Unit 6 The Admirable 令人钦佩的人物 “介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句以及同义词和反义词（单元核心语法精练）英语北大师版2019必修第二册

Unit 6 The Admirable 核心语法精练（ “介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句以及同义词和反义词） 目录 1 一、“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句 1 二、同义词和反义词 3 B 考点夯基·专项突破 5 一、单句语法填空（词汇句式全考查） 5 二、选词填空 6 三、完成句子 7 C 综合攻坚·能力跃升 7 题型一 完形填空 7 题型二 阅读理解 8 一、“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句 知识点分类 具体内容 核心定义 指在定语从句中，介词与关系代词（which/whom/whose）搭配使用，共同引导从句，修饰先行词。其中，介词的选择由先行词与介词的搭配、从句中谓语动词与介词的搭配或句子语义决定，关系代词在从句中作介词的宾语。 常见构成形式 1. 介词 + which（先行词为物时） 2. 介词 + whom（先行词为人时） 3. 介词 + whose + 名词（先行词与从句中名词存在所属关系时，whose 不可省略） 介词选择依据 1. 先行词与介词的固定搭配：如 “the day on which”（the day 与 on 搭配）、“the house in which”（the house 与 in 搭配） 2. 从句中谓语动词与介词的固定搭配：如 “the person with whom I talked”（talk with 是固定搭配）、“the book about which she asked”（ask about 是固定搭配） 3. 句子语义需求：如 “the reason for which”（表 “…… 的原因”）、“the way in which”（表 “…… 的方式”） 关系代词的使用规则 1. 先行词为物时，只能用 “介词 + which”（不可用 that 或 what） 2. 先行词为人时，只能用 “介词 + whom”（不可用 who 或 that） 3. 表所属关系时，用 “介词 + whose + 名词”（whose 后必须接名词，且不可替换） 4. 关系代词在从句中作介词宾语，不可省略（区别于单独的关系代词作宾语时可省略的情况） 与 “关系副词” 的转换 部分 “介词 + which” 可转换为关系副词（when/where/why），转换规则： - 表时间：on/in/at + which = when（如 “the day on which = the day when”） - 表地点：in/at/on + which = where（如 “the place in which = the place where”） - 表原因：for + which = why（如 “the reason for which = the reason why”） 注意：并非所有 “介词 + which” 都可转换，仅当介词表时间、地点、原因时适用 特殊句式：介词后置 当介词与从句中谓语动词构成固定搭配（如 look after、depend on）时，介词可放在从句末尾，此时关系代词可省略（但仍需符合代词使用规则）： - 原结构：the person on whom I depend - 后置结构：the person (whom) I depend on（介词 on 后置，whom 可省略） 注意：若介词为固定搭配的一部分（如 take care of），不可拆分介词放句首，只能后置 不可用 “介词 + that” 的情况 1. 关系代词 that 不能用于介词后，即 “介词 + that” 是错误表达（需替换为 which/whom） 反例：The book about that I told you is good.（错误）→ The book about which I told you is good.（正确） 例句（对比说明） 1. 基础用法： - This is the room in which I lived last year.（先行词 room 与 in 搭配） - She is the girl with whom I went shopping.（动词 go shopping with 搭配） 2. 转换关系副词： - This is the city in which I was born. = This is the city where I was born. 3. 介词后置： - The man whom she is talking to is her father.（to 后置，whom 可省略） 易错点提示 1. 避免误用关系代词：如将 “介词 + whom” 错用为 “介词 + who”（who 不可作介词宾语） 2. 注意固定搭配不可拆分：如 “look for” 不可说 “for which I look”，需说 “which I look for” 3. 区分 “whose” 与 “of which”：表所属时，“the house whose roof” = “the house the roof of which”（后者更正式，前者更常用） 二、同义词和反义词 知识点分类 同义词（Synonyms） 反义词（Antonyms） 核心定义 指英语中意义相同或相近的词（组），可在句子中替换使用，但可能在语体、情感色彩或用法上有差异。 指英语中意义相反或相对的词（组），通常属于同一语义范畴（如都描述 “温度”“尺寸”），通过对立关系明确意义。 分类（按语义） 1. 绝对同义词（Absolute Synonyms）：意义完全相同，仅形式或地域不同（较少见） - 例：movie (美式) vs film (英式)；autumn (英式) vs fall (美式) 2. 相对同义词（Relative Synonyms）：意义相近但有细微差异（最常见） - 例：look (泛指看) vs glance (瞥一眼) vs stare (盯着看)（差异在动作时长 / 方式） 1. 等级反义词（Gradable Antonyms）：存在中间状态，可通过程度副词修饰 - 例：hot vs cold（中间有warm/cool）；big vs small（中间有medium） 2. 互补反义词（Complementary Antonyms）：非此即彼，无中间状态 - 例：alive vs dead；present vs absent 3. 关系反义词（Relational Antonyms）：通过相互关系对立，一方依赖另一方存在 - 例：buy vs sell；teacher vs student 核心特点 1. 核心意义重合（如 happy 和 glad 都表 “开心”） 2. 替换有条件：绝对同义词可随意换，相对同义词需看语境 3. 差异体现在细节（如 say 是普通 “说”，announce 是 “正式宣布”） 1. 意义对立（如 tall 和 short 对立于 “身高”） 2. 同属一个范畴（fast（速度）的反义词是 slow（速度），而非 small（尺寸）） 3. 多数词性一致（quick（形容词）的反义词是 slow（形容词）） 辨析维度（重点） 1. 语体差异（Register） - 口语（Informal）vs 书面（Formal）：kid（口语）vs child（书面）；talk（口语）vs converse（书面） 2. 情感色彩（Tone） - 褒义（Positive）vs 贬义（Negative）：thrifty（节俭，褒）vs stingy（吝啬，贬）；famous（知名，中）vs notorious（臭名昭著，贬） 3. 语义强度（Intensity） - 弱（weak）vs 强（strong）：surprised（惊讶）vs shocked（震惊）；like（喜欢）vs adore（深爱） 4. 固定搭配（Collocation） - 不可随意替换：make a decision（正确）vs do a decision（错误）；heavy rain（正确）vs big rain（错误） 1. 逻辑关系（Logic） - 等级反义词可加程度副词（very hot/a little cold），互补反义词不可（不能说 very dead） 2. 语境依赖（Context） - 同一词可能有多个反义词：old（年龄）→ young；old（物品）→ new 3. 词性一致（Part of Speech） - 通常词性相同：rich（adj.）vs poor（adj.）；arrive（v.）vs leave（v.） 课堂常用示例 - 语体示例：日常对话说 “I bought a book”，论文中说 “I purchased a book” - 强度示例：“He was surprised to see her”（普通场景） vs “He was shocked by the accident”（突发事故） - 搭配示例：“She has long hair”（正确），不能说 “She has tall hair”（tall 不搭配 hair） - 等级反义示例：“The coffee is hot, but the juice is cold”（可加 too：too hot） - 互补反义示例：“You are either present or absent – no in-between”（非此即彼） - 语境示例：“My grandma is old”（年龄）→ 反义 young；“This is an old phone”（物品）→ 反义 new 学生易错点 1. 忽略搭配：用 do homework 正确，但 make homework 错误（搭配优先于 “同义”） 2. 混淆情感：夸人 “节俭” 用 thrifty，而非 stingy（避免贬义误用） 3. 强行替换：look 和 stare 都表 “看”，但 stare 有 “不礼貌” 含义，不能随意替换（如不能说 “She looked at him rudely”，应说 “stared”） 1. 范畴混淆：把 black（颜色）和 bright（亮度）当反义词（正确反义是 black vs white） 2. 忽视语境：说 old 的反义词是 new（仅适用于 “物品”，不适用于 “人”） 3. 误用等级反义规则：说 “He is a little dead”（错误，dead 是互补反义，无中间态） 一、单句语法填空（词汇句式全考查） 1．She's always been an (energy) person, always ready to meet with new challenges. 2．The committee held a special ceremony (award) the students who had achieved outstanding academic performance. 3．The project is intended to raise public (aware) of protecting our earth. 4． the fact that a significant number of jaguars survive here, they are only one element of this forest's food chain. 5．There is no use (protest). I will not change my mind. 6．Do you have an (inspire) or life-changing story to tell? 7．In this competitive society, we should seize every chance to create more (opportunity). 8．His dedication to the project earned him the (recognize) for his unique style. （所给词的适当形式填空） 9．The development of technology enables us to have the (opportunity) to sing together with hundreds of other people while we are at home alone. 10．The laboratory in they worked had poor air quality. 11．King organized many (peace) protests, but he was put behind bars many times for doing so. 12．Movies of course need (impress) images. 13．Teachers teach us to think (creative). 14．Although highly (regard) books do not always make good films, it is safe to say that great films may be made from not particularly good books. 15．He is highly by his classmates for his excellent language ability.(regard) 16．The measures to increase the antelope population were (effect). 17．It’s not easy to change habits, but with (aware) and self-control, it is possible. 18．It is such an (impress) achievement that kids from rural areas can have access to higher education without leaving home. 19．China is widely known for its ancient civilization, the many ups and downs in its history. 20．Have you seen the film in the leading actor is a world-famous star called Leonardo DiCaprio? 21．Jacob was the boy for the teacher bought a book. 22．Tang Yin’s purpose was (gain) entry into the civil service, but failed. 23．The student is (passion) about the project. 24．This year has seen a number of (remark) business stories in China.   25．Calligraphy that is regarded one of the cultural treasures of China enjoys international fame. 26．With (far) artistic descriptions, the writer skillfully told the moving story in his novel. 27．The fire from the family was saved was put out within an hour by the firefighters. 28． (strike) by the hurricane, the area had a power cut, but quickly it was back to normal. 29．The book which we had a discussion yesterday is very interesting. 30．I can’t stand his laziness and lack of (commit). 31．The device through we can control our home appliances remotely is quiet convenient. 32．Ancient Greece was a fountain of (wise) and philosophy. 33．He can’t express himself freely due to his (limit) vocabulary. 34．This film is so (impress) that we can’t help crying. 35．A community, which was made up of experts from different countries, (establish) to limit damage to the temple. 36．Close friends are those who you can really depend on and with you have the deepest relationships. 37．The girl often did well in the physics examinations the fact that she found it boring. 38．The lack of (independent) has been a major concern for kids born in the 1990s. 39． (judge) from his expression, I could tell he was content with the result. 40．She was invited to the White House and (honour) as a Hurricane Sandy Champion of Change. 二、选词填空 1．The little girl is reading a book, ________ there are many cartoons. 2．I'll never forget the day ________ she said goodbye to me. 3．He referred me to some books ________ I am not very familiar. 4．The tower ________ people can have a good view is on the hill. 5．The man ________ I spoke on the phone last night is very good at wrestling. 6．He paid the boy $10 for washing ten windows, most ________ hadn't been cleaned for at least a year. 7．The workers, some ________ stayed for four years, came from different countries. 8．The committee is made up of 20 members, 5 ________ are women. 9．The book contains 50 poems, most ________ were written in the 1930s. 10．There are two left, one ________ is almost finished, and the other ________ is not. 三、完成句子 1．这个女孩来了，我等了她将近一个小时。 There comes the girl, ________________ I have been waiting around an hour. 2．他递给我一支笔，我用它写下了自己的名字。 ________________________ I wrote down my name. 3．他们在地震中受了严重的伤，因此他们没有去上学。 They were badly hurt in the earthquake, ________________ they didn't go to school. 4．中国有许多民族，其中之一为土家族。 China has lots of nations, ________________ is Tujia. 5．警察搜查了那个小偷曾待过的房间。 The police searched the room ________________ the thief has stayed. 题型一 完形填空 （24-25高一下·河南南阳·阶段练习）My task was to take detailed case history of patients in a hospital. One day, I 1 met a small patient suffering from a serious disease. With a heavy heart, I 2 his past history: 7 years ago, when the boy was 4 months, he was diagnosed (诊断) with the deadly disease. I very well knew what it 3 . My attention was focused on the thin little boy. He was 4 a lovely smile, something that repeatedly 5 my conscience (良知) — he should not be dying. To 6 my own pain, I told myself that perhaps he wasn’t aware of his 7 . Still in a state of 8 , I asked him some more related questions in a 9 voice. The boy tickled (称呼) me “Doctor Uncle”, and he said, “I see you are 10 . Don’t feel sorry for me. I know I have a big disease and soon I’d be a star in the sky.” Hearing what he said, I wanted to scream: dying is no 11 . The pain is almost unbearable. Trying hard to keep tears in my eyes, I asked if he had a dream before 12 a star. He thought for a second and answered: an ice cream. I 13 to the store immediately and bought two. 14 , he was able to have a treat of his lifetime. After eating them, he told me, “Doctor Uncle, you are my Genie (神)!” I did not know if I had done anything unusual to be 15 a Genie, but I knew one thing: if that is how I could be one, I wanted to be a Genie for more. 1．A．accidentally B．clearly C．secretly D．formally 2．A．shared B．remembered C．compared D．learned 3．A．required B．meant C．defeated D．escaped 4．A．admiring B．missing C．expecting D．wearing 5．A．knocked B．removed C．protected D．balanced 6．A．go over B．look into C．deal with D．account for 7．A．achievement B．condition C．advantage D．influence 8．A．annoyance B．familiarity C．doubt D．peace 9．A．grateful B．painful C．nervous D．confident 10．A．tired B．lonely C．angry D．sad 11．A．excuse B．test C．end D．fun 12．A．reaching B．choosing C．becoming D．exploring 13．A．raced B．complained C．returned D．signalled 14．A．Similarly B．Finally C．Equally D．Originally 15．A．offered B．presented C．considered D．permitted 题型二 阅读理解 Passage 1 （24-25高一下·河北沧州·阶段练习）The decision to act properly with first aid can mean the difference between life and death. Begin by introducing yourself to the injured or ill person. Explain that you are a first aid provider and are willing to help. The person must give you permission to help them; do not touch them until they agree to be helped. If you run into a confused person or someone who is seriously injured or ill, you can assume that they would want you to help them. This is known as “implied consent”. The first step in any emergency is the recognition of the problem and providing help. When in doubt or when someone is seriously injured or ill, you should always activate the emergency response system by calling 911 in the United States, or your own locality’s Emergency Medical Services (EMS) number. If you’ re not sure how serious the situation is, the 911/EMS operator will ask you a series of questions to determine the severity of the situation. Remain on the line until additional help arrives, or until the 911/EMS operator tells you to hang up. Emergency system operators can guide you through the steps of performing CPR (心肺复苏术) or delivering basic care until additional help arrives. Whether you are at home, work, or school, know where the first aid kits are kept and be familiar with their contents. Know how to activate the EMS in your area. Be aware of any policies in the workplace regarding medical emergencies. After determining the problem, the next step in providing help is to determine the responsiveness of the injured or ill person. The best way to determine this is to tap the person and talk loudly to them, “Are you okay?” After determining responsiveness, call for help. Look for any medical identifications, such as a necklace or a bag. This may provide a valuable clue to the cause of the situation. 1．What does the underlined word “consent” in paragraph 1 mean? A．Agreement. B．Danger. C．Helpfulness. D．Refusal. 2．What’s the most important step to make sure your first aid is necessary? A．Giving first aid as quickly as possible. B．Asking the injured or ill many questions. C．Analyzing conditions of the injured or ill. D．Moving the victims to the roadside and wait. 3．How can you know the responsiveness of the injured or ill person? A．By letting them call for help. B．By communicating with them. C．By checking their temperature. D．By finding any identifications. 4．What might the author continue talking about? A．How to determine responsiveness. B．Some additional first aid measures. C．The weaknesses of some first aid. D．How to ask for victims’ permission. Passage 2 （24-25高二下·河北邢台·阶段练习）“Nurse refuses to perform CPR and lets an elderly woman die at a nursing house in California!” read the headline of an ABC news report several days ago. Later, it turned out that the elderly woman had wished to die naturally. Then why did the woman refuse CPR? It is necessary for us to know what CPR can, and can’t, do. The discovery that CPR could save life was first reported in 1878, from experiments on cats. It wasn’t until 1959 that researchers at Johns Hopkins applied the method to humans. The excitement at its simplicity was clear: “Anyone, anywhere, can now do CPR,” the researchers wrote. “All that is needed is two hands.” In the 1970s, CPR classes were developed for flight attendants, coaches, and babysitters are now often required to study CPR. But most people learn what they know about CPR from television. In 2015, researchers found that survival after CPR on TV was 70%. In real life, people similarly believe that survival after CPR is over 75%. This may explain the attitude that everyone should know CPR, and that everyone who experiences heart attack should receive it. However, it cannot be further from truth. In 2010, a review of 79 studies, involving almost 150,000 patients, found that the average rate of survival from out-of-hospital heart attack had barely changed in thirty years. It was 7.6%. On-site CPR may increase those chances to 10%. Survival after CPR for in-hospital heart attack is slightly better, but still only about 17%. The numbers get even worse with age. A study in Sweden found that survival after out-of-hospital CPR dropped from 6.7% for patients in their 70s to just 2.4% for those over 90. The harm, as it turns out, can be very serious. Broken bones are the most common problem, but the procedure can also cause lung and liver damage. The biggest problem is brain injury. When the heart stops, the brain begins to die within minutes. So about 30% of survivors will have significant mental disability. The side effects of CPR may be why as many as half of patients who survive wish they hadn’t received it. 1．About one hundred years after the discovery of CPR, ________ A．it started to be applied to humans. B．it was popularized in some professions. C．it became a necessary qualification for babysitters. D．it was perfected by researchers at Johns Hopkins. 2．Which aspect of CPR does the fourth paragraph focus on? A．The failed cases. B．Its real effects. C．Its important functions. D．The misunderstanding. 3．What did the 2010 study find about CPR? A．The public was unwilling to accept it. B．It had much better effects on the elderly. C．The average rate of survival remained low. D．It had to be carried out on time by professionals. 4．Which title best fits the text? A．CPR: A Must-Learn Skill for everyone. B．How to Perform CPR properly. C．Nurse Refused CPR—Elderly Chose Natural Death. D．The High Price of CPR for the Elderly. Passage 3 （24-25高一下·江苏·阶段练习）First Ald Steps To deliver the right care at the right time, you can help save a life. Follow the steps below, and make a difference. Checking an Injured Person 1. CHECK the scene for safety, form an initial impression, obtain consent (同意), and use personal protective equipment (PPE). 2. If the person appears unresponsive, CHECK for responsiveness, breathing, life-threatening bleeding or other life-threatening conditions using shout-tap-shout. Note: CHECK for no more than 10 seconds. 3A．If the person does not respond, responds but is not fully awake, is not breathing or is only gasping, or has life-threatening bleeding or another obvious life-threatening condition, CALL 911 and get equipment. Then, give CARE based on the condition found and your level of training and continue your check to determine if additional care is needed. Note: For a person who is unresponsive and not breathing, start CPR and use an AED immediately. 3B．If the person is responsive or responds to stimulation and is fully awake and does not appear to have a life-threatening condition: *Interview the person, ask questions about signs and symptoms, allergies, and medications and medical conditions. *Do a focused check based on what the person told you, how the person is acting and what you see. Note: Do not ask the person to move if you suspect a head, neck or spinal injury. Do not ask the person to move any area of the body that causes discomfort or pain. 4. After completing the CHECK step, CALL 911 and get equipment. Then, give CARE based on the condition found and your level of training. Be Prepared You can also sign up for a First Aid/CPR/AED certification course, where you’ll learn the latest techniques and earn a two-year certification in first aid from the American Red Cross. 1．What is the text most likely to be? A．A guide. B．A post. C．A report. D．A notice. 2．When does the injured need CPR? A．When he is seriously bleeding. B．When he feels fairly uncomfortable. C．When he remains wide awake. D．When he fails to respond and breathe. 3．What is the purpose of the last part of the text? A．To introduce an agent. B．To recommend a course. C．To advertise coming events. D．To raise public awareness. Passage 4 （24-25高二下·江苏南京·期中）Inspired by the Chinese blockbuster film Ne Zha 2, where the immortal Taiyi Zhenren uses the Seven-Colored Lotus to reconstruct bodies, a scientific team in Wuhan, Hubei Province has spent a decade developing real-life bone regeneration technology using lotus. A research team from Wuhan Polytechnic University’s School of Food Science and Engineering has pioneered a groundbreaking medical application using extracts from lotus root fibers. By employing 3D printing technology, they create customized bone scaffolds tailored to bone defect areas. These scaffolds stabilize fractured skeletons while guiding cells to grow along the lotus fiber structures, accelerating bone tissue regeneration. Jiang Xueye, a lead researcher on the team, explained that compared to traditional steel nail implants, the lotus fiber scaffolds address issues such as poor adaptability and extensive surgical exposure. They also significantly reduce the risk of patient rejection. Crucially, the scaffold’s degradation perfectly corresponds with the rate of new bone growth, making secondary removal surgeries unnecessary. The technology is currently undergoing animal trials and, if successfully applied in clinical settings, could dramatically lower treatment costs and ease suffering for fracture patients, the school noted. Beyond medical breakthroughs, the team has made remarkable progress in developing functional food ingredients and health products from lotus roots. Their patented lotus root powder preserves nearly all nutrients and can be used to create instant drink mixes, fish cakes and cookies, high-activity probiotic products through lactic acid bacteria fermentation (乳酸菌发酵). The gelatinized (糊化) power also serves as a materials for 3D-printed foods, suggesting a future where imaginative treats shaped like Ne Zha or his Wind and Fire Wheels could be crafted on demand. 1．What is the main focus of the research team from Wuhan Polytechnic University? A．Developing new 3D printers. B．Creating traditional steel nail implants. C．Using lotus root fibers to rebuild bones. D．Producing functional foods from lotus roots. 2．What advantage do lotus fiber scaffolds have over traditional steel nail implants? A．They are cheaper to produce. B．They reduce the risk of patient rejection and avoid secondary surgeries. C．They immediately dissolve post-surgery to prevent infection. D．They have lower immune rejection rates. 3．What is a potential future application of the gelatinized lotus root powder mentioned in the article? A．3D-printed foods shaped like characters or objects. B．Construction materials for bridges. C．Fuel for vehicles. D．Clothing for athletes. 4．What is the author’s attitude towards the research team’s work on lotus fiber scaffolds? A．Skeptical and critical. B．Neutral and indifferent. C．Confused and uncertain. D．Enthusiastic and supportive. Passage 5 （23-24高一下·吉林通化·阶段练习）Few of us question the idea that we should’t eat or drink for at least two to six hours before any surgicl procedures (手术过程), but this may be changing. The introduction of the fasting (禁食) rule actually dates back to mid-nineteenth century when early surgical traditions were established. In 1850, Dr John Snow recommended that patients should reduce the amount of breakfast or lunch from two to four hours before operations. This, he believed, would avoid the unpleasantness of vomiting (呕吐) on him which might lead him to do something wrong in the operation. While Snow wanted to limit the inconvenience of a patient throwing up on him, it was soon realized that such vomiting could be a threat to life. In 1947, Curtis Mendelson, a New York doctor, published an article, which said that eating before surgery could make people stop breathing. Mendelson made many recommendations on fasting. It was only after Sir Joseph Lister, the famous British doctor, published a set of guidelines for fasting before surgery that people saw the difference being made between the consumption (吃喝) of food and clear fluids (液体). Lister’s guidelines remained in medical textbooks until the 1960s. But over the last ten years, efforts to relax the fasting rule have become more common. Hospitals across the UK, the US, and many other countries have introduced rules that allow patients to continue to drink clear fluids—such as water, black tea, and fruit juices—until their operations. One of the reasons is that a number of patients have been going without (没有……也行) water for dangerously long periods of time. As scheduled operations are put off for emergency procedures, some patients in a study were found to have gone between 6 and 10 hours without drinking. “Recent research has also shown that the effect of the fasting rule is overvalued. Over half of people having emergency surgery have some food and drink in their stomachs, but this does not increase any danger. It seems the medical community is now starting to take notice of these changes, so the fasting rule may soon become a thing of the past,” Paul Jason, a doctor said. 1．Why did Dr John Snow make the fasting rule? A．To avoid the threat to patients’ life. B．To prevent doctors from making mistakes. C．To reduce patients’ feeling of unpleasantness. D．To make patients recover better after the operation. 2．What contributed most to the establishment of the fasting rule? A．Scientific findings. B．Patients’ requirements. C．Support from professionals. D．Huge risks during the surgery. 3．What is the purpose of paragraph 4? A．To show breaking the fasting rule doesn’t affect any patients. B．To present what kind of fluids can be drunk before surgery. C．To explain why many hospitals don’t follow the fasting rule now. D．To tell us fluid consumption before surgery becomes less strict. 4．What does Paul Jason say about the fasting rule? A．It is valuable. B．It is outdated. C．It is confusing. D．It is dangerous. Passage 6 （24-25高二下·浙江绍兴·期中）RISE is an exciting project designed and led by young people, for young people. Created by St John Ambulance, the nation’s leading first-aid charity, the project is now available in communities across the country. If you’re aged between 16 and 25 years old, and are not in employment, education or training, RISE could help you learn new skills and improve your prospects. What you’ll learn St John Ambulance believes that everyone should have access to first aid, and we are devoted to equipping as many people as possible with the skills to be the difference between life and death. As a participant you’ll learn first aid through our Stick-it, and also get the opportunity to develop new skills, which will give you the confidence to train others in your community, or the qualifications in youth lendership you need to get your career up and running. Choosing the right path for you At the heart of the RISE project is a commitment to peer-to-peer learning. As well as being taught first aid, you’ll be given the skills and guidance to pass your knowledge onto other people in your community. RISE offers you the chance to gain a range of qualifications and to choose a path that helps you make the most of your talents. Stick-it: Our one-day introduction to first aid focuses on knife related injuries. You’ll find out how to manage an incident and learn some of the most commonly needed first-aid skills. First aid: You’ll focus on CPR and dealing with an emergency situation on this six-hour course. Keeping children safe: The course is designed for those who come into contact with children through their work or leisure activities. This short programme works by helping individuals to understand the unusual role they play in keeping children safe from harm. Essential skills in youth work: This course provides an introduction to St John Ambulance and is the minimum qualification for a youth leadership role within the organisation. 1．What do we know about RISE? A．It was designed for college students. B．It offers first-aid training. C．It is funded by communities. D．It teaches the youth promotion tips. 2．Which of the following courses deals with a serious finger cut? A．Stick-it. B．First aid. C．Keeping children safe. D．Essential skills in youth work. 3．What is the text mainly about? A．Qualifications for first-aid training. B．A guidance on how to perform first aid. C．Advantages of taking first-aid courses. D．An introduction to some first-aid courses. Passage 7 （24-25高一下·陕西西安·期中）Doctors in hospital emergency rooms (急诊室) often see accidental poisonings (中毒). A frightened parent arrives with a child who swallowed a cleaning liquid. Or perhaps the harmful substance is a medicine. Or it might be a product meant to kill insects. These are common causes of accidental poisonings. In cases like these, seek medical help as soon as possible. Save the container of whatever caused the poisoning. And look on the container for information about anything that stops the effects of the poison. Save anything expelled from the mouth of the victim. That way, doctors can examine it. Millions of people know how to give abdominal thrusts (腹部按压) to save a person choking on something trapped in the throat. The American Red Cross says a rescuer should first hit the person on the back five times between the shoulder bones. If the airway is still blocked, the Red Cross suggests pushing hard five times along the victim’s abdomen. You can do these abdominal thrusts by getting directly behind a sitting or standing person. The Mayo Clinic health centres suggest several steps if bleeding is severe. First, if possible, remove dirt from the wound and press on it with a clean cloth or piece of clothing. In the past, people were advised to stop severe bleeding with a tourniquet (止血带). But experts now say tourniquets are dangerous because they can crush (挤压) major arteries and nerves. If a wound seems infected, let the victim rest. Physical activity can spread the infection. Treat the wound with a mixture of salt and water until medical help arrives. To learn more about first aid, ask a hospital or an organisation like a Red Cross or a Red Crescent Society for information. Training may be offered in your area. 1．Which of the following is NOT the cause of accidental poisonings? A．A harmful medicine. B．A cleaning liquid. C．Dangerous pesticide. D．Poisonous insects. 2．What does the underlined word “expelled” in paragraph 2 probably mean? A．Coming out. B．Taking up. C．Going away. D．Getting down. 3．Where can you learn more about first aid? A．A hospital or Red Cross. B．A hospital or magazine. C．A Red Cross or patient. D．A Red Crescent Society or book. Passage 8 （24-25高二上·江苏·期末）What is first aid? First aid is an emergency measure, generally consisting of simple, often life-saving techniques that most people can train to perform with minimal equipment and no previous medical experience. It is not classed as medical treatment and does not replace interventions (干预) from a trained medical professional. Aims of first aid · Preserve life: Saving lives is the main aim of first aid. · Prevent further harm: The person who has experienced the injury must be kept stable, and their condition must not deteriorate before medical services arrive. This may include moving the individual away from harm, applying first aid techniques, keeping them warm and dry, and applying pressure to wounds to stop any bleeding. · Promote recovery: Taking steps to promote recovery may include applying a bandage to a wound. First Aid Certification Get first aid certified. At the American Red Cross, our mission is to help people prepare for and respond to emergencies. To accomplish this goal, we have developed a wide range of training opportunities and certification programmes that empower you to help in the moments that matter. Designed, and taught by experts, Red Cross first aid certification courses are OSHA (职业安全与健康法案) compliant and affordable. With online, in-person or blended learning course formats, you can quickly earn your first aid certification in the way that suits you best. 1．What does first aid typically involve? A．Advanced medical equipment. B．Complex medical procedures. C．Simple life-saving techniques. D．Professional medical degrees. 2．What is the primary goal of first aid? A．To replace medical care. B．To save people’s lives. C．To prevent further harm. D．To help with recovery. 3．How does the American Red Cross help with first aid? A．By offering thorough training. B．By providing medical check-up. C．By selling first aid equipment. D．By conducting medical research. 1/12 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ Unit 6 The Admirable 核心语法精练（ “介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句以及同义词和反义词） 目录 1 一、“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句 1 二、同义词和反义词 3 B 考点夯基·专项突破 5 一、单句语法填空（词汇句式全考查） 5 二、选词填空 11 三、完成句子 13 C 综合攻坚·能力跃升 14 题型一 完形填空 14 题型二 阅读理解 17 一、“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句 知识点分类 具体内容 核心定义 指在定语从句中，介词与关系代词（which/whom/whose）搭配使用，共同引导从句，修饰先行词。其中，介词的选择由先行词与介词的搭配、从句中谓语动词与介词的搭配或句子语义决定，关系代词在从句中作介词的宾语。 常见构成形式 1. 介词 + which（先行词为物时） 2. 介词 + whom（先行词为人时） 3. 介词 + whose + 名词（先行词与从句中名词存在所属关系时，whose 不可省略） 介词选择依据 1. 先行词与介词的固定搭配：如 “the day on which”（the day 与 on 搭配）、“the house in which”（the house 与 in 搭配） 2. 从句中谓语动词与介词的固定搭配：如 “the person with whom I talked”（talk with 是固定搭配）、“the book about which she asked”（ask about 是固定搭配） 3. 句子语义需求：如 “the reason for which”（表 “…… 的原因”）、“the way in which”（表 “…… 的方式”） 关系代词的使用规则 1. 先行词为物时，只能用 “介词 + which”（不可用 that 或 what） 2. 先行词为人时，只能用 “介词 + whom”（不可用 who 或 that） 3. 表所属关系时，用 “介词 + whose + 名词”（whose 后必须接名词，且不可替换） 4. 关系代词在从句中作介词宾语，不可省略（区别于单独的关系代词作宾语时可省略的情况） 与 “关系副词” 的转换 部分 “介词 + which” 可转换为关系副词（when/where/why），转换规则： - 表时间：on/in/at + which = when（如 “the day on which = the day when”） - 表地点：in/at/on + which = where（如 “the place in which = the place where”） - 表原因：for + which = why（如 “the reason for which = the reason why”） 注意：并非所有 “介词 + which” 都可转换，仅当介词表时间、地点、原因时适用 特殊句式：介词后置 当介词与从句中谓语动词构成固定搭配（如 look after、depend on）时，介词可放在从句末尾，此时关系代词可省略（但仍需符合代词使用规则）： - 原结构：the person on whom I depend - 后置结构：the person (whom) I depend on（介词 on 后置，whom 可省略） 注意：若介词为固定搭配的一部分（如 take care of），不可拆分介词放句首，只能后置 不可用 “介词 + that” 的情况 1. 关系代词 that 不能用于介词后，即 “介词 + that” 是错误表达（需替换为 which/whom） 反例：The book about that I told you is good.（错误）→ The book about which I told you is good.（正确） 例句（对比说明） 1. 基础用法： - This is the room in which I lived last year.（先行词 room 与 in 搭配） - She is the girl with whom I went shopping.（动词 go shopping with 搭配） 2. 转换关系副词： - This is the city in which I was born. = This is the city where I was born. 3. 介词后置： - The man whom she is talking to is her father.（to 后置，whom 可省略） 易错点提示 1. 避免误用关系代词：如将 “介词 + whom” 错用为 “介词 + who”（who 不可作介词宾语） 2. 注意固定搭配不可拆分：如 “look for” 不可说 “for which I look”，需说 “which I look for” 3. 区分 “whose” 与 “of which”：表所属时，“the house whose roof” = “the house the roof of which”（后者更正式，前者更常用） 二、同义词和反义词 知识点分类 同义词（Synonyms） 反义词（Antonyms） 核心定义 指英语中意义相同或相近的词（组），可在句子中替换使用，但可能在语体、情感色彩或用法上有差异。 指英语中意义相反或相对的词（组），通常属于同一语义范畴（如都描述 “温度”“尺寸”），通过对立关系明确意义。 分类（按语义） 1. 绝对同义词（Absolute Synonyms）：意义完全相同，仅形式或地域不同（较少见） - 例：movie (美式) vs film (英式)；autumn (英式) vs fall (美式) 2. 相对同义词（Relative Synonyms）：意义相近但有细微差异（最常见） - 例：look (泛指看) vs glance (瞥一眼) vs stare (盯着看)（差异在动作时长 / 方式） 1. 等级反义词（Gradable Antonyms）：存在中间状态，可通过程度副词修饰 - 例：hot vs cold（中间有warm/cool）；big vs small（中间有medium） 2. 互补反义词（Complementary Antonyms）：非此即彼，无中间状态 - 例：alive vs dead；present vs absent 3. 关系反义词（Relational Antonyms）：通过相互关系对立，一方依赖另一方存在 - 例：buy vs sell；teacher vs student 核心特点 1. 核心意义重合（如 happy 和 glad 都表 “开心”） 2. 替换有条件：绝对同义词可随意换，相对同义词需看语境 3. 差异体现在细节（如 say 是普通 “说”，announce 是 “正式宣布”） 1. 意义对立（如 tall 和 short 对立于 “身高”） 2. 同属一个范畴（fast（速度）的反义词是 slow（速度），而非 small（尺寸）） 3. 多数词性一致（quick（形容词）的反义词是 slow（形容词）） 辨析维度（重点） 1. 语体差异（Register） - 口语（Informal）vs 书面（Formal）：kid（口语）vs child（书面）；talk（口语）vs converse（书面） 2. 情感色彩（Tone） - 褒义（Positive）vs 贬义（Negative）：thrifty（节俭，褒）vs stingy（吝啬，贬）；famous（知名，中）vs notorious（臭名昭著，贬） 3. 语义强度（Intensity） - 弱（weak）vs 强（strong）：surprised（惊讶）vs shocked（震惊）；like（喜欢）vs adore（深爱） 4. 固定搭配（Collocation） - 不可随意替换：make a decision（正确）vs do a decision（错误）；heavy rain（正确）vs big rain（错误） 1. 逻辑关系（Logic） - 等级反义词可加程度副词（very hot/a little cold），互补反义词不可（不能说 very dead） 2. 语境依赖（Context） - 同一词可能有多个反义词：old（年龄）→ young；old（物品）→ new 3. 词性一致（Part of Speech） - 通常词性相同：rich（adj.）vs poor（adj.）；arrive（v.）vs leave（v.） 课堂常用示例 - 语体示例：日常对话说 “I bought a book”，论文中说 “I purchased a book” - 强度示例：“He was surprised to see her”（普通场景） vs “He was shocked by the accident”（突发事故） - 搭配示例：“She has long hair”（正确），不能说 “She has tall hair”（tall 不搭配 hair） - 等级反义示例：“The coffee is hot, but the juice is cold”（可加 too：too hot） - 互补反义示例：“You are either present or absent – no in-between”（非此即彼） - 语境示例：“My grandma is old”（年龄）→ 反义 young；“This is an old phone”（物品）→ 反义 new 学生易错点 1. 忽略搭配：用 do homework 正确，但 make homework 错误（搭配优先于 “同义”） 2. 混淆情感：夸人 “节俭” 用 thrifty，而非 stingy（避免贬义误用） 3. 强行替换：look 和 stare 都表 “看”，但 stare 有 “不礼貌” 含义，不能随意替换（如不能说 “She looked at him rudely”，应说 “stared”） 1. 范畴混淆：把 black（颜色）和 bright（亮度）当反义词（正确反义是 black vs white） 2. 忽视语境：说 old 的反义词是 new（仅适用于 “物品”，不适用于 “人”） 3. 误用等级反义规则：说 “He is a little dead”（错误，dead 是互补反义，无中间态） 一、单句语法填空（词汇句式全考查） 1．She's always been an (energy) person, always ready to meet with new challenges. 【答案】energetic 【详解】考查形容词。句意：她一直是个精力充沛的人，总是乐于迎接新的挑战。修饰名词person，用形容词energetic，作定语。故填energetic。 2．The committee held a special ceremony (award) the students who had achieved outstanding academic performance. 【答案】to award 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：委员会举行了一个特别仪式，以表彰那些学业成绩优异的学生。结合语意可知，委员会句型特别仪式是为了表彰成绩优异的学生，空处作目的状语，应用动词不定式形式to award，表示“为了表彰”。故填to award。 3．The project is intended to raise public (aware) of protecting our earth. 【答案】awareness 【详解】考查名词。句意：该项目旨在提高公众保护地球的意思。此处作宾语，故应用名词“awareness意识”，故填awareness。 4． the fact that a significant number of jaguars survive here, they are only one element of this forest's food chain. 【答案】Despite 【详解】考查固定句型。句意：尽管有相当数量的美洲虎在这里生存，但它们只是这片森林食物链的一个组成部分。此处为despite the face that表示“尽管”，首字母大写。故填Despite。 5．There is no use (protest). I will not change my mind. 【答案】protesting 【详解】考查固定句型。句意：抗议没有用。我不会改变主意的。There is no use doing sth“做某事没有用”，固定句型，故填protesting。 6．Do you have an (inspire) or life-changing story to tell? 【答案】inspiring 【详解】考查形容词。句意：你有一个鼓舞人心或改变人生的故事要讲吗？修饰story用形容词inspiring，故填inspiring。 7．In this competitive society, we should seize every chance to create more (opportunity). 【答案】opportunities 【详解】考查名词。句意：在这个竞争激烈的社会中，我们应该抓住每一个机会创造更多的机遇。opportunity为可数名词，根据空前的more可知，空处需用名词复数形式作宾语。故填opportunities。 8．His dedication to the project earned him the (recognize) for his unique style. （所给词的适当形式填空） 【答案】recognition 【详解】考查名词。句意：他对这个项目的投入为他独特的风格赢得了认可。作宾语，用名词recognition，故填recognition。 9．The development of technology enables us to have the (opportunity) to sing together with hundreds of other people while we are at home alone. 【答案】opportunities 【详解】考查名词。句意：科技的发展让我们有机会在独自居家时与数百人一起唱歌。定冠词后应接单数名词，opportunity为可数名词，此处表示不止一次机会，故用复数。故填opportunities。 10．The laboratory in they worked had poor air quality. 【答案】which 【详解】考查关系代词。句意：他们工作的实验室空气质量很差。先行词为laboratory，在定语从句中作in的宾语，关系代词为which。故填which。 11．King organized many (peace) protests, but he was put behind bars many times for doing so. 【答案】peaceful 【详解】考查形容词。句意：金组织了许多和平抗议活动，但他因此多次入狱。protests 是名词，前面需要用形容词来修饰，peace是名词，其形容词形式是 peaceful，表示 “和平的”。故填 peaceful。 12．Movies of course need (impress) images. 【答案】impressive 【详解】考查形容词。句意：电影当然需要令人印象深刻的画面。此处作定语，修饰名词images，形容词“impressive（令人印象深刻的）”符合题意，故填impressive。 13．Teachers teach us to think (creative). 【答案】creatively 【详解】考查副词。句意：老师教我们创造性地思考。此处修饰动词think，应用副词creatively“创造性地”，作状语。故填creatively。 14．Although highly (regard) books do not always make good films, it is safe to say that great films may be made from not particularly good books. 【答案】regarded 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：虽然备受推崇的书籍并不总是能拍出好电影，但可以肯定的是，伟大的电影可能由并不特别好的书籍改编而成。Although引导的让步状语从句的谓语为do not always make ，此处为非谓语动词，且逻辑主语books与regard“看待”之间为被动关系，所以要用过去分词形式regarded，作前置定语，修饰books。故填regarded。 15．He is highly by his classmates for his excellent language ability.(regard) 【答案】regarded 【详解】考查被动语态。句意：他因出色的语言能力而受到同学们的高度评价。空白处在句子中作谓语，句子主语 He 和 regard 之间是被动关系，所以应用被动语态，根据上文is可知本句使用了一般现在时的被动语态，regard 的过去分词是 regarded。故填regarded。 16．The measures to increase the antelope population were (effect). 【答案】effective 【详解】考查形容词。句意：增加羚羊数量的措施是有效的。此处为形容词作表语， effect的形容词形式effective，意为“有效的”符合句意。故填effective。 17．It’s not easy to change habits, but with (aware) and self-control, it is possible. 【答案】awareness 【详解】考查名词。句意：改变习惯并不容易，但有了意识和自我控制，这是可能的。空处和self-control并列，作介词with的宾语，应用名词形式。awareness意为“意识”，为不可数名词。故填awareness。 18．It is such an (impress) achievement that kids from rural areas can have access to higher education without leaving home. 【答案】impressive 【详解】考查形容词。句意：农村地区的孩子可以足不出户就接受高等教育，这是一项如此令人印象深刻的成就。提示词修饰名词achievement，用形容词impressive作定语，意为“令人印象深刻的”。故填impressive。 19．China is widely known for its ancient civilization, the many ups and downs in its history. 【答案】despite 【详解】考查介词。句意：中国以其古老的文明而闻名，尽管它的历史经历了许多起伏。根据句意可知，表示“尽管”用介词despite作状语。故填despite。 20．Have you seen the film in the leading actor is a world-famous star called Leonardo DiCaprio? 【答案】which 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：你看过那部由世界著名影星莱昂纳多·迪卡普里奥主演的电影吗？此处引导限定性定语从句，先行词是film，关系词替代先行词在从句中作介词in的宾语，in which=where，表示“在这部电影中”。故填which。 21．Jacob was the boy for the teacher bought a book. 【答案】whom 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：雅各布就是那个老师为他买了一本书的男孩。boy后为定语从句，先行词是the boy，指人，关系词代替先行词在从句中作介词for的宾语，用whom，“介词for+关系代词whom”引导定语从句中。故填whom。 22．Tang Yin’s purpose was (gain) entry into the civil service, but failed. 【答案】to gain 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：唐寅的目的是为了进入官场，但失败了。本句谓语为examined，此处为非谓语动词，空处说明主语的目的，需用动词gain“获得”的不定式，作表语。故填to gain。 23．The student is (passion) about the project. 【答案】passionate 【详解】考查固定短语。句意：这个学生对这个项目充满热情。分析句子可知，此处为固定短语be passionate about“对……充满热情”，形容词passionate (热情的)作表语。故填passionate。 24．This year has seen a number of (remark) business stories in China.   【答案】remarkable 【详解】考查形容词。句意：今年，中国发生了许多引人注目的商业故事。空处作定语，修饰名词短语business stories，需用形容词remarkable。故填remarkable。 25．Calligraphy that is regarded one of the cultural treasures of China enjoys international fame. 【答案】as 【详解】考查介词。句意：书法被视为中国的文化瑰宝之一，享有国际声誉。句中be regarded as为固定短语，意为“被视为……”。故填as。 26．With (far) artistic descriptions, the writer skillfully told the moving story in his novel. 【答案】further 【详解】考查形容词的比较级。句意：作者通过进一步的艺术描写，巧妙地讲述了这个感人的故事。根据句意，表示“进一步的”表示抽象的意义。用比较级further作定语。故填 further。 27．The fire from the family was saved was put out within an hour by the firefighters. 【答案】which 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：消防队员在一小时内扑灭了那场大火，使这家人得救。空处与from构成“介词+关系代词”引导的限制性定语从句，先行词为the fire，作从句中from的宾语，表示物，用which。故填which。 28． (strike) by the hurricane, the area had a power cut, but quickly it was back to normal. 【答案】Struck/Stricken 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：被飓风袭击后，该地区停电了，但很快恢复了正常。句中had为谓语动词，设空处使用非谓语动词，此处the area与strike之间是被动关系，故使用过去分词作状语。同时该空置于句首，开头单词首字母大写。故填Struck/Stricken。 29．The book which we had a discussion yesterday is very interesting. 【答案】about 【详解】考查介词+关系代词引导的定语从句。句意：我们昨天讨论过的那本书很有趣。分析句子可知，“have a discussion about sth.”是固定短语，意为“关于某事进行讨论”。在这个句子中，“The book”是先行词，which和about构成“介词+which”结构引导定语从句。故填about。 30．I can’t stand his laziness and lack of (commit). 【答案】commitment 【详解】考查名词。句意：我无法忍受他的懒惰和缺乏承诺。分析句子可知，此空应填名词作介词后宾语，commitment，表“承诺”，为不可数名词，符合语境。故填commitment。 31．The device through we can control our home appliances remotely is quiet convenient. 【答案】which 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：我们可以远程控制家用电器的设备非常方便。此处为介词+关系代词结构的限定性定语从句，修饰先行词device，作介词的宾语，指物，应用关系代词which引导。故填which。 32．Ancient Greece was a fountain of (wise) and philosophy. 【答案】wisdom 【详解】考查名词。句意：古希腊是智慧和哲学的源泉。作介词的宾语，用名词wisdom，不可数。故填wisdom。 33．He can’t express himself freely due to his (limit) vocabulary. 【答案】limited 【详解】考查形容词。句意：由于他有限的词汇量，他不能自由地表达自己。提示词修饰名词vocabulary，用形容词limited作定语，意为“有限的”。故填limited。 34．This film is so (impress) that we can’t help crying. 【答案】impressive 【详解】考查形容词。句意：这部电影给人的印象太深刻了，我们忍不住哭了。空处作表语，描述主语This film的性质，应用impress的形容词形式impressive，意为“令人印象深刻的”。故填impressive。 35．A community, which was made up of experts from different countries, (establish) to limit damage to the temple. 【答案】was established 【详解】考查动词时态语态。句意：一个由来自不同国家的专家组成的社区建立起来，以限制对寺庙的破坏。分析句子结构可知，空处为主句谓语，结合“was made up of”可知，使用一般过去时，主语A community和establish之间是被动关系，用一般过去时的被动语态，主语是单数，谓语用单数形式。故填was established。 36．Close friends are those who you can really depend on and with you have the deepest relationships. 【答案】whom 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：亲密的朋友是那些你真正可以依靠的人，和你关系最深的人。分析句子可知，这是一个“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句。先行词是“those”，指代“close friends”（亲密的朋友），在定语从句“with __________ you have the deepest relationships”中，关系代词作介词“with”的宾语，且先行词指人，所以要用“whom”。故填whom。 37．The girl often did well in the physics examinations the fact that she found it boring. 【答案】despite 【详解】考查固定句型。句意：这个女孩经常在物理考试中取得好成绩，尽管她觉得它很无聊。此处为句型despite the fact that表示“尽管”，故填despite。 38．The lack of (independent) has been a major concern for kids born in the 1990s. 【答案】independence 【详解】考查名词。句意：缺乏独立性一直是90后孩子们的一大担忧。此处为名词作宾语，independent的名词为independence意为“独立”为不可数名词。故填independence。 39． (judge) from his expression, I could tell he was content with the result. 【答案】Judging 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：从他的表情判断，我能看出他对结果很满意。设空处在句子中做状语，judging from/by 由……判断，用作独立结构，即不用考虑与逻辑主语关系的一致性，且位于句首，首字母要大写。故填Judging。 40．She was invited to the White House and (honour) as a Hurricane Sandy Champion of Change. 【答案】honoured 【详解】考查被动语态。句意：她被邀请到白宫，并被授予“Hurricane Sandy Champion of Change”的称号。她是被授予“Hurricane Sandy Champion of Change”的称号，句子用被动语态，空前有was，空格处用过去分词，构成一般过去时的被动语态。故填honoured。 二、选词填空 1．The little girl is reading a book, ________ there are many cartoons. 2．I'll never forget the day ________ she said goodbye to me. 3．He referred me to some books ________ I am not very familiar. 4．The tower ________ people can have a good view is on the hill. 5．The man ________ I spoke on the phone last night is very good at wrestling. 6．He paid the boy $10 for washing ten windows, most ________ hadn't been cleaned for at least a year. 7．The workers, some ________ stayed for four years, came from different countries. 8．The committee is made up of 20 members, 5 ________ are women. 9．The book contains 50 poems, most ________ were written in the 1930s. 10．There are two left, one ________ is almost finished, and the other ________ is not. 【答案】 in which　2.on which　3.with which　4.from which　5.to whom　6.of which　7.of whom　8.of whom　9.of which　10.of which; of which 【解析】 1． 考查 “介词 + 关系代词” 引导的定语从句。句意：小女孩正在读一本有许多卡通画的书。分析句子结构可知，先行词是 book，在从句中作地点状语，即 “在书里（in the book）”，所以用介词 in + 关系代词 which，故填 in which。 2． 考查 “介词 + 关系代词” 引导的定语从句。句意：我永远不会忘记她和我道别那天。先行词是 day，表示时间，在从句中作时间状语，具体某一天用介词 on，即 “在那天（on the day）”，所以用 on which，故填 on which。 3． 考查 “介词 + 关系代词” 引导的定语从句。句意：他推荐给我一些我不太熟悉的书。先行词是 books，在从句中与 be familiar with 构成搭配，表示 “对…… 熟悉”，所以介词用 with，关系代词用 which，故填 with which。 4． 考查 “介词 + 关系代词” 引导的定语从句。句意：人们可以从那座塔上欣赏美景，它坐落在山上。先行词是 tower，在从句中作地点状语，即 “从塔上（from the tower）”，所以用介词 from + 关系代词 which，故填 from which。 5． 考查 “介词 + 关系代词” 引导的定语从句。句意：昨晚和我通电话的那个男人非常擅长摔跤。先行词是 man，在从句中作宾语，与 speak to 构成搭配，表示 “和…… 说话”，所以介词用 to，关系代词用 whom（指人），故填 to whom。 6． 考查 “介词 + 关系代词” 引导的定语从句。句意：他付给男孩 10 美元洗十扇窗户，其中大部分至少一年没擦过了。先行词是 windows，在从句中表示 “窗户中的大部分（most of the windows）”，所以用介词 of + 关系代词 which，故填 of which。 7． 考查 “介词 + 关系代词” 引导的定语从句。句意：这些工人来自不同的国家，其中一些人在这里工作了四年。先行词是 workers，在从句中表示 “工人中的一些（some of the workers）”，所以用介词 of + 关系代词 whom（指人），故填 of whom。 8． 考查 “介词 + 关系代词” 引导的定语从句。句意：委员会由 20 名成员组成，其中 5 名是女性。先行词是 members，在从句中表示 “成员中的 5 名（5 of the members）”，所以用介词 of + 关系代词 whom（指人），故填 of whom。 9． 考查 “介词 + 关系代词” 引导的定语从句。句意：这本书包含 50 首诗，其中大部分是在 20 世纪 30 年代写的。先行词是 poems，在从句中表示 “诗中的大部分（most of the poems）”，所以用介词 of + 关系代词 which，故填 of which。 10． 考查 “介词 + 关系代词” 引导的定语从句。句意：还剩下两个，一个快完成了，另一个还没有。先行词是 two（指代物），在从句中分别表示 “两个中的一个（one of the two）” 和 “两个中的另一个（the other of the two）”，所以都用介词 of + 关系代词 which，故填 of which; of which。 三、完成句子 1．这个女孩来了，我等了她将近一个小时。 There comes the girl, ________________ I have been waiting around an hour. 2．他递给我一支笔，我用它写下了自己的名字。 ________________________ I wrote down my name. 3．他们在地震中受了严重的伤，因此他们没有去上学。 They were badly hurt in the earthquake, ________________ they didn't go to school. 4．中国有许多民族，其中之一为土家族。 China has lots of nations, ________________ is Tujia. 5．警察搜查了那个小偷曾待过的房间。 The police searched the room ________________ the thief has stayed. 【答案】 1.for whom　2.He handed me a pen with which　3.because of which　4.one of which　5.in which/where 【解析】 1． 考查 “介词 + 关系代词” 引导的定语从句。句意：这个女孩来了，我等了她将近一个小时。分析句子可知，先行词是 the girl，指人，从句中 “等待某人” 用 wait for sb.，所以用介词 for + 关系代词 whom，故填 for whom。 2． 考查 “介词 + 关系代词” 引导的定语从句。句意：他递给我一支笔，我用它写下了自己的名字。分析句子可知，先行词是 a pen（需先明确 “它” 指代笔），“用钢笔” 用 with a pen，所以用介词 with + 关系代词 which，结合前半句 “他递给我一支笔”，故填 He handed me a pen with which。 3． 考查 “介词 + 关系代词” 引导的定语从句。句意：他们在地震中受了严重的伤，因此他们没有去上学。分析句子可知，先行词是前面整个句子（“他们在地震中受了严重的伤” 这件事），“因为某事” 用 because of sth.，所以用 because of + 关系代词 which，故填 because of which。 4． 考查 “介词 + 关系代词” 引导的定语从句。句意：中国有许多民族，其中之一为土家族。分析句子可知，先行词是 nations，“…… 之一” 用 one of + 复数名词，所以用 one of + 关系代词 which，故填 one of which。 5． 考查 “介词 + 关系代词” 或关系副词引导的定语从句。句意：警察搜查了那个小偷曾待过的房间。分析句子可知，先行词是 the room，指地点，“在房间里” 用 in the room，所以可用介词 in + 关系代词 which；也可用关系副词 where（where=in which），故填 in which/where。 题型一 完形填空 （24-25高一下·河南南阳·阶段练习）My task was to take detailed case history of patients in a hospital. One day, I 1 met a small patient suffering from a serious disease. With a heavy heart, I 2 his past history: 7 years ago, when the boy was 4 months, he was diagnosed (诊断) with the deadly disease. I very well knew what it 3 . My attention was focused on the thin little boy. He was 4 a lovely smile, something that repeatedly 5 my conscience (良知) — he should not be dying. To 6 my own pain, I told myself that perhaps he wasn’t aware of his 7 . Still in a state of 8 , I asked him some more related questions in a 9 voice. The boy tickled (称呼) me “Doctor Uncle”, and he said, “I see you are 10 . Don’t feel sorry for me. I know I have a big disease and soon I’d be a star in the sky.” Hearing what he said, I wanted to scream: dying is no 11 . The pain is almost unbearable. Trying hard to keep tears in my eyes, I asked if he had a dream before 12 a star. He thought for a second and answered: an ice cream. I 13 to the store immediately and bought two. 14 , he was able to have a treat of his lifetime. After eating them, he told me, “Doctor Uncle, you are my Genie (神)!” I did not know if I had done anything unusual to be 15 a Genie, but I knew one thing: if that is how I could be one, I wanted to be a Genie for more. 1．A．accidentally B．clearly C．secretly D．formally 2．A．shared B．remembered C．compared D．learned 3．A．required B．meant C．defeated D．escaped 4．A．admiring B．missing C．expecting D．wearing 5．A．knocked B．removed C．protected D．balanced 6．A．go over B．look into C．deal with D．account for 7．A．achievement B．condition C．advantage D．influence 8．A．annoyance B．familiarity C．doubt D．peace 9．A．grateful B．painful C．nervous D．confident 10．A．tired B．lonely C．angry D．sad 11．A．excuse B．test C．end D．fun 12．A．reaching B．choosing C．becoming D．exploring 13．A．raced B．complained C．returned D．signalled 14．A．Similarly B．Finally C．Equally D．Originally 15．A．offered B．presented C．considered D．permitted 【答案】 1．A 2．D 3．B 4．D 5．A 6．C 7．B 8．C 9．C 10．D 11．D 12．C 13．A 14．B 15．C 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了作为医生的作者在记录病历时遇见一位将死亡视为“变成星星”的绝症男孩，被其天真乐观的态度所震动，帮助男孩实现了吃冰淇淋的小愿望，获得“神灵”的称呼。 1．考查副词词义辨析。句意：有一天，我偶然遇见一位患有重病的小患者。A. accidentally偶然地；B. clearly清晰地；C. secretly秘密地；D. formally正式地。根据上文“One day”可知，作者是偶然遇见这个小患者。故选A。 2．考查动词词义辨析。句意：我怀着沉重的心情，了解到他的病史：7年前，当他只有4个月大时，就被诊断出患有这种致命疾病。A. shared分享；B. remembered记住；C. compared比较；D. learned获悉。根据上文“My task was to take detailed case history of patients in a hospital.”可知，作者负责在医院里详细记录病人的病历，因此是获悉这个小患者的病史，即了解他的病史。故选D。 3．考查动词词义辨析。句意：我非常清楚这意味着什么。A. required需要；B. meant意味着；C. defeated击败；D. escaped逃离。根据上文“My task was to take detailed case history of patients in a hospital.”可知，身为医生的作者清楚该疾病意味着什么。故选B。 4．考查动词词义辨析。句意：他带着可爱的微笑，这笑容一次次撞击着我的良心——他不该就这样死去。A. admiring欣赏；B. missing想念；C. expecting期待；D. wearing面带。根据下文“a lovely smile”可知，这个小患者是面带可爱的微笑，从而反衬他患有重病的不幸。故选D。 5．考查动词词义辨析。句意：他带着可爱的微笑，这笑容一次次撞击着我的良心——他不该就这样死去。A. knocked敲击；B. removed移除；C. protected保护；D. balanced平衡。根据下文“he should not be dying”可知，作者内心认为这个小患者不该就这样死去，因此是指笑容一次次撞击着自己的良心，引申为良心受到触动。故选A。 6．考查动词短语辨析。句意：为了应对自己的痛苦，我告诉自己，也许他并不清楚自己的病情。A. go over检查；B. look into调查；C. deal with应对；D. account for解释。根据下文“I told myself that perhaps he wasn’t aware of his ____7____”可知，作者内心在说服自己，给自己灌输一个想法，这是为了应对自己的痛苦。故选C。 7．考查名词词义辨析。句意：为了应对自己的痛苦，我告诉自己，也许他并不清楚自己的病情。A. achievement成就；B. condition健康状况，(因不可能治愈而长期患有的)疾病；C. advantage优势；D. influence影响。根据上文“7 years ago, when the boy was 4 months, he was diagnosed (诊断) with the deadly disease”可知，这个小患者患有致命疾病，因此是指不了解自己的病情。故选B。 8．考查名词词义辨析。句意：我仍处于不确定之中，用紧张的声音问了他几个相关问题。A. annoyance恼怒；B. familiarity熟悉；C. doubt不确定；D. peace和平。根据下文“I asked him some more related questions”可知，作者问了这个小患者几个相关问题，因此是仍处于不确定之中。故选C。 9．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：我仍处于不确定之中，用紧张的声音问了他几个相关问题。A. grateful感激的；B. painful痛苦的；C. nervous紧张的；D. confident自信的。根据上文“he should not be dying”和“my own pain”可知，作者对这个小患者的遭遇充满同情，内心很痛苦，因此他问问题时声音是紧张的，希望可怜的小患者不知道可怕的病情。故选C。 10．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：我看你很悲伤。A. tired疲惫的；B. lonely孤独的；C. angry生气的；D. sad悲伤的。根据下文“Don’t feel sorry for me.”可知，这个小患者反过来安慰作者不要为自己感到遗憾，因此他看出来的是作者很悲伤。故选D。 11．考查名词词义辨析。句意：听到他的话，我几乎想喊出来：死亡可不是什么有趣的事。A. excuse借口；B. test测试；C. end结束；D. fun乐趣。根据上文“I know I have a big disease and soon I’d be a star in the sky.”可知，这个小患者用平静的口吻说出了自己很快会死亡的事实，将死亡看作变成天上的星星，作者想告诉他这不是有趣的事。故选D。 12．考查动词词义辨析。句意：我强忍泪水，问他变成星星之前还有什么梦想。A. reaching到达；B. choosing选择；C. becoming成为；D. exploring探索。根据上文“I know I have a big disease and soon I’d be a star in the sky.”可知，这个小患者将死亡看作变成天上的星星，因此作者是问他变成星星之前还有什么梦想。故选C。 13．考查动词词义辨析。句意：我立刻冲向商店买了两个。A. raced快速移动；B. complained抱怨；C. returned返回；D. signalled示意。根据上文“He thought for a second and answered: an ice cream.”可知，这个小患者想吃冰激凌，因此作者是快速移动到商店，即冲向商店买了两个，体现出迫切心情。故选A。 14．考查副词词义辨析。句意：最终，他尝到了可能是他人生最后的甜点。A. Similarly相似地；B. Finally最终；C. Equally平等地；D. Originally最初。根据上文叙述的作者问小患者问题，小患者思考后回答自己的愿望，以及作者去买冰激凌可知，此处是按时间顺序叙述，说明小患者最终吃到了人生最后的甜点。故选B。 15．考查动词词义辨析。句意：我不知道自己是否做了什么特别的事，值得被视为神灵，但我知道一件事：如果这样就能成为神灵，我愿意为更多人当这样的神灵。A. offered提供；B. presented呈现；C. considered视为；D. permitted允许。根据上文“After eating them, he told me, “Doctor Uncle, you are my Genie (神)!””可知，小患者把实现自己愿望的作者视作神灵，作者是想知道自己做了什么以至于值得被视为神灵。故选C。 题型二 阅读理解 Passage 1 （24-25高一下·河北沧州·阶段练习）The decision to act properly with first aid can mean the difference between life and death. Begin by introducing yourself to the injured or ill person. Explain that you are a first aid provider and are willing to help. The person must give you permission to help them; do not touch them until they agree to be helped. If you run into a confused person or someone who is seriously injured or ill, you can assume that they would want you to help them. This is known as “implied consent”. The first step in any emergency is the recognition of the problem and providing help. When in doubt or when someone is seriously injured or ill, you should always activate the emergency response system by calling 911 in the United States, or your own locality’s Emergency Medical Services (EMS) number. If you’ re not sure how serious the situation is, the 911/EMS operator will ask you a series of questions to determine the severity of the situation. Remain on the line until additional help arrives, or until the 911/EMS operator tells you to hang up. Emergency system operators can guide you through the steps of performing CPR (心肺复苏术) or delivering basic care until additional help arrives. Whether you are at home, work, or school, know where the first aid kits are kept and be familiar with their contents. Know how to activate the EMS in your area. Be aware of any policies in the workplace regarding medical emergencies. After determining the problem, the next step in providing help is to determine the responsiveness of the injured or ill person. The best way to determine this is to tap the person and talk loudly to them, “Are you okay?” After determining responsiveness, call for help. Look for any medical identifications, such as a necklace or a bag. This may provide a valuable clue to the cause of the situation. 1．What does the underlined word “consent” in paragraph 1 mean? A．Agreement. B．Danger. C．Helpfulness. D．Refusal. 2．What’s the most important step to make sure your first aid is necessary? A．Giving first aid as quickly as possible. B．Asking the injured or ill many questions. C．Analyzing conditions of the injured or ill. D．Moving the victims to the roadside and wait. 3．How can you know the responsiveness of the injured or ill person? A．By letting them call for help. B．By communicating with them. C．By checking their temperature. D．By finding any identifications. 4．What might the author continue talking about? A．How to determine responsiveness. B．Some additional first aid measures. C．The weaknesses of some first aid. D．How to ask for victims’ permission. 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．B 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了在急救过程中如何正确操作，包括获取伤者同意、判断伤情、联系急救服务以及评估伤者反应等关键步骤。 1．词句猜测题。根据文章第一段“The person must give you permission to help them; do not touch them until they agree to be helped. If you run into a confused person or someone who is seriously injured or ill, you can assume that they would want you to help them. This is known as “implied consent”.(这个人必须允许你帮助他们；在他们同意接受帮助之前，不要碰他们。如果你遇到一个神志不清的人，或者一个受了重伤或生病的人，你可以假设他们希望你帮助他们。这就是所谓的“默示的consent”。)”可知，在紧急情况下，如果受伤或生病的人无法明确表达同意，可以假设他们希望你帮助他们，这种同意被称为“默示的consent”。由此可以推断出，“consent”在这里的意思是“同意”或“许可”。因此，选项A“Agreement（同意）”是正确答案。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“The first step in any emergency is the recognition of the problem and providing help. When in doubt or when someone is seriously injured or ill, you should always activate the emergency response system by calling 911 in the United States, or your own locality’s Emergency Medical Services (EMS) number.(在任何紧急情况下，第一步都是识别问题并提供帮助。当有疑问或有人严重受伤或生病时，你应该立即拨打美国的911或你所在地的紧急医疗服务（EMS）号码来激活紧急响应系统。)”可知，确保急救必要的最重要步骤是分析受伤或生病者的情况，以便在需要时能够迅速激活紧急响应系统。故选C。 3．细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“After determining the problem, the next step in providing help is to determine the responsiveness of the injured or ill person. The best way to determine this is to tap the person and talk loudly to them, “Are you okay?”(在确定问题后，提供帮助的下一步是确定受伤或生病者的反应能力。确定这一点的最好方法是轻拍这个人，并大声对他们说：“你还好吗？”)”可知，确定受伤或生病者的反应能力的最好方法是通过与他们交流，询问他们是否还好。故选B。 4．推理判断题。文章最后一段提到“After determining responsiveness, call for help.(确定响应后，呼叫帮助。)”确定伤者响应后，下一步就是呼叫帮助，为了采取进一步急救措施（如心肺复苏等），因此下文最可能继续讨论其他急救措施。故选B。 Passage 2 （24-25高二下·河北邢台·阶段练习）“Nurse refuses to perform CPR and lets an elderly woman die at a nursing house in California!” read the headline of an ABC news report several days ago. Later, it turned out that the elderly woman had wished to die naturally. Then why did the woman refuse CPR? It is necessary for us to know what CPR can, and can’t, do. The discovery that CPR could save life was first reported in 1878, from experiments on cats. It wasn’t until 1959 that researchers at Johns Hopkins applied the method to humans. The excitement at its simplicity was clear: “Anyone, anywhere, can now do CPR,” the researchers wrote. “All that is needed is two hands.” In the 1970s, CPR classes were developed for flight attendants, coaches, and babysitters are now often required to study CPR. But most people learn what they know about CPR from television. In 2015, researchers found that survival after CPR on TV was 70%. In real life, people similarly believe that survival after CPR is over 75%. This may explain the attitude that everyone should know CPR, and that everyone who experiences heart attack should receive it. However, it cannot be further from truth. In 2010, a review of 79 studies, involving almost 150,000 patients, found that the average rate of survival from out-of-hospital heart attack had barely changed in thirty years. It was 7.6%. On-site CPR may increase those chances to 10%. Survival after CPR for in-hospital heart attack is slightly better, but still only about 17%. The numbers get even worse with age. A study in Sweden found that survival after out-of-hospital CPR dropped from 6.7% for patients in their 70s to just 2.4% for those over 90. The harm, as it turns out, can be very serious. Broken bones are the most common problem, but the procedure can also cause lung and liver damage. The biggest problem is brain injury. When the heart stops, the brain begins to die within minutes. So about 30% of survivors will have significant mental disability. The side effects of CPR may be why as many as half of patients who survive wish they hadn’t received it. 1．About one hundred years after the discovery of CPR, ________ A．it started to be applied to humans. B．it was popularized in some professions. C．it became a necessary qualification for babysitters. D．it was perfected by researchers at Johns Hopkins. 2．Which aspect of CPR does the fourth paragraph focus on? A．The failed cases. B．Its real effects. C．Its important functions. D．The misunderstanding. 3．What did the 2010 study find about CPR? A．The public was unwilling to accept it. B．It had much better effects on the elderly. C．The average rate of survival remained low. D．It had to be carried out on time by professionals. 4．Which title best fits the text? A．CPR: A Must-Learn Skill for everyone. B．How to Perform CPR properly. C．Nurse Refused CPR—Elderly Chose Natural Death. D．The High Price of CPR for the Elderly. 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．C 4．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。通过“加利福尼亚一家养老院的护士拒绝实施心肺复苏术，导致一名老年妇女死亡！”引出对心肺复苏术（CPR）的讨论，阐述了 CPR 的发现、应用推广情况，纠正了人们对其效果的误解，并说明其实际生存率低及可能带来的危害。 1．推理判断题。根据第三段“The discovery that CPR could save life was first reported in 1878, from experiments on cats. It wasn’t until 1959 that researchers at Johns Hopkins applied the method to humans. The excitement at its simplicity was clear: “Anyone, anywhere, can now do CPR,” the researchers wrote. “All that is needed is two hands.” In the 1970s, CPR classes were developed for flight attendants, coaches, and babysitters are now often required to study CPR.R.(心肺复苏术可以挽救生命的发现最早是在1878年在猫身上进行的实验中发现的。直到1959年，约翰霍普金斯大学的研究人员才将这种方法应用于人类。研究人员写道：“现在任何人，任何地方都可以做心肺复苏术。”“只需要两只手。”在20世纪70年代，为空乘人员开设了心肺复苏术课程，教练和保姆现在经常被要求学习心肺复苏术)”可推断，大约在CPR被发现一百年后，有些行业开始普及这一急救手段。故选B。 2．主旨大意题。根据第四段“But most people learn what they know about CPR from television. In 2015, researchers found that survival after CPR on TV was 70%. In real life, people similarly believe that survival after CPR is over 75%. This may explain the attitude that everyone should know CPR, and that everyone who experiences heart attack should receive it.(但大多数人是从电视上了解心肺复苏术的。2015年，研究人员发现，电视上心肺复苏后的存活率为70%。在现实生活中，人们同样认为心肺复苏术后的存活率超过75%。这也许可以解释每个人都应该知道心肺复苏术，每个经历心脏病发作的人都应该接受它的态度)”和第五段“However, it cannot be further from truth.(然而，这与事实相去甚远)”可知，第四段中作者主要是聚焦于公众对CPR的错误认知及其根源：电视不合实际的宣传。故选D。 3．细节理解题。根据第五段“In 2010, a review of 79 studies, involving almost 150, 000 patients, found that the average rate of survival from out-of-hospital heart attack had barely changed in thirty years. It was 7.6%. (2010年，一项涉及近15万患者的79项研究的综述发现，院外心脏病发作的平均存活率在30年里几乎没有变化。是7.6%)”可知，2010年关于心肺复苏术的研究发现平均存活率仍然很低。故选C。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，并根据第一段““Nurse refuses to perform CPR and lets an elderly woman die at a nursing house in California!” read the headline of an ABC news report several days ago. Later, it turned out that the elderly woman had wished to die naturally.( 几天前，美国广播公司（ABC）一则新闻报道的标题写道：“护士拒绝实施心肺复苏术，加州一养老院老年女性死亡！”。后来发现，这位老年女性本就希望自然离世)”可知，文章通过“加利福尼亚一家养老院的护士拒绝实施心肺复苏术，导致一名老年妇女死亡！”引出对心肺复苏术（CPR）的讨论，阐述了 CPR 的发现、应用推广情况，纠正了人们对其效果的误解，并说明其实际生存率低及可能带来的危害。所以短文的标题为“护士拒绝心肺复苏术 —— 老人选择自然死亡”为最佳标题。故选C。 Passage 3 （24-25高一下·江苏·阶段练习）First Ald Steps To deliver the right care at the right time, you can help save a life. Follow the steps below, and make a difference. Checking an Injured Person 1. CHECK the scene for safety, form an initial impression, obtain consent (同意), and use personal protective equipment (PPE). 2. If the person appears unresponsive, CHECK for responsiveness, breathing, life-threatening bleeding or other life-threatening conditions using shout-tap-shout. Note: CHECK for no more than 10 seconds. 3A．If the person does not respond, responds but is not fully awake, is not breathing or is only gasping, or has life-threatening bleeding or another obvious life-threatening condition, CALL 911 and get equipment. Then, give CARE based on the condition found and your level of training and continue your check to determine if additional care is needed. Note: For a person who is unresponsive and not breathing, start CPR and use an AED immediately. 3B．If the person is responsive or responds to stimulation and is fully awake and does not appear to have a life-threatening condition: *Interview the person, ask questions about signs and symptoms, allergies, and medications and medical conditions. *Do a focused check based on what the person told you, how the person is acting and what you see. Note: Do not ask the person to move if you suspect a head, neck or spinal injury. Do not ask the person to move any area of the body that causes discomfort or pain. 4. After completing the CHECK step, CALL 911 and get equipment. Then, give CARE based on the condition found and your level of training. Be Prepared You can also sign up for a First Aid/CPR/AED certification course, where you’ll learn the latest techniques and earn a two-year certification in first aid from the American Red Cross. 1．What is the text most likely to be? A．A guide. B．A post. C．A report. D．A notice. 2．When does the injured need CPR? A．When he is seriously bleeding. B．When he feels fairly uncomfortable. C．When he remains wide awake. D．When he fails to respond and breathe. 3．What is the purpose of the last part of the text? A．To introduce an agent. B．To recommend a course. C．To advertise coming events. D．To raise public awareness. 【答案】1．A 2．D 3．B 【导语】本文是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了检查伤者及实施急救的步骤。 1．推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是由文章第一段“To deliver the right care at the right time, you can help save a life. Follow the steps below, and make a difference. (为了在正确的时间提供正确的护理，你可以帮助挽救生命。遵循以下步骤，就能有所作为。)”可知，本文主要介绍了在紧急情况下如何检查伤者并实施急救的步骤，这应该是一份指南。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据3A.部分中“If the person does not respond, responds but is not fully awake, is not breathing or is only gasping, or has life-threatening bleeding or another obvious life-threatening condition, CALL 911 and get equipment. Then, give CARE based on the condition found and your level of training and continue your check to determine if additional care is needed. (如果伤者无反应、有反应但未完全清醒、不呼吸或仅喘息，或有危及生命的出血或其他明显的危及生命的情况，请拨打911并获取设备。然后，根据发现的情况和你的训练水平提供护理，并继续检查以确定是否需要额外的护理。)”和“Note: For a person who is unresponsive and not breathing, start CPR and use an AED immediately. (注意：对于无反应且没有呼吸的伤者，立即开始心肺复苏术并使用自动体外除颤器。)”可知，当伤者无反应且不呼吸时，需要实施心肺复苏术。故选D。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段“You can also sign up for a First Aid/CPR/AED certification course, where you’ll learn the latest techniques and earn a two-year certification in first aid from the American Red Cross. (你还可以报名参加急救/心肺复苏术/自动体外除颤器认证课程，在那里你将学习最新的技术，并从美国红十字会获得两年的急救认证。)”可知，最后一部分的目的是推荐一门课程。故选B。 Passage 4 （24-25高二下·江苏南京·期中）Inspired by the Chinese blockbuster film Ne Zha 2, where the immortal Taiyi Zhenren uses the Seven-Colored Lotus to reconstruct bodies, a scientific team in Wuhan, Hubei Province has spent a decade developing real-life bone regeneration technology using lotus. A research team from Wuhan Polytechnic University’s School of Food Science and Engineering has pioneered a groundbreaking medical application using extracts from lotus root fibers. By employing 3D printing technology, they create customized bone scaffolds tailored to bone defect areas. These scaffolds stabilize fractured skeletons while guiding cells to grow along the lotus fiber structures, accelerating bone tissue regeneration. Jiang Xueye, a lead researcher on the team, explained that compared to traditional steel nail implants, the lotus fiber scaffolds address issues such as poor adaptability and extensive surgical exposure. They also significantly reduce the risk of patient rejection. Crucially, the scaffold’s degradation perfectly corresponds with the rate of new bone growth, making secondary removal surgeries unnecessary. The technology is currently undergoing animal trials and, if successfully applied in clinical settings, could dramatically lower treatment costs and ease suffering for fracture patients, the school noted. Beyond medical breakthroughs, the team has made remarkable progress in developing functional food ingredients and health products from lotus roots. Their patented lotus root powder preserves nearly all nutrients and can be used to create instant drink mixes, fish cakes and cookies, high-activity probiotic products through lactic acid bacteria fermentation (乳酸菌发酵). The gelatinized (糊化) power also serves as a materials for 3D-printed foods, suggesting a future where imaginative treats shaped like Ne Zha or his Wind and Fire Wheels could be crafted on demand. 1．What is the main focus of the research team from Wuhan Polytechnic University? A．Developing new 3D printers. B．Creating traditional steel nail implants. C．Using lotus root fibers to rebuild bones. D．Producing functional foods from lotus roots. 2．What advantage do lotus fiber scaffolds have over traditional steel nail implants? A．They are cheaper to produce. B．They reduce the risk of patient rejection and avoid secondary surgeries. C．They immediately dissolve post-surgery to prevent infection. D．They have lower immune rejection rates. 3．What is a potential future application of the gelatinized lotus root powder mentioned in the article? A．3D-printed foods shaped like characters or objects. B．Construction materials for bridges. C．Fuel for vehicles. D．Clothing for athletes. 4．What is the author’s attitude towards the research team’s work on lotus fiber scaffolds? A．Skeptical and critical. B．Neutral and indifferent. C．Confused and uncertain. D．Enthusiastic and supportive. 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．A 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了武汉轻工大学团队受《哪吒2》启发，利用莲藕纤维开发出可3D打印的骨再生支架，相比传统钢钉植入物具有排异率低、免二次手术等优势，同时探索莲藕粉在功能性食品和3D打印创意食品中的应用。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中“A research team from Wuhan Polytechnic University’s School of Food Science and Engineering has pioneered a groundbreaking medical application using extracts from lotus root fibers. By employing 3D printing technology, they create customized bone scaffolds tailored to bone defect areas. (武汉轻工大学食品科学与工程学院的研究团队开创性地利用莲藕纤维提取物开发出一项突破性医疗应用。通过采用3D打印技术，他们能够制作出与骨缺损区域完美匹配的定制化骨支架)”可知，武汉轻工大学团队的研究重点是利用莲藕纤维重建骨骼。故选C项。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“They also significantly reduce the risk of patient rejection. Crucially, the scaffold’s degradation perfectly corresponds with the rate of new bone growth, making secondary removal surgeries unnecessary. (此外，这种支架还能显著降低患者的排异反应风险。最关键的是，支架的降解速度与新骨生长速率完美匹配，从而避免了二次取出手术的必要性)”可知，莲藕纤维支架相比传统钢钉植入物的优势包括降低排异风险，避免二次手术。故选B项。 3．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“The gelatinized (糊化) power also serves as a materials for 3D-printed foods, suggesting a future where imaginative treats shaped like Ne Zha or his Wind and Fire Wheels could be crafted on demand. (此外，糊化的莲藕粉还可作为3D打印食品的原料，这意味着未来或可按需定制出哪吒造型或风火轮形状的创意食品)”可知，糊化的莲藕粉的一项潜在未来应用是可3D打印成人物或物品造型的食品。故选A项。 4．推理判断题。根据第二段中“pioneered a groundbreaking medical application (开创了一项突破性的医疗应用)”、第三段中“significantly reduce the risk of patient rejection (显著降低患者的排异反应风险)”和“perfectly corresponds with the rate of new bone growth (与新骨生长速率完美匹配)”可知，作者选用很多积极词汇，对团队成果给予正面评价，肯定研究的临床价值。由此可知，作者对该团队的工作是充满热情和支持的。故选D项。 Passage 5 （23-24高一下·吉林通化·阶段练习）Few of us question the idea that we should’t eat or drink for at least two to six hours before any surgicl procedures (手术过程), but this may be changing. The introduction of the fasting (禁食) rule actually dates back to mid-nineteenth century when early surgical traditions were established. In 1850, Dr John Snow recommended that patients should reduce the amount of breakfast or lunch from two to four hours before operations. This, he believed, would avoid the unpleasantness of vomiting (呕吐) on him which might lead him to do something wrong in the operation. While Snow wanted to limit the inconvenience of a patient throwing up on him, it was soon realized that such vomiting could be a threat to life. In 1947, Curtis Mendelson, a New York doctor, published an article, which said that eating before surgery could make people stop breathing. Mendelson made many recommendations on fasting. It was only after Sir Joseph Lister, the famous British doctor, published a set of guidelines for fasting before surgery that people saw the difference being made between the consumption (吃喝) of food and clear fluids (液体). Lister’s guidelines remained in medical textbooks until the 1960s. But over the last ten years, efforts to relax the fasting rule have become more common. Hospitals across the UK, the US, and many other countries have introduced rules that allow patients to continue to drink clear fluids—such as water, black tea, and fruit juices—until their operations. One of the reasons is that a number of patients have been going without (没有……也行) water for dangerously long periods of time. As scheduled operations are put off for emergency procedures, some patients in a study were found to have gone between 6 and 10 hours without drinking. “Recent research has also shown that the effect of the fasting rule is overvalued. Over half of people having emergency surgery have some food and drink in their stomachs, but this does not increase any danger. It seems the medical community is now starting to take notice of these changes, so the fasting rule may soon become a thing of the past,” Paul Jason, a doctor said. 1．Why did Dr John Snow make the fasting rule? A．To avoid the threat to patients’ life. B．To prevent doctors from making mistakes. C．To reduce patients’ feeling of unpleasantness. D．To make patients recover better after the operation. 2．What contributed most to the establishment of the fasting rule? A．Scientific findings. B．Patients’ requirements. C．Support from professionals. D．Huge risks during the surgery. 3．What is the purpose of paragraph 4? A．To show breaking the fasting rule doesn’t affect any patients. B．To present what kind of fluids can be drunk before surgery. C．To explain why many hospitals don’t follow the fasting rule now. D．To tell us fluid consumption before surgery becomes less strict. 4．What does Paul Jason say about the fasting rule? A．It is valuable. B．It is outdated. C．It is confusing. D．It is dangerous. 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．D 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了术前禁食规则的历史演变以及近年来对该规则的放宽趋势。 1．推理判断题。根据第二段“This, he believed, would avoid the unpleasantness of vomiting on him which might lead him to do something wrong in the operation.(他相信，这样可以避免呕吐到他身上的不愉快，因为呕吐可能会导致他在手术中出错。)”可知，Dr John Snow制定禁食规则是为了防止医生出错。故选B。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段“In 1947, Curtis Mendelson, a New York doctor, published an article, which said that eating before surgery could make people stop breathing. Mendelson made many recommendations on fasting. It was only after Sir Joseph Lister, the famous British doctor, published a set of guidelines for fasting before surgery that people saw the difference being made between the consumption of food and clear fluids.(1947年，纽约医生Curtis Mendelson发表了一篇文章，称在手术前进食可能会使人停止呼吸。Mendelson对禁食提出了许多建议。直到英国著名医生Sir Joseph Lister发表了一套手术前禁食指南之后，人们才看到了食物摄入和透明液体摄入之间的区别。)”可知，专业人士的支持对禁食规则的建立贡献最大。故选C。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段“But over the last ten years, efforts to relax the fasting rule have become more common. Hospitals across the UK, the US, and many other countries have introduced rules that allow patients to continue to drink clear fluids—such as water, black tea, and fruit juices—until their operations.(但在过去十年里，放松禁食规定的努力变得越来越普遍。英国、美国和许多其他国家的医院都出台了规定，允许患者在手术前继续饮用清水，如水、红茶和果汁。)”可知，本段的目的是告诉我们术前液体摄入量的限制变得不那么严格了。故选D。 4．细节理解题。根据最后一段“Recent research has also shown that the effect of the fasting rule is overvalued. Over half of people having emergency surgery have some food and drink in their stomachs, but this does not increase any danger. It seems the medical community is now starting to take notice of these changes, so the fasting rule may soon become a thing of the past(最近的研究也表明，禁食规则的效果被高估了。超过一半接受紧急手术的人在胃里有一些食物和饮料，但这不会增加任何危险。似乎医学界现在开始注意到这些变化，所以禁食规则可能很快就会成为过去)”可知，Paul Jason说禁食规则已经过时了。故选B。 Passage 6 （24-25高二下·浙江绍兴·期中）RISE is an exciting project designed and led by young people, for young people. Created by St John Ambulance, the nation’s leading first-aid charity, the project is now available in communities across the country. If you’re aged between 16 and 25 years old, and are not in employment, education or training, RISE could help you learn new skills and improve your prospects. What you’ll learn St John Ambulance believes that everyone should have access to first aid, and we are devoted to equipping as many people as possible with the skills to be the difference between life and death. As a participant you’ll learn first aid through our Stick-it, and also get the opportunity to develop new skills, which will give you the confidence to train others in your community, or the qualifications in youth lendership you need to get your career up and running. Choosing the right path for you At the heart of the RISE project is a commitment to peer-to-peer learning. As well as being taught first aid, you’ll be given the skills and guidance to pass your knowledge onto other people in your community. RISE offers you the chance to gain a range of qualifications and to choose a path that helps you make the most of your talents. Stick-it: Our one-day introduction to first aid focuses on knife related injuries. You’ll find out how to manage an incident and learn some of the most commonly needed first-aid skills. First aid: You’ll focus on CPR and dealing with an emergency situation on this six-hour course. Keeping children safe: The course is designed for those who come into contact with children through their work or leisure activities. This short programme works by helping individuals to understand the unusual role they play in keeping children safe from harm. Essential skills in youth work: This course provides an introduction to St John Ambulance and is the minimum qualification for a youth leadership role within the organisation. 1．What do we know about RISE? A．It was designed for college students. B．It offers first-aid training. C．It is funded by communities. D．It teaches the youth promotion tips. 2．Which of the following courses deals with a serious finger cut? A．Stick-it. B．First aid. C．Keeping children safe. D．Essential skills in youth work. 3．What is the text mainly about? A．Qualifications for first-aid training. B．A guidance on how to perform first aid. C．Advantages of taking first-aid courses. D．An introduction to some first-aid courses. 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．D 【导语】这是一篇应用文。主要介绍了由英国领先急救慈善机构圣约翰救护队发起的 RISE 项目。 1．细节理解题。根据文章内容What you’ll learn部分中“St John Ambulance believes that everyone should have access to first - aid, and we are devoted to equipping as many people as possible with the skills to be the difference between life and death. As a participant you’ll learn first aid through our Stick-it...(St John Ambulance相信每个人都应该有机会获得急救，我们致力于为尽可能多的人提供生与死的区别技能。作为参与者，你将通过我们的Stick-it学习急救，……)”可知，RISE 项目提供急救培训。故选B项。 2．细节理解题。根据Choosing the right path for you中“Stick-it: Our one-day introduction to first aid focuses on knife related injuries. You’ll find out how to manage an incident and learn some of the most commonly needed first-aid skills.( Stick-it：我们为期一天的急救介绍重点是与刀有关的伤害。您将了解如何处理事故，并学习一些最常用的急救技能。)”可知，Stick-it 课程聚焦于与刀相关的伤害，严重的手指切割伤属于刀伤相关，所以这个课程会涉及处理这种情况。故选A项。 3．主旨大意题。根据文章大意以及第一段“RISE is an exciting project designed and led by young people, for young people. Created by St John Ambulance, the nation’s leading first-aid charity, the project is now available in communities across the country. If you’re aged between 16 and 25 years old, and are not in employment, education or training, RISE could help you learn new skills and improve your prospects.( RISE是一个令人兴奋的项目，由年轻人设计和领导，为年轻人服务。该项目由全国领先的急救慈善机构圣约翰救护中心发起，现已在全国各地的社区开展。如果你的年龄在16到25岁之间，没有工作，没有接受教育或培训，RISE可以帮助你学习新技能，改善你的前景。)”可知，文章主要介绍了 RISE 项目中的一些急救课程，包括课程的内容和针对的人群等，所以文章主要是对一些急救课程的介绍。故选D项。 Passage 7 （24-25高一下·陕西西安·期中）Doctors in hospital emergency rooms (急诊室) often see accidental poisonings (中毒). A frightened parent arrives with a child who swallowed a cleaning liquid. Or perhaps the harmful substance is a medicine. Or it might be a product meant to kill insects. These are common causes of accidental poisonings. In cases like these, seek medical help as soon as possible. Save the container of whatever caused the poisoning. And look on the container for information about anything that stops the effects of the poison. Save anything expelled from the mouth of the victim. That way, doctors can examine it. Millions of people know how to give abdominal thrusts (腹部按压) to save a person choking on something trapped in the throat. The American Red Cross says a rescuer should first hit the person on the back five times between the shoulder bones. If the airway is still blocked, the Red Cross suggests pushing hard five times along the victim’s abdomen. You can do these abdominal thrusts by getting directly behind a sitting or standing person. The Mayo Clinic health centres suggest several steps if bleeding is severe. First, if possible, remove dirt from the wound and press on it with a clean cloth or piece of clothing. In the past, people were advised to stop severe bleeding with a tourniquet (止血带). But experts now say tourniquets are dangerous because they can crush (挤压) major arteries and nerves. If a wound seems infected, let the victim rest. Physical activity can spread the infection. Treat the wound with a mixture of salt and water until medical help arrives. To learn more about first aid, ask a hospital or an organisation like a Red Cross or a Red Crescent Society for information. Training may be offered in your area. 1．Which of the following is NOT the cause of accidental poisonings? A．A harmful medicine. B．A cleaning liquid. C．Dangerous pesticide. D．Poisonous insects. 2．What does the underlined word “expelled” in paragraph 2 probably mean? A．Coming out. B．Taking up. C．Going away. D．Getting down. 3．Where can you learn more about first aid? A．A hospital or Red Cross. B．A hospital or magazine. C．A Red Cross or patient. D．A Red Crescent Society or book. 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了医院急诊室中常见的意外中毒情况及其急救措施，包括如何处理中毒、窒息和严重出血等紧急情况，并建议读者通过医院或红十字会等组织学习更多急救知识。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“A frightened parent arrives with a child who swallowed a cleaning liquid. Or perhaps the harmful substance is a medicine. Or it might be a product meant to kill insects. (一位惊恐的家长带着一个吞下清洁液的孩子赶来。或者有害物质是一种药物。或者它可能是一种用来杀死昆虫的产品。)”可知，清洁液、有害药物和危险的杀虫剂都可能导致意外中毒，而有毒昆虫并不是导致中毒的物质。故选D项。 2．词句猜测题。根据第二段中划线词所在句“Save anything expelled from the mouth of the victim. That way, doctors can examine it. (保存从受害者口中expelled的任何东西。这样，医生就可以检查它。)”可知，为了医生能检查从受害者口中出来的东西，所以要保存好，由此可猜测，划线单词expelled意为“排出，吐出”，与“coming out(出来)”意思最接近。故选A项。 3．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“To learn more about first aid, ask a hospital or an organisation like a Red Cross or a Red Crescent Society for information. (要了解更多急救知识，请向医院或红十字会、红新月会等组织咨询。)”可知，可以从医院或红十字会、红新月会等组织了解更多关于急救的知识。故选A项。 Passage 8 （24-25高二上·江苏·期末）What is first aid? First aid is an emergency measure, generally consisting of simple, often life-saving techniques that most people can train to perform with minimal equipment and no previous medical experience. It is not classed as medical treatment and does not replace interventions (干预) from a trained medical professional. Aims of first aid · Preserve life: Saving lives is the main aim of first aid. · Prevent further harm: The person who has experienced the injury must be kept stable, and their condition must not deteriorate before medical services arrive. This may include moving the individual away from harm, applying first aid techniques, keeping them warm and dry, and applying pressure to wounds to stop any bleeding. · Promote recovery: Taking steps to promote recovery may include applying a bandage to a wound. First Aid Certification Get first aid certified. At the American Red Cross, our mission is to help people prepare for and respond to emergencies. To accomplish this goal, we have developed a wide range of training opportunities and certification programmes that empower you to help in the moments that matter. Designed, and taught by experts, Red Cross first aid certification courses are OSHA (职业安全与健康法案) compliant and affordable. With online, in-person or blended learning course formats, you can quickly earn your first aid certification in the way that suits you best. 1．What does first aid typically involve? A．Advanced medical equipment. B．Complex medical procedures. C．Simple life-saving techniques. D．Professional medical degrees. 2．What is the primary goal of first aid? A．To replace medical care. B．To save people’s lives. C．To prevent further harm. D．To help with recovery. 3．How does the American Red Cross help with first aid? A．By offering thorough training. B．By providing medical check-up. C．By selling first aid equipment. D．By conducting medical research. 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了急救的定义、目的及美国红十字会的急救认证课程。 1．细节理解题。根据What is first aid?部分中“First aid is an emergency measure, generally consisting of simple, often life-saving techniques that most people can train to perform with minimal equipment and no previous medical experience. (急救是一种应急措施，通常包括一些简单的、往往是救生的技术，大多数人都可以在设备最少且没有之前医疗经验的情况下接受培训来执行这些技术。)”可知，急救通常涉及简单的救生技术。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据Aims of first aid部分中“Preserve life: Saving lives is the main aim of first aid. (保护生命：救人是急救的主要目的。)”可知，急救的主要目的是拯救人们的生命。故选B。 3．细节理解题。根据First Aid Certification部分中“To accomplish this goal, we have developed a wide range of training opportunities and certification programmes that empower you to help in the moments that matter. (为了实现这一目标，我们开发了广泛的培训机会和认证项目，使您能够在关键时刻提供帮助。)”以及“Designed, and taught by experts, Red Cross first aid certification courses are OSHA (职业安全与健康法案) compliant and affordable. (红十字会的急救认证课程由专家设计和教授，符合职业安全与健康法案的要求，而且价格实惠。)”可知，美国红十字会通过提供全面的培训来帮助急救。故选A。 1/12 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $