes in."及结尾"AI will affect us all, and if you only read one book on the subject, this is it."可判断本文为书评或推荐文。 2. 结构分析：文章先介绍AI的重要性，引出《AI by Design》一书，接着介绍作者背景、书的主要内容和价值，最后强烈推荐读者阅读此书。 3. 写作意图：作者的主要目的是推荐这本关于AI的书籍，而非简述AI历史（B）、澄清AI定义（C）或致敬AI专家（D）。 4. 关键词定位：文中多次出现"book"、"guide"、"recommend"等词，进一步印证了推荐书籍的意图。 典例2（2023•新高考全国Ⅰ卷·阅读理解B）When John Todd was a child, he loved to explore the woods around his house, observing how nature solved problems. A dirty stream, for example, often became clear after flowing through plants and along rocks where tiny creatures lived. When he got older, John started to wonder if this process could be used to clean up the messes people were making. After studying agriculture, medicine, and fisheries in college, John went back to observing nature and asking questions. Why can certain plants trap harmful bacteria(细菌)? Which kinds of fish can eat cancer-causing chemicals? With the right combination of animals and plants, he figured, maybe he could clean up waste the way nature did. He decided to build what he would later call an eco-machine. The task John set for himself was to remove harmful substances from some sludge (污泥). First, he constructed a series of clear fibreglass tanks connected to each other. Then he went around to local ponds and streams and brought back some plants and animals. He placed them in the tanks and waited. Little by little, these different kinds of life got used to one another and formed their own ecosystem. After a few weeks, John added the sludge. He was amazed at the results. The plants and animals in the eco-machine took the sludge as food and began to eat it! Within weeks, it had all been digested, and all that was left was pure water. Over the years, John has taken on many big jobs. He developed a greenhouse-like facility that treated sewage(污水) from 1,600 homes in South Burlington. He also designed an eco-machine to clean canal water in Fuzhou, a city in southeast China. “Ecological design” is the name John gives to what he does.“Life on Earth is kind of a box of spare parts for the inventor,” he says.“You put organisms in new relationships and observe what’s happening. Then you let these new systems develop their own ways to self-repair.” 26.What is the author’s purpose in mentioning Fuzhou? A. To review John’s research plans. B. To show an application of John’s idea. C. To compare John’s different jobs. D. To erase doubts about John’s invention. 【答案】B 解题思路： 1. 定位上下文：提到"Fuzhou"之前，文章介绍了John Todd发明的"生态机器"（eco-machine）可以净化污水。接着提到"He also designed an eco-machine to clean canal water in Fuzhou..." 2. 例证功能：福州的例子是作为John Todd生态机器的实际应用案例，展示其想法的可行性和效果。 3. 排除干扰项：A选项"回顾John的研究计划"与原文不符，文中是介绍已完成的工作；C选项"比较John的不同工作"不是目的；D选项"消除对John发明的怀疑"在文中无依据。 4. 写作手法：此处使用"举例说明"（giving examples）的写作手法，通过具体实例支撑前文观点。 典例3（2023•新高考全国Ⅱ卷·阅读理解C篇）Reading Art: Art for Book Lovers is a celebration of an everyday object—the book, represented here in almost three hundred artworks from museums around the world. The image of the reader appears throughout history, in art made long before books as we now know them came into being. In artists’ representations of books and reading, we see moments of shared humanity that go beyond culture and time. In this “book of books”, artworks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these connections between different eras and cultures. We see scenes of children learning to read at home or at school, with the book as a focus for relations between the generations. Adults are portrayed (描绘) alone in many settings and poses—absorbed in a volume, deep in thought or lost in a moment of leisure. These scenes may have been painted hundreds of years ago, but they record moments we can all relate to.  Books themselves may be used symbolically in paintings to demonstrate the intellect (才智), wealth or faith of the subject. Before the wide use of the printing press, books were treasured objects and could be works of art in their own right. More recently, as books have become inexpensive or even throwaway, artists have used them as the raw material for artworks—transforming covers, pages or even complete volumes into paintings and sculptures. Continued developments in communication technologies were once believed to make the printed page outdated. From a 21st-century point of view, the printed book is certainly ancient, but it remains as interactive as any battery-powered e-reader. To serve its function, a book must be activated by a user: the cover opened, the pages parted, the contents reviewed, perhaps notes written down or words underlined. And in contrast to our increasingly networked lives where the information we consume is monitored and tracked, a printed book still offers the chance of a wholly private, “off-line” activity. 1.What does the author want to say by mentioning the e-reader? A. The printed book is not totally out of date. B. Technology has changed the way we read. C. Our lives in the 21st century are networked. D. People now rarely have the patience to read. 【答案】A 解题思路： 1. 定位细节：根据题干关键词"e-reader"定位到最后一段："From a 21st-century point of view, the printed book is certainly ancient, but it remains as interactive as any battery-powered e-reader." 2. 对比关系：作者将纸质书与电子阅读器对比，指出纸质书虽然古老，但和电子阅读器一样具有互动性，且提供了完全私人的"离线"阅读体验。 3. 写作意图：通过与电子阅读器的对比，作者想说明纸质书并未完全过时，仍然具有其独特价值。 4. 选项分析：B、C、D选项均偏离段落主旨，A选项准确表达了作者提及电子阅读器的目的。 ◇题型03 观点态度推断题：情感词+语气=态度密码 变｜式｜巩｜固 变式1（2025高三上·贵州·专题练习）Many people are beginning to notice that modern technology is changing the way we think. It does not only affect our ability to concentrate, but also the way we read and reason. However, a more serious problem is often ignored: this change may create a new kind of inequality (不平等性). Think of this by comparing with food consumption: Today, obesity is much more common among the poor than the rich, as cheap, ultra-processed snacks have become easier to get. Some people worry that the same thing may happen with reading and thinking skills. In the future, strong reading ability may become something that only people with money and good education can keep. Deep reading is not a natural skill. It must be learned through time, effort, and practice. Scientists say that long-form reading can change the brain. It helps us grow vocabulary, improves logical thinking, and trains us to focus for a long time. But digital reading habits are very different. The online world distracts us a lot. Social media, constant messages, and endless short videos make us jump quickly from one thing to another. Thus, we get used to skimming instead of thinking deeply. For many young people, even reading no longer seems necessary. TikTok, YouTube Shorts, fake news, and AI-generated contents offer fast entertainment with almost no effort. This “snack food” for the brain is easy to enjoy but hard to resist. Some people say, “Everyone can choose to read seriously if they want.” But this ignores reality. Just like junk food harms the poor more, digital distraction also hits poor children harder. Research already shows that children from low-income families spend more hours on screens every day than those from richer families. If this continues, the reading gap may slowly become a thinking gap — and then a social gap. What is the purpose in writing the passage? A．To describe a health trend. B．To warn about a potential gap. C．To list technology’s harms. D．To teach people how to read deeply. 【答案】B 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讲述了现代科技改变人们思考、阅读等方式，还可能催生新型不平等，警示数字干扰或加剧阅读、思维及社会差距。 【小题1】推理判断题。根据文章第一段“However, a more serious problem is often ignored: this change may create a new kind of inequality. (然而，一个更严重的问题却常常被忽视：这种变化可能会催生一种新型的不平等)”以及最后一段“If this continues, the reading gap may slowly become a thinking gap-and then a social gap.(如果这种趋势持续下去，阅读差距可能会逐渐演变为思维差距——进而成为社会差距)”可知，作者写作的核心目的是警示现代科技带来的数字干扰可能加剧阅读差距、思维差距，最终形成社会差距这一潜在问题。故选B。 变式2（2025高三下·江苏·专题练习）King Shahryar, betrayed (背叛) by his wife, decides to marry a new woman each night and have her killed by morning to ensure he is never betrayed again. Scheherazade volunteers to marry the king. Each evening, she begins an engaging story but stops at dawn, leaving him eager for more. Night after night, she keeps him attracted with new tales, and over 1,001 nights, the king falls in love with her and abandons his cruel ways. This ancient tale from One Thousand and One Nights highlights storytelling’s impact. Our recent research shows that strong storytelling skills can dramatically improve someone’s well-being. At its core, storytelling helps people find meaning from life’s chaos. Studies show we shape our identities by turning experiences into personal stories. Skilled storytellers excel at two key skills: they need to connect events logically and they must learn to see the world through the eyes of their characters, understanding the “why” of what drives people. Applying these two skills to their own lives, skillful storytellers use the first to identify and pursue what gives their life meaning, while the second develops a mindset that prioritizes the “why” behind their actions over just the “how”. To illustrate this point, we conducted studies with 800 participants. We measured storytelling ability through self-reports, friend evaluations and expert reviews on lab experiments where each participant told one story about himself and the other with three given random words. In addition to these assessments of storytelling skills, we asked participants questions to get a sense of how meaningful they found life and whether they approached decisions with a “why” mindset rather than a “how” mindset. Results consistently linked storytelling skills to stronger life meaning and goal clarity. Personality also mattered: people open to new experiences collected more interesting life stories, while shy people used storytelling to balance out their limited social interaction. A strong “why” mindset connects with reduced stress and extended life. Storytelling also builds social connections. By helping people express their purpose and build relationships, stories may indirectly strengthen both mental and physical health. Storytelling workshops, now popular globally, may do more than teach communication they could help participants redefine their life’s direction. Why does the author mention Scheherazade’s stories in the first paragraph? A．To show Scheherazade’s cleverness. B．To entertain readers with a classic tale. C．To introduce the topic of storytelling. D．To compare ancient and modern stories. 【答案】C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章说明讲故事的核心是帮助人们从生活的混乱中找到意义。研究表明，我们通过把经历变成个人故事来塑造自己的身份。 【详解】推理判断题。根据第二段“This ancient tale from One Thousand and One Nights highlights storytelling’s impact. Our recent research shows that strong storytelling skills can dramatically improve someone’s well-being. (这个出自《一千零一夜》的古老故事彰显了讲故事的影响力。我们最新的研究表明，出色的讲故事能力能显著提升一个人的幸福感。)”可知，作者引用舍赫拉查德(Scheherazade)的故事是为了引出“讲故事”这一主题，后文内容均围绕讲故事的作用展开。故选C项。 变式3（2025高三·江西·专题练习）When hearing the word “genius”, many people automatically visualize a person with crazy and messy hair- someone like Albert Einstein, the famous scientist. They imagine the genius to be hurriedly writing calculations on a whiteboard, perhaps speaking to themselves as they work. This is a widespread idea of what a genius is like, but is it accurate? What makes a person a genius? Psychological studies define a genius as being a person with an above-average intelligence, and many researchers believe that an IQ (Intelligence Quotient) of above 140 indicates that a person has a high potential of genius. Research confirms that natural and inherited intellectual ability does play a role in determining genius, and statistics show that genius tendencies are frequently passed down from generation to generation. But is a person’s natural intelligence strongly linked to genius? Many people who score highly on intelligence tests are not successful in everyday life, and they often do not display any above-average abilities. The 19th century British scientist, Sir Francis Galton, believed that the term “genius” could only be applied to someone who had accomplished a significant achievement. What mattered to Galton was not a person’s potential ability, but how much a person could achieve with that ability. He considered characteristics such as passion and capacity to work hard as important to genius as intelligence. Some believe that genius may almost be a type of psychosis. It is a fact that some of the world’s most celebrated intellectual geniuses display very poor social and emotional skills, and these people mirror the conventional image of the “mad scientist” genius. Others believe one can be a genius in one or two areas but not in others. They believe many people can have elements of genius — such as being a confident speaker or an excellent sportsman. At present there is nothing agreed upon definition of genius. However, it does appear that both genetic and environmental factors contribute toward creating a genius. Why is Einstein mentioned in the first paragraph? A．To highlight his scientific breakthroughs. B．To list different definitions of intelligence. C．To illustrate the common image of genius. D．To explain the role of creativity in science. 【答案】C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了“天才”的一般形象以及不同的人对于“天才”如何定义的看法。 【详解】推理判断题。根据第一段“When hearing the word “genius”, many people automatically visualize a person with crazy and messy hair- someone like Albert Einstein, the famous scientist. They imagine the genius to be hurriedly writing calculations on a whiteboard, perhaps speaking to themselves as they work. This is a widespread idea of what a genius is like, but is it accurate? What makes a person a genius?(当听到“天才”这个词时，许多人会不由自主地联想到一个头发凌乱的人——比如著名科学家阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦。他们想象这位天才正在匆忙地在白板上写下计算结果，也许一边工作一边自言自语。这是一种关于天才的普遍看法，但它准确吗？是什么使一个人成为天才？)”可知，第一段提到了爱因斯坦是为了说明天才的一般形象。故选C项。 变式4（25-26高三上·四川成都·期中）Butterflies are sensitive to environmental changes, meaning they are important indicators of ecosystem health, but they are in decline. New research suggests butterfly numbers can be boosted by making small changes to road verges (边缘). While most studies on road verges and butterflies have focused on temperate climates with natural plants in rural areas, new research from Nanyang Technological University (NTU) examined planted vegetation along major roads in big cities of Singapore. Researchers surveyed 101 road verges, each at least 30m long, located along major roads with speed limits between 50 km/h and 70 km/h, and planted with non-native bushes. They found verges with a mixture of different flowering plant species directly increased the total number of butterflies and butterfly species. “A greater diversity of flowering plants can offer a variety of nectar (花蜜) sources for butterflies. This can attract more species of butterflies, especially those that prefer a broad range of nectar from different flowers,” explains Associate Professor Eleanor Slade from NTU’s Asian School of the Environment. ... 18．Why is Eleanor Slade mentioned in paragraph 3? A．To explain research methods. B．To back the findings of the new study. C．To propose strategies for improvement. D．To prove the city is more suitable for research. 【答案】B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍蝴蝶数量呈下降趋势，一项新研究表明改造道路边缘可促进蝴蝶数量增长，并聚焦新加坡城市道路边缘植被与蝴蝶的关联研究。 【小题1】推理判断题。根据第三段中的“They found verges with a mixture of different flowering plant species directly increased the total number of butterflies and butterfly species. ‘A greater diversity of flowering plants can offer a variety of nectar sources for butterflies. This can attract more species of butterflies, especially those that prefer a broad range of nectar from different flowers,’ explains Associate Professor Eleanor Slade from NTU’s Asian School of the Environment.(研究人员发现，种植多种开花植物的道路边缘，直接增加了蝴蝶的总数和物种数量。南洋理工大学亚洲环境学院的埃莉诺·斯莱德副教授解释说：“开花植物的多样性越高，能为蝴蝶提供的花蜜来源就越丰富。这能吸引更多种类的蝴蝶，尤其是那些喜欢从不同花朵中获取多种花蜜的蝴蝶。”)”可知，前文先阐述了新研究的核心发现——多种开花植物混合种植的道路边缘能增加蝴蝶数量和种类，随后引用埃莉诺·斯莱德副教授的话，对该发现进行了解释和佐证，说明其提及目的是支持新研究的发现。故选B项。 ◇题型 03 观点态度推断题：情感词+语气=态度密码 典｜例｜精｜析 典例1(2024·全国甲卷D节选) Doctors see up to 150 patients every day. The train’s equipment allows for basic checkups. “I was very impressed by the doctors and their assistants working and living in such little space but still staying focused and very concerned,” says Ducke. “They were the best chance for many rural people to get the treatment they want. ” 31. What is Ducke’s attitude toward the Saint Lukas’ services? A. Appreciative. B. Doubtful C. Ambiguous. D. Cautious. 【答案】A 解题思路： 1. 情感词定位：根据Ducke的话："I was very impressed by the doctors and their assistants working and living in such little space but still staying focused and very concerned... They were the best chance for many rural people to get the treatment they want." 2. 褒贬分析：关键词"very impressed"（印象深刻）、"best chance"（最好的机会）表明Ducke对Saint Lukas的服务持赞赏态度。 3. 排除法：B选项"怀疑的"、C选项"模棱两可的"、D选项"谨慎的"均与Ducke的语气和用词不符。 4. 态度分类：根据情感态度词表，"appreciative"（赞赏的）属于支持肯定类态度，符合Ducke的表述。 典例2（2023•新高考全国Ⅰ卷·阅读理解D篇节选）In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates? Did they follow those least willing to change their minds? This happened some of the time, but it wasn’t the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together.”Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous. 35.What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies? A. Unclear. B. Dismissive. C. Doubtful. D. Approving. 【答案】D 解题思路： 1. 语气分析：作者在最后一段提到"Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous." 2. 转折关系：虽然作者承认研究存在局限性，但强调其"潜在影响巨大"（potential implications... are enormous），表明作者对研究持肯定态度。 3. 态度词判断："enormous"（巨大的）是积极词汇，表明作者认可该研究的价值。 4. 选项排除：A选项"不明确的"、B选项"轻视的"、C选项"怀疑的"均与原文语气不符，D选项"赞同的"正确。 变｜式｜巩｜固 变式1（2025高三·山东·专题练习）The Unexpected Wave of Cultural Exchange On January 15, 2025, a surprising event shocked social media users in both China and the United States. Many American TikTok users, known as “TT refugees”, joined the Chinese social platform Xiaohongshu (Little Red Book) after the U.S. government announced a ban on TikTok starting January 19. This sudden migration brought an unprecedented (前所未有的) cultural exchange, reshaping the way people in both countries viewed each other. When American users first explored Xiaohongshu, they were amazed by what they saw. Modern Chinese cities like Shanghai, Beijing, Chengdu and Chongqing were vibrant  (充满活力的) and highly developed, offering diverse food cultures and lively lifestyles. This new perspective contradicted (与……相矛盾) the stereotypes (刻板印象) portrayed in traditional Western media. At the same time, Chinese users learned from “TT refugees” that the U. S. also faced challenges like high housing costs and limited healthcare access, which were rarely shown in Chinese media. For years, traditional media in both countries have shaped narrow and often inaccurate impressions of the other. However, platforms like Xiaohongshu and Douyin (TikTok in China) are breaking these one-sided narratives (叙述). American users are now discovering China’s rapid modernization, while Chinese users are gaining a clearer picture of the realities behind the “American Dream”. This online interaction is only part of a broader trend. Policies like China’s “144-hour visa-free transit” have encouraged more Western tourists to visit China and share their experiences through videos. These personal accounts are helping to break the “information bubbles” created by traditional media, fostering mutual understanding and respect. As Chairman Mao once said, “History is created by the people.” Although the long-term impact of this wave of cultural exchange on international relations remains uncertain, it is clear that it has laid a solid foundation for improving understanding and reducing misunderstandings between the two nations. For those seeking peace and truth, this development is a step forward. Finally, as an observer of such cultural exchanges, I warmly welcome more sincere and friendly “TT refugees” to join platforms like Xiaohongshu. Together, we can explore the authentic (真实的) beauty of this colorful world. 39．How does the author view the impact of the cultural exchange brought by the “TT refugees”? A．Skeptical. B．Indifferent. C．Positive and hopeful. D．Critical of its effectiveness. 【答案】C 【导语】本文是一篇新闻报道。主要介绍美国“TT难民”涌入小红书带来中美文化交流新态势，打破刻板印象，为两国相互理解奠定基础。 【详解】推理判断题。根据第五段中的“Although the long-term impact of this wave of cultural exchange on international relations remains uncertain, it is clear that it has laid a solid foundation for improving understanding and reducing misunderstandings between the two nations. For those seeking peace and truth, this development is a step forward.(尽管这波文化交流对国际关系的长期影响尚不确定，但显然它为增进两国间的理解和减少误解奠定了坚实的基础。对于那些追求和平与真理的人来说，这一发展是向前迈出的一步。)”以及最后一段中的“Finally, as an observer of such cultural exchanges, I warmly welcome more sincere and friendly “TT refugees” to join platforms like Xiaohongshu. Together, we can explore the authentic beauty of this colorful world.(最后，作为这类文化交流的观察者，我热烈欢迎更多真诚友好的“TT难民”加入小红书等平台。我们可以一起探索这个多彩世界的真实之美。)”可知，作者认为这次文化交流虽长期影响未知，但已带来积极作用，还热烈欢迎更多交流，态度积极且充满希望。故选C项。 变式2（25-26高三上·江苏泰州·期中）By the age of 5, children are much better than both young and adult monkeys at shifting their attention from one set of rules to another. Their findings add to evidence that unique cognitive changes occur in humans before they reach 5 years of age. Like memory and self-control, switching between “mental sets”, such as rules or instructions, is a core cognitive ability developed at young age. It lets us quickly adjust to changes in the environment, for example, choosing a different way to get somewhere when our focus is blocked Eva Reindl at the University of St Andrews in the UK and her colleagues designed a set of tasks to compare attention-shifting abilities in humans and monkeys of different ages. Children and monkeys, which ranged from 5 to 36 years in age, were trained to determine which of four cups on two different sets of shelves contained a reward—stickers for children and bananas for chimps. On the green shelves, a green cup held the treats, while on the blue shelves, it was a pink cup. When they had to switch from one set of shelves to another, the monkeys successfully selected the right cup 52 per cent of the time. This is comparable to 3-year-old children, who had a success rate of 50 per cent, and 4-year-olds, who chose correctly in 59 per cent of cases. Among 5-year-olds, the success rate was far higher, at 80 per cent. “There’s definitely something going on from 5 years of age,” says Reindl. The improvement on the task with age in children is probably due to biological changes such as the development of the brain’s frontal lobes (额叶), says Reindl. But cultural development may play a more important role. Just as adults voice phone numbers or directions aloud to remember them, language may have helped the older children to switch between the two rules. Although testing tendency makes it hard to compare humans with other monkeys, the general findings are straight-forward, says Frans at Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia. “It’s hard to argue with the conclusion that 5-year-old children do better than younger ones and better than monkeys of various ages, including adults.” 1．What is Frans’s attitude towards the findings? A．Opposed. B．Supportive. C．Unclear. D．Indifferent. 【答案】B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍一项研究发现5岁儿童的注意力转换能力优于不同年龄段猴子，并分析背后原因。 【小题1】推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“Although testing tendency makes it hard to compare humans with other monkeys, the general findings are straight-forward, says Frans at Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia. “It’s hard to argue with the conclusion that 5-year-old children do better than younger ones and better than monkeys of various ages, including adults.” (佐治亚州亚特兰大市埃默里大学的弗兰斯表示，尽管测试倾向的差异使得人类与其他猴子之间的对比存在难度，但总体研究结果十分明确。“很难去反驳这个结论 ——5岁儿童的表现要优于更小的孩子，同时也胜过各个年龄段的猴子，包括成年猴子”)”可知，弗兰斯认为研究结论难以反驳，对该研究发现的态度是支持的。故选B项。 变式3（2026·浙江·一模）As classical music adapts to the digital age, its cultural importance remains clear. The 2025 Beijing Forum for Symphonic Music highlighted the urgent need for innovation. Orchestras must change not only their artistic expression but also how they connect with audiences. This ensures that symphonic music will continue to thrive for future generations by embracing both its long history and the transformations of a new era. A central focus is attracting younger listeners. Data shows that a growing number of concertgoers are now under 45, with many born after 1990 and 2000. To connect with this group, orchestras are integrating music into digital worlds familiar to them, such as video games and movies. For example, the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra hosts concerts playing famous game soundtracks, which have been very successful. This approach shows that young people are eager to experience symphonic music in formats they feel connected to. Orchestras are also adopting new formats and technologies. Some have introduced 60-minute concerts to create shorter and more accessible experiences for modern attention spans. Artificial intelligence is also changing the field. AI systems can now compose music quickly, and they can help choose programs for concerts. While AI cannot replace a musician’s personal feelings and skill, it saves time, allowing musicians to focus on more thoughtful decisions. Beyond technology, the future depends on training young musicians and engaging local communities. Music schools aim to protect students’ passion and creativity, preparing them for a professional world. Meanwhile, orchestras are moving out of traditional concert halls. In Tianjin, for instance, free outdoor performances bring music to the heart of the community. Similarly, a festival in Switzerland holds concerts in school gyms and local barns, creating a relaxed and welcoming atmosphere. These efforts make classical music more accessible and inviting, helping it stay relevant in today’s society. What is the author’s main attitude toward the future of symphonic music? A．Worried about its disappearance. B．Optimistic about its innovative potential. C．Critical of its move away from tradition. D．Uncertain about the impact of AI. 【答案】B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了交响乐为适应数字时代所做出的创新举措，包括吸引年轻听众、采用新形式和技术、培养年轻音乐家以及深入社区等，旨在确保交响乐在新时代继续蓬勃发展。 【详解】推理判断题。根据第一段中“The 2025 Beijing Forum for Symphonic Music highlighted the urgent need for innovation. Orchestras must change not only their artistic expression but also how they connect with audiences. This ensures that symphonic music will continue to thrive for future generations by embracing both its long history and the transformations of a new era.(2025年北京交响乐论坛强调了创新的迫切需求。管弦乐团不仅要改变其艺术表达形式，还要改变与观众的连接方式。通过既传承悠久历史，又拥抱新时代的变革，这将确保交响乐在未来几代人中持续繁荣发展)”和下文介绍交响乐为适应数字时代所做出的创新举措可知，作者对交响乐的未来持乐观态度，认为其具有创新潜力。故选B项。 变式4（2025高三下·山东·专题练习）The sun likes to remind us that Earth is merely one part of a joint system. Despite our connection with the sun, there are still numerous scientific mysteries to uncover about this critical star, particularly its magnetic field (磁场). Now, for the first time, scientists have taken nearly daily measurements of the sun’s coronal (日冕的) magnetic field and this observation offers a more dynamic view of this solar region. The solar magnetic field is the primary driver of solar storms and flares. As society grows increasingly reliant on technology, this space weather generates threats to power networks, communication systems, and in-space technologies like GPS and satellites. “Global mapping of the coronal magnetic field has been a big missing part in the study of the sun,” said Zihao Yang, a postdoctoral fellow from Peking University in China. “This research is helping us fill a crucial gap in our understanding of coronal magnetic fields, which are the source of the energy for storms that can impact Earth.” Scientists have been able to routinely measure the magnetic field on the sun’s surface. Large telescopes like the Daniel K. Inouye Solar Telescope (DKIST), which is the world’s largest solar telescope, can measure the three-dimensional coronal magnetic fields in depth. It recently demonstrated its ability to make detailed observations of the coronal magnetic field. However, DKIST can’t map the sun all at once. To try to get more overall mapping, the team turned to the Upgraded Coronal Multi-channel Polarimeter (UCoMP). UCoMP can block out parts of the sun. It uses a dise called a coronagraph to enable scientists to measure the sun’s atmosphere. UCoMP has a much smaller aperture (光图) compared to DKIST, but it can take a wider view, which makes it possible for scientists to study the entire sun on most days. “We are entering a new age of solar physics research when we can routinely measure the coronal magnetic field,” said Yang. Using DKIST’s and UCoMP’s measurements together offers a more all-sided view of the coronal magnetic field. What does Zihao Yang think of the research? A．It’s well-received. B．It’s risk-free. C．It’s pioneering. D．It’s misleading. 【答案】C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了科学家首次对太阳日冕磁场进行近乎每日的测量，此研究填补了关键认知空白并助力太阳物理学研究进入新阶段。 【详解】推理判断题。根据第二段中““Global mapping of the coronal magnetic field has been a big missing part in the study of the sun,” said Zihao Yang, a postdoctoral fellow from Peking University in China. “This research is helping us fill a crucial gap in our understanding of coronal magnetic fields, which are the source of the energy for storms that can impact Earth.”(“日冕磁场的全球测绘一直是太阳研究中的一个重大缺失部分，”来自中国北京大学的博士后研究员杨梓豪说。“这项研究正在帮助我们填补我们对日冕磁场理解中的一个关键空白，日冕磁场是可能影响地球的风暴的能量来源。”)”可知，杨梓豪认为这项研究填补了关键空白，是具有开创性的。故选C。 ◇题型 04 人物性格特征题：拒绝主观印象，只信事实情节 典｜例｜精｜析 典例1(2025年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(1月浙江卷)英语真题C节选)A novel design approach to gardening has been gaining in popularity worldwide. Referred to as matrix planting, this approach aims for nature to do a lot more of the heavy lifting in the garden, and even some of the designing. Eschewing fertilizers(化肥) and power tools, it’s based on an elegantly simple principle: to garden more like nature does. The concept was born when German city planners sought to plant large areas of parkland after World War II in a reproducible way that would need minimal maintenance. Planners created planting mixes that could be used modularly(模块化). In a matrix garden, plants with similar cultural needs are grouped so that they will grow together above and below ground, forming a cooperative ecosystem that conserves water and discourages weeds. Dutch plantsman and designer Piet Oudolf’s gardens popularized this style, adding artistic flavors to the planting mixes while playing with color and form, including four-season interest and serving the needs of wildlife. Beautiful year-round, they invite you to enjoy the smallest detail, from the sound of grasses in the gentle wind to the sculpture of odd-looking seed heads. ... 30. Which of the following best describes Piet Oudolf’s gardens? A. Traditional. B. Odd-looking. C. Tasteful. D. Well-protected. 【答案】C 解题思路： 1. 定位细节：根据题干人名"Piet Oudolf"定位到第三段："Dutch plantsman and designer Piet Oudolf's gardens popularized this style, adding artistic flavors to the planting mixes while playing with color and form, including four-season interest and serving the needs of wildlife." 2. 性格特征词匹配：文中提到Oudolf的花园"adding artistic flavors"（增添艺术气息）、"playing with color and form"（玩转色彩与形态），这些描述表明其花园具有审美情趣。 3. 选项分析：A选项"传统的"与原文"novel design approach"不符；B选项"古怪的"与"beautiful year-round"矛盾；D选项"受到良好保护的"在文中未提及；C选项"有品味的"（tasteful）符合"artistic flavors"的描述。 4. 避免主观臆断：需基于原文描述选择，而非个人对花园的主观印象。 典例2【2019全国I卷B篇节选】For Canaan Elementary’s second grade in Patchogue, N.Y., today is speech day, and right now it’s Chris Palaez’s turn. The 8-year-old is the joker of the class. With shining dark eyes, he seems like the kind of kid who would enjoy public speaking. But he’s nervous. “I’m here to tell you today why you should … should…” Chris trips on the “-ld,” a pronunciation difficulty for many non-native English speakers. His teacher, Thomas Whaley, is next to him, whispering support. “…Vote for …me …” Except for some stumbles, Chris is doing amazingly well. When he brings his speech to a nice conclusion, Whaley invites the rest of the class to praise him. A son of immigrants, Chris stared learning English a little over three years ago. Whaley recalls (回想起) how at the beginning of the year, when called upon to read, Chris would excuse himself to go to the bathroom. Learning English as a second language can be a painful experience. What you need is a great teacher who lets you make mistakes. “It takes a lot for any student,” Whaley explains, “especially for a student who is learning English as their new language, to feel confident enough to say, ‘I don’t know, but I want to know.’” Whaley got the idea of this second-grade presidential campaign project when he asked the children one day to raise their hands if they thought they could never be a president. The answer broke his heart. Whaley says the project is about more than just learning to read and speak in public. He wants these kids to learn to boast (夸耀) about themselves. “Boasting about yourself, and your best qualities,” Whaley says, “is very difficult for a child who came into the classroom not feeling confident.” Which of the following best describes Whaley as a teacher? A．Humorous. B．Ambitious. C．Caring. D．Demanding. 【答案】C 解题思路： 1. 行为分析：文中描述Whaley老师的行为："His teacher, Thomas Whaley, is next to him, whispering support."（在学生紧张时低声支持）；"Whaley says the project is about more than just learning to read and speak in public. He wants these kids to learn to boast about themselves."（关注学生的自信心培养）。 2. 性格特征词匹配：这些行为体现了Whaley老师对学生的关心和体贴，对应性格特征词"caring"（体贴的）。 3. 排除干扰项：A选项"要求严格的"、B选项"有雄心的"、D选项"幽默的"在文中均无体现。 4. 证据在文中：选择基于老师的具体行为，而非主观判断。 变｜式｜巩｜固 变式1（25-26高三上·甘肃武威·月考）While visiting a school for the blind in Old Delhi, India, Yash Mehta observed that none of the students were using digital braille (盲文) readers. Priced between $2,000 and $20,000, these devices are too expensive for students. Mehta decided to try and make his own version. Since that day in India, Mehta began moving towards his goal by working with teachers and students at the Blind Relief Association in New Delhi, India. Having always been passionate about engineering, he found the hardware aspects of the project manageable. However, programming the device to transform input text to braille was something he had to teach himself. Ultimately, he overcame this barrier by increasing his skills and understanding of programming. Mehta’s innovative braille device simulates (模拟) braille letter patterns by using a set of six motors that gently press against the user’s fingers. These motors are connected to an Arduino, an open-source electronics platform known for its user-friendly hardware and programmable software. Letter information is input into the device, translated to braille and sent to the motors. Users can read the braille output with 86% accuracy by resting their fingers just above the motor output. In October, Mehta received recognition for his efforts when he became one of 30 finalists in the Thermo Fisher Scientific Junior Innovators Challenge. In the competition, he was awarded first place in the technology category and a $3,500 prize. His current model cost only $35, and Mehta has filed a patent for his device. He wants to add OCR (optical character recognition) into the device, which would allow his invention to also translate printed text and handwritten notes. He plans to provide 1,000 free units each year to blind individuals in developing nations. Which of the following can best describe Mehta? A．Honest and courageous. B．Creative and helpful. C．Suspicious and intelligent. D．Humble and sympathetic. 【答案】B 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了Yash Mehta在印度访问盲人学校时，发现盲文阅读器价格昂贵，于是自主研发低成本盲文设备，最终获奖并计划免费推广的故事。 【小题1】推理判断题。根据第一段中“While visiting a school for the blind in Old Delhi, India, Yash Mehta observed that none of the students were using digital braille (盲文) readers. Priced between $2,000 and $20,000, these devices are too expensive for students. Mehta decided to try and make his own version. (在印度旧德里访问一所盲人学校时，Yash Mehta注意到没有一个学生使用数字盲文阅读器。这些设备价格在2000至2万美元之间，对学生而言过于昂贵。梅塔决定尝试制作自己的版本) ”和最后一段中“His current model cost only $35, and Mehta has filed a patent for his device. He wants to add OCR (optical character recognition) into the device, which would allow his invention to also translate printed text and handwritten notes. He plans to provide 1,000 free units each year to blind individuals in developing nations. (他目前的模型仅需35美元，并已为该设备申请了专利。他希望在设备中加入OCR(光学字符识别)功能，使发明还能翻译印刷文本和手写笔记。他计划每年向发展中国家的盲人免费提供1000台设备)”可知，Mehta通过创新技术将盲文设备成本降至35美元并申请专利，体现其创造力(creative )；同时计划每年免费提供1000台设备给发展中国家盲人，体现其乐于助人的品质(helpful)。故选B项。 变式2（25-26高三上·四川·月考）A few years ago, I was living with my grandmother while looking for work. One evening she asked for the phone number of a ride-hailing (叫车) service she’d heard about. I explained it was app-only. After a moment’s thought, my 80-year-old grandmother replied, “Then why don’t you make something like that?” That conversation brought about an idea that later grew into a trusted service for senior transportation. I quietly started working with a friend of mine. At first, we kept the project a secret from my grandmother— we wanted to make sure it was truly helpful before showing it to her. From the start, our mission was clear: to serve older adults without smartphones. They could simply call a number and use a voice menu to book rides, order food, schedule deliveries, manage medications, or request home help. This simple, phone-based system became the core of our company, enabling seniors to live safely and independently at home. When my grandmother finally took her first ride using our service, she was so proud of me, her loved grandson. She really appreciated how professional and kind the drivers were, especially since they already understood the kind of help seniors might need. She quickly became our biggest supporter, enthusiastically telling everyone about it— from her friends in the book club to other social groups. Word spread quickly, and soon her community had welcomed hundreds of new users— all thanks to one proud grandma. She became the real inspiration behind a service that gave many seniors their freedom and confidence back. My co-founder and I started giving talks at local retirement communities, sharing how the service worked and how it could help. For many of our users, having access to reliable transportation means they can continue to live on their own. A missed ride isn’t just an inconvenience— it could mean missing a crucial doctor’s appointment or even risking their health. As I often explain, even small things, like getting the wrong type of milk, can become a real problem for someone who can’t easily pop out to the store. Which can best describe the core idea of the author’s company? A．Considerate. B．Innovative. C．Complicated. D．Technological. 【答案】A 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了作者受祖母启发，创立了一家为老年人提供便捷交通等服务的公司，介绍了公司的服务内容、用户反馈以及服务对老年人的重要意义。 【小题1】推理判断题。根据第三段“From the start, our mission was clear: to serve older adults without smartphones. They could simply call a number and use a voice menu to book rides, order food, schedule deliveries, manage medications, or request home help. This simple, phone-based system became the core of our company, enabling seniors to live safely and independently at home.(从一开始，我们的使命就很明确：为没有智能手机的老年人服务。他们只需拨打一个号码，使用语音菜单就可以预约乘车、订餐、安排送货、管理药物或请求家庭帮助。这个简单的基于电话的系统成为了我们公司的核心，让老年人能够安全、独立地在家生活)”可知，作者公司的核心想法是为老年人提供周到的服务，让他们能安全独立生活，其本质是人文关怀，体现了其“体贴周到”的特质，故A项“Considerate.(体贴的)”最能描述作者公司的核心理念。故选A项。 变式3（2025高三下·江苏·专题练习）Freshman Matthew Martin has enjoyed playing sports, and forming friendships throughout his first year in high school. As he finished Grade 8, Martin started the search for his high school and after applying to Jesuit High School, Martin’s father brought up the idea of Le Valle and thought it would be a good fit to go there. After spending time with Le Valle schoolmate Will Koch, Martin fell in love with the community. This year, Martin played on Le Valle’s golf team and soccer team. While the sports themselves were nothing new, he made the leap from recreational soccer to playing competitively and was on a golf team for the first time rather than competing individually. Competing on these two teams taught Martin the value of hard work and the importance of not cutting corners, both in athletics and life. “Always make sure everything gets done and make sure it gets done right, 100% complete,” Martin said, “quality over quantity.” In previous years, Martin noted that he wouldn’t ask as many questions and would be on the quiet side in class, but thanks to all his teachers this year, he asked more questions and felt more comfortable engaging in discussion. During and after class, Martin could be found as one of two freshmen in math teacher Mr. Linus Oey’s Honors Algebra (代数) class. Martin said that although it was his hardest class, once he started asking questions and started to really engage and try his hardest, he felt much more comfortable and confident with the class. Martin has many pieces of advice he wishes he could tell himself on the first day of school this year and to the incoming freshmen. “Just relax, have fun. Just make sure you try your hardest no matter what,” Martin said. “Be sure to join clubs or sports. That’s seriously how you can meet somebody, like I’ve met so many best friends through soccer and through the soccer camp.” Which of the following best describes today’s Martin? A．Innovative and responsible. B．Adventurous and independent. C．Competitive and graceful. D．Hardworking and active. 【答案】D 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了高一新生Matthew Martin在高中第一年的经历，包括选择学校、参加运动队、课堂表现以及给新生的建议，展现了他勤奋和积极的态度。 【详解】推理判断题。根据第三段最后一句“Martin said that although it was his hardest class, once he started asking questions and started to really engage and try his hardest, he felt much more comfortable and confident with the class. (马丁坦言，虽然这是他所修课程中最难的一门，但当他开始主动提问、全心投入并全力以赴后，他对这门课的适应度和自信心都大幅提升)”可知，他学习努力。再根据最后一段最后一句“That’s seriously how you can meet somebody, like I’ve met so many best friends through soccer and through the soccer camp. (说真的，这就是你结交朋友的方式——比如我，就通过足球和足球训练营结识了很多挚友)”可知，他交友广泛，积极活跃。所以，马丁是一个勤奋学习和积极活跃的人。故选D。 变式4（25-26高三上·江苏南通·期中）A year ago, Sushila Meena wouldn’t have even dreamt of playing with famous sports persons like Sachin Tendulkar. But sometimes dreams that come true are those you never knew you had. The 10-year-old cricketer (板球手) shot to fame when Tendulkar shared a video of her bowling (投球) action on social media, comparing her to bowler Zaheer Khan, who was the key player in India winning the 2011 ICC Cricket World Cup. But her story is much more than just an Instagram post. Sushila’s journey from a small village to national fame is a testament to her hard work. And it couldn’t have been possible without the support of her coach, Ishwarl Meena. Ishwarl Meena, a dedicated coach, began teaching cricket in June 2017 when the 2017 ICC Women’s World Cup was in full swing. He started training girls as a way to connect them with their school and to enable them to excel in women’s cricket — where competition is less fierce. “If they play cricket, they get connected to the school and come more often,” he explains. He recalls that Sushila joined his free training programme in the third grade. Initially, Sushila was focused on batting, like most other girls, but she soon took on bowling to broaden her skills. Under his guidance, Sushila has refined her technique, following the coach’s instruction that bowlers should spin (旋转) the ball. “Sushila’s bowling became good around 3 — 4 months ago. I remember last year I thought she wouldn’t be able to bowl, but now she has progressed remarkably,” he notes. Sushila comes from a humble background; her father works as a labourer while her mother is a housewife. In her village, due to poor local economic conditions, opportunities for youth are limited. Despite these challenges, Sushila remains committed to pursuing her passion for cricket. “I want to play for India one day,” she says with determination. Her dream is to break barriers and pave the way for other girls from rural areas to take up sports and become excellent. Which words can best describe Sushila Meena? A．Determined and ambitious. B．Curious and courageous. C．Optimistic and intelligent. D．Humble and passionate. 【答案】A 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了10岁板球手Sushila Meena从农村女孩因投球视频被Sachin Tendulkar分享而成名的故事，以及她在教练指导下的努力和想要为印度打球的梦想。 【小题1】推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Despite these challenges, Sushila remains committed to pursuing her passion for cricket. “I want to play for India one day,” she says with determination. Her dream is to break barriers and pave the way for other girls from rural areas to take up sports and become excellent.(尽管面临这些挑战，Sushila仍致力于追求她对板球的热情。“我想有一天为印度打球，”她坚定地说。她的梦想是打破障碍，为农村地区的其他女孩从事体育并变得优秀铺平道路)”可知，“committed to pursuing her passion”体现她对板球的热爱与坚持，“with determination”直接点出她的决心，“want to play for India one day”和“break barriers and pave the way”则显示她想要实现更高目标的雄心。这些细节共同指向“有决心且有雄心”的性格特点。故选A项。 ◇题型 05 文章出处和写作对象：看体裁、辨风格、定来源 典｜例｜精｜析 典例1（2023•全国乙卷·阅读理解D篇）If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not. Writing is one of humanity’s later achievements, and until fairly recently even many literate(有文字的) societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in things. Ideally a history would bring together texts and objects, and some chapters of this book are able to do just that, but in many cases we simply can’t. The clearest example of this between literate and non-literate history is perhaps the first conflict, at Botany Bay, between Captain Cook’s voyage and the Australian Aboriginals. From the English side, we have scientific reports and the captain’s record of that terrible day. From the Australian side, we have only a wooden shield(盾) dropped by a man in flight after his first experience of gunshot. If we want to reconstruct what was actually going on that day, the shield must be questioned and interpreted as deeply and strictly as the written reports. In addition to the problem of miscomprehension from both sides, there are victories accidentally or deliberately twisted, especially when only the victors know how to write. Those who are on the losing side often have only their things to tell their stories. The Caribbean Taino, the Australian Aboriginals, the African people of Benin and the Incas, all of whom appear in this book, can speak to us now of their past achievements most powerfully through the objects they made: a history told through things gives them back a voice. When we consider contact (联系) between literate and non-literate societies such as these, all our first-hand accounts are necessarily twisted, only one half of a dialogue. If we are to find the other half of that conversation, we have to read not just the texts, but the objects. 5.Which of the following books is the text most likely selected from? A. How Maps Tell Stories of the World. B. A Short History of Australia. C. A History of the World in 100 Objects. D. How Art Works Tell Stories. 【答案】C 解题思路： 1. 文体特征分析：文章开头提到"If you want to tell the history of the whole world... you cannot do it through texts alone... even many literate societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in things."强调通过物品（objects）来讲述历史。 2. 关键词匹配：文中多次提到"texts and objects"、"the shield must be questioned and interpreted"、"a history told through things"，与选项C中的"100 Objects"高度匹配。 3. 排除法：A选项"地图"、B选项"澳大利亚简史"、D选项"艺术作品"均与文章主题"通过物品讲述世界历史"不符。 4. 出处特征：文章讨论如何通过物品解读历史，符合"100件物品中的世界史"这类书籍的特点。 典例2（2023•新高考全国Ⅱ卷·阅读理解C篇）Reading Art: Art for Book Lovers is a celebration of an everyday object—the book, represented here in almost three hundred artworks from museums around the world. The image of the reader appears throughout history, in art made long before books as we now know them came into being. In artists’ representations of books and reading, we see moments of shared humanity that go beyond culture and time. In this “book of books”, artworks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these connections between different eras and cultures. We see scenes of children learning to read at home or at school, with the book as a focus for relations between the generations. Adults are portrayed (描绘) alone in many settings and poses—absorbed in a volume, deep in thought or lost in a moment of leisure. These scenes may have been painted hundreds of years ago, but they record moments we can all relate to.  Books themselves may be used symbolically in paintings to demonstrate the intellect (才智), wealth or faith of the subject. Before the wide use of the printing press, books were treasured objects and could be works of art in their own right. More recently, as books have become inexpensive or even throwaway, artists have used them as the raw material for artworks—transforming covers, pages or even complete volumes into paintings and sculptures. Continued developments in communication technologies were once believed to make the printed page outdated. From a 21st-century point of view, the printed book is certainly ancient, but it remains as interactive as any battery-powered e-reader. To serve its function, a book must be activated by a user: the cover opened, the pages parted, the contents reviewed, perhaps notes written down or words underlined. And in contrast to our increasingly networked lives where the information we consume is monitored and tracked, a printed book still offers the chance of a wholly private, “off-line” activity. 28.Where is the text most probably taken from? A. An introduction to a book. B. An essay on the art of writing. C.A guidebook to a museum. D.A review of modern paintings. 【答案】A 解题思路： 1. 内容结构分析：文章开头提到"Reading Art: Art for Book Lovers is a celebration of an everyday object—the book, represented here in almost three hundred artworks from museums around the world."明显是在介绍一本书。 2. 语言特征：文中使用"this 'book of books'"、"artworks are selected and arranged"等表述，符合书籍介绍的语言风格。 3. 选项对比：B选项"写作艺术散文"、C选项"博物馆指南"、D选项"现代绘画评论"均与"介绍一本关于书籍艺术的书"这一主旨不符。 4. 出处标志：开头直接提及书名"Reading Art: Art for Book Lovers"，并介绍其内容，表明这是一本书的引言或介绍。 变｜式｜巩｜固 变式1（23-24高三上·浙江·期中）Some talk of building settlements on the moon or Mars to help make sure humanity survives long into the future. Others have their sights set closer to home: on future cities under the ocean. “Technologically speaking, it is absolutely possible to colonize the bottom of the sea,” says Fabien Cousteau, a well-known ocean explorer who once spent 31 days living in what is now the world’s only functioning undersea habitat, Aquarius. It’s about the size of a school bus and located 62 feet below the ocean surface off the Florida Keys. Just as astronauts test what it would be like to live in space, aquanauts try out undersea living with an eye on the future. Escaping from disasters such as climate change, wars, or pandemics is one reason to live under the sea. Others include studying, exploring, or appreciating the ocean. It’s costly and expensive to constantly keep up an ocean habitat which must pump in or make its own air, electricity, and fresh water. Inhabitants have to deal with high pressure. And infections can develop rapidly due to high humidity. Despite the challenges, several new ocean habitats and cities are under construction. A series of space station-like undersea living quarters for aquanauts called Proteus are scheduled to be completed by 2025 off Curacao, an island north of Venezuela in South America. An undersea colony called Ven Base Alpha will be built near a hydrothermal vent, which would supply it with energy. Meanwhile, an undersea city called Ocean Spiral in Japan would link its surface to the deep sea, using the difference in pressure to generate energy and produce fresh water. This sounds amazing, but it would be extremely expensive and remains just a design. Not everyone agrees that building homes in the ocean is a good idea. This type of development could place even more strain on ecosystems that are already struggling with pollution and climate change. It’s important to make sure that any construction is done carefully, says Susanne Menden-Deuer, an oceanographer at the University of Rhode Island. Wild undersea habitats should be treated as “the precious, irreplaceable resource that they are,” she says. Where is the text most probably taken from? A．A textbook. B．A travel guide. C．An academic journal. D．A science magazine. 【答案】D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍人类探索海底定居的可能性，讲述海底殖民的技术可行性、挑战、在建项目及相关争议。 【详解】推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是全第二段中的““Technologically speaking, it is absolutely possible to colonize the bottom of the sea,” says Fabien Cousteau, a well-known ocean explorer who once spent 31 days living in what is now the world’s only functioning undersea habitat, Aquarius.(著名海洋探险家法比安·库斯托说：“从技术上讲，殖民海底是绝对可能的。”他曾在如今世界上唯一仍在运作的海底栖息地“宝瓶座”生活了31天。)”可知，文章介绍海底殖民的科技相关内容，兼具科普性和趣味性，这类内容最可能出自科学杂志。故选D项。 变式2（2024·山西太原·一模）It felt as if we had been climbing for hours. I stopped to catch my breath as a wave of dizziness swept over me in the thin mountain air. I was on an amazing trip with my family to experience the festival of Qoyllur Riti, which takes place at 4,300 meters high in the southern Andes of Peru. As I looked back down the trail we had climbed, and up towards where we had to go, the colorful sight struck me a lot. Entire families wearing local costumes were travelling to this unique festival from all over Peru. Among them were old men, mothers with small babies and children all following the same route. Many of them had horses and donkeys carry their food, blankets, cooking pots and tents. Others had made their way on foot through the mountains for days to attend this remarkable event. We continued climbing upward for another hour and a half before reaching the Sinakara Valley. Right across this flat piece of ground people were putting up shelters and tents to protect themselves from the freezing mist and rain. It was clear, however, from the sound of the drums and singing rising from the campsite that the weather was not going to weaken the festival spirit. The air of excitement, even from our place more than a mile away, was palpable. After dinner, we went to bed fully clothed inside our sleeping bags. We were up early the next morning, the main day of the festival, despite having slept badly on the frozen ground. The ukukus, men wearing black masks and costumes, had left the campsite in the early hours to climb the nearest mountain by the light of the full moon. From time to time during the procession, they stopped to dance on the glaciers, believing this would bring luck to their villages for the year to come. In the dawn light, we watched them winding their way back down like a large black snake. As they descended, they were joined by groups of dancers in bright traditional costumes. They performed wherever there was space. Although there did not seem to be anyone organizing them or any timetable, the whole festival had become a huge harmonious celebration. Where is this text most likely from? A．A health report. B．A sports newspaper. C．A fashion forum. D．A culture magazine. 【答案】D 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了作者一家前往秘鲁南部安第斯山脉4300米高处参加Qoyllur Riti节日的经历，描述了节日的场景、人们的活动及传统仪式。 【小题1】推理判断题。根据第一段中“I was on an amazing trip with my family to experience the festival of Qoyllur Riti, which takes place at 4,300 meters high in the southern Andes of Peru.(我和家人正在进行一次令人惊叹的旅行，去体验在秘鲁南部安第斯山脉4300米高处举行的Qoyllur Riti节日)”、第二段中“Entire families wearing local costumes were travelling to this unique festival from all over Peru. Among them were old men, mothers with small babies and children all following the same route. Many of them had horses and donkeys carry their food, blankets, cooking pots and tents. Others had made their way on foot through the mountains for days to attend this remarkable event.(来自秘鲁各地的整个家庭穿着当地服装前往这个独特的节日。其中有老人、带着婴儿的母亲和孩子，都沿着同一条路线前进。许多人用马和驴搬运食物、毯子、锅和帐篷。其他人则徒步穿过山脉数天来参加这个非凡的活动)”和第五段中“From time to time during the procession, they stopped to dance on the glaciers, believing this would bring luck to their villages for the year to come.(在游行过程中，他们不时停下来在冰川上跳舞，相信这会给他们的村庄带来一年的好运)”可知，文章核心内容围绕秘鲁Qoyllur Riti节日的文化场景、传统活动及民众参与展开，属于文化类内容的记录与分享，最有可能出现在文化类杂志中。故选D项。 变式3（2025·山东省滨州市高三期末）Whether you plan to head out to the theater or binge from the couch, our critics have gathered together their favorite films of 2024. Have at it! Flow Near the outset of Gints’ exquisite animated feature, a grey cat is swept up by a flood, finding itself stuck with a few other animals on a tiny ark of sorts. Featuring cross-species cooperation in the face of a climate crisis, the filmmaker works miracles with computer graphics sending what look like hand-drawn animals into photorealistic backgrounds. Article 20 Article 20 is a thought-provoking film. It focuses on a legal clause and unfolds a series of events and conflicts around it. The story delves into the impact of this article on different individuals and society, exploring themes of justice, rights, and human nature. With its engaging plot and profound meaning, it prompts the audience to reflect on various aspects of the law and life. The Room Next Door In Pedro Almodovar’s latest, Martha (Tilda Swinton) and Ingrid (Julianne Moore) are long lost friends who reconnect after Martha is diagnosed with a terminal illness. The director has adapted Sigrid Nunez’s novel What Are You Going Through for his first English-language feature, and none of his renowned sensibilities are lost in translation. Tuesday Julia Louis-Dreyfus gives a career-best performance as Zora, a single mother living with her terminally ill daughter Tuesday. One day, Tuesday is visited by death in the form of a talking parrot who can change size, voiced in a magnificent baritone by Arinze Kene. Zora tries everything to keep him at bay, but is forced to confront her greatest fear. What might be the text? A．A movie report. B．A review of 2024 movies. C．A movie recommendation. D．An academic movie study. 【答案】C 【导语】本文是一篇应用文。主要介绍影评人评选出的2024年几部喜爱的影片，简要介绍了各部影片的剧情、特色等核心信息。 【详解】推理判断题。根据第一段中的“Whether you plan to head out to the theater or binge from the couch, our critics have gathered together their favorite films of 2024. Have at it!(无论你打算去影院观影还是窝在沙发上刷片，我们的影评人都为你汇集了他们心中2024年的最佳影片。快来看看吧！)”可知，文章由影评人整理出2024年的优质影片并做简单介绍，目的是向读者推荐这些影片，因此该文本是一份电影推荐。故选C项。 变式4（2025·安徽省阜阳市高三期末）Worldwide, the planes, trains and automobiles we use to get around pumped much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, one-fifth of all man-made emissions. Some three-quarters of transport emissions came from road vehicles. Converting road transport to run on green energy would be a huge step towards achieving net zero emissions by mid-century, a change needed if we are to limit global warming to safe levels. This is why policymakers have been pushing car makers to accelerate efforts to bring an end to the manufacture of vehicles fitted with an internal combustion engine (内燃机). In the European Union, the two sides agreed to reach that destination by 2035.However, the deadline was practically difficult to meet. Therefore, they finally arrived at a compromise (折中) solution: new cars with internal combustion engines can continue to be sold after 2035, provided the engines use carbon-neutral (碳中和的) fuels. Some people in the automotive industry want to keep the internal combustion engine alive. The idea is attractive to short-sighted policymakers, too, because it reduces the expense of charging equipment and to teach people the skills to build and maintain different technologies. However, not all car makers want to delay. Many understand that the transition to electric vehicles will take time, and want to get on with transforming their businesses. They want policy certainty and continuity from governments to allow them to get down to business. If the electric-vehicle transition is further delayed, there are likely to be bad effects elsewhere that will ultimately put a brake on global decarbonization (脱碳). The growing global demand for personal mobility means a truly green transport transition will happen only by addressing another factor. Technological innovation will take us only so far: behavioural change is also needed. Alongside a convincing and evidence-based strategy to develop electric vehicles and replace fossil fuels, we must plan and redesign urban environments around the world to encourage active transport — walking and cycling — rather than driving. That surely is the best route to a cleaner, healthier world. In which section of a newspaper does the text probably appear? A．Culture. B．Opinion. C．Entertainment. D．Lifestyle. 【答案】B 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章围绕全球交通领域碳排放问题展开，讨论欧盟内燃机汽车政策妥协、汽车行业态度分歧，并提出绿色交通转型需技术创新与行为改变结合的观点。 【小题1】推理判断题。通读全文，文章围绕“交通领域如何实现脱碳以应对气候变化”这一议题展开，不仅在第一段中陈述了事实和数据（如交通排放占比、欧盟2035年禁令的妥协方案），还在第二段中分析了不同利益相关方的立场（如汽车行业、政策制定者），并明确提出了作者的观点，例如批评依赖碳中和燃料是“short-sighted (短视的)”，并在最后一段中强调“Technological innovation will take us only so far: behavioural change is also needed. (技术创新只能带我们走这么远：行为改变也是必要的)”和“That surely is the best route to a cleaner, healthier world. (这无疑是一条通往更清洁、更健康世界的最佳路径)”。文章并非单纯的新闻报道（陈述事实），而是包含了分析和评论，旨在表达对特定公共政策和社会变革的看法。因此，这篇文章最有可能出现在报纸的“观点”版块。故选B项。 ◇题型 06 预测走势和行文手法：析结构、辨方法、解意图 典｜例｜精｜析 典例1（2023•全国乙卷·阅读理解C篇）What comes into your mind when you think of British food? Probably fish and chips, or a Sunday dinner of meat and two vegetables. But is British food really so uninteresting? Even though Britain has a reputation for less-than-impressive cuisine, it is producing more top class chefs who appear frequently on our television screens and whose recipe books frequently top the best seller lists. It’s thanks to these TV chefs rather than any advertising campaign that Britons are turning away from meat-and-two-veg and ready-made meals and becoming more adventurous in their cooking habits. It is recently reported that the number of those sticking to a traditional diet is slowly declining and around half of Britain’s consumers would like to change or improve their cooking in some way. There has been a rise in the number of students applying for food courses at UK universities and colleges. It seems that TV programmes have helped change what people think about cooking. According to a new study from market analysts, 1 in 5 Britons say that watching cookery programmes on TV has encouraged them to try different food. Almost one third say they now use a wider variety of ingredients(配料) than they used to, and just under 1 in 4 say they now buy better quality ingredients than before. One in four adults say that TV chefs have made them much more confident about expanding their cookery knowledge and skills, and young people are also getting more interested in cooking. The UK's obsession(痴迷) with food is reflected through television scheduling. Cookery shows and documentaries about food are broadcast more often than before. With an increasing number of male chefs on TV, it’s no longer “uncool” for boys to like cooking. 31.What might the author continue talking about? A. The art of cooking in other countries. B. Male chefs on TV programmes. C. Table manners in the UK. D. Studies of big eaters. 【答案】B 解题思路： 1. 最后一段分析：文章最后一句提到"With an increasing number of male chefs on TV, it's no longer 'uncool' for boys to like cooking."（随着越来越多男性厨师出现在电视上，男孩喜欢烹饪不再"不酷"了）。 2. 逻辑延伸：根据"利用文章最后一段的内容及最后几句话推断"的技巧，作者接下来很可能会具体讨论电视上的男性厨师及其影响。 3. 排除干扰项：A选项"其他国家的烹饪艺术"、C选项"英国餐桌礼仪"、D选项"大胃王研究"均与最后一段话题"男性厨师"无关。 4. 文章走势预测：前文讨论电视厨师对英国人烹饪习惯的影响，最后提到男性厨师的出现，下文自然会继续这一话题。 典例2 （2012•全国卷Ⅰ·阅读理解D篇节选）Grown-ups are often surprised by how well they remember something they learned as children but have never practiced ever since. A man who has not had a chance to go swimming for years can still swim as well as ever when he gets back in the water. He can get on a bicycle after many years and still ride away. He can play catch and hit a ball as well as his son. A mother who has not thought about the words for years can teach her daughter the poem that begins "Twinkle, twinkle, little star" or remember the story of Cinderella or Goldilocks and the Three Bears. One explanation is the law of overlearning, which can be stated as follows: Once we have learned something, additional learning trials(尝试) increase the length of time we will remember it. In childhood we usually continue to practice such skills as swimming, bicycle riding, and playing baseball long after we have learned them. We continue to listen to and remind ourselves of words such as "Twinkle, twinkle, little star" and childhood tales such as Cinderella and Goldilocks. We not only learn but overlearn. The multiplication tables(乘法口诀表) are an exception to the general rule that we forget rather quickly the things that we learn in school, because they are another of the things we overlearn in childhood. The law of overlearning explains why cramming(突击学习)for an examination, though it may result in a passing grade, is not a satisfactory way to learn a college course. By cramming, a student may learn the subject well enough to get by on the examination, but he is likely soon to forget almost everything he learned. A little overlearning, on the other hand, is really necessary for one's future development. 28.The author explains the law of over learning by_________. A. presenting research findings B. setting down general rules C. making a comparison D. using examples 【答案】D 解题思路： 1. 写作手法识别：文章第三段提到"In childhood we usually continue to practice such skills as swimming, bicycle riding, and playing baseball... We continue to listen to and remind ourselves of words such as 'Twinkle, twinkle, little star' and childhood tales..."通过游泳、骑自行车、背诗歌等具体例子解释过度学习定律。 2. 信号词定位：文中使用"such as"（例如）引出具体例子，表明作者使用"举例说明"的写作手法。 3. 选项分析：A选项"呈现研究结果"、B选项"制定一般规则"、C选项"进行比较"均不符合文章实际，D选项"使用例子"正确。 4. 行文逻辑法：根据"行文逻辑"思维导图，"举例说明"（giving examples）是常见的写作手法之一，通过具体实例使抽象概念（过度学习定律）更易理解。 方｜法｜提｜练 在高考阅读中主要考查下定义、分类说明、列举例证和对比等写作手法。其中，“引用”和“例证”是议论文和说明文中最常用的写作手法之一。是历年高考阅读试题中必不可缺的命题方向。“引用”和“例证”的共同目的就是增强说服力，以更好的达到说理、说明的目的。“引用”和“例证”的共同功能就是服务于段落或篇章的主题。 变｜式｜巩｜固 变式1（2025·湖南省长沙市第一中学高三阶段性检测（五））The researchers involved in the studies also have plans to use different age groups in future research to look into the impacts of more personal nostalgic clues rather than common nostalgia ones such as old music and movies. What will the follow-up study focus on? A．Nostalgic experience types. B．Personal nostalgia effects. C．The impact of nostalgia on all age groups. D．The reason for the popularity of nostalgia. 【答案】B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了研究人员计划在未来研究中用不同年龄段探讨个人怀旧线索的影响 。 【详解】细节理解题。根据原文“The researchers involved in the studies also have plans to use different age groups in future research to look into the impacts of more personal nostalgic clues rather than common nostalgia ones such as old music and movies.(参与这项研究的研究人员还计划在未来研究中使用不同年龄组，来研究更多个人怀旧线索的影响，而不是像老音乐和电影这样的共同怀旧线索。)”可知，后续研究将关注个人怀旧线索的影响，即个人怀旧效果。故选B。 变式2（2025·山东省淄博市高三摸底质量检测）There remains one important area for further research which is to consider how benchmarks should be adjusted for language differences. Crawford group uses standard, confirmed English-language benchmarks for assessing children’s early literacy skills. But languages differ in their complexity, and some are more, or less, straightforward for learning skills such as decoding or reading fluency. Criterion tailored to language or group of languages would ensure appropriate expectations for children’s skill levels and progress, and enable more accurate comparisons across languages. What will the follow-up research focus on? A．Standardizing curricula. B．Developing accurate testing methods. C．Increasing educational fund. D．Adjusting criteria to different languages. 【答案】D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讨论了针对儿童早期读写能力评估的基准问题，指出当前使用的标准英语基准可能因语言复杂性差异而不适用，后续研究需考虑如何根据不同语言调整评估标准。 【小题1】推理判断题。根据文章第一句“There remains one important area for further research which is to consider how benchmarks should be adjusted for language differences.(仍有一个重要的领域需要进一步研究，即考虑如何根据语言差异调整基准)”可知，如何根据语言差异调整基准是需要进一步研究的一个重要的领域，所以后续研究将重点关注如何根据语言差异调整评估标准。故选D项。 变式3（2025·新疆普通高考适应性检测分学科第二次模拟）Wind chill and other estimates of how cold it feels outside are ultimately forecasted to help inform people about potentially deadly weather. Everyone ought to remember that dangerous health issues, especially when wind chill is at its most extreme, can take hold in minutes. So you’d better stay inside when there’s risk of frostbite or hypothermia. But if you must go outside, it is necessary and vital for you to plan accordingly. What will be continued to discuss? A．Ways to prevent wind chill outdoors. B．The signs of suffering from frostbites. C．Advantages of staying inside in winter. D．The consequences of severe wind chill. 【答案】A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了风寒及其他寒冷感觉估计的预警作用，强调极端风寒下健康风险的紧迫性，并建议室内躲避或外出时需提前规划。 【小题1】推理判断题。根据最后一句“But if you must go outside, it is necessary and vital for you to plan accordingly. (但如果你必须外出，你必须做好相应的计划)”可知，原文在强调外出时需要“plan accordingly(做好相应计划)”，结合前文提到的“风寒可能导致冻伤或体温过低”的风险，可推断后续应具体讨论“如何计划以预防风寒危害”，即户外防止风寒的具体方法。故选A项。 变式4（2025·辽宁省名校联盟高考模拟卷（调研卷）英语试题（一））There are endless numbers of practical applications for this new window coating, from commercial use to residential use, and even for use in the automotive industry. What will the text possibly talk about in the following paragraphs? A．The coating’s other potential applications. B．The underlying logic of the coating’s function. C．The history and development of window coatings. D．Further study to seek new materials for the coating. 【答案】A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要提及新型窗户涂层在多领域存在大量实际应用场景。 【小题1】推理判断题。根据“There are endless numbers of practical applications for this new window coating, from commercial use to residential use, and even for use in the automotive industry. (这种新型窗户涂层有着数不胜数的实际应用，从商业用途到住宅用途，甚至还能应用于汽车行业)”可知，该句核心内容是强调这种涂层的应用范围十分广泛，后文很可能会具体展开介绍该涂层在不同领域的其他潜在应用，以此支撑这一观点。故选A项。 17 / 18 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $