专题01 名词与代词（复习讲义）（天津专用）2026年高考英语二轮复习讲练测

该高中英语高考复习讲义聚焦名词与代词核心考点，涵盖名词词义辨析、复数变化、格的用法及代词中指示代词（it/them/one/ones/that/those）的辨析，按考频规律和逻辑层次构建知识体系，通过考点精解、真题解读、分层练习等环节，帮助学生系统突破难点，体现复习的系统性和针对性。 资料以命题预测为导向，创新采用语境化真题分析与口诀记忆法（如名词复数“妻子持刀去宰狼”口诀），结合对比表格明晰代词指代差异，培养学生语言能力与思维品质。设置高考真题与模拟题分层训练，确保高效突破高频考点，助力学生提升应考能力，为教师把控复习节奏提供实用指导。

专题01 名词与代词 目录 01 析·考点精解 1 02 构·知能架构 2 03 破·考点攻坚 2 考点一 名词 2 考点二 代词 8 命题轨迹透视 近 5 年天津高考英语单项选择名词部分主要以词义辨析为主；代词主要为指示代词（it/them/one/ones/that/those）的具体辨析。 考点频次总结 考点 2025 年 2024 年 2023 年 2022 年 2021 年 名词 二考5 二考5 首考4 二考8 首考7，二考9 代词 首考2 无 二考7 首考11 无 2026命题预测 名词辨析考查词汇在语境中的正确应用，重语篇统领与语境推理；素养上深考思维，融文化于语法，强化实用与文化自信。代词依旧重点考察指示代词（it/them/one/ones/that/those）的具体辨析。 03 破·考点攻坚 考点一 名词 1．（2025·天津·高考真题）The children are encouraged to follow their natural , and learn about what interests them. A．curiosity B．balance C．defence D．limitation 命题解读 新情境：贴合素养导向的教育场景 题目创设 “鼓励孩子顺应天性、探索兴趣” 的真实教育情境，紧扣新课标 “立德树人” 理念，聚焦学生成长与自主学习素养，而非孤立词汇考查，体现语言运用与育人价值的融合。 新考法：语境驱动的词义辨析 摒弃传统 “背单词 — 选释义” 模式，通过后半句 “learn about what interests them” 构建逻辑关联，要求考生基于语境推导 “natural + 名词” 的语义匹配，考查词汇在真实语境中的运用能力，而非单纯记忆。 新角度：聚焦核心素养中的思维品质 侧重考查逻辑推理能力 —— 需建立 “顺应天性→探索兴趣” 的因果逻辑，锁定 “好奇心” 这一核心驱动因素，引导学生从语义、逻辑双重维度解题，契合高考英语 “能力立意” 的命题趋势。 2．（2023·天津·高考真题）The British romantic poet William Wordsworth grew up in the Lake District,which was a great ________ of inspiration for his poems. A．discovery B．form C．source D．symbol 命题解读 新情境：文学文化场景渗透 题目创设 “英国浪漫主义诗人华兹华斯与湖区” 的文学背景，贴合高考英语 “文化浸润” 的命题导向，将词汇考查与西方文学常识结合，既考查语言运用，又渗透文化认知，体现 “语言承载文化” 的课标要求。 新考法：固定搭配 + 语境逻辑双重约束 摒弃单纯的词义记忆考查，既要求考生掌握 “a source of inspiration” 这一核心搭配，又需通过 “湖区是诗人成长地” 的语境，判断 “湖区” 与 “诗歌灵感” 的逻辑关系（来源关系），实现 “搭配 + 逻辑” 的双重考查。 新角度：聚焦学术性名词的实用语境 侧重考查 “source” 这类高频学术名词的日常搭配用法，而非生僻词义，引导学生关注词汇在真实语用场景（尤其是文学、学术表达）中的运用，契合高考 “能力立意” 的趋势。 3．（2023·天津·高考真题）The bottle is quite difficult to open; the _________ is to pour hot water on it first. A．focus B．target C．function D．trick 4．（2022·天津·高考真题）When people are depressed, some experience a loss of________ while others can’t stop eating. A．appetite B．power C．memory D．sight 5．（2021·天津·高考真题）In the lab, keeping things clean and organized can help provide a safer ________. A．system B．method C．investment D．environment 6．（2021·天津·高考真题）Great improvements in public health have been brought about by ________ in medical science. A．traditions B．advances C．pressures D．examples 7．（2020·天津·高考真题）His vivid descriptions of country life quickly became popular, which established his _____________as one of America's greatest writers. A．trust B．contact C．reputation D．theory （一）概念 名词可以分为专有名词和普通名词，专有名词是某个（些）人，地方，机构等专有的名称，如Beijing，China等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词，如：book，sadness等。 （二）名词复数的规则变化 1. 一般情况加 –s，清辅音后读/s/ 浊辅音和元音后读 /z/：map-maps ，boy-boys 2. 以s, sh, ch, x等结尾加 –es, 读 /iz/ ：bus-buses， watch-watches 3. 以辅音字母+y结尾,变y 为i再加es, 读 /z/：baby---babies， city-cities 但以y结尾的专有名词，或元音字母+y 结尾的名词变复数时，直接加s变复数。例如： two Marys， the Henrys， monkey---monkeys 4. 以o结尾的名词，变复数时： a.加s，如： photo---photos ，piano---pianos，zoo---zoos； b. 加es，如：potato—potatoes； c. 上述a和b两种方法均可，如zero---zeros / zeroes 5. 以f或fe 结尾的名词变复数时： a. 加s，如： belief---beliefs， roof---roofs， gulf---gulfs； b. 去f,fe 加ves，如：half---halves，knife---knives， leaf---leaves ，thief---thieves… c. 上述a和b两种方法均可，如handkerchief: handkerchiefs / handkerchieves 学习小窍门 记住f（e）结尾的名词复数-ves 妻子持刀去宰狼，小偷吓得发了慌； 躲在架后保己命，半片树叶遮目光。 (wife, knife, wolf, thief, shelf, self, life, half, leaf) （三）名词复数的不规则变化 1. child---children foot---feet tooth---teeth mouse---mice man---men woman---women 2. 单复同形，如deer, sheep, fish, Chinese，aircraft, means, species, Japanese等。美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。如：a dollar, two dollars。 3. 集体名词，以单数形式出现，但实为复数。 people, police, cattle 等本身就是复数。但可以说a head of cattle，20 head of cattle. the English，the British，the French，the Chinese，the Japanese，the Swiss 等名词，表示国民总称时，作复数用，如The Chinese are industrious and brave. 中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。 4. 以s结尾，仍为单数的名词，如： a. maths，politics，physics等学科名词，一般是不可数名词，为单数。 b. news 为不可数名词。 c. the United States，the United Nations 应视为单数。 The United Nations was organized in 1945. d. 以复数形式出现的书名，剧名，报纸，杂志名，也可视为单数。例如： The Arabian Nights is a very interesting story-book. 《一千零一夜》是一本非常有趣的故事书。 5. 表示由两部分构成的东西,如：glasses（眼镜）， trousers, clothes等，若表达具体数目，要借助数量词 pair（对，双）; suit（套）; a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers等。 6. 另外还有一些名词，其复数形式有时可表示特别意思，如：goods货物，waters水域，fishes（各种）鱼。 （四）不可数名词量的表示 用“数词/冠词+量词+of +不可数名词” 的结构来表示，量词可以是单数也可以是复数，但of后的名词只用单数。如：a piece of chalk / jewelry/ news/ meat/ bread / furniture /equipment /luggage /music /information /thread /advice /clothing /paper （五）不可数名词转化为可数名词 1. 抽象名词表示具体的事例时也可数。例如： The party is a success. 2. 表示“一场/段/件/种……”时，要用a或an，此时多有形容词或of短语修饰。如，a fine rain(一阵细雨),a heavy snow(一场大雪), a long time(很长一段时间)。 3. 有些不可数名词，无论在什么情况下也没有复数形式。如：advice, fun, homework,　information, news, progress, equipment, furniture, baggage/luggage, jewelry, clothing等。 （六）定语名词的复数 名词作定语一般用单数，但也有以下例外。 1. 用复数作定语。例如： sports meeting 运动会 students reading-room 学生阅览室 talks table 谈判桌 the foreign languages department 外语系 2. man, woman, gentleman等作定语时，其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。例如： men workers; women teachers; gentlemen officials 3. 有些原有s结尾的名词，作定语时s保留。 goods train 货车 arms produce 武器生产 customs papers 海关文件clothes brush 衣刷 4. 数词+名词作定语时，若有连字符，名词用单数；若无连字符，名词用复数加“’”。如： 十英里路a ten-mile walk / ten hours’ walk 一个五年计划a five-year plan a five years’ plan （七）不同国籍人的单复数 中国人the Chinese a Chinese two Chinese 日本人the Japanese a Japanese two Japanese 俄国人the Russians a Russian two Russians 希腊人 the Greek a Greek two Greeks 法国人 the French a Frenchman two Frenchmen 英国人 the English an Englishman two Englishmen 德国人 the Germans a German two Germans 瑞典人 the Swedish a Swede two Swedes （记忆口诀：中日不变，英法荷变，其他s加后面） （八）名词前的修饰语 1. 只能修饰可数名词的有each, either, neither, another, these, those, both, (a) few, several, many, a large number of, scores of, dozens of, a great /good many等。 2. 只能修饰不可数的有(a) little, much, a bit of, a great deal of, a large amount of等。 3. 既可修饰可数名词又可修饰不可数名词的有some, any, half, most, all, a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a large quantity of, quantities of，masses of等。 （九）名词的格 名词的所有格有两种形式：’s式和of式。一般说来，表示有生命的名词和表示时间、国家、距离等的名词的所有格用’s，如Mary’s mother, today’s news；表示无生命的事物名词的所有格用of，如the cover of the book。但还须注意以下几点： 1. 单数名词词尾加“’s”表所有格，如the boy’s bag 男孩的书包。名词复数词尾没有s也加“’s”表所有格，如men’s room 男厕所。 2. 若名词已有复数词尾-s ，只加“’”，如：the workers’ struggle 工人的斗争。 3. 凡不能加“’s”的名词，都可以用“名词+of +名词”的结构来表示所有关系，如：the title of the song 歌的名字。 4. 在表示店铺或教堂的名字或某人的家时，名词所有格的后面常常不出现它所修饰的名词，如：the barber’s 理发店。 5. 如果两个名词并列，并且分别有’s，则表示“分别有”；只有一个’s，则表示“共有”。例如： John’s and Mary’s rooms（两间） John and Mary’s room（一间） 6. 复合名词或短语，’s 加在最后一个词的词尾。例如：a month or two’s absence 1．（25-26高三上·天津河西·期中）Reform of the evaluation process for educational performance is vital to balanced _________ of education resources. A．transformation B．distribution C．reputation D．investigation 2．（25-26高三上·天津和平·期中）These activities will contribute to promoting the full and equal ________ of all women in various fields in society. A．donation B．participation C．distribution D．qualification 3．（25-26高三上·天津南开·期中）With the continuous ________ of its overseas markets, the local enterprise has gradually become a well-known brand in the international field. A．extension B．explosion C．expansion D．exposure 4．（25-26高三上·天津南开·开学考试）Welcome to take Tianjin Metro Line 6! Next station is ANSHANXIDAO! Please mind the ________ between the train and the platform when you get off the train. A．space B．gap C．room D．area 5．（25-26高三上·天津红桥·开学考试）Try to understand what is really happening instead of acting on the ________ you have made. A．association B．consumption C．assumption D．intervention 6．（2025·天津·二模）The U. S. Chief Negotiator Jamieson Greer revealed earlier that some major trading partners had come to Washington with very good ________ about reducing tariffs. A．concerns B．offers C．thoughts D．attempts 7．（2025·天津河西·三模）According to Musk, the ultimate ________ of the Starship project is to establish bases on the Moon and Mars and put humans on the "path to being a multi-planet civilization". A．ambition B．objection C．objective D．devotion 8．（2025·天津滨海新·三模）Popularizing skiing among students is one of the key ______ Harbin has taken to enhance public sports participation. A．risks B．alternatives C．effects D．measures 9．（2025·天津河北·二模）The failure was a heavy to him, but he remained calm and soon regained his enthusiasm. A．excuse B．issue C．factor D．blow 10．（2025·天津河东·一模）Thanks to the effort made by the government, many farmers in China now have ______ to basic health care. A．entrance B．access C．introduction D．devotion 考点二 代词 1．（2025·天津·高考真题）Equipped with modern facilities, today’s libraries differ greatly from________ of the past. A．that B．one C．those D．ones 命题解读 新情境：贴近现代生活的对比场景 题目创设 “现代图书馆与过去图书馆对比” 的生活场景，聚焦 “设施升级带来的差异” 这一现实话题，体现语言运用的实用性，符合新课标 “贴近生活、学以致用” 的命题理念。 新考法：指代对象的单复数 + 限定性双重考查 摒弃传统 “单纯记忆代词用法” 的模式，要求考生先判断指代对象（libraries）的复数属性，再结合 “特指过去的图书馆” 这一限定条件，筛选符合语法规则的代词，实现 “语法规则 + 语境限定” 的双重考查。 新角度：聚焦核心语法点的易错辨析 侧重考查 that/those/one/ones 的指代区别，这是高考语法的高频易错点。题目通过 “differ greatly from” 的对比结构，强化指代对象的对应性，引导学生关注代词指代的精准性，契合高考 “突出基础、辨析易错” 的命题趋势。 2．（2023·天津·高考真题）I really want to go to a place for the summer vacation, ________ especially with beautiful scenery and unique culture. A．it B．that C．this D．one 命题解读 新情境：贴近生活的度假规划场景 题目创设 “暑期旅行目的地选择” 的日常情境，聚焦 “风景优美、文化独特的地方” 这一具体需求，体现语言运用的实用性，符合新课标 “语境化、生活化” 的命题导向。 新考法：同位语功能 + 代词泛指 / 特指双重辨析 摒弃传统 “单纯记忆代词语法规则” 的模式，要求考生识别空格处代词的同位语功能—— 对前文的 “a place” 进行补充说明，同时结合 “泛指某类事物” 的语境需求，筛选符合语法和语义的代词，实现 “句法功能 + 语境指代” 的双重考查。 新角度：聚焦高频易错代词的精准运用 侧重考查 one 与 it/that/this 的指代区别，这是高考语法的核心易错点。题目通过后置定语 “especially with beautiful scenery and unique culture” 强化代词的泛指属性，引导学生关注代词在同位语结构中的用法，契合高考 “突出基础、辨析细节” 的命题趋势。 3．（2019·天津·高考真题）A study shows the students who are engaged in after-school activities are happier than _________who are not. A．ones B．those C．these D．them 4．（2018·天津·高考真题）Professional skills are tools like a knife or a hammer. You need ______ to complete the things you want to do. A．it B．that C．them D．ones 5．（2015·天津·高考真题）The quality of education in this small school is better than ______ in some larger schools. A．that B．one C．it D．this 6．（2013·天津·高考真题）At our factory there are a few machines similar to ________ described in this magazine. A．them B．these C．those D．ones 一、代词的种类 1.人称代词 主格 I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they 宾格 me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them 2.物主代词 形容词性物主代词 my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their 名词性物主代词 mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, yours, theirs 3.反身代词 myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves, oneself 4.相互代词 each other, one another 5.指示代词 this, that, these, those, such 6.疑问代词 who, whom, whose, what, which 7.关系代词 who, whom, whose, which, that, as, 8.不定代词one/some/any, each/every, none /no, many/much, few/little/a few/a little, other/another, all /both, neither/either 二、人称代词的用法 人称代词: 可以指人, 也可以指物, 具有人称、数和格的变化；其中, 主格在句中作主语; 宾格在句中作宾语、表语和同位语。 The light is bad here. I can’t see clearly. We should keep calm when we are in danger. There was nobody to give him at least a word of advice. Oh, it’s you. To save class time, our teacher has us students do half of the exercises in class. it的基本用法 1. it用作人称代词, 用来代替前文提到的同一事物或不明身份、性别的人或动物； 2. it 用作非人称代词, 作主语, 表示天气、时间、距离等； 3. it 用来代替前面整个句子所表达的意思；He keeps telling her not to eat junk food but it doesn’t help. 4. it 用作形式主语或形式宾语； 1) It is important ( necessary, right, strange, natural...) that ... 该句型中的it 是形式主语, 真正主语是that 引导的主语从句。that后的从句中要用虚拟语气(should + 动词原形), should 可以省。   It is important that we (should) learn English well.     It is necessary that he (should) remember these words. 2) It is suggested ( advised, demanded, ordered... ) that ... 和上一个同属一个句型。主句中的过去分词是表示请求, 建议, 命令等词, that 后的从句要用虚拟语气(should + 动词原形), should 可以省。     It is suggested that the meeting (should) be put off.   It was ordered that we (should) arrive there in two hours. 3) It is a pity ( a shame, a surprise, a good thing, a fact ) that ... 表出乎意料，译为＂竟然＂时, 从句一般用虚拟语气(should + 动词原形), should可省去; 没有这种意义时, 则不用虚拟语气。 It is a pity that such a thing (should) happen in your class. 这种事竟然发生在你们班上，真是遗憾！  4) It is said (reported, learned … ) that ... 该结构常译为“据说（据报道，据悉……）”。     It is said that he has come to Beijing.     It is reported that another earth satellite has been put into orbit. 5) It happens (seems, looks, appears) that... 该句型中it也是形式主语, that引导的是主语从句, 主句中的happen, seem等词是不及物动词。     It happened ( so happened ) that he met his teacher in the street. 碰巧……  It seems that he will be back in a few days. 看来…… 6) It takes sb. ... to do sth. 该句型中的真正的主语是不定式，it是形式主语。常译为＂做……要花费某人……＂。     It took thousands of people many years to build the Great Wall.   7) It is adj. (of sb./for sb.) to do sth. (当adj.说明人的品质或性格时用of sb.;当adj.修饰后面不定式时用for sb.) It is kind of you to help us in such an emergency. It is important for you to gain some knowledge about first aid. 8) It is no good /no use/useless doing sth. 该句型中的真正主语是动名词短语。  It is no good learning English without speaking English. 9) it 在强调句型中的应用； ① It is/was + 被强调部分 + that/who +其它部分 （被强调部分是人，用who/that;是物，用that)   It was about 600 years ago that the first clock with a face and an hour hand was made. ② It is/was not until + 被强调部分 + that ... 该句型也是强调句型,用于强凋时间状语，译成汉语"直到……才……＂（ not ... until ... 的强调形式） It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I realized she was a famous film star. = Not until she took off her dark glasses did I realize she was a famous film star. = I didn’t realize she was a famous film star until she took off her dark glasses. 10) It is (about/high) time that ..."是（正是）…… 的时侯……＂ that 后的从句用虚拟语气，有两种形式① 过去时态（be用were) ② should + 动词原形, should 不省。 It is time that children should go to bed. = It is time that children went to bed. 11) It/That/This is/was the first ( second ... ) time that ...＂是第一（二）……次……＂ 从句用完成时态（主句为一般现在时，后从句用现在完成时态；主句为一般过去时，从句用过去完成时） It/This is the first time I have been here. It was the last time that they had made the mistake. 12) It be +时间段since … 主句中时态是现在时或完成时，since 引导的从句通常是一般过去时态，而且是瞬间动词；如果主句是一般过去时，从句则用过去完成时。 It is ( has been ) 5 years since his father died. It was 5 years since his father had died. 13) It be +时间段before ... 该句型主句中的 it 指时间, 主句中的时态常是一般将来时或过去时两种时态．常译为＂…才；…就＂。 It was 3 days before he went to Beijing. It will not be long before he finishes his job. 14) It be +时间点when ... 该句型中的 when 引导的是一个时间状语从句，主句中的 it 指时间，常译为＂当…的时候，是…＂。     It was 5 o’clock when he came here. 15) it 习惯结构 make it 获得成功 get it 明白 help it 有办法 believe it or not 信不信由你 take it easy 别急，慢慢来 it all depends依情况而定 when it comes to...一提到... like/hate it when/if... 喜欢/讨厌...的 appreciate it if... 如果...将不胜感激 see to it that... 确保，务必 三、物主代词的用法 物主代词:分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词；形容词性物主代词置于名词之前，作定语，有时与own连用表强调；名词性物主代词相当于“形容词性物主代词+名词”, 在句中作主语、宾语或表语。 Their ideas have changed. I saw it with my own eyes. 那是我亲眼所见。 Ours (Our house ) is the only house here that is being painted . I left my camera at home. You can use hers. —Whose book is this? 这是谁的书？—It’s mine. 是我的。 四、反身代词的用法 1. 反身代词在句中作宾语、表语、同位语，不可以单独做主语 He is always thinking of himself. Bob is not quite himself today. Bob 今天感觉不舒服。 The representatives of the strikers wanted to see the boss himself. 2. 反身代词用于某些固定习语中： ① by oneself 独自地；单干 He said he wanted to go out to have a walk by himself. I managed to do it by myself. 我是自己做成这件事的。 ②for oneself 为自己；亲自 Do you have something for yourself? We’ll have to judge for ourselves. 我们得自己来判断。 ③ of oneself 自动地 The enemy will not perish of himself. 敌人不会自行绝灭的。 ④ help oneself to 自行取用 ⑤behave oneself 表现规矩，举止得体 ⑥enjoy oneself 玩得高兴 五、指示代词的用法 1. 指示代词this, that, these, those在句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语等。 Are these your books? （主语） These flowers are very beautiful.（定语） This is my first visit to America.（主语） My idea is this. 这就是我的想法。（表语） I will keep this in mind. （宾语） 2. 指示代词this和these指时间与空间上较近的事物, that和those指时间与空间上较远的事物。 This building was built last year; that one was built many years ago. （表空间） 3. that和those指代前面提到过的事物, this和these指代随后要讲的事物。 He didn’t come. That is why he didn’t know.（that指前) I want to give you some advice like this. (this指后） Those are the problems we should solve. （those指前） Written on the placard (布告) are these words: we want peace. （these指后） 4. those作定语从句的先行词。 Those who were present at the meeting were all celebrities. 5. 指示代词such在句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语等。 Such is life. 生活就是这样。（主语） The waves were such as I never saw before. 这样的海浪，我从未见过。（表语） They said they had never seen such plants before. 他们说他们以前从未见过这类植物。（定语） 六、不定代词的用法 1. some, any 1) some 一般用于肯定句；用于疑问句时，可以用来表示建议或请求，希望得到对方的肯定答复。 Could you let me have some coffee? Would you like some tea？ Why not buy some fruit for her? 4) any 一般用于疑问句、否定句或条件状语从句中；用于肯定句中，表示“任何的”或“任何一个”之意 Do you speak any foreign languages? You may come at any time. 2. none, nothing, no one 指人 指物 与of连用 疑问词 谓语单复数 none √ √ √ How many/ much 均可 nothing × √ × What 单 no one √ × × Who 单 1) ---How many books do you have? ---None. As we were asleep, none of us heard the sound. 2) ---What’s in the box? ---Nothing. 3) ---Who will lend you a hand in such kind of situation? ---No one. 4) I need something to drink, but there is nothing. 5) I need some coffee, but there is none. 3. both, all, either, neither 都 任何 都不 两者 both either neither 三者及以上 all any none 1) I invited Joe and Linda to dinner, but neither of them came. 2) ---Do you want tea or coffee? ---Either. I really don't mind. 3) Both women are French.  Both women aren’t French. (不完全否定） 4) Not all of them were invited. 他们当中并不是人人都受到邀请。 4. each, every each 表“个体”，它可以是两者中的每一个，也可以是两者以上中的每一个，可作主、宾、同位或定语。every 表“全体”，在句中只作定语。 Each of us has had a try. 强调每一个人。 Every student in the class likes English. 着重全体。 注：each 做同位语时，谓语单复数取决于真正的主语。 We each have a dictionary now. 5. other, another, the other, others, the others 1) other 作前置定语，表示“另外的”。 We study Chinese, maths, English and other lessons. 2) another 泛指同类人或物中“三者以上的不定数目中的“另一个”。可以做限定词，也可做代词。 I don’t want this one. Please give me another. 注：another 也可用于复数名词前，这时名词前常有数词。I will stay here for another three weeks. 3) the other 表示两者中的“另一个”或两部分中的“另一部分”。 She has two sons. One is an engineer and the other is a teacher. There are six people in the room. Four are girls, the other two are boys. 4) others 作代词，泛指其他人或其他物, 相当于“other+名词复数”。 Some are singing and dancing, some are drawing, and others are climbing the hill. 5) the others 指剩余的全部，相当于“the other+名词复数”。 Of the six, one went home, and the others went to the cinema. 6. one的常见用法作简要归纳： 1) one泛指同类中的任何一个（人或物）。 One can’t succeed without working hard． 2) one的所有格为one’s，反身代词为oneself。如果 one用于句首, 后面再用代词one, oneself或one’s，可以用he, him, himself或his代替。 One should give oneself／himself plenty of time to rest． 3) one, it, that, the one, the ones, those one 泛指同类中的任何一个（人或物），代替可数名词单数 it 特指同类同物 that 特指同类的一个，代替可数名词单数或不可数名词，其后常有后置定语 I lost my pen, and I want to buy one. He bought a house, but it requires repairing. The weather in Hangzhou is nicer than that in Beijing . A bridge made of stone is stronger than one made of wood . The bridge made of stone is stronger than the one/that made of wood . Bridges made of stone are stronger than ones made of wood . The bridges made of stone are stronger than the ones /those made of wood . 4) one的常用短语和固定结构：one by one(一个一个地), one or two(一两个；很少的), one after another(一个接一个), for one thing...... for another (首先......再者；一方面......另一方面)。 There are still one or two problems to be settled. I can’t travel this summer. For one thing, I’m short of money；for another, I have not much spare time． Nobody knows why some people get cancer and others don’t. 7. 与不定代词构成的习惯短语: He is nothing but a clerk.他只是一个职员。 He is anything but a clerk.他绝不是一名职员。 He is someone/something.他是一个重要的人物、出色的人物。 She is something of a doctor. She has saved many lives. 她可以说是一位出色的医生，她已经挽救了很多人的生命。 1．（2026高三下·全国·专题练习）In the era of AI, the capabilities of modern robots are far more advanced than ________ of the first-generation industrial machines. A．that B．ones C．one D．those 2．（2026高三下·实验热身练）— Oh, dear! We only have 15 minutes to get to the station. — So terrible! There isn’t any taxi around when you want ________ A．it B．that C．one D．this 3．（2026高三下·全国·专题练习）The battery life of this smartphone surpasses ________ of its predecessor by nearly 30%. A．It B．those C．that D．these 4．（2026高三·耀华一模）The fact that members of one culture do not express their emotions as openly as ________ of another do does not mean that they do not experience these emotions. A．it B．one C．that D．those 5．（2025·天津河东·一模）I prefer a college in Yunnan to ______ in Sichuan, because I like the climate in Yunnan. A．it B．that C．one D．this 6．（2025·天津·模拟预测）China’s territory is almost equal to ___________ of the whole of Europe. A．it B．one C．that D．those 7．（2021·天津北辰·三模）One of the most wonderful migrations in nature is ______ of the North American monarch butterfly. A．it B．what C．this D．that 8．（2024·天津南开·二模）Now the price of goods on the Internet is cheaper than _________ in the market. A．it B．those C．that D．these 9．（2024·天津滨海新·三模）The network of China’s high-speed train is much longer than ______ in Japan. A．one B．that C．it D．this 10．（2024·天津·十二校一模）Few pleasures can equal ______ of a journey to Harbin, enjoying the fantastic icy sculptures as well as the enthusiasm of the local people. A．one B．that C．those D．ones 21 / 23 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题01 名词与代词 目录 01 析·考点精解 1 02 构·知能架构 2 03 破·考点攻坚 2 考点一 名词 2 考点二 代词 10 命题轨迹透视 近 5 年天津高考英语单项选择名词部分主要以词义辨析为主；代词主要为指示代词（it/them/one/ones/that/those）的具体辨析。 考点频次总结 考点 2025 年 2024 年 2023 年 2022 年 2021 年 名词 二考5 二考5 首考4 二考8 首考7，二考9 代词 首考2 无 二考7 首考11 无 2026命题预测 名词辨析考查词汇在语境中的正确应用，重语篇统领与语境推理；素养上深考思维，融文化于语法，强化实用与文化自信。代词依旧重点考察指示代词（it/them/one/ones/that/those）的具体辨析。 03 破·考点攻坚 考点一 名词 1．（2025·天津·高考真题）The children are encouraged to follow their natural , and learn about what interests them. A．curiosity B．balance C．defence D．limitation 【答案】A 【详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：孩子们被鼓励去追随自己天生的好奇心，去探索他们感兴趣的事物。A. curiosity好奇心；B. balance平衡；C. defence防御；D. limitation限制。根据后文“and learn about what interests them”指鼓励孩子追随自己的好奇心。故选A。 命题解读 新情境：贴合素养导向的教育场景 题目创设 “鼓励孩子顺应天性、探索兴趣” 的真实教育情境，紧扣新课标 “立德树人” 理念，聚焦学生成长与自主学习素养，而非孤立词汇考查，体现语言运用与育人价值的融合。 新考法：语境驱动的词义辨析 摒弃传统 “背单词 — 选释义” 模式，通过后半句 “learn about what interests them” 构建逻辑关联，要求考生基于语境推导 “natural + 名词” 的语义匹配，考查词汇在真实语境中的运用能力，而非单纯记忆。 新角度：聚焦核心素养中的思维品质 侧重考查逻辑推理能力 —— 需建立 “顺应天性→探索兴趣” 的因果逻辑，锁定 “好奇心” 这一核心驱动因素，引导学生从语义、逻辑双重维度解题，契合高考英语 “能力立意” 的命题趋势。 2．（2023·天津·高考真题）The British romantic poet William Wordsworth grew up in the Lake District,which was a great ________ of inspiration for his poems. A．discovery B．form C．source D．symbol 【答案】C 【详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：英国浪漫主义诗人威廉·华兹华斯在湖区长大，湖区是他诗歌创作的重要源泉。A. discovery发现；B. form形式；C. source来源，源泉；D. symbol象征。由下文“of inspiration for his poems.”可知，湖区是他诗歌创作的重要源泉。故选C。 命题解读 新情境：文学文化场景渗透 题目创设 “英国浪漫主义诗人华兹华斯与湖区” 的文学背景，贴合高考英语 “文化浸润” 的命题导向，将词汇考查与西方文学常识结合，既考查语言运用，又渗透文化认知，体现 “语言承载文化” 的课标要求。 新考法：固定搭配 + 语境逻辑双重约束 摒弃单纯的词义记忆考查，既要求考生掌握 “a source of inspiration” 这一核心搭配，又需通过 “湖区是诗人成长地” 的语境，判断 “湖区” 与 “诗歌灵感” 的逻辑关系（来源关系），实现 “搭配 + 逻辑” 的双重考查。 新角度：聚焦学术性名词的实用语境 侧重考查 “source” 这类高频学术名词的日常搭配用法，而非生僻词义，引导学生关注词汇在真实语用场景（尤其是文学、学术表达）中的运用，契合高考 “能力立意” 的趋势。 3．（2023·天津·高考真题）The bottle is quite difficult to open; the _________ is to pour hot water on it first. A．focus B．target C．function D．trick 【答案】D 【详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：这个瓶子很难打开；诀窍是先把热水倒在上面。A. focus焦点；B. target目标；C. function功能；D. trick诀窍。由“pour hot water on it first”可知，空格处应表达“诀窍”，故用trick，作主语。故选D。 4．（2022·天津·高考真题）When people are depressed, some experience a loss of________ while others can’t stop eating. A．appetite B．power C．memory D．sight 【答案】A 【详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：当人们郁闷时，有些人会失去食欲，而有些人却忍不住暴饮暴食。A. appetite食欲；B. power权利；C. memory记忆；D. sight视力。结合后文while others can’t stop eating表示对比，可知，前文表意与暴饮暴食相反，即毫无食欲。A项符合句意。故选A项。 5．（2021·天津·高考真题）In the lab, keeping things clean and organized can help provide a safer ________. A．system B．method C．investment D．environment 【答案】D 【详解】考查名词。句意：在实验室里，保持物品的清洁和有序有助于提供一个更安全的环境。A. system体系，系统；B. method方法；C. investment投资；D. environment环境。根据常识可知，保持物品清洁有序可以创造更安全的实验环境（environment）。故选D项。 6．（2021·天津·高考真题）Great improvements in public health have been brought about by ________ in medical science. A．traditions B．advances C．pressures D．examples 【答案】B 【详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：医学的进步带来了公共健康的巨大改善。A. traditions传统；B. advances前进，进步；C. pressures压力；D. examples例子。根据上文“Great improvements in public health have been brought about”可知，公共健康的巨大改善是由医学的进步带来的，advances符合语境。故选B。 7．（2020·天津·高考真题）His vivid descriptions of country life quickly became popular, which established his _____________as one of America's greatest writers. A．trust B．contact C．reputation D．theory 【答案】C 【详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：他对乡村生活的生动描述迅速流行起来，这树立了他作为美国伟大作家之一的声誉。A. trust信任；B. contact联系；C. reputation声誉；D. theory理论。根据句意，尤其是greatest writers可知此处用reputation“声誉”符合语境，故选C项。 （一）概念 名词可以分为专有名词和普通名词，专有名词是某个（些）人，地方，机构等专有的名称，如Beijing，China等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词，如：book，sadness等。 （二）名词复数的规则变化 1. 一般情况加 –s，清辅音后读/s/ 浊辅音和元音后读 /z/：map-maps ，boy-boys 2. 以s, sh, ch, x等结尾加 –es, 读 /iz/ ：bus-buses， watch-watches 3. 以辅音字母+y结尾,变y 为i再加es, 读 /z/：baby---babies， city-cities 但以y结尾的专有名词，或元音字母+y 结尾的名词变复数时，直接加s变复数。例如： two Marys， the Henrys， monkey---monkeys 4. 以o结尾的名词，变复数时： a.加s，如： photo---photos ，piano---pianos，zoo---zoos； b. 加es，如：potato—potatoes； c. 上述a和b两种方法均可，如zero---zeros / zeroes 5. 以f或fe 结尾的名词变复数时： a. 加s，如： belief---beliefs， roof---roofs， gulf---gulfs； b. 去f,fe 加ves，如：half---halves，knife---knives， leaf---leaves ，thief---thieves… c. 上述a和b两种方法均可，如handkerchief: handkerchiefs / handkerchieves 学习小窍门 记住f（e）结尾的名词复数-ves 妻子持刀去宰狼，小偷吓得发了慌； 躲在架后保己命，半片树叶遮目光。 (wife, knife, wolf, thief, shelf, self, life, half, leaf) （三）名词复数的不规则变化 1. child---children foot---feet tooth---teeth mouse---mice man---men woman---women 2. 单复同形，如deer, sheep, fish, Chinese，aircraft, means, species, Japanese等。美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。如：a dollar, two dollars。 3. 集体名词，以单数形式出现，但实为复数。 people, police, cattle 等本身就是复数。但可以说a head of cattle，20 head of cattle. the English，the British，the French，the Chinese，the Japanese，the Swiss 等名词，表示国民总称时，作复数用，如The Chinese are industrious and brave. 中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。 4. 以s结尾，仍为单数的名词，如： a. maths，politics，physics等学科名词，一般是不可数名词，为单数。 b. news 为不可数名词。 c. the United States，the United Nations 应视为单数。 The United Nations was organized in 1945. d. 以复数形式出现的书名，剧名，报纸，杂志名，也可视为单数。例如： The Arabian Nights is a very interesting story-book. 《一千零一夜》是一本非常有趣的故事书。 5. 表示由两部分构成的东西,如：glasses（眼镜）， trousers, clothes等，若表达具体数目，要借助数量词 pair（对，双）; suit（套）; a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers等。 6. 另外还有一些名词，其复数形式有时可表示特别意思，如：goods货物，waters水域，fishes（各种）鱼。 （四）不可数名词量的表示 用“数词/冠词+量词+of +不可数名词” 的结构来表示，量词可以是单数也可以是复数，但of后的名词只用单数。如：a piece of chalk / jewelry/ news/ meat/ bread / furniture /equipment /luggage /music /information /thread /advice /clothing /paper （五）不可数名词转化为可数名词 1. 抽象名词表示具体的事例时也可数。例如： The party is a success. 2. 表示“一场/段/件/种……”时，要用a或an，此时多有形容词或of短语修饰。如，a fine rain(一阵细雨),a heavy snow(一场大雪), a long time(很长一段时间)。 3. 有些不可数名词，无论在什么情况下也没有复数形式。如：advice, fun, homework,　information, news, progress, equipment, furniture, baggage/luggage, jewelry, clothing等。 （六）定语名词的复数 名词作定语一般用单数，但也有以下例外。 1. 用复数作定语。例如： sports meeting 运动会 students reading-room 学生阅览室 talks table 谈判桌 the foreign languages department 外语系 2. man, woman, gentleman等作定语时，其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。例如： men workers; women teachers; gentlemen officials 3. 有些原有s结尾的名词，作定语时s保留。 goods train 货车 arms produce 武器生产 customs papers 海关文件clothes brush 衣刷 4. 数词+名词作定语时，若有连字符，名词用单数；若无连字符，名词用复数加“’”。如： 十英里路a ten-mile walk / ten hours’ walk 一个五年计划a five-year plan a five years’ plan （七）不同国籍人的单复数 中国人the Chinese a Chinese two Chinese 日本人the Japanese a Japanese two Japanese 俄国人the Russians a Russian two Russians 希腊人 the Greek a Greek two Greeks 法国人 the French a Frenchman two Frenchmen 英国人 the English an Englishman two Englishmen 德国人 the Germans a German two Germans 瑞典人 the Swedish a Swede two Swedes （记忆口诀：中日不变，英法荷变，其他s加后面） （八）名词前的修饰语 1. 只能修饰可数名词的有each, either, neither, another, these, those, both, (a) few, several, many, a large number of, scores of, dozens of, a great /good many等。 2. 只能修饰不可数的有(a) little, much, a bit of, a great deal of, a large amount of等。 3. 既可修饰可数名词又可修饰不可数名词的有some, any, half, most, all, a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a large quantity of, quantities of，masses of等。 （九）名词的格 名词的所有格有两种形式：’s式和of式。一般说来，表示有生命的名词和表示时间、国家、距离等的名词的所有格用’s，如Mary’s mother, today’s news；表示无生命的事物名词的所有格用of，如the cover of the book。但还须注意以下几点： 1. 单数名词词尾加“’s”表所有格，如the boy’s bag 男孩的书包。名词复数词尾没有s也加“’s”表所有格，如men’s room 男厕所。 2. 若名词已有复数词尾-s ，只加“’”，如：the workers’ struggle 工人的斗争。 3. 凡不能加“’s”的名词，都可以用“名词+of +名词”的结构来表示所有关系，如：the title of the song 歌的名字。 4. 在表示店铺或教堂的名字或某人的家时，名词所有格的后面常常不出现它所修饰的名词，如：the barber’s 理发店。 5. 如果两个名词并列，并且分别有’s，则表示“分别有”；只有一个’s，则表示“共有”。例如： John’s and Mary’s rooms（两间） John and Mary’s room（一间） 6. 复合名词或短语，’s 加在最后一个词的词尾。例如：a month or two’s absence 1．（25-26高三上·天津河西·期中）Reform of the evaluation process for educational performance is vital to balanced _________ of education resources. A．transformation B．distribution C．reputation D．investigation 【答案】B 【详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：教育绩效评估流程的改革，对教育资源的均衡分配至关重要。A. transformation转变、变革；B. distribution分配、分布；C. reputation声誉、名声；D. investigation调查、研究。根据“Reform of the evaluation process for educational performance”可知，此处指的是教育评估改革，所以应是使教育资源均衡，需将资源的分配平衡，“distribution”表示“资源的分配、分布”符合语境。故选B项。 2．（25-26高三上·天津和平·期中）These activities will contribute to promoting the full and equal ________ of all women in various fields in society. A．donation B．participation C．distribution D．qualification 【答案】B 【详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：这些活动将有助于促进所有女性在社会各个领域的充分平等参与。A. donation捐赠；捐款；B. participation参与；参加；C. distribution分配；分布；D. qualification资格；资历。根据“promoting the full and equal”以及“in various fields in society”可知，这些活动将有助于促进所有女性在社会各个领域的充分平等参与，故选B。 3．（25-26高三上·天津南开·期中）With the continuous ________ of its overseas markets, the local enterprise has gradually become a well-known brand in the international field. A．extension B．explosion C．expansion D．exposure 【答案】C 【详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：随着海外市场的不断拓展，本土企业逐渐成为国际知名品牌。A. extension延伸；B. explosion爆炸；C. expansion扩张；D. exposure暴露。根据后文“the local enterprise has gradually become a well-known brand in the international field”可知，本土企业逐渐成为国际知名品牌，应是因为海外市场的不断扩张。故选C项。 4．（25-26高三上·天津南开·开学考试）Welcome to take Tianjin Metro Line 6! Next station is ANSHANXIDAO! Please mind the ________ between the train and the platform when you get off the train. A．space B．gap C．room D．area 【答案】B 【详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：欢迎乘坐天津地铁6号线！下一站是安山西道！下车时请注意列车与站台之间的距离。A. space空间；B. gap缝隙；C. room房间；D. area区域。根据后文“between the train and the platform when you get off the train”可知，此处是指列车与站台之间的空隙。故选B。 5．（25-26高三上·天津红桥·开学考试）Try to understand what is really happening instead of acting on the ________ you have made. A．association B．consumption C．assumption D．intervention 【答案】C 【详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：试着了解到底发生了什么，而不是根据你的假设行事。A. association联系，协会；B. consumption消耗，消费；C. assumption假设；D. intervention干预，干涉。由“Try to understand what is really happening instead of acting on”以及语意可知，此句指“要理解真正发生了什么，而不是根据你做出的假设采取行动”，assumption符合句意。故选C项。 6．（2025·天津·二模）The U. S. Chief Negotiator Jamieson Greer revealed earlier that some major trading partners had come to Washington with very good ________ about reducing tariffs. A．concerns B．offers C．thoughts D．attempts 【答案】B 【详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：美国首席谈判代表杰米森·格雷尔早些时候透露，一些主要贸易伙伴已来到华盛顿，并提出了大幅降低关税的优厚条件。A. concerns担忧；B. offers提议；C. thoughts想法；D. attempts尝试。根据上文“some major trading partners had come to Washington with very good”指提出了大幅降低关税的优厚条件。故选B。 7．（2025·天津河西·三模）According to Musk, the ultimate ________ of the Starship project is to establish bases on the Moon and Mars and put humans on the "path to being a multi-planet civilization". A．ambition B．objection C．objective D．devotion 【答案】C 【详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：马斯克表示，星际飞船计划的最终目标是在月球和火星上建立基地，将人类送上“多星球文明之路”。A. ambition抱负；B. objection反对；C. objective目标；D. devotion奉献。根据下文的“to establish bases on the Moon and Mars and put humans on the ‘path to being a multi-planet civilization’”可知，此处说的是“星际飞船计划的最终目标”，应该用名词objective表示。故选C项。 8．（2025·天津滨海新·三模）Popularizing skiing among students is one of the key ______ Harbin has taken to enhance public sports participation. A．risks B．alternatives C．effects D．measures 【答案】D 【详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：在学生中普及滑雪运动是哈尔滨为增强公众体育参与度所采取的关键措施之一。A. risks风险；B. alternatives可供选择的事物；C. effects影响；D. measures措施。根据“to enhance public sports participation.”可知，此处表示增强公众体育参与度所采取的关键措施。故选D。 9．（2025·天津河北·二模）The failure was a heavy to him, but he remained calm and soon regained his enthusiasm. A．excuse B．issue C．factor D．blow 【答案】D 【详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：这次失败对他来说是一个沉重的打击，但他保持冷静，很快又恢复了热情。A. excuse借口；B. issue问题；C. factor因素；D. blow打击。根据句意可知，失败对他来说应该是一个沉重的打击，“blow”意为“打击”，名词词性，符合语境。故选D项。 10．（2025·天津河东·一模）Thanks to the effort made by the government, many farmers in China now have ______ to basic health care. A．entrance B．access C．introduction D．devotion 【答案】B 【详解】考查名词词义辨析。 句意：由于政府的努力，中国许多农民现在能够获得基本的医疗服务。 A. entrance入口； B. access进入，获得； C. introduction介绍； D. devotion奉献。 have access to意为“能够获得”，符合句意。故选B项。 考点二 代词 1．（2025·天津·高考真题）Equipped with modern facilities, today’s libraries differ greatly from________ of the past. A．that B．one C．those D．ones 【答案】C 【详解】考查代词辨析。句意：如今的图书馆配备了现代化的设施，与过去的图书馆相比有了很大的不同。A. that那个；B. one一个；C. those那些；D. ones泛指复数可数名词。指代前文的复数名词“libraries”，为特指用those。故选C。 命题解读 新情境：贴近现代生活的对比场景 题目创设 “现代图书馆与过去图书馆对比” 的生活场景，聚焦 “设施升级带来的差异” 这一现实话题，体现语言运用的实用性，符合新课标 “贴近生活、学以致用” 的命题理念。 新考法：指代对象的单复数 + 限定性双重考查 摒弃传统 “单纯记忆代词用法” 的模式，要求考生先判断指代对象（libraries）的复数属性，再结合 “特指过去的图书馆” 这一限定条件，筛选符合语法规则的代词，实现 “语法规则 + 语境限定” 的双重考查。 新角度：聚焦核心语法点的易错辨析 侧重考查 that/those/one/ones 的指代区别，这是高考语法的高频易错点。题目通过 “differ greatly from” 的对比结构，强化指代对象的对应性，引导学生关注代词指代的精准性，契合高考 “突出基础、辨析易错” 的命题趋势。 2．（2023·天津·高考真题）I really want to go to a place for the summer vacation, ________ especially with beautiful scenery and unique culture. A．it B．that C．this D．one 【答案】D 【详解】考查代词辨析。句意：我真的很想去一个地方过暑假，一个特别美丽的风景和独特的文化。A. it它；B. that那个；C. this这个；D. one一个。分析句子，此处表示泛指过暑假的地方，one指代的刚提到过的同一类人或物。故选D。 命题解读 新情境：贴近生活的度假规划场景 题目创设 “暑期旅行目的地选择” 的日常情境，聚焦 “风景优美、文化独特的地方” 这一具体需求，体现语言运用的实用性，符合新课标 “语境化、生活化” 的命题导向。 新考法：同位语功能 + 代词泛指 / 特指双重辨析 摒弃传统 “单纯记忆代词语法规则” 的模式，要求考生识别空格处代词的同位语功能—— 对前文的 “a place” 进行补充说明，同时结合 “泛指某类事物” 的语境需求，筛选符合语法和语义的代词，实现 “句法功能 + 语境指代” 的双重考查。 新角度：聚焦高频易错代词的精准运用 侧重考查 one 与 it/that/this 的指代区别，这是高考语法的核心易错点。题目通过后置定语 “especially with beautiful scenery and unique culture” 强化代词的泛指属性，引导学生关注代词在同位语结构中的用法，契合高考 “突出基础、辨析细节” 的命题趋势。 3．（2019·天津·高考真题）A study shows the students who are engaged in after-school activities are happier than _________who are not. A．ones B．those C．these D．them 【答案】B 【详解】考查代词。句意：一项研究表明，参加课外活动的学生比不参加课外活动的学生更开心。空格处代词与the students是对应关系，可以用the ones或者those替代。“them”指代的是前边提到的复数名词，不能与the students形成对应关系。“these”一般不用定语从句修饰。故选B。 4．（2018·天津·高考真题）Professional skills are tools like a knife or a hammer. You need ______ to complete the things you want to do. A．it B．that C．them D．ones 【答案】C 【详解】考查代词。句意：专业技能是像刀或锤子这样的工具。你需要它们来完成你想做的事情。分析句子可知，them代指前文的tools。故选C项。 5．（2015·天津·高考真题）The quality of education in this small school is better than ______ in some larger schools. A．that B．one C．it D．this 【答案】A 【详解】考查代词。句意：这所小学校的教育质量要好于一些大学校。句中代词代指不可数名词the quality of education，故用代词that。代词it和one都代指可数名词单数。故选A。代词it, one和that都可指代前面提到的名词。一般说来，it指代同名同物；one与that则指代同名异物，但one为泛指，相当于a／an＋名词，只可代指可数名词；that为特指，相当于the＋名词，可以代指不可数名词。one既可代替事物，也可代替人，that只能代替事物而不能代替人。掌握好这些知识就不难选出答案。 6．（2013·天津·高考真题）At our factory there are a few machines similar to ________ described in this magazine. A．them B．these C．those D．ones 【答案】C 【详解】考查代词。句意：在我们厂里，有一些机器类似于杂志里描述的那些机器。句中比较的是machines，是复数名词，可用those或ones代替。再根据空格后的过去分词短语作后置定语修饰这一代词，知表示的是特指，故用those。ones表示的是泛指。故选C项。 一、代词的种类 1.人称代词 主格 I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they 宾格 me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them 2.物主代词 形容词性物主代词 my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their 名词性物主代词 mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, yours, theirs 3.反身代词 myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves, oneself 4.相互代词 each other, one another 5.指示代词 this, that, these, those, such 6.疑问代词 who, whom, whose, what, which 7.关系代词 who, whom, whose, which, that, as, 8.不定代词one/some/any, each/every, none /no, many/much, few/little/a few/a little, other/another, all /both, neither/either 二、人称代词的用法 人称代词: 可以指人, 也可以指物, 具有人称、数和格的变化；其中, 主格在句中作主语; 宾格在句中作宾语、表语和同位语。 The light is bad here. I can’t see clearly. We should keep calm when we are in danger. There was nobody to give him at least a word of advice. Oh, it’s you. To save class time, our teacher has us students do half of the exercises in class. it的基本用法 1. it用作人称代词, 用来代替前文提到的同一事物或不明身份、性别的人或动物； 2. it 用作非人称代词, 作主语, 表示天气、时间、距离等； 3. it 用来代替前面整个句子所表达的意思；He keeps telling her not to eat junk food but it doesn’t help. 4. it 用作形式主语或形式宾语； 1) It is important ( necessary, right, strange, natural...) that ... 该句型中的it 是形式主语, 真正主语是that 引导的主语从句。that后的从句中要用虚拟语气(should + 动词原形), should 可以省。   It is important that we (should) learn English well.     It is necessary that he (should) remember these words. 2) It is suggested ( advised, demanded, ordered... ) that ... 和上一个同属一个句型。主句中的过去分词是表示请求, 建议, 命令等词, that 后的从句要用虚拟语气(should + 动词原形), should 可以省。     It is suggested that the meeting (should) be put off.   It was ordered that we (should) arrive there in two hours. 3) It is a pity ( a shame, a surprise, a good thing, a fact ) that ... 表出乎意料，译为＂竟然＂时, 从句一般用虚拟语气(should + 动词原形), should可省去; 没有这种意义时, 则不用虚拟语气。 It is a pity that such a thing (should) happen in your class. 这种事竟然发生在你们班上，真是遗憾！  4) It is said (reported, learned … ) that ... 该结构常译为“据说（据报道，据悉……）”。     It is said that he has come to Beijing.     It is reported that another earth satellite has been put into orbit. 5) It happens (seems, looks, appears) that... 该句型中it也是形式主语, that引导的是主语从句, 主句中的happen, seem等词是不及物动词。     It happened ( so happened ) that he met his teacher in the street. 碰巧……  It seems that he will be back in a few days. 看来…… 6) It takes sb. ... to do sth. 该句型中的真正的主语是不定式，it是形式主语。常译为＂做……要花费某人……＂。     It took thousands of people many years to build the Great Wall.   7) It is adj. (of sb./for sb.) to do sth. (当adj.说明人的品质或性格时用of sb.;当adj.修饰后面不定式时用for sb.) It is kind of you to help us in such an emergency. It is important for you to gain some knowledge about first aid. 8) It is no good /no use/useless doing sth. 该句型中的真正主语是动名词短语。  It is no good learning English without speaking English. 9) it 在强调句型中的应用； ① It is/was + 被强调部分 + that/who +其它部分 （被强调部分是人，用who/that;是物，用that)   It was about 600 years ago that the first clock with a face and an hour hand was made. ② It is/was not until + 被强调部分 + that ... 该句型也是强调句型,用于强凋时间状语，译成汉语"直到……才……＂（ not ... until ... 的强调形式） It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I realized she was a famous film star. = Not until she took off her dark glasses did I realize she was a famous film star. = I didn’t realize she was a famous film star until she took off her dark glasses. 10) It is (about/high) time that ..."是（正是）…… 的时侯……＂ that 后的从句用虚拟语气，有两种形式① 过去时态（be用were) ② should + 动词原形, should 不省。 It is time that children should go to bed. = It is time that children went to bed. 11) It/That/This is/was the first ( second ... ) time that ...＂是第一（二）……次……＂ 从句用完成时态（主句为一般现在时，后从句用现在完成时态；主句为一般过去时，从句用过去完成时） It/This is the first time I have been here. It was the last time that they had made the mistake. 12) It be +时间段since … 主句中时态是现在时或完成时，since 引导的从句通常是一般过去时态，而且是瞬间动词；如果主句是一般过去时，从句则用过去完成时。 It is ( has been ) 5 years since his father died. It was 5 years since his father had died. 13) It be +时间段before ... 该句型主句中的 it 指时间, 主句中的时态常是一般将来时或过去时两种时态．常译为＂…才；…就＂。 It was 3 days before he went to Beijing. It will not be long before he finishes his job. 14) It be +时间点when ... 该句型中的 when 引导的是一个时间状语从句，主句中的 it 指时间，常译为＂当…的时候，是…＂。     It was 5 o’clock when he came here. 15) it 习惯结构 make it 获得成功 get it 明白 help it 有办法 believe it or not 信不信由你 take it easy 别急，慢慢来 it all depends依情况而定 when it comes to...一提到... like/hate it when/if... 喜欢/讨厌...的 appreciate it if... 如果...将不胜感激 see to it that... 确保，务必 三、物主代词的用法 物主代词:分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词；形容词性物主代词置于名词之前，作定语，有时与own连用表强调；名词性物主代词相当于“形容词性物主代词+名词”, 在句中作主语、宾语或表语。 Their ideas have changed. I saw it with my own eyes. 那是我亲眼所见。 Ours (Our house ) is the only house here that is being painted . I left my camera at home. You can use hers. —Whose book is this? 这是谁的书？—It’s mine. 是我的。 四、反身代词的用法 1. 反身代词在句中作宾语、表语、同位语，不可以单独做主语 He is always thinking of himself. Bob is not quite himself today. Bob 今天感觉不舒服。 The representatives of the strikers wanted to see the boss himself. 2. 反身代词用于某些固定习语中： ① by oneself 独自地；单干 He said he wanted to go out to have a walk by himself. I managed to do it by myself. 我是自己做成这件事的。 ②for oneself 为自己；亲自 Do you have something for yourself? We’ll have to judge for ourselves. 我们得自己来判断。 ③ of oneself 自动地 The enemy will not perish of himself. 敌人不会自行绝灭的。 ④ help oneself to 自行取用 ⑤behave oneself 表现规矩，举止得体 ⑥enjoy oneself 玩得高兴 五、指示代词的用法 1. 指示代词this, that, these, those在句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语等。 Are these your books? （主语） These flowers are very beautiful.（定语） This is my first visit to America.（主语） My idea is this. 这就是我的想法。（表语） I will keep this in mind. （宾语） 2. 指示代词this和these指时间与空间上较近的事物, that和those指时间与空间上较远的事物。 This building was built last year; that one was built many years ago. （表空间） 3. that和those指代前面提到过的事物, this和these指代随后要讲的事物。 He didn’t come. That is why he didn’t know.（that指前) I want to give you some advice like this. (this指后） Those are the problems we should solve. （those指前） Written on the placard (布告) are these words: we want peace. （these指后） 4. those作定语从句的先行词。 Those who were present at the meeting were all celebrities. 5. 指示代词such在句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语等。 Such is life. 生活就是这样。（主语） The waves were such as I never saw before. 这样的海浪，我从未见过。（表语） They said they had never seen such plants before. 他们说他们以前从未见过这类植物。（定语） 六、不定代词的用法 1. some, any 1) some 一般用于肯定句；用于疑问句时，可以用来表示建议或请求，希望得到对方的肯定答复。 Could you let me have some coffee? Would you like some tea？ Why not buy some fruit for her? 4) any 一般用于疑问句、否定句或条件状语从句中；用于肯定句中，表示“任何的”或“任何一个”之意 Do you speak any foreign languages? You may come at any time. 2. none, nothing, no one 指人 指物 与of连用 疑问词 谓语单复数 none √ √ √ How many/ much 均可 nothing × √ × What 单 no one √ × × Who 单 1) ---How many books do you have? ---None. As we were asleep, none of us heard the sound. 2) ---What’s in the box? ---Nothing. 3) ---Who will lend you a hand in such kind of situation? ---No one. 4) I need something to drink, but there is nothing. 5) I need some coffee, but there is none. 3. both, all, either, neither 都 任何 都不 两者 both either neither 三者及以上 all any none 1) I invited Joe and Linda to dinner, but neither of them came. 2) ---Do you want tea or coffee? ---Either. I really don't mind. 3) Both women are French.  Both women aren’t French. (不完全否定） 4) Not all of them were invited. 他们当中并不是人人都受到邀请。 4. each, every each 表“个体”，它可以是两者中的每一个，也可以是两者以上中的每一个，可作主、宾、同位或定语。every 表“全体”，在句中只作定语。 Each of us has had a try. 强调每一个人。 Every student in the class likes English. 着重全体。 注：each 做同位语时，谓语单复数取决于真正的主语。 We each have a dictionary now. 5. other, another, the other, others, the others 1) other 作前置定语，表示“另外的”。 We study Chinese, maths, English and other lessons. 2) another 泛指同类人或物中“三者以上的不定数目中的“另一个”。可以做限定词，也可做代词。 I don’t want this one. Please give me another. 注：another 也可用于复数名词前，这时名词前常有数词。I will stay here for another three weeks. 3) the other 表示两者中的“另一个”或两部分中的“另一部分”。 She has two sons. One is an engineer and the other is a teacher. There are six people in the room. Four are girls, the other two are boys. 4) others 作代词，泛指其他人或其他物, 相当于“other+名词复数”。 Some are singing and dancing, some are drawing, and others are climbing the hill. 5) the others 指剩余的全部，相当于“the other+名词复数”。 Of the six, one went home, and the others went to the cinema. 6. one的常见用法作简要归纳： 1) one泛指同类中的任何一个（人或物）。 One can’t succeed without working hard． 2) one的所有格为one’s，反身代词为oneself。如果 one用于句首, 后面再用代词one, oneself或one’s，可以用he, him, himself或his代替。 One should give oneself／himself plenty of time to rest． 3) one, it, that, the one, the ones, those one 泛指同类中的任何一个（人或物），代替可数名词单数 it 特指同类同物 that 特指同类的一个，代替可数名词单数或不可数名词，其后常有后置定语 I lost my pen, and I want to buy one. He bought a house, but it requires repairing. The weather in Hangzhou is nicer than that in Beijing . A bridge made of stone is stronger than one made of wood . The bridge made of stone is stronger than the one/that made of wood . Bridges made of stone are stronger than ones made of wood . The bridges made of stone are stronger than the ones /those made of wood . 4) one的常用短语和固定结构：one by one(一个一个地), one or two(一两个；很少的), one after another(一个接一个), for one thing...... for another (首先......再者；一方面......另一方面)。 There are still one or two problems to be settled. I can’t travel this summer. For one thing, I’m short of money；for another, I have not much spare time． Nobody knows why some people get cancer and others don’t. 7. 与不定代词构成的习惯短语: He is nothing but a clerk.他只是一个职员。 He is anything but a clerk.他绝不是一名职员。 He is someone/something.他是一个重要的人物、出色的人物。 She is something of a doctor. She has saved many lives. 她可以说是一位出色的医生，她已经挽救了很多人的生命。 1．（2026高三下·全国·专题练习）In the era of AI, the capabilities of modern robots are far more advanced than ________ of the first-generation industrial machines. A．that B．ones C．one D．those 【答案】D 【详解】考查代词辨析。句意：在人工智能时代，现代机器人的能力远比第一代工业机器的能力先进得多。根据前文“the capabilities”为复数名词，空处需用代词指代复数名词“能力”，避免重复。those用于指代前面提到的复数可数名词，表特指同类事物，符合语境；that指代单数可数名词或不可数名词，one指代前文提到的单数可数名词，表泛指“任意一个同类事物”，ones指代前文提到的复数可数名词，表泛指“多个同类事物”，均不符合此处指代前文同一复数名词的要求。故填D。 2．（2026高三下·实验热身练）— Oh, dear! We only have 15 minutes to get to the station. — So terrible! There isn’t any taxi around when you want ________ A．it B．that C．one D．this 【答案】C 【详解】考查代词辨析。句意：——哦，天哪！我们只有15分钟的时间到达车站。——太糟糕了，当你想打车的时候，附近却没有出租车。A. it同一具体事物（特指）；B. that同类事物中的特定一个（特指，常对比）；C. one同类事物中的一个（泛指）；D. this近处/即将提及的特定事物。本句中 “需要出租车”是泛指“任意一辆”，应用“one”。故选C。 3．（2026高三下·全国·专题练习）The battery life of this smartphone surpasses ________ of its predecessor by nearly 30%. A．It B．those C．that D．these 【答案】C 【详解】考查代词。句意：这款智能手机的电池续航能力比其前一代产品高出近 30%。分析句子可知，句子中需用代词指代前文的the battery life，the battery life是单数不可数名词短语，以避免重复。而that常用于指代前文的单数名词或不可数名词，尤其在比较结构中，符合句意。故选C项。 4．（2026高三·耀华一模）The fact that members of one culture do not express their emotions as openly as ________ of another do does not mean that they do not experience these emotions. A．it B．one C．that D．those 【答案】D 【详解】考查代词。句意：一种文化中的成员不像另一种文化中的成员那样公开地表达他们的情感，这一事实并不意味着他们没有体验到这些情感。分析句子可知，此处为同类异物特指，应用those指代members，those of another (culture)=the member of another (culture)。故选D项。 5．（2025·天津河东·一模）I prefer a college in Yunnan to ______ in Sichuan, because I like the climate in Yunnan. A．it B．that C．one D．this 【答案】C 【详解】考查代词词义辨析。句意：比起四川的大学，我更喜欢云南的大学，因为我喜欢云南的气候。A. it 它；B. that特指相当于the one；C. one泛指一个；D. this这个。根据上文a college in Yunnan 确定比较的对象为a college in Sichuan，即四川的任意一所大学，为泛指，应用one指代。故选C。 6．（2025·天津·模拟预测）China’s territory is almost equal to ___________ of the whole of Europe. A．it B．one C．that D．those 【答案】C 【详解】考查代词词义辨析。句意：中国的领土几乎和整个欧洲的领土相等。A. it指代前文提到的同一个事物；B. one指代同类中的一个；C. that指代同一类别中的另一个，通常用于不可数名词；D. those指代复数名词。that在比较结构中可以用来替代前面提到的不可数名词，这里替代territory。故选C。 7．（2021·天津北辰·三模）One of the most wonderful migrations in nature is ______ of the North American monarch butterfly. A．it B．what C．this D．that 【答案】D 【详解】考查代词用法。句意：自然界中最奇妙的迁徙之一是北美帝王蝶的迁徙。当句子中再次出现与前面的名词重复的名词时，常常用that代替前面出现的同类的可数名词单数或不可数名词，用those代替前面出现的同类的可数名词复数。空格处代指前文中的“one of the most wonderful migrations in nature”，代指单数可数名词，所以用that。故选D。 8．（2024·天津南开·二模）Now the price of goods on the Internet is cheaper than _________ in the market. A．it B．those C．that D．these 【答案】C 【详解】考查代词。句意：现在网上商品的价格比市场上的便宜。A. it那(指代单数名词，同名同物)；B. those那些(指代复数名词，同名异物，特指)；C. that那(指代单数或不可数名词，同名异物，特指)；D. these这些。句中比较了“网上商品的价格”和“市场商品的价格”，设空处用代词指名词“price(价格)”，不可数名词，且特指市场商品的价格，应用代词that指代。故选C项。 9．（2024·天津滨海新·三模）The network of China’s high-speed train is much longer than ______ in Japan. A．one B．that C．it D．this 【答案】B 【详解】考查代词。句意：中国的高速铁路网络比日本的要长得多。在这个比较句型中，“China’s high-speed train network”与 “high-speed train network in Japan”进行比较。为了避免重复，我们使用代词来替代第二个提到的网络。此处需要that表示特指，that与所指名词为同类，但不是同一个。此处特指“日本的高速铁路网络 ”，和前面提到的中国铁路网络是同类，但不是同一个。one通常用来泛指同类中的一个，it与所指名词为同一个。this为指示代词，指离说话人近的人或物，或刚刚提及的事物，所以A，C和D均不符合语境。故选B。 10．（2024·天津·十二校一模）Few pleasures can equal ______ of a journey to Harbin, enjoying the fantastic icy sculptures as well as the enthusiasm of the local people. A．one B．that C．those D．ones 【答案】C 【详解】考查指示代词和不定代词。句意：没有什么乐趣能比得上去哈尔滨旅行，欣赏奇妙的冰雕和感受当地人的热情。A. one一个，泛指；B. that那个，特指，同名不同物，代指不可数名词或者名词单数，其后往往有限定短语；C. those 那些，特指，同名不同物；D. ones泛指复数名词。分析句子结构可知，空格处代指上文中提到的pleasures，且同名不同物，且是复数，所以应填those。故选C。 21 / 23 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $