专题01 语法归纳：动词不定式、关系代词引导的定语从句、被动语态、过去将来时、关系副词引导的定语从句 、介词+关系代词引导的定语从句（期末复习讲义）高一英语上学期北师大版

专题01 语法归纳（期末复习讲义）（解析版） 单元 语法点 常考题型 命题趋势 Unit 1-6 1.动词不定式 2.关系代词引导的定语从句 3. 被动语态 4.过去将来时 5. 关系副词引导的定语从句 6.介词+关系代词引导的定语从句 语法填空 情境化突出：借助生活、学校、社会等多种情境，将语法考察与实际生活相结合。 知识点01 动词不定式 【观察例句】 1．It’s so convenient to be able to compare the quality and prices from different online shops before I buy. 2．My mum keeps telling me to go out with my school friends instead. 3．Actually，I do know I need to drag myself away from the online world sometimes... 4．I’m a “go-getter”—when I set out to do something，I do my best to achieve it. 5．My aim is to do well in every subject this term. 6．...so that I can have more free time to do other things that I’m interested in after school. 【归纳用法】 动词不定式是非谓语动词的一种，它没有人称和数的变化，动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征，在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、宾语补足语等，但不能作谓语。 1基本结构：to＋动词原形，有时不定式符号to可以省略。 2否定形式：not to＋动词原形。 3不定式有形式和语态变化，一般式的被动式为：to be done 1．作主语 动词不定式作主语时，表示具体的行为或将来的行为。谓语动词用单数。 To love and to be loved is the greatest happiness one can seek. 爱与被爱是一个人所能寻求的最大幸福。 为了避免头重脚轻，常用it作形式主语放在句首，作主语的不定式常置于句末。 It took me half an hour to work out the difficult math problem. 我花了半个小时才解出这道数学难题。 [温馨提示] ①若要说明不定式表示的动作的发出者的话，要在不定式前加for或of引起的短语，构成“for/of＋名词(或代词宾格)＋不定式”短语，这一短语被称为不定式的复合结构。 ②在“It is/was＋adj.＋不定式复合结构”句型中，当其中的形容词是说明逻辑主语的性质、品质时，要由of引出逻辑主语，不能用for。这类形容词主要有clever，friendly，careless，foolish，kind，nice，polite，silly，stupid，wise等。 It’s challenging for him to complete the task ahead of schedule. 对他来说提前完成这项任务很有挑战性。 It is friendly of Mr Smith to make me feel at home in his house. 史密斯先生很友好，在他家里他让我有宾至如归的感觉。 2．作表语 不定式在系动词后作表语，往往说明主语的具体内容，且含有将来意义。 My wish is to go to China in October in 2021 to experience its rich culture. 我的愿望是在2021年的10月份去中国，去体验一番它博大精深的文化。 3．作宾语 ①直接作及物动词的宾语 常见的接不定式作宾语的动词有：aim，agree，choose，decide，demand，expect，fail，help，hope，learn，plan，prepare，promise，refuse，tend，want，wish，like等。 We tend to do what we do well in and what we like to do. 我们倾向于去做我们擅长和喜欢的事情。 I expect to update my knowledge and get ahead this term. 在这一学期，我期盼着更新知识，取得进步。 ②常用句型“主语＋v.＋it＋adj./n.＋to do sth.”。其中，it为形式宾语，to do sth.为真正的宾语。能用于这一句型的动词有：believe，consider，feel，find，make，suppose，think等。 Actually，I think it necessary for all the countries in the world to work together to build a peaceful world. 实际上，我认为世界各国很有必要团结起来，共同建造一个和平的世界。 4．作定语 ①动词不定式作定语时，要放在它所修饰的名词或代词后面。 Attention，please.I have something important to say. 请注意，我有重要的事情要说。 ②如果不定式是不及物动词，后面就应有必要的介词。 Give me a piece of paper to write on. 给我一张纸写字。 ③当中心词为序数词，最高级，the last，the only等或中心词被这类词修饰时，常用不定式作定语。 She is hard-working and is always the first one to come every day. 她很勤奋，每天总是第一个来。 ④用来修饰的词是抽象名词时，常用的有：ability，effort，chance，promise，way等。 After staying in China for 3 years，Mr Green has the ability to speak Chinese. 在中国待了3年后，格林先生有能力说汉语了。 Your way to solve the problem is different from mine. 你解决这个问题的方法与我的不同。 5．作状语 ①表示目的 To keep up with others，he has been working very hard. 为了赶上别人，他一直在努力学习。 ②表示结果 The Californian ship arrived too late to save more people. 加利福尼亚号来得太晚，没能挽救更多的人。 [温馨提示]　不定式短语表示结果时，常与only连用，暗示一种意外的结果。 He hurried to the station，only to find the train had left.他匆忙赶到车站，却发现火车已经开走了。 Mary hurried to school，only to be told it was Sunday. 玛丽匆忙地赶到学校，结果被告知是星期天。 ③表示原因 不定式作原因状语，常用在某些表示喜、怒、哀、乐等的形容词后。 I was surprised to see that a four-year-old boy could sing so well. 看到一个4岁的孩子能唱这么好，我感到很惊讶。 6．作宾补 ①不定式常跟在下列动词之后作宾补：ask，advise，encourage，expect，invite，notice，order，teach，tell，warn等。 We should encourage students to take part in some voluntary activities. 我们应该鼓励学生参加一些志愿者活动。 ②使役动词 let，have，make后，感官动词see，watch，look at，notice，hear，listen to，feel等后作宾补，省略to。 The teacher made him say the word like this. 老师让他像这样说这个单词。 Don’t let a child do what he/she wishes to. 千万不要让孩子想干什么就干什么。 [温馨提示]　上述动词变为被动语态时不定式符号to不能省掉。 Jack was often seen to chat with friends on the Internet.经常看见杰克在网上和朋友聊天。 [温馨提示] 不定式可以和疑问词连用，构成“who/which/what/how/when...＋to do”结构，在句中相当于名词，常作主语、宾语、表语等。 (1)When to set off for Beijing hasn’t been decided. 什么时候动身去北京还没有决定。(作主语) (2)He told us how to revise our lessons effectively. 他告诉我们如何有效地复习功课。(作宾语) (3)The question is how to educate the young generation correctly. 问题是如何正确地教育年轻一代。(作表语) 【即时检测】 Ⅰ.单句语法填空 1．She didn’t know this accident was (change) her whole life. 2．It is very challenging for us (finish) the whole work on schedule. 3． (catch) the early bus that morning，the woman got up very early. 4．The man was made (work) for 12 hours a day when he was 20 years old. 5．The man hurried to his house，only (tell) that his son had been lost. 6．All of us were very surprised (hear) that she had left the company. 7.Voluntary activities give us a chance (do) something meaningful to others. 8．After failing in the exam，I made it a habit (listen) to English every night. 9．To make their lessons interesting，our teachers design (variety) lessons for us. 10．Can you spare five minutes when it is (convenience)? Ⅱ.完成句子 1．As the old saying goes，“ .” 俗话说：“眼见为实。” 2.Meanwhile，we should volunteer in need. 同时，我们还应当自愿做一些工作，来帮助那些需要帮助的人。 3．The young man aims the next year. 这个年轻人力争明年给父母买一所新房子。 4．It’s harmful to our health . 吸烟和饮酒成瘾对我们的健康有害。 5． ，we will ask natives for some information. 如果你方便和我一块去的话，我们将去向当地人询问一些信息。 答案： Ⅰ.单句语法填空 1． to change 2．to finish 3．To catch 4．to work 5．to be told 6．to hear. 7.to do 8．to listen 9．various 10．convenient Ⅱ.完成句子 1．“To see is to believe.” 2. to do some work to help the people 3．to buy a new house for his parents 4．to be addicted to smoking and drinking. 5．If it is convenient for you to go with me 知识点02 关系代词引导的定语从句 【观察例句】 1．When we weren’t playing on the court which was next to our building，we were watching a game on TV. 2．Paul’s favourite player was Tyrone Bogues，a guy who played for the Charlotte Hornets，... 3．Everyone knew Paul had real skills，and was someone who worked really hard and had a strong desire to play for the team. 4．The Bears，a team whose record this season had been perfect. 5．Paul didn’t know he’d soon get the chance that he’d been waiting for. 6．And clearly，all the extra hours that he’d spent practising alone paid off. 【归纳用法】 一、概念 定语从句：在复合句中，作定语，用来修饰某一名词(名词性短语)或代词的从句叫定语从句。 先行词：被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。 关系词：连接主句和从句的词叫关系词(关系代词有that，which，who，whom，whose等；关系副词有when，where，why)。 二、关系代词的用法 先行词 关系代词 在从句中所作成分 人 who 主语，宾语，表语 whom 宾语 that 主语，宾语，表语 whose 定语 物 that 主语，宾语，表语 which 主语，宾语 whose 定语 1.先行词是人，关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，用who/that，且不可省略。 We are worrying about the people who/that have suffered from the disease in the area. 我们担心这个地区遭受疾病折磨的人们。 [温馨提示] 先行词是人时，宜用who不宜用that的情况 ①当先行词是指人的不定代词时，如：one，ones，anyone等。 Anyone who aims to get ahead must work hard. 任何想成功的人都必须努力。 ②当先行词是人称代词I，you，he，they等时(常用于谚语中)。 He who doesn’t reach the Great Wall is not a true man.不到长城非好汉。 ③当先行词为指人的those时。 Those who have good manners will be highly respected. 那些有礼貌的人会受到人们的高度尊重。 ④在there be结构中，先行词指人时。 There is a young man who wants to buy a skateboard. 有一个年轻人想买个滑板。 2．先行词是人，关系代词在定语从句中作宾语时，用who/that/whom，可省略。 He is the expert (who/that/whom) I mentioned to you yesterday. 他就是我昨天给你提到的那个专家。 [温馨提示] 关系词在从句中作介词的宾语且直接跟在介词后时，只能用whom，且不可省略。 This is the voluntary teacher from whom we’ve learned a lot. 这就是我们从他那里学到了很多知识的那位支教老师。 3．先行词是人，关系代词在定语从句中作定语时，用whose。 Do you know the girl whose Chinese is excellent？你认识那个汉语非常优秀的姑娘吗？ [温馨提示] whose指代人时，常用下列结构来代替： I will talk to those students whose homework hasn’t been done on schedule. ＝I will talk to those students，the homework of whom hasn’t been done on schedule. ＝I will talk to those students，of whom the homework hasn’t been done on schedule. 我要和那些没完成作业的学生谈话。 4．先行词是物，关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，用which/that，且不可省略。 He is working in the company which/that was opened in 1870. 他现在在那个1870年开始运作的公司工作。 5．先行词是物，关系代词在定语从句中作宾语时，用which/that，可省略。 The gold medal (which/that) she won has been given to her old school. 她曾经获得的那块金牌已经被送给她的母校了。 [温馨提示] (1)宜用that不宜用which的情况 ①当先行词是all，little，much，something，anything，everything，nothing，some等不定代词时。 All that can be done has been done. 一切能做的都已经做完了。 ②当先行词被all，every，any，little，much，the only，the very，the right，the last，just等修饰时。 Music is the only thing that interests me. 音乐是唯一令我感兴趣的东西。 ③当先行词是序数词、形容词最高级或被序数词、形容词最高级修饰时。 This is the most interesting story that I have ever read.这是我曾经读过的最有趣的故事。 ④当先行词中既有人又有物时。 She described in her composition the people and places that impressed her most.她在作文中描述了令她印象最深刻的一些人和地方。 ⑤当先行词前面出现who，which等疑问代词时，为了避免重复。 Who is the boy that is playing computer games there? 在那里玩电脑游戏的那个男孩是谁？ Which is the book that you are interested in? 你感兴趣的书是哪本？ (2)宜用which不宜用that的情况 ①关系代词前有介词时。 The house in which I used to live has become a shoe shop.我过去住的房子现在变成了一家鞋店。 ②在非限制性定语从句中。 Have you ever read the book，which was written by a young girl? 你读过一个年轻女孩写的这本书吗？ 6．先行词是物，关系代词在定语从句中作定语时，用whose。 He volunteered to join in the activity whose aim is to help those who are in trouble. 他志愿加入这个活动，活动的目的是帮助那些处于困难中的人。 [温馨提示] whose指物时，常用下列结构来代替： He volunteered to join in the activity whose aim is to help those who are in trouble. ＝He volunteered to join in the activity，the aim of which is to help those who are in trouble. ＝He volunteered to join in the activity，of which the aim is to help those who are in trouble. 三、使用定语从句的注意事项 1．关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，定语从句的谓语动词要和先行词的人称和数保持一致。 Those who are over 45 years old won’t be permitted to go into the hall. 超过45岁的人不允许进入大厅。 [温馨提示] “one of＋复数名词”作先行词，谓语动词用复数形式；“the only one of＋复数名词”作先行词，谓语动词用单数形式。 This is one of the books which were written by Charles Dickens. 这是查尔斯·狄更斯所写的书的其中一本。 He is the only one of the boys in our class who has learned to play golf. 他是我们班里唯一一个学过高尔夫球的男孩。 2．为避免关系词的重复，被关系代词所代替的成分不可在从句中重复出现。 This is the apartment which he bought last year.(bought后不可加it) 这就是他去年买的那所公寓。 【即时检测】 Ⅰ.单句语法填空 1．I suggested that you should try (balance) your diet by eating more fruit and less meat. 2．He can’t keep up with his classmates，let stand out. 3．With new year approaching，roads are becoming more and more (crowd)． 4．Our English teacher is a person is energetic and friendly. 5．The film you are looking forward to seeing will be on next week. 6．The girl father is an editor goes jogging regularly. 7．This is a new kind of car parts are of high quality. 8．We’d better forget the persons and things put us under pressure. Ⅱ.完成句子 1．At the same time，their mother went out to buy the paper bags . 同时，他们的妈妈出去买回了他们需要的纸袋。 2．Much sooner than expected，he returned with an empty basket and so much money . 比预计的早很多，他回来了，带着空空的篮子和从来也没有见过的那么多的钱。 3．The athlete was badly hurt in the match recovered in the end. 在那次比赛中脚严重受伤的那名运动员最终康复了。 4．Opportunity only favors those . 机会只眷顾那些有准备的人。 答案： Ⅰ.单句语法填空 1．to balance 2．alone 3．crowded 4．who/that 5．that/which 6． whose 7．whose 8．that Ⅱ.完成句子 1． that/which they needed. 2．that he had never seen before. 3．whose foot/the foot of whom 4．who are prepared. 知识点03 被动语态 【观察例句】 1．It is believed that when Fu is put upside down，happiness arrives. 2．Next，the Chinese character Fu was attached upside down to our front door. 3．Most of the important Spring Festival traditions are still being practised by people across the country. 4．Fireworks were being let off across the city，suddenly lighting up the night sky. 5．Throughout history，some of the original customs have changed，but the spirit of the festival—the spirit of family—has largely been kept. 【归纳用法】 一、被动语态的概述 语态是动词的一种形式，它表示句子的主语和谓语动词之间的关系。英语的语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。 ◆主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。如： They prohibit smoking in public areas. 谓语prohibit的动作是由主语they发出的，即they是prohibit smoking这个动作的执行者。 ◆被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，即行为动作的对象。如： Smoking is prohibited by them in public areas. 主语smoking是prohibit这个动作的承受者。 二、被动语态的构成 被动语态由“助动词be＋及物动词的过去分词”构成。助动词be本身无词义，但有人称、数和时态的变化。 时态 构成形式 一般现在时 am/is/are＋done 一般过去时 was/were＋done 一般将来时 be going to/will/shall＋be done 过去将来时 would/should＋be done 现在进行时 am/is/are＋being done 过去进行时 was/were＋being done 现在完成时 have/has＋been done 过去完成时 had＋been done 含情态动词 情态动词＋be done The boy is often seen to play basketball on the court. 人们经常看到这个男孩在球场上打篮球。 The athlete was seen to enter the gym just now. 刚才有人看见这位运动员进了体育馆。 A new apartment will be built by us next year. 明年我们要建一栋新公寓。 The news would be sent to the volunteer’s mother the moment it arrived. 消息一到就会被送到那位志愿者的母亲那里。 The problem is being discussed at the meeting at the moment. 目前，会议上正在讨论这个问题。 An informal boxing match was being held when I arrived there. 我到那儿时，一场非正式的拳击比赛正在进行。 People’s living quality has been greatly improved in the past ten years. 在过去的十年里，人们的生活质量得到了极大的提高。 By the end of last year，another company had been completed. 到去年年底为止，另一家公司已经建成了。 The new teaching equipment must be sent to the rural school in no time. 这些新的教学设备必须马上送到那所乡村学校。 三、在下列情况下使用被动语态 1．不知道或者没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者。 The charity organization was built ten years ago. 这个慈善组织是十年前成立的。 2．强调动作的承受者。 Your plan is considered to be practical. 你的计划被认为是实用的。 3．在书面语中，特别是在科技报告和新闻报道中，被动语态比主动语态更正式。 The International Space Station has been built in the Earth’s orbit. 国际空间站已经在地球轨道上建成了。 4．习惯用法的需要。这类词常见的有born，determine，devote，seat，dress，situate等。 You will never gain success unless you are fully devoted to your work. 你只有全身心地投入工作才能取得成功。 四、使用被动语态的注意问题 1．以主动形式表被动意义的动词 (1)表示状态特征的系动词，如look，sound，feel，smell，taste，prove不用于被动语态，其后接形容词或名词构成系表结构，表示被动含义。 He looks strong and energetic after going jogging regularly. 进行有规律的慢跑之后，他看起来很强壮并且充满活力。 The problem proves tough and is difficult to deal with. 这个问题证明很难，并且很难处理。 (2)表示主语的内在特征、性质或状态的动词，如drive，lock，sell，read，wash，dry等，常用主动形式表示被动意义。这类动词一般不单独使用，常有一个修饰语。 You can depend on it that this kind of cloth washes well.你可以相信这种布料很好洗。 To our disappointment，the engine won’t start. 让我们失望的是，引擎发动不起来。 (3)不定式作定语，与前面被修饰的名词或代词构成动宾关系，且不定式的逻辑主语为主句的主语时，不定式用主动形式表示被动含义。 Attention，please.I have something important to say. 请注意，我有重要的事情要说。 (4)不定式修饰作表语和宾语补足语的形容词时，如difficult，easy，comfortable，hard，convenient，cheap，expensive等，不定式用主动形式表示被动含义。 We find the guy is difficult to get along with. 我们发现这个家伙很难相处。 Our apartment is comfortable to live in. 我们的公寓住起来很舒服。 (5)need，want，require，deserve等作谓语，其主语为物时，动词后的动名词用主动形式表示被动含义。 The plan required discussing on schedule at the meeting. ＝The plan required to be discussed on schedule at the meeting. 这项计划需要在会上按时讨论。 (6)表示开始、结束、运动的动词，如begin，finish，start，open，close，stop，end，run，move等。 The gym opens at 8 a．m.and closes at 10 p．m.every day. 这家健身房每天上午八点开门，晚上十点关门。 2．不用被动语态的情况 不及物动词或不及物动词短语无被动语态，常见的有：appear，die，disappear，rise，fail，happen，last，lie，remain，spread，stand，break out，come true，belong to，lose heart，take place，run out，come up等。 Owing to the heavy snow，the price of vegetable has risen recently. 由于这场大雪，最近蔬菜的价格上涨了。 To our satisfaction，our dream came true at last. 令我们满意的是，我们的梦想最终实现了。 【即时检测】 Ⅰ.单句语法填空 1．Great changes (take) place in China in the past twenty years. 2．Because the surroundings are beautiful，the apartment building (sell) well. 3．As a result of the serious flood，the muddy roads in the rural area need (repair)． 4．I have no time to go with you because our new house (decorate) now. 5．It’s a custom in China to have some tea or other drinks before the meal (serve)． 6．How many magazines can (borrow) from your library every week? 7．It is reported that a space station (build) on the moon in the near future. 8．I had not (wake) up by the alarm，so I was late for school this morning. 9．The expert said that a new hospital (build) near this village soon. 10．That company，though small，is pleasant (deal) with. Ⅱ.完成句子 1．We must healthy food，regular exercise and reasonable schedules. 我们必须重视健康的饮食、规律的运动和合理的日程安排。 2．Red lanterns are and firecrackers are let off to scare away the monster Nian. 红灯笼被挂起来，并且燃放鞭炮以吓走怪兽“年”。 3． ignore the importance of education. 我们绝对不能忽略教育的重要性。 4． ，the boy arose from his chair immediately. 他妈妈一到家，这个男孩就赶快从椅子上起来了。 5． is of great benefit to your growth. 让你的周围都是积极向上的人对你的成长是有益的。 答案： Ⅰ.单句语法填空 1．have taken 2．sells 3．repairing/to be repaired 4．is being decorated 5．is served 6．be borrowed 7．will be built 8．been woken 9．would be built 10．to deal Ⅱ.完成句子 1．attach great importance to 2．put up 3．On no account can we 4．The moment his mother returned home 5．Surrounding yourself with positive people 知识点04 过去将来时 【观察例句】 1.Yet，very few people knew that future avatars would have such a wide variety of forms and uses. 2．When people started creating their own avatars，they discovered that they were going to have the power to create new identities that did not look or act like their real selves at all. 3．When Internet users realised that their avatars would be seen by many people，not just their friends... 【归纳用法】 过去将来时(The Past Future Tense) 1．过去将来时的基本功能 过去将来时表示从过去的某一时间看，即将发生或存在的状态， 常用于宾语从句。如： She said she would be there at 7 o’clock and he thought she would keep her word. 她说她会在七点到达，他认为她会守信用。 She told me she was going to book two tickets. 她告诉我她打算订两张票。 2．过去将来时的构成和用法 (1)should/would do表示根据计划安排即将发生。如： He promised he would stop smoking and he made it. 他保证他会戒烟，并且做到了。 (2)was/were going to do表示过去某个时刻打算做或表示过去有某种迹象将要发生某事。如： I was going to take part in your birthday party，but I failed to do so. 我本打算去参加你的生日聚会，但是没去成。 It seemed as if it was going to rain. 看起来天好像要下雨了。 (3)was/were to do和was/were about to do表过去将来时。如： This was the call that announced that there was about to be a whale hunt. 这是宣告捕鲸行动马上就要开始的声音。 Tom told me that he was to be a doctor after graduation. 汤姆告诉我毕业后他将当一名医生。 (4)某些动词的过去进行时可以表示过去将来时，如：come，go，leave，arrive等表示位移的动词。 James has just arrived，but I didn’t know he was coming until yesterday. 詹姆士已经到了，但是直到昨天我才知道他要来。 I was told that my deskmate was leaving for England for further study. 我被告知我的同桌将要去英国深造。 【即时检测】 Ⅰ.单句语法填空 1．I didn’t know when they ______(come) to explore for oil again. 2．Helen said she ______(tell) the news to her parents the next day. 3．I was about ______(chat) with my deskmate when our head teacher came in. 4．It seemed as if she was going ______(cry)． 5．When he looked to the side，he saw ______(instant) that it was not a dog at all，but a wolf，quickly catching up with him. 6．Scientists were so ______(concern) that they decided to take action. 7．The old man was tricked into______(buy) a lot of useless products，which annoyed his children. 8．To our amazement，a ______(vary) of fancy cars are on show. Ⅱ.完成句子 1．Experts said that the dam ______ the people around it. 专家说大坝将使它周围的人受益。 2．I ______ the meeting last night，but an unexpected visitor came. 昨晚我本打算去参加会议，但是家里来了个不速之客。 3．I recognized him ______ I saw him at the airport. 在机场我一看见他就认出他来了。 4．The boy ______，for which he was blamed by his teacher. 小男孩捉弄了他的同桌， 老师因此责备了他。 5．____________，there are a variety of possibilities for the development of the situation. 据我所知，形势的发展有各种各样的可能性。 答案： Ⅰ.单句语法填空 1． were coming 2． would tell 3． to chat 4． to cry 5． instantly 6． concerned 7． buying 8． variety Ⅱ.完成句子 1． would benefit 2． was going to attend 3． the instant/instantly 4． played a trick on his deskmate， 5．As far as I am concerned 知识点05 关系副词引导的定语从句 一、when 引导的定语从句 [先感知] ①That was the day when it took only six hours to break my body and soul. ②It may appear strange，but at that moment，when we were on the edge of the whirlpool，I felt calmer than when we were moving towards it. [会发现] ①句中 when 引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词the day；②句中第一个 when 引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词that moment。 [明规则] (1) 当先行词是表示时间的名词（如 time, day, year, month, week 等），且在从句中作时间状语时，定语从句要用 when 引导。 (2) when 可以转化成“介词（at/in/on/during）+ which”的形式。 [名师指津] 当先行词表示时间，但关系词在从句中作主语、宾语或表语时，不能用 when，而要用关系代词 that 或 which 引导定语从句（作宾语时关系词可省略）。 [对点练]（单句语法填空） ①There are times ________ your heart is not in your work. ②We’ve gone to the opposite extreme of a few decades ago _______ parents tended to be more strict. ③We have entered into an age ________ dreams have the best chance of coming true. ④Mr Smith owned this oil painting until the early 1990s, ________ he gave it to his grandson. ⑤I’ll remember the days ________ I spent with you. 答案： ① when ② when③ when ④when ⑤ that/which 二、where 引导的定语从句 [先感知] ①One day，my two brothers and I were coming back from the islands where we often risked going and got more fish than others. ②... the waves soon carried me to an area where the other fishermen were. [会发现] ①句中先行词为the islands，表示地点，用关系副词 where 指代；②句中先行词为an area，表示地点，用关系副词 where 指代。 [明规则] (1) 当先行词是表示具体地点的名词（如 place，room，mountain 等），且关系词在从句中作地点状语时，定语从句要用 where 引导。 (2) where 可以转化成“介词（in/at/on）+ which”的形式。 (3) 如果先行词为表示抽象地点的名词（如 case，state，condition，point，situation 等），且关系词在从句中作状语时，用关系副词 where 引导从句。 [名师指津] 当先行词表示地点，但关系词在从句中作主语、宾语或表语时，不能用 where，而要用关系代词 that 或 which 引导定语从句（作宾语时关系词可省略）。 [对点练]（单句语法填空） ①However，Molai went looking on his own and discovered a nearby island ______ he began to plant trees. ②It was a big deal for us to load up and go to the local library， ______ my kids could pick out books to read or books they wanted me to read to them. ③Stories like that are more common in parts of the world ______ multigenerational living is more firmly rooted. ④This is an amazing program ______ you can share your ideas with students. ⑤His father works in a factory ______ makes car parts. 答案： ① where ②where ③where ④where ⑤ that/which 三、why 引导的定语从句 [先感知] As you can see，the reason why I’m here to tell the story is that I made the right decision [会发现] 此句中关系副词 why 引导定语从句，修饰先行词the reason。 [明规则] (1) 当先行词是表示原因的名词 reason，且关系词在从句中作原因状语时，定语从句要用 why 引导。 (2) 可以用 for which 来代替 why。 (3) why 只能引导限制性定语从句。 [对点练] (1) 单句语法填空 ①There are several reasons________ school uniforms are a good idea. ②This is the reason ________ he leaves so soon. (2) 一句多译 你知道他现在还没有来这儿的原因吗？ ③________________________________ ? ④________________________________ ? 答案： ①why ② why ③Do you know the reason why he isn’t here now? ④Do you know why he isn’t here now [即时巩固训练] Ⅰ. 用适当的关系副词填空 1. Do you know the reason ________ he is late for school? 2. Let’s go to the concert，________ you will find much fun. 3. Self-driving is an area ________ China and the rest of the world are on the same starting line. 4. There was a long wait at the reception desk，________ everyone was checking in. 5. We will put off the picnic in the park until next week，________ the weather may be better. 6. Opposite is St. Paul’s Church，________ you can hear some lovely music. 7. The boss of the company is trying to create an easy atmosphere ________ his employees enjoy their work. 8. As the smallest child of his family，Alex is always longing for the time ________ he should be able to be independent. 9. Can you tell me the time ________ the film will start? 10. There are occasions ________ one must give in. Ⅱ. 完成句子 1.  I still remember the day ________________________________. 我还记得我第一次来北京的那天。 2.  The loss of big trees was greatest in areas ________________________________. 在树木缺水最严重的地区，大树的损失是最大的。 3.  I don’t know the reason ________________________________ yesterday. 我不知道昨天他为什么没有向他的好朋友求助。 4. By opening a novel，I can enter into a wonderful and mysterious world ____________________.通过打开一本小说，我可以进入一个奇妙而神秘的世界，在那里我是一个新的角色。 5. Is this the reason ________________________________? 这是他拒绝我们的帮助的理由吗？ Ⅰ. 用适当的关系副词填空 1.  why 2. where 3.  where 4. where 5. when 6. where 7. where 8. when 9. when 10. when Ⅱ. 完成句子 1.  when I first came to Beijing 2.  where trees suffered the greatest water shortage 3. why he didn’t turn to his good friend for help yesterday 4.  where I am a new character 5.  why he refused our help? 知识点06 “介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句 [观察例句] 1．Later，she studied Chinese medicine for two and a half years with experts in the field from whom she gained a deep knowledge about traditional practices. 2．They did not have enough staff，and the laboratory in which they worked had poor air quality. [归纳用法] “介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句 当关系代词作介词宾语时，就出现了“介词＋关系代词” 引导的定语从句。作介词宾语的关系代词通常是which或whom，不能用that。如果指“人”，用“介词＋whom”；如果指“物”，用“介词＋which”；关系代词有时也用whose(作定语)。 1．在“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句中作介词宾语的关系代词只能是which(指物)，whom(指人)，即介词＋which/whom，如： The old man has two sons，both of whom are famous doctors. 老人有两个儿子，都是著名的医生。 What is the youngest age at which a person can be employed? 可以受雇的最低年龄是多大？ 2．“介词＋which”在定语从句中作状语，相当于关系副词when，where，why。如： We live in an age in which(when) more information is available with greater ease than ever before. 我们生活在这样一个时代：信息比以往任何时候都更容易获得。 I will never forget the day on which(＝when) we met for the first time. 我永远不会忘了我们第一次见面的那天。 This is the reason for which(＝why) he was late for school. 这就是他上学迟到的原因。 3．“名词/代词/数词＋of＋which/whom”引导的定语从句常是非限制性定语从句，该结构在从句中作主语。如： He wrote many children’s books，nearly half of which were published in the 1960s. 他写了很多儿童书籍，将近一半都在20世纪60年代出版。 Your speech was heard by a group of five judges，all of whom agreed that it was the best one this year. 五位评委听了你的演讲，他们都认为你的演讲是今年最好的。 4．“介词＋whose”引导的定语从句中，whose作定语，修饰其后的名词。 I visited Mr King，in whose office I came across my former boss. 我拜访了金先生， 在他的办公室我碰见了我原来的老板。 I’m very grateful to my headteacher，without whose generous help I couldn’t have finished my high school education. 我非常感激我的班主任，没有他的慷慨帮助我就不可能完成高中学业。 5．“介词＋关系代词”结构中介词的选择 (1)根据定语从句中谓语动词的搭配习惯(即固定短语)。 Yesterday we visited the West Lake for which Hangzhou is famous. 昨天我们参观了西湖，杭州因其而出名。(be famous for“因……而出名”) (2)根据先行词的搭配习惯(约定俗成，不一定是短语)。 This is the camera with which he often takes photos. 这就是他经常用来拍照的相机。(with camera“用照相机”) The boss in whose company Mr King worked heard about the accident. 金先生所工作的公司的老板听说了这起事故。(in the boss’s company) (3)根据句子的意思来选择。 The colorless gas without which we cannot live is called oxygen. 这种无色的、离了它我们就无法生存的气体是氧气。 (4)表示“所有”关系或“整体中的一部分”时，通常用介词of。 I have about 10 books，half of which were written by Mo Yan. 我有大约10本书，其中一半是莫言写的。 [名师点津]　在定语从句中，有一些含介词的动词短语不可拆开使用，如look after，look for等不能把介词移至which或whom之前。 The babies whom the nurses are looking after are very healthy.(正) The babies after whom the nurses are looking are very healthy.(误) 【即时检测】 Ⅰ.单句语法填空 1．My computer without I can’t surf the Internet broke down yesterday. 2．The building had been repaired，the roof which was destroyed again in the big fire. 3．The reason which she was absent was that she missed the train. 4．He is the reliable man whom you can turn for help in any condition. 5．The Dragon Boat Festival takes place every year in honour the great poet—Qu Yuan. 6．Misjudgments on the influences of technology can lead to a waste of (limit) resources. 7．It is a good idea to place your order well advance as delivery can often take months rather than weeks. 8．There is a growing (recognize) that education does not end with graduation. Ⅱ.完成句子 1．She is always ，though she lives the farthest. 尽管她住得最远，她总是第一个到办公室。 2．It was at the airport that I one of my university classmates. 正是在机场我偶然遇见了我的一个大学同学。 3．With the development of economy，Tianjin in the last few years. 随着经济的发展，天津在过去的几年中已经改变得认不出来了。 4．We didn’t know he refused our help. 我们不知道他拒绝我们帮助的原因。 5． if you could let me know whether or not you will come. 如果你能提前告诉我你是否会来，我将不胜感激。 答案： Ⅰ.单句语法填空 1．which2． of 3． for 4． to5． of 6．limited7． in 8． recognition Ⅱ.完成句子 1．the first person to get to the office 2． came across 3． has changed beyond recognition 4．the reason for which/why 5．I’d appreciate it 基础通关（测试时间：20分钟） 一．动词不定式 1. “Keep silent!” the monitor told the boys to stop_________ (talk). 2. The girl walked so tiredly that she stopped_________ (have) a rest. 3. Mr Li is said _________ (study) abroad. But I don't know which country he studied in. 4. Mr Li is said _________ (study) abroad. But I don't know which country he is studying in. 5. The little girl had no choice but _______(stay) at home. 6. The little girl could do nothing but ______ (stay) at home. 7. After a rest, we went on _______the same problem. 8. After a rest, we went on_______(do)the next problem. 9. The little boy would like _____(take) her to the cinema. 10. The little boy would like ______(take) to the cinema. 答案与解析： 1. talking。考查非谓语动词用法。stop doing 表示“停止做某事”。 2. to talk。考查非谓语动词用法。stop to do表示“停止一件事去做另一件事”。 3. to have studied。考查非谓语动词用法。首先考查be said to do句型；he studied in暗示该动作已经完成，故应用不定式完成式。 4. to be studying。考查非谓语动词用法。首先考查be said to do句型；he is studying in暗示该动作正在进行，故应用不定式进行式。 5. to stay。考查非谓语动词用法。have no choice but to do sth表示“别无选择只好做某事”。 6. stay。考查非谓语动词用法。do nothing but do sth. 表示“别无选择只好做某事”。 7. doing。考查非谓语动词用法。go on doing sth。表示“中断之后继续做同一件事”。 8. to do。考查非谓语动词用法。go on to do sth。表示“一件事后继续做另一件事”。 9. to take。考查非谓语动词用法。would like/love to do…是固定句型，表示“想做某事”。 10. to be taken。考查非谓语动词用法。would like/love to be done…是固定句型，表示“想要被做”。 二．关系代词引导的定语从句 【即时训练】用关系代词that或which填空。 1. The teacher and the books ________ he recommended were excellent. 2. She is the tallest girl ________I have ever seen.  3. There is nothing ________ can stop me from achieving my goals. 4. The third place ________ they visited was the Great Wall.   5. This is all ________ I want to say at the meeting. 6.Maybe you leave a habit ________is driving your family crazy. 7.I’d skipped nearby Guilin, a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River _________are pictured by artists in so many Chinese paintings. 8. This kind of book is for children _________ native language is English.  9. In 1963 the UN set up the World Food Programme, one of _______ purposes is to relieve worldwide starvation. 10. Kae, _________sister I shared a room with when we were at college, has gone to work in Australia. 【答案与解析】 1. that。先行词既为人又为物时，只能用that不用which。故答案是that。 2. that。先行词被形容词最高级修饰只能用that不用which。故答案是that。 3. that。先行词是nothing, everything等不定代词 只能用that不用which。故答案是that。 4. that。先行词被序数词修饰只能用that不用which。故答案是that。 5. that。先行词是nothing, all等不定代词 只能用that不用which。故答案是that。 6. that。先行词是a habit，定语从句中使用关系代词that/which指代先行词，在句作主语，不能省略。故填which/that。 7. that/which。先行词指物，为Li River，从句缺少主语，用关系代词。句意：漓江被许多艺术家所绘画。故用that/which。 8. whose。句意：这种书是给母语为英语的儿童看的。分析句子结构可知，空处需用关系词引导定语从句，先行词是children，指人，关系词在定语从句中作定语，表示所属关系，意为“……的”。故填whose。 9. whose。whose用作关系代词，在定语从句中作定语，先行词指人。故答案是whose。 10. whose。whose用作关系代词，在定语从句中作定语，先行词指物。故答案是whose。 三．被动语态 1. (2017全国Ⅰ) When fat and salt _____________(remove) from food, the food tastes as if it is missing something. 2. (2016北京) The students have been working hard on their lessons and their efforts _____________ (reward) with success in the end. 3. Bad customs and laws ought to ____________(abandon), since they are inappropriate for the development of the society. 4. Large quantities of information, as well as timely help_____________(offer) to us over the past 2 years. 【答案与解析】 1. are removed。结合主句这里表示客观事实故用一般现在时；结合语境应用被动语态。故答案是are removed。 2. will be rewarded。结合语境应用被动语态，同时又是将来行为。故答案是will be rewarded。 3. be abandoned。分析句子可知，ought to do为固定搭配，意为“应该做某事”，to后跟动词原形。且abandon与主语Bad customs and laws之间是动宾关系，应使用被动语态be abandoned。故答案是be abandoned。 4. have been offered。根据后文“over the past 2 years”可知用现在完成时，主语与谓语动词构成被动关系，用现在完成时的被动语态；as well as连接并列主语，谓语动词应根据其前面部分主语的人称和数来确定，主语“Large quantities of+不可数名词”是复数意义，助动词用have。故答案是have been offered。 四．过去将来时 1. Did you predict that many students _____________ (sign) up for the dance competition? 2. He was about to go to bed ________ there was a knock on the door. 3. When he _____________ (open) the door, he found his keys were nowhere. 4. At college, Barack Obama didn’t know that he _____________ (become) the first black president of the United States of America. 5. I wish he __________(go) with me to the cinema tonight. 6. If I had a chance to study abroad, I __________(study) at Cambridge University. 7. If he had spent more time practising speaking English before, he ________(be) able to speak it much better now. 8. If the captain had been more careful, his ship _____________ (sink). 9. What a pity! You missed the sightseeing, or we _____________ (have) a good time together. 10. I wasn't sure whether he ___________ (lend) me his book the next morning. 【答案与解析】 1. would sign。Did you predict是解答本题的关键，暗示应用过去将来时。故答案是would sign。 2. when。这是was/were about to do sth. when...句型。故答案是when。 3. was to open。结合语境这里应用过去将来时表示从当时看将要发生的动作“将要开门”。故答案是was to open。 4. was to become。结合语境这里应用过去将来时表示从当时看将要发生的动作“将要成为美国第一位黑人总统”。故答案是was to become。 5. would go。I wish that …从句表示与将来事实相反用could/would do。故答案是would go。 6. would study。If虚拟条件句与现在事实相反，主句用could/would do。故答案是would study。 7. would be。本句是虚拟语气含蓄条件句，now说明主句与现在事实相反，应用would do。故答案是would be。 8. wouldn’t have sunk。结合语境主从句与过去事实相反，主句应用would have done，且是否定形式。故答案是wouldn’t have sunk。 9. would have had。or引导含蓄条件句，句意为：真可惜！你错过了游览观光，否则的话我们会有一段美好时光的。表示与过去事实相反，应用would have done。故答案是would have had。 10. would lend。主句是一般过去时；同时从句时间状语the next morning暗示应用过去将来时。故答案是would lend。 五．关系副词引导的定语从句 1. Do you still remember the days________ we traveled together? 2. Do you still remember the days________ we spent together? 3. Is this the museum ______ you once worked? 4. Is this the museum ______ you once paid a visit to? 5. Is this the reason _______he was absent from school yesterday? 6. Is this the reason _______he gave for absence from school yesterday? 7. Anyway, that evening, ______I’ll tell you more about later, I ended up staying at Rachel’s place. 【答案与解析】 1. when。when用作关系副词，在定语从句作时间状语。故答案是when。 2. that/which。没有特别限定，二者都可以，时间名词在定语从句作宾语。故答案是that/which。 3. where。where用作关系副词，在定语从句作地点状语。故答案是to reduce。 4. that/which。没有特别限定，二者都可以，地点名词在定语从句作宾语。故答案是that/which。 5. why。why用作关系副词，在定语从句作原因状语。故答案是to reduce。 6. that/which。从句谓语动词give是及物动词，从句缺少宾语。故答案是that/which。 7. which。逗号表明这是非限制性定语从句，从句about暗示后面缺少宾语。故答案是which。 六、介词+关系代词引导的定语从句 1. Do you remember the day we first met? 2. Do you remember the month we first met? 3. This is the skirt she paid $100. 4. This is the skirt she spent $100. 5. This is my English teacher, I’ve learned a lot. 6. This is my English teacher, help I couldn’t have made such rapid progress. 7. Can you tell me the way you solve the problem？ 【答案与解析】 1. on which。“在某一天”介词用on。故答案是on which。 2. in which。“在某一月”介词用in。故答案是in which。 3. for which。pay…for…是固定词组。故答案是for which。 4. on which。spend money/time on…是固定词组。故答案是on which。 5. from whom。从句谓语含有learn from短语。故答案是from whom。 6. without whose。with one’s help表示“在某人帮助下”，结合语境应用否定形式。故答案是without whose。 7. in which。先行词the way在从句充当的方式状语，故答案是in which。 重难突破（测试时间：10分钟） A （25-26高一上·江苏常州·期末）阅读下面短文，按照句子结构的语法性和上下文连贯的要求，在空格处填入一个适当词或使用括号中词语的正确形式填空。 The Sanjiangyuan Region is home 1 the headwaters of three major rivers of Asia (i.e. Yangtze, Yellow, Lancang rivers). Therefore, it is known as Asia’s “water tower”. 2 its impressive landscape and various wildlife, the Sanjiangyuan Region is not only the source of splendid rivers, but also an important habitat for species on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. In the past few decades, the delicate ecological environment 3 (protect) silently by the locals. 4 (cover) a total area of 123100 square kilometres, the national park emphasizes the protection of the entire ecosystem, including all of the local natural resources, such as wild animals, water, grassland and forests. Little known to the outsiders, Jianzuo Village, located near the headwaters of the Lancang River, 5 the first community on the Plateau to lead a zero-waste life. 6 the idea widely spread in the area, local people began to give up using plastic products to protect the water and soil in the Sanjiangyuan Region. In 2017, the residents made use of floors, doors and windows abandoned in the Yushu earthquake to build a zero-waste environmental protection school 7 what makes the school unique is that the insides are decorated with recycled things and second-hand furniture, each of which has a special story. The zero-waste school also reminds the local people of the beauty of traditional culture. As the “zero-waste dream” comes true, people 8 have lived for generations on the plateau have also regained their cultural confidence. Their lasting efforts in protecting this precious but delicate Plateau have won 9 (recognize) globally, for they have made 10 a must to protect wildlife and biodiversity even if it means they will bear personal losses, such as wild animals attacking their livestock occasionally. 【答案】 1．to 2．With 3．has been protected 4．Covering 5．is 6．As 7．and 8．who/that 9．recognition 10．it 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了三江源地区生态保护成果显著，当地人重获文化自信并赢得全球认可。 1．考查介词。句意：三江源地区是亚洲三大河流（即长江、黄河、澜沧江）的源头所在地。be home to是固定短语，意为“是……的所在地”，故填to。 2．考查介词。句意：三江源地区以其令人印象深刻的景观和各种各样的野生动物而闻名，它不仅是壮丽河流的源头，也是青藏高原上物种的重要栖息地。结合语意可知，此处表示“凭借，以”，应用介词with，位于句首，首字母大写，故填With。 3．考查时态语态和主谓一致。句意：在过去的几十年里，脆弱的生态环境被当地人默默地保护着。根据时间状语In the past few decades可知，句子应用现在完成时，主语the delicate ecological environment和动词protect之间是被动关系，应用现在完成时的被动语态，主语是the delicate ecological environment，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式，故填has been protected。 4．考查非谓语动词。句意：国家公园总面积123100平方公里，强调对整个生态系统的保护，包括当地所有的自然资源，如野生动物、水、草原和森林。空处作非谓语动词，cover和逻辑主语the national park之间是主动关系，应用现在分词形式作状语，位于句首，首字母大写，故填Covering。 5．考查时态和主谓一致。句意：鲜为外界所知的是，位于澜沧江源头附近的尖作村是高原上第一个过零浪费生活的社区。空处作谓语动词，根据上下文时态可知，此处应用一般现在时，主语Jianzuo Village表示单数意义，be动词用is，故填is。 6．考查连词。句意：随着这个想法在该地区广泛传播，当地人开始放弃使用塑料制品，以保护三江源地区的水土。空处引导时间状语从句，表示“随着”，应用连词as引导从句，位于句首，首字母大写，故填As。 7．考查连词。句意：2017 年，居民们利用玉树地震中废弃的地板、门窗建造了一所零废弃环保学校，并且这所学校的独特之处在于内部用回收物品和二手家具装饰，每一件都有特殊的故事。结合语意可知，前后句为承接关系，应用连词 and，故填and。 8．考查定语从句。句意：随着“零浪费梦想”的实现，世世代代生活在高原上的人们也重新获得了文化自信。空处引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词people，先行词指人，关系词在定语从句中作主语，应用关系代词who或that引导，故填who/that。 9．考查名词。句意：他们在保护这片珍贵而脆弱的高原上的不懈努力赢得了全球的认可，因为他们把保护野生动物和生物多样性作为必须做的事情，即使这意味着他们将承担个人损失，比如野生动物偶尔会攻击他们的牲畜。空处应填名词作宾语，recognize的名词形式是recognition，是不可数名词，故填recognition。 10．考查代词。句意：他们在保护这片珍贵而脆弱的高原上的不懈努力赢得了全球的认可，因为他们把保护野生动物和生物多样性作为必须做的事情，即使这意味着他们将承担个人损失，比如野生动物偶尔会攻击他们的牲畜。空处指代动词不定式to protect wildlife and biodiversity，应用形式宾语it，故填it。 （25-26高一上·上海·月考）阅读下面短文，按照句子结构的语法性和上下文连贯的要求，在空格处填入一个适当词或使用括号中词语的正确形式填空。 The Problem With Overly Helpful Friends Tying knots looks easy. You just bend (使弯曲) the rope this way, twist (拧) it that way, pull, and you’re done. Yet there are dozens, if not hundreds, of different kinds of knots, each demanding a unique sequence (顺序) of bends, twists and pulls that you must memorize. For a novice (新手), memorizing them is challenging. 11 is why my mountaineering instructor required each of us students to repeatedly practice the “figure-eight follow-through” and the “alpine butterfly.” One student, who had already learned all the knots long before, could not resist telling me which way to bend, which way to twist, and which way to pull. If we had been climbing a mountain with dangerous cliffs (悬崖) below us, I probably would have welcomed his help. But here, learning was the goal: I was grateful when the teacher 12 (silence) him. I needed to exercise my own memory, 13 it meant moving slowly. Actually, even if we had been approaching the top of the mountain, it would have been better for me 14 (tie) my own knots. When you understand everything that you do, you become more competition and enjoy activities more. This is obvious in sports like climbing, where mastering skills is part of the pleasure, but it holds truer in almost every pursuit. Herein lies the danger of generative AI. These tools are like the overly helpful friends who think they know everything. Quite often, we 15 (tempt) to ask for AI’s help with everything we do. Lately,   16 I talk with my friends about something I’m uncertain about, they say, “Ask ChatGPT” or “Ask DeepSeek.” However, a big problem with these tools is 17 they sometimes give wrong or incomplete information. (Presumably they will continue to improve, though.) An even deeper peril (危险) is that habitually 18 (rely) on AI tools will take the Eage off your thinking. A recent study by scientists from MI suggested that over-reliance on AI tools can lead 19 intellectual (思维的) laziness. And that could have consequences. If you do not engage in your own research, it will be harder for you to distinguish truth from falsehood. If you do not synthesize(综合) information on your own, you will lose the ability to think independently. From tying knots to writing essays, 20 pays off to use your own head. 【答案】 11．This/That 12．silenced 13．though/although 14．to tie 15．are tempted 16．whenever 17．that 18．relying 19．to 20．it 【导语】这是一篇议论文。本文通过将生成式AI比作“过度热心的朋友”并以其学习打绳结的经历作为类比，论证了过度依赖AI会削弱个人独立思考能力和技能掌握，强调亲力亲为的重要性。 11．考查代词。句意：这就是为什么我的登山教练要求我们每个学生反复练习“双八字穿绳结”和“高山蝴蝶结”。That is why...引导的表语从句是固定句型，that指代上文刚刚完整叙述过的那个事实、情况或论点；当然。也可以用This is why...强调当前正在解释的内容，常用于引出后续内容，故填This/That。 12．考查动词的时态。句意：但在这里，学习才是目标：当老师让他安静下来时，我很感激。主句谓语用了was，所填词在when引导的时间状语从句中作谓语，也要用过去式。主语the teacher(老师)和所填词slience(使安静)之间在语义上是主动关系，要用一般过去时的主动语态。故填silenced。 13．考查连词。句意：我需要锻炼自己的记忆力，尽管这意味着进展缓慢。“锻炼自己的记忆力”和“进展缓慢”之间在语义上呈现让步关系，though或although表示“尽管”，可以放在主句之后引导让步状语从句。故填though/although。 14．考查非谓语动词。句意：实际上，即使我们当时已经接近山顶，对我来说自己系绳结会更好。it would be+形容词+for sb. to do sth.是固定结构，it作形式主语，真正的主语是动词不定式。故填to tie。 15．考查固定短语和时态。句意：很多时候，我们常常会忍不住在做任何事情时都向人工智能寻求帮助。be tempted to do sth.是固定结构，表示“忍不住做某事”，上下文用的是一般现在时，主语是we，be动词用are。故填are tempted。 16．考查时间状语从句。句意：最近，每当我和朋友们谈论一些我不确定的事情时，他们说：“问问ChatGPT”或者“问问豆包”。句首的Lately表示“最近”，暗示这是一种近期经常发生的情况​。“我和朋友们谈论事情”和“他们会说”是相继发生的动作，呈现时间关系，whenever表示“每当”，引导时间状语从句，能强调这种习惯性和重复性，与Lately相照应。故填whenever。 17．考查表语从句。句意：然而，这些工具存在一个大问题，即它们有时会给出错误或不完整的信息。_____they sometimes give wrong or incomplete information是表语从句，对主语a big problem进行解释说明。该从句句意完整而且不缺成分，从属连词 that​符合要求。故填that。 18．考查非谓语动词。句意：一种更为严重的危险在于，习惯性地依赖人工智能工具会削弱你的思考能力。_______on AI tools在that引导的表语从句中作主语，要用非谓语动词。副词habitually(习惯性地)作方式状语修饰所填词，要用动名词结构表示习惯性的动作或经验。故填relying。 19．考查介词。句意：密歇根大学的科学家们最近进行的一项研究表明，过度依赖人工智能工具可能会导致思维上的懒惰。由于lead to是固定搭配，表示“导致”，符合句意。故填to。 20．考查代词。句意：从打结到写文章，动动脑筋总是有回报的。it pays off to do sth.是固定句型，表示“做某事是有回报的”。it作形式主语，真正的主语是动词不定式to use your own head。it放在句中，首字母无需大写。故填it。 链接期末考（测试时间：15分钟） （24-25高一下·江苏·期末）阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。 Guiyang, capital city of Southwest China’s Guizhou province, has a rich history and culture. It has undergone continuous betterment and now 21 (attract) a steady stream of visitors. Breathtaking 22 (landscape), tea culture, and energetic ethnic (民族的) minorities are the three main features that define Guiyang and wider Guizhou, and visitors can enjoy them all in Qingzhen city, west of Guiyang. AJ Donnelly, a British vlogger, visited Qingzhen to explore its characteristic customs and 23 (invite) scenery. In this video trip, AJ showed us around the Hongfeng Lake, which 24 (surround) by beautiful red leaves in autumn, and China’s newest social media hit, the Yangpi Cave Waterfall, which is famous 25 its breathtaking Karst landforms. In the Ludishao Tea Expo Garden, AJ buried 26 (he) in tea aroma (芳香) and tried hand-picking his own tea. AJ also visited the Maige Miao and Bouyei ethnic township, 27 mainly live the “Four Seals Miao”, 28 branch of the Miao people. Their characteristic clothing made a surprise 29 (appear) in Milan Fashion Week and served the world a visual feast. Charming Qingzhen is just a glimpse (一瞥) of “Cool Guiyang”, and there are more splendid views the city has 30 (choose) from. Come and see for yourselves, will you? 【答案】 21．attracts 22．landscapes 23．inviting 24．is surrounded 25．for 26．himself 27．where 28．a 29．appearance 30．to choose 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述英国博主AJ探访贵阳清镇，展现当地风光与文化。 21．考查动词时态与主谓一致。句意：它不断发展进步，如今吸引着源源不断的游客。根据空前now可知，此处需用一般现在时；主语it为单数，谓语动词需用第三人称单数形式attracts。故填attracts。 22．考查名词复数。句意：令人惊叹的风景、茶文化以及充满活力的少数民族是贵阳及整个贵州的三大主要特色，游客在贵阳西部的清镇市就能尽享这些特色。landscape为可数名词，此处指多类风景，需用复数形式landscapes。故填landscapes。 23．考查形容词。句意：英国视频博主AJ Donnelly探访清镇，探索当地独特的风俗和迷人的风光。根据空后scenery可知，空处需用形容词修饰名词scenery，作定语；invite的形容词形式inviting，意为“迷人的”。故填inviting。 24．考查动词时态与语态。句意：在这次视频之旅中，AJ带我们参观了红枫湖——秋天时，红枫湖被美丽的红叶环绕，还有中国社交媒体上的新晋热门景点羊皮洞瀑布，它以令人惊叹的喀斯特地貌而闻名。空处为定语从句的谓语动词，句子描述客观事实，需用一般现在时，Hongfeng Lake与surround是被动关系，应用一般现在时的被动语态；主语which指代先行词Hongfeng Lake，为单数形式，be动词应用is。故填is surrounded。 25．考查介词。句意：在这次视频之旅中，AJ带我们参观了红枫湖——秋天时，红枫湖被美丽的红叶环绕，还有中国社交媒体上的新晋热门景点羊皮洞瀑布，它以令人惊叹的喀斯特地貌而闻名。根据空前is famous可知，be famous for是固定搭配，意为 “以……而闻名”，符合语境。故填for。 26．考查反身代词。句意：在Ludishao Tea Expo Garden，AJ沉浸在茶香中，并尝试亲手采茶。根据空前buried和空后in可知，bury oneself in是固定搭配，意为“沉浸于……”，空处需用反身代词himself，指代主语AJ。故填himself。 27．考查定语从句。句意：AJ还参观了麦格苗族布依族乡，苗族的一个分支“四印苗”主要居住在这里。根据空前visited和空后live可知，此处为非限定性定语从句，先行词the Maige Miao and Bouyei ethnic township是地点，从句中缺少地点状语，需用关系副词where。故填where。 28．考查不定冠词。句意：AJ还参观了麦格苗族布依族乡，苗族的一个分支“四印苗”主要居住在这里。根据空后branch可知，branch为可数名词单数，此处表示“一个分支”，且branch以辅音音素开头，需用不定冠词a。故填a。 29．考查名词。句意：他们独具特色的服饰意外亮相米兰时装周，为世界呈现了一场视觉盛宴。根据空前a surprise可知，空处需用名词形式，作宾语；appear的名词形式appearance，意为“出现；亮相”。故填appearance。 30．考查动词不定式。句意：迷人的清镇只是“爽爽贵阳”的一瞥，这座城市还有更多精彩的景点可供选择。根据空前has可知have sth. to do是固定结构，意为“有某事要做”，空处需用动词不定式to choose作后置定语修饰views。故填to choose。 （24-25高一下·河南三门峡·期末）阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 2024 may go down not only as the hottest ever recorded but also as a year that has, with an alarming increase in the 31 (frequent) and severity of a wide range of climate change-caused extreme weather events, given us a clear forecast of the climate change impacts 32 we can anticipate over the coming decades and centuries. These impacts are far-reaching, 33 (extend) to human health, politics, food supplies, infrastructure, financial markets, and society at large, and exceeding national boundaries. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), our atmosphere now holds more carbon dioxide than 34 any time in human history. It is increasingly likely 35 global surface temperatures will surpass the critical 1. 5 degrees Celsius threshold (临界值) set during the COP21 summit, known as the Paris climate agreement. As 36 (indicate) by the Global Hunger Index, the consequence of anthropogenic (人为的) climate change has worsened food insecurity, resulting in 37 increase in global hunger for the first time in 38 (decade). While the current sign might suggest an upcoming climate catastrophe, it is crucial 39 (acknowledge) the progress. For instance, the cost of 40 (renew) energy has fallen faster than expectations, paving the way for clean energy transition. Moreover, over half of the world’s economies have already moved beyond a peak in power generation from fossil fuels. 【答案】 31．frequency 32．that/which 33．extending 34．at 35．that 36．indicated 37．an 38．decades 39．to acknowledge 40．renewable 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。本文主要讲述了2024年可能成为有记录以来最热的一年，同时气候变化导致的极端天气事件频率和严重程度惊人增加，预示着未来几十年和几个世纪我们将面临的气候变化影响。这些影响深远，涉及人类健康、政治、粮食供应等多个方面。 31．考查名词。句意：2024年不仅可能成为有记录以来最热的一年，而且可能成为气候变化导致的极端天气事件频率和严重程度惊人增加的一年，这为我们提供了未来几十年和几个世纪可以预见的气候变化影响的明确预测。根据空前定冠词the以及空后连词and可知，此处应用形容词frequent的名词形式frequency，与severity并列作介词in的宾语。故填frequency。 32．考查定语从句。句意：同上。设空处引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词impacts，指物，在定语从句中作宾语，此处应用关系代词that/which。故填that/which。 33．考查非谓语动词。句意：这些影响是深远的，涉及人类健康、政治、粮食供应、基础设施、金融市场和整个社会，超出国家边界。句中已有谓语动词are，此处应用非谓语动词，逻辑主语impacts与extend构成主动关系，应用现在分词作状语。故填extending。 34．考查介词。句意：据政府间气候变化专门委员会称，我们的大气层中的二氧化碳含量比人类历史上的任何时候都多。结合句意表示“在任何时候”可知，短语为at any time。故填at。 35．考查主语从句。句意：全球地表温度很可能将超过在COP21峰会上设定的《巴黎气候协定》规定的1.5摄氏度的临界值。句中it is likely that为固定句型，此处it为形式主语，that引导主语从句为句子真正的主语，that在从句中不做任何成分，没有任何意义。故填that。 36．考查非谓语动词。句意：根据全球饥饿指数显示，人为气候变化导致的后果加剧了粮食不安全，导致几十年来全球饥饿人数首次增加。句中已有谓语动词has worsened，此处应用非谓语动词，逻辑主语the consequence与indicate构成被动关系，应用过去分词作状语。故填indicated。 37．考查冠词。句意：同上。句中increase此处意为“增长（量）”，为可数名词单数，此处表泛指，应用不定冠词，且increase为元音音素开头的单词，应用an修饰。故填an。 38．考查名词复数。句意：同上。结合句意“几十年来”可知，此处应用名词decade的复数形式，作宾语。故填decades。 39．考查非谓语动词。句意：虽然目前的迹象可能预示着即将发生气候灾难，但承认进步至关重要。句中构成it is+形容词+to do sth，此处it作形式主语，不定式作真正主语。故填to acknowledge。 40．考查形容词。句意：例如，可再生能源的成本下降速度比预期快，为清洁能源转型铺平了道路。此处应用renew的形容词renewable作定语，修饰名词energy。故填renewable。 （24-25高一下·上海闵行·期末）阅读下面短文，按照句子结构的语法性和上下文连贯的要求，在空格处填入一个适当词或使用括号中词语的正确形式填空。 If you’re tired of looking at the world in the same old way, it might be time to broaden your horizons. 41 (become) more open-minded can help you live an exciting life in which you never stop growing. By making just a few changes to your daily routine, you 42 open up your mind and say goodbye to your old close-minded ways. Keep 43 open mind about things that you’ve never done before. Close-minded people are 44 who are famous for forming negative opinions of things they’ve never even tried. They may hate the other pizza place in town 45 even setting foot in the door, or they think the vegan movement is completely silly without ever trying it themselves. So, the next time you catch yourself supporting a negative opinion about something, ask yourself what evidence you have 46 (support) your ideas. Try researching a subject to learn more about it. If, for example, you aren’t sure 47 people are vegans, try searching online or checking out a book about it. If you find that there is absolutely no evidence to prove your case, then you should try that thing yourself before you say anything else. 48 (See) things from multiple perspectives. You could do this with almost anything in your life: politics, religion, education, personal beliefs, etc. You don’t have to change your mind or bend any of your morals, 49 try to see things from the other side. You’ll become more open-minded and learn how to put yourself in someone else’s shoes. Pick a variety of things to read and just dive in. You should read widely: non-fiction, literary fiction, magazines, newspapers, blogs, or anything in between. Read a book about country you 50 (not be) to. The more you know, the more power you’ll have to make educated decisions and to be more open-minded. 【答案】 41．Becoming 42．may/can 43．an 44．those 45．without 46．to support 47．why 48．See 49．but 50．haven’t been 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章论述了变得更加开放心态的重要性，并给出了拓宽视野、保持开放心态的具体建议，如尝试新事物、多角度看问题、广泛阅读等。 41．考查非谓语动词。句意：变得更加开放心态可以帮助你过上一种令人兴奋的生活，在这种生活中你永远不会停止成长。“____ (become) more open minded”在句中作主语，用动名词形式；句首单词首字母大写。故填Becoming。 42．考查情态动词。句意：通过对你的日常生活做一些改变，你可以打开你的思想，告别你过去封闭的思维方式。根据语境，这里表示“可能，可以”，用情态动词may或者can符合语境。故填may/can。 43．考查冠词。句意：对那些你从未做过的事情保持开放的心态。keep an open mind是固定短语，意为“保持开放的心态”。故填an。 44．考查代词。句意：思想封闭的人是那些以对他们甚至从未尝试过的事情形成负面看法而闻名的人。空格处单词作表语，结合其后定语从句“who are famous for forming negative opinions of things they’ve never even tried”可知，这里指的是那些“对他们甚至从未尝试过的事情形成负面看法而闻名的人”，用代词those指代这些人，作表语。故填those。 45．考查介词。句意：他们可能甚至都没踏进过镇上另一家披萨店的门就讨厌它，或者他们认为纯素食运动完全是愚蠢的，自己却从未尝试过。根据前文“who are famous for forming negative opinions of things they’ve never even tried”可知，这里说的是那些对从未尝试过的事情形成负面看法的人，所以句中指他们“没踏进过镇上另一家披萨店的门就讨厌它”，用介词without，意为“没有，不(做某事)”，符合语境。故填without。 46．考查非谓语动词。句意：所以，下次当你发现自己支持对某件事的负面看法时，问问自己你有什么证据来支持你的观点。“(support) your ideas”作后置定语，修饰名词evidence，其后常用不定式作后置定语。故填to support。 47．考查宾语从句。句意：例如，如果你不确定人们为什么是纯素食者，试着在网上搜索或查阅一本关于它的书。“____ people are vegans”是宾语从句，结合语境，表示“为什么”，用连接副词why引导该从句并在从句中作原因状语。故填why。 48．考查祈使句。句意：从多个角度看事情。本句是祈使句，祈使句以动词原形开头；句首单词首字母大写。故填See。 49．考查连词。句意：你不必改变你的想法或违背你的任何道德准则，但要试着从另一面看问题。前后句之间是转折关系，用连词but。故填but。 50．考查时态。句意：读一本关于你没去过的国家的书。be是定语从句中谓语动词，根据语境，这里表示过去的动作对现在造成的影响，用现在完成时，主语是you，助动词用have，否定形式是haven’t，be的过去分词是been。故填haven’t been。 3 / 3 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题01 语法归纳（期末复习讲义）（原卷版） 单元 语法点 常考题型 命题趋势 Unit 1-6 1.动词不定式 2.关系代词引导的定语从句 3. 被动语态 4.过去将来时 5. 关系副词引导的定语从句 6.介词+关系代词引导的定语从句 语法填空 情境化突出：借助生活、学校、社会等多种情境，将语法考察与实际生活相结合。 知识点01 动词不定式 【观察例句】 1．It’s so convenient to be able to compare the quality and prices from different online shops before I buy. 2．My mum keeps telling me to go out with my school friends instead. 3．Actually，I do know I need to drag myself away from the online world sometimes... 4．I’m a “go-getter”—when I set out to do something，I do my best to achieve it. 5．My aim is to do well in every subject this term. 6．...so that I can have more free time to do other things that I’m interested in after school. 【归纳用法】 动词不定式是非谓语动词的一种，它没有人称和数的变化，动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征，在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、宾语补足语等，但不能作谓语。 1基本结构：to＋动词原形，有时不定式符号to可以省略。 2否定形式：not to＋动词原形。 3不定式有形式和语态变化，一般式的被动式为：to be done 1．作主语 动词不定式作主语时，表示具体的行为或将来的行为。谓语动词用单数。 To love and to be loved is the greatest happiness one can seek. 爱与被爱是一个人所能寻求的最大幸福。 为了避免头重脚轻，常用it作形式主语放在句首，作主语的不定式常置于句末。 It took me half an hour to work out the difficult math problem. 我花了半个小时才解出这道数学难题。 [温馨提示] ①若要说明不定式表示的动作的发出者的话，要在不定式前加for或of引起的短语，构成“for/of＋名词(或代词宾格)＋不定式”短语，这一短语被称为不定式的复合结构。 ②在“It is/was＋adj.＋不定式复合结构”句型中，当其中的形容词是说明逻辑主语的性质、品质时，要由of引出逻辑主语，不能用for。这类形容词主要有clever，friendly，careless，foolish，kind，nice，polite，silly，stupid，wise等。 It’s challenging for him to complete the task ahead of schedule. 对他来说提前完成这项任务很有挑战性。 It is friendly of Mr Smith to make me feel at home in his house. 史密斯先生很友好，在他家里他让我有宾至如归的感觉。 2．作表语 不定式在系动词后作表语，往往说明主语的具体内容，且含有将来意义。 My wish is to go to China in October in 2021 to experience its rich culture. 我的愿望是在2021年的10月份去中国，去体验一番它博大精深的文化。 3．作宾语 ①直接作及物动词的宾语 常见的接不定式作宾语的动词有：aim，agree，choose，decide，demand，expect，fail，help，hope，learn，plan，prepare，promise，refuse，tend，want，wish，like等。 We tend to do what we do well in and what we like to do. 我们倾向于去做我们擅长和喜欢的事情。 I expect to update my knowledge and get ahead this term. 在这一学期，我期盼着更新知识，取得进步。 ②常用句型“主语＋v.＋it＋adj./n.＋to do sth.”。其中，it为形式宾语，to do sth.为真正的宾语。能用于这一句型的动词有：believe，consider，feel，find，make，suppose，think等。 Actually，I think it necessary for all the countries in the world to work together to build a peaceful world. 实际上，我认为世界各国很有必要团结起来，共同建造一个和平的世界。 4．作定语 ①动词不定式作定语时，要放在它所修饰的名词或代词后面。 Attention，please.I have something important to say. 请注意，我有重要的事情要说。 ②如果不定式是不及物动词，后面就应有必要的介词。 Give me a piece of paper to write on. 给我一张纸写字。 ③当中心词为序数词，最高级，the last，the only等或中心词被这类词修饰时，常用不定式作定语。 She is hard-working and is always the first one to come every day. 她很勤奋，每天总是第一个来。 ④用来修饰的词是抽象名词时，常用的有：ability，effort，chance，promise，way等。 After staying in China for 3 years，Mr Green has the ability to speak Chinese. 在中国待了3年后，格林先生有能力说汉语了。 Your way to solve the problem is different from mine. 你解决这个问题的方法与我的不同。 5．作状语 ①表示目的 To keep up with others，he has been working very hard. 为了赶上别人，他一直在努力学习。 ②表示结果 The Californian ship arrived too late to save more people. 加利福尼亚号来得太晚，没能挽救更多的人。 [温馨提示]　不定式短语表示结果时，常与only连用，暗示一种意外的结果。 He hurried to the station，only to find the train had left.他匆忙赶到车站，却发现火车已经开走了。 Mary hurried to school，only to be told it was Sunday. 玛丽匆忙地赶到学校，结果被告知是星期天。 ③表示原因 不定式作原因状语，常用在某些表示喜、怒、哀、乐等的形容词后。 I was surprised to see that a four-year-old boy could sing so well. 看到一个4岁的孩子能唱这么好，我感到很惊讶。 6．作宾补 ①不定式常跟在下列动词之后作宾补：ask，advise，encourage，expect，invite，notice，order，teach，tell，warn等。 We should encourage students to take part in some voluntary activities. 我们应该鼓励学生参加一些志愿者活动。 ②使役动词 let，have，make后，感官动词see，watch，look at，notice，hear，listen to，feel等后作宾补，省略to。 The teacher made him say the word like this. 老师让他像这样说这个单词。 Don’t let a child do what he/she wishes to. 千万不要让孩子想干什么就干什么。 [温馨提示]　上述动词变为被动语态时不定式符号to不能省掉。 Jack was often seen to chat with friends on the Internet.经常看见杰克在网上和朋友聊天。 [温馨提示] 不定式可以和疑问词连用，构成“who/which/what/how/when...＋to do”结构，在句中相当于名词，常作主语、宾语、表语等。 (1)When to set off for Beijing hasn’t been decided. 什么时候动身去北京还没有决定。(作主语) (2)He told us how to revise our lessons effectively. 他告诉我们如何有效地复习功课。(作宾语) (3)The question is how to educate the young generation correctly. 问题是如何正确地教育年轻一代。(作表语) 【即时检测】 Ⅰ.单句语法填空 1．She didn’t know this accident was (change) her whole life. 2．It is very challenging for us (finish) the whole work on schedule. 3． (catch) the early bus that morning，the woman got up very early. 4．The man was made (work) for 12 hours a day when he was 20 years old. 5．The man hurried to his house，only (tell) that his son had been lost. 6．All of us were very surprised (hear) that she had left the company. 7.Voluntary activities give us a chance (do) something meaningful to others. 8．After failing in the exam，I made it a habit (listen) to English every night. 9．To make their lessons interesting，our teachers design (variety) lessons for us. 10．Can you spare five minutes when it is (convenience)? Ⅱ.完成句子 1．As the old saying goes，“ .” 俗话说：“眼见为实。” 2.Meanwhile，we should volunteer in need. 同时，我们还应当自愿做一些工作，来帮助那些需要帮助的人。 3．The young man aims the next year. 这个年轻人力争明年给父母买一所新房子。 4．It’s harmful to our health . 吸烟和饮酒成瘾对我们的健康有害。 5． ，we will ask natives for some information. 如果你方便和我一块去的话，我们将去向当地人询问一些信息。 知识点02 关系代词引导的定语从句 【观察例句】 1．When we weren’t playing on the court which was next to our building，we were watching a game on TV. 2．Paul’s favourite player was Tyrone Bogues，a guy who played for the Charlotte Hornets，... 3．Everyone knew Paul had real skills，and was someone who worked really hard and had a strong desire to play for the team. 4．The Bears，a team whose record this season had been perfect. 5．Paul didn’t know he’d soon get the chance that he’d been waiting for. 6．And clearly，all the extra hours that he’d spent practising alone paid off. 【归纳用法】 一、概念 定语从句：在复合句中，作定语，用来修饰某一名词(名词性短语)或代词的从句叫定语从句。 先行词：被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。 关系词：连接主句和从句的词叫关系词(关系代词有that，which，who，whom，whose等；关系副词有when，where，why)。 二、关系代词的用法 先行词 关系代词 在从句中所作成分 人 who 主语，宾语，表语 whom 宾语 that 主语，宾语，表语 whose 定语 物 that 主语，宾语，表语 which 主语，宾语 whose 定语 1.先行词是人，关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，用who/that，且不可省略。 We are worrying about the people who/that have suffered from the disease in the area. 我们担心这个地区遭受疾病折磨的人们。 [温馨提示] 先行词是人时，宜用who不宜用that的情况 ①当先行词是指人的不定代词时，如：one，ones，anyone等。 Anyone who aims to get ahead must work hard. 任何想成功的人都必须努力。 ②当先行词是人称代词I，you，he，they等时(常用于谚语中)。 He who doesn’t reach the Great Wall is not a true man.不到长城非好汉。 ③当先行词为指人的those时。 Those who have good manners will be highly respected. 那些有礼貌的人会受到人们的高度尊重。 ④在there be结构中，先行词指人时。 There is a young man who wants to buy a skateboard. 有一个年轻人想买个滑板。 2．先行词是人，关系代词在定语从句中作宾语时，用who/that/whom，可省略。 He is the expert (who/that/whom) I mentioned to you yesterday. 他就是我昨天给你提到的那个专家。 [温馨提示] 关系词在从句中作介词的宾语且直接跟在介词后时，只能用whom，且不可省略。 This is the voluntary teacher from whom we’ve learned a lot. 这就是我们从他那里学到了很多知识的那位支教老师。 3．先行词是人，关系代词在定语从句中作定语时，用whose。 Do you know the girl whose Chinese is excellent？你认识那个汉语非常优秀的姑娘吗？ [温馨提示] whose指代人时，常用下列结构来代替： I will talk to those students whose homework hasn’t been done on schedule. ＝I will talk to those students，the homework of whom hasn’t been done on schedule. ＝I will talk to those students，of whom the homework hasn’t been done on schedule. 我要和那些没完成作业的学生谈话。 4．先行词是物，关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，用which/that，且不可省略。 He is working in the company which/that was opened in 1870. 他现在在那个1870年开始运作的公司工作。 5．先行词是物，关系代词在定语从句中作宾语时，用which/that，可省略。 The gold medal (which/that) she won has been given to her old school. 她曾经获得的那块金牌已经被送给她的母校了。 [温馨提示] (1)宜用that不宜用which的情况 ①当先行词是all，little，much，something，anything，everything，nothing，some等不定代词时。 All that can be done has been done. 一切能做的都已经做完了。 ②当先行词被all，every，any，little，much，the only，the very，the right，the last，just等修饰时。 Music is the only thing that interests me. 音乐是唯一令我感兴趣的东西。 ③当先行词是序数词、形容词最高级或被序数词、形容词最高级修饰时。 This is the most interesting story that I have ever read.这是我曾经读过的最有趣的故事。 ④当先行词中既有人又有物时。 She described in her composition the people and places that impressed her most.她在作文中描述了令她印象最深刻的一些人和地方。 ⑤当先行词前面出现who，which等疑问代词时，为了避免重复。 Who is the boy that is playing computer games there? 在那里玩电脑游戏的那个男孩是谁？ Which is the book that you are interested in? 你感兴趣的书是哪本？ (2)宜用which不宜用that的情况 ①关系代词前有介词时。 The house in which I used to live has become a shoe shop.我过去住的房子现在变成了一家鞋店。 ②在非限制性定语从句中。 Have you ever read the book，which was written by a young girl? 你读过一个年轻女孩写的这本书吗？ 6．先行词是物，关系代词在定语从句中作定语时，用whose。 He volunteered to join in the activity whose aim is to help those who are in trouble. 他志愿加入这个活动，活动的目的是帮助那些处于困难中的人。 [温馨提示] whose指物时，常用下列结构来代替： He volunteered to join in the activity whose aim is to help those who are in trouble. ＝He volunteered to join in the activity，the aim of which is to help those who are in trouble. ＝He volunteered to join in the activity，of which the aim is to help those who are in trouble. 三、使用定语从句的注意事项 1．关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，定语从句的谓语动词要和先行词的人称和数保持一致。 Those who are over 45 years old won’t be permitted to go into the hall. 超过45岁的人不允许进入大厅。 [温馨提示] “one of＋复数名词”作先行词，谓语动词用复数形式；“the only one of＋复数名词”作先行词，谓语动词用单数形式。 This is one of the books which were written by Charles Dickens. 这是查尔斯·狄更斯所写的书的其中一本。 He is the only one of the boys in our class who has learned to play golf. 他是我们班里唯一一个学过高尔夫球的男孩。 2．为避免关系词的重复，被关系代词所代替的成分不可在从句中重复出现。 This is the apartment which he bought last year.(bought后不可加it) 这就是他去年买的那所公寓。 【即时检测】 Ⅰ.单句语法填空 1．I suggested that you should try (balance) your diet by eating more fruit and less meat. 2．He can’t keep up with his classmates，let stand out. 3．With new year approaching，roads are becoming more and more (crowd)． 4．Our English teacher is a person is energetic and friendly. 5．The film you are looking forward to seeing will be on next week. 6．The girl father is an editor goes jogging regularly. 7．This is a new kind of car parts are of high quality. 8．We’d better forget the persons and things put us under pressure. Ⅱ.完成句子 1．At the same time，their mother went out to buy the paper bags . 同时，他们的妈妈出去买回了他们需要的纸袋。 2．Much sooner than expected，he returned with an empty basket and so much money . 比预计的早很多，他回来了，带着空空的篮子和从来也没有见过的那么多的钱。 3．The athlete was badly hurt in the match recovered in the end. 在那次比赛中脚严重受伤的那名运动员最终康复了。 4．Opportunity only favors those . 机会只眷顾那些有准备的人。 知识点03 被动语态 【观察例句】 1．It is believed that when Fu is put upside down，happiness arrives. 2．Next，the Chinese character Fu was attached upside down to our front door. 3．Most of the important Spring Festival traditions are still being practised by people across the country. 4．Fireworks were being let off across the city，suddenly lighting up the night sky. 5．Throughout history，some of the original customs have changed，but the spirit of the festival—the spirit of family—has largely been kept. 【归纳用法】 一、被动语态的概述 语态是动词的一种形式，它表示句子的主语和谓语动词之间的关系。英语的语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。 ◆主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。如： They prohibit smoking in public areas. 谓语prohibit的动作是由主语they发出的，即they是prohibit smoking这个动作的执行者。 ◆被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，即行为动作的对象。如： Smoking is prohibited by them in public areas. 主语smoking是prohibit这个动作的承受者。 二、被动语态的构成 被动语态由“助动词be＋及物动词的过去分词”构成。助动词be本身无词义，但有人称、数和时态的变化。 时态 构成形式 一般现在时 am/is/are＋done 一般过去时 was/were＋done 一般将来时 be going to/will/shall＋be done 过去将来时 would/should＋be done 现在进行时 am/is/are＋being done 过去进行时 was/were＋being done 现在完成时 have/has＋been done 过去完成时 had＋been done 含情态动词 情态动词＋be done The boy is often seen to play basketball on the court. 人们经常看到这个男孩在球场上打篮球。 The athlete was seen to enter the gym just now. 刚才有人看见这位运动员进了体育馆。 A new apartment will be built by us next year. 明年我们要建一栋新公寓。 The news would be sent to the volunteer’s mother the moment it arrived. 消息一到就会被送到那位志愿者的母亲那里。 The problem is being discussed at the meeting at the moment. 目前，会议上正在讨论这个问题。 An informal boxing match was being held when I arrived there. 我到那儿时，一场非正式的拳击比赛正在进行。 People’s living quality has been greatly improved in the past ten years. 在过去的十年里，人们的生活质量得到了极大的提高。 By the end of last year，another company had been completed. 到去年年底为止，另一家公司已经建成了。 The new teaching equipment must be sent to the rural school in no time. 这些新的教学设备必须马上送到那所乡村学校。 三、在下列情况下使用被动语态 1．不知道或者没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者。 The charity organization was built ten years ago. 这个慈善组织是十年前成立的。 2．强调动作的承受者。 Your plan is considered to be practical. 你的计划被认为是实用的。 3．在书面语中，特别是在科技报告和新闻报道中，被动语态比主动语态更正式。 The International Space Station has been built in the Earth’s orbit. 国际空间站已经在地球轨道上建成了。 4．习惯用法的需要。这类词常见的有born，determine，devote，seat，dress，situate等。 You will never gain success unless you are fully devoted to your work. 你只有全身心地投入工作才能取得成功。 四、使用被动语态的注意问题 1．以主动形式表被动意义的动词 (1)表示状态特征的系动词，如look，sound，feel，smell，taste，prove不用于被动语态，其后接形容词或名词构成系表结构，表示被动含义。 He looks strong and energetic after going jogging regularly. 进行有规律的慢跑之后，他看起来很强壮并且充满活力。 The problem proves tough and is difficult to deal with. 这个问题证明很难，并且很难处理。 (2)表示主语的内在特征、性质或状态的动词，如drive，lock，sell，read，wash，dry等，常用主动形式表示被动意义。这类动词一般不单独使用，常有一个修饰语。 You can depend on it that this kind of cloth washes well.你可以相信这种布料很好洗。 To our disappointment，the engine won’t start. 让我们失望的是，引擎发动不起来。 (3)不定式作定语，与前面被修饰的名词或代词构成动宾关系，且不定式的逻辑主语为主句的主语时，不定式用主动形式表示被动含义。 Attention，please.I have something important to say. 请注意，我有重要的事情要说。 (4)不定式修饰作表语和宾语补足语的形容词时，如difficult，easy，comfortable，hard，convenient，cheap，expensive等，不定式用主动形式表示被动含义。 We find the guy is difficult to get along with. 我们发现这个家伙很难相处。 Our apartment is comfortable to live in. 我们的公寓住起来很舒服。 (5)need，want，require，deserve等作谓语，其主语为物时，动词后的动名词用主动形式表示被动含义。 The plan required discussing on schedule at the meeting. ＝The plan required to be discussed on schedule at the meeting. 这项计划需要在会上按时讨论。 (6)表示开始、结束、运动的动词，如begin，finish，start，open，close，stop，end，run，move等。 The gym opens at 8 a．m.and closes at 10 p．m.every day. 这家健身房每天上午八点开门，晚上十点关门。 2．不用被动语态的情况 不及物动词或不及物动词短语无被动语态，常见的有：appear，die，disappear，rise，fail，happen，last，lie，remain，spread，stand，break out，come true，belong to，lose heart，take place，run out，come up等。 Owing to the heavy snow，the price of vegetable has risen recently. 由于这场大雪，最近蔬菜的价格上涨了。 To our satisfaction，our dream came true at last. 令我们满意的是，我们的梦想最终实现了。 【即时检测】 Ⅰ.单句语法填空 1．Great changes (take) place in China in the past twenty years. 2．Because the surroundings are beautiful，the apartment building (sell) well. 3．As a result of the serious flood，the muddy roads in the rural area need (repair)． 4．I have no time to go with you because our new house (decorate) now. 5．It’s a custom in China to have some tea or other drinks before the meal (serve)． 6．How many magazines can (borrow) from your library every week? 7．It is reported that a space station (build) on the moon in the near future. 8．I had not (wake) up by the alarm，so I was late for school this morning. 9．The expert said that a new hospital (build) near this village soon. 10．That company，though small，is pleasant (deal) with. Ⅱ.完成句子 1．We must healthy food，regular exercise and reasonable schedules. 我们必须重视健康的饮食、规律的运动和合理的日程安排。 2．Red lanterns are and firecrackers are let off to scare away the monster Nian. 红灯笼被挂起来，并且燃放鞭炮以吓走怪兽“年”。 3． ignore the importance of education. 我们绝对不能忽略教育的重要性。 4． ，the boy arose from his chair immediately. 他妈妈一到家，这个男孩就赶快从椅子上起来了。 5． is of great benefit to your growth. 让你的周围都是积极向上的人对你的成长是有益的。 知识点04 过去将来时 【观察例句】 1.Yet，very few people knew that future avatars would have such a wide variety of forms and uses. 2．When people started creating their own avatars，they discovered that they were going to have the power to create new identities that did not look or act like their real selves at all. 3．When Internet users realised that their avatars would be seen by many people，not just their friends... 【归纳用法】 过去将来时(The Past Future Tense) 1．过去将来时的基本功能 过去将来时表示从过去的某一时间看，即将发生或存在的状态， 常用于宾语从句。如： She said she would be there at 7 o’clock and he thought she would keep her word. 她说她会在七点到达，他认为她会守信用。 She told me she was going to book two tickets. 她告诉我她打算订两张票。 2．过去将来时的构成和用法 (1)should/would do表示根据计划安排即将发生。如： He promised he would stop smoking and he made it. 他保证他会戒烟，并且做到了。 (2)was/were going to do表示过去某个时刻打算做或表示过去有某种迹象将要发生某事。如： I was going to take part in your birthday party，but I failed to do so. 我本打算去参加你的生日聚会，但是没去成。 It seemed as if it was going to rain. 看起来天好像要下雨了。 (3)was/were to do和was/were about to do表过去将来时。如： This was the call that announced that there was about to be a whale hunt. 这是宣告捕鲸行动马上就要开始的声音。 Tom told me that he was to be a doctor after graduation. 汤姆告诉我毕业后他将当一名医生。 (4)某些动词的过去进行时可以表示过去将来时，如：come，go，leave，arrive等表示位移的动词。 James has just arrived，but I didn’t know he was coming until yesterday. 詹姆士已经到了，但是直到昨天我才知道他要来。 I was told that my deskmate was leaving for England for further study. 我被告知我的同桌将要去英国深造。 【即时检测】 Ⅰ.单句语法填空 1．I didn’t know when they ______(come) to explore for oil again. 2．Helen said she ______(tell) the news to her parents the next day. 3．I was about ______(chat) with my deskmate when our head teacher came in. 4．It seemed as if she was going ______(cry)． 5．When he looked to the side，he saw ______(instant) that it was not a dog at all，but a wolf，quickly catching up with him. 6．Scientists were so ______(concern) that they decided to take action. 7．The old man was tricked into______(buy) a lot of useless products，which annoyed his children. 8．To our amazement，a ______(vary) of fancy cars are on show. Ⅱ.完成句子 1．Experts said that the dam ______ the people around it. 专家说大坝将使它周围的人受益。 2．I ______ the meeting last night，but an unexpected visitor came. 昨晚我本打算去参加会议，但是家里来了个不速之客。 3．I recognized him ______ I saw him at the airport. 在机场我一看见他就认出他来了。 4．The boy ______，for which he was blamed by his teacher. 小男孩捉弄了他的同桌， 老师因此责备了他。 5．____________，there are a variety of possibilities for the development of the situation. 据我所知，形势的发展有各种各样的可能性。 知识点05 关系副词引导的定语从句 一、when 引导的定语从句 [先感知] ①That was the day when it took only six hours to break my body and soul. ②It may appear strange，but at that moment，when we were on the edge of the whirlpool，I felt calmer than when we were moving towards it. [会发现] ①句中 when 引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词the day；②句中第一个 when 引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词that moment。 [明规则] (1) 当先行词是表示时间的名词（如 time, day, year, month, week 等），且在从句中作时间状语时，定语从句要用 when 引导。 (2) when 可以转化成“介词（at/in/on/during）+ which”的形式。 [名师指津] 当先行词表示时间，但关系词在从句中作主语、宾语或表语时，不能用 when，而要用关系代词 that 或 which 引导定语从句（作宾语时关系词可省略）。 [对点练]（单句语法填空） ①There are times ________ your heart is not in your work. ②We’ve gone to the opposite extreme of a few decades ago _______ parents tended to be more strict. ③We have entered into an age ________ dreams have the best chance of coming true. ④Mr Smith owned this oil painting until the early 1990s, ________ he gave it to his grandson. ⑤I’ll remember the days ________ I spent with you. 二、where 引导的定语从句 [先感知] ①One day，my two brothers and I were coming back from the islands where we often risked going and got more fish than others. ②... the waves soon carried me to an area where the other fishermen were. [会发现] ①句中先行词为the islands，表示地点，用关系副词 where 指代；②句中先行词为an area，表示地点，用关系副词 where 指代。 [明规则] (1) 当先行词是表示具体地点的名词（如 place，room，mountain 等），且关系词在从句中作地点状语时，定语从句要用 where 引导。 (2) where 可以转化成“介词（in/at/on）+ which”的形式。 (3) 如果先行词为表示抽象地点的名词（如 case，state，condition，point，situation 等），且关系词在从句中作状语时，用关系副词 where 引导从句。 [名师指津] 当先行词表示地点，但关系词在从句中作主语、宾语或表语时，不能用 where，而要用关系代词 that 或 which 引导定语从句（作宾语时关系词可省略）。 [对点练]（单句语法填空） ①However，Molai went looking on his own and discovered a nearby island ______ he began to plant trees. ②It was a big deal for us to load up and go to the local library， ______ my kids could pick out books to read or books they wanted me to read to them. ③Stories like that are more common in parts of the world ______ multigenerational living is more firmly rooted. ④This is an amazing program ______ you can share your ideas with students. ⑤His father works in a factory ______ makes car parts. 三、why 引导的定语从句 [先感知] As you can see，the reason why I’m here to tell the story is that I made the right decision [会发现] 此句中关系副词 why 引导定语从句，修饰先行词the reason。 [明规则] (1) 当先行词是表示原因的名词 reason，且关系词在从句中作原因状语时，定语从句要用 why 引导。 (2) 可以用 for which 来代替 why。 (3) why 只能引导限制性定语从句。 [对点练] (1) 单句语法填空 ①There are several reasons________ school uniforms are a good idea. ②This is the reason ________ he leaves so soon. (2) 一句多译 你知道他现在还没有来这儿的原因吗？ ③________________________________ ? ④________________________________ ? [即时巩固训练] Ⅰ. 用适当的关系副词填空 1. Do you know the reason ________ he is late for school? 2. Let’s go to the concert，________ you will find much fun. 3. Self-driving is an area ________ China and the rest of the world are on the same starting line. 4. There was a long wait at the reception desk，________ everyone was checking in. 5. We will put off the picnic in the park until next week，________ the weather may be better. 6. Opposite is St. Paul’s Church，________ you can hear some lovely music. 7. The boss of the company is trying to create an easy atmosphere ________ his employees enjoy their work. 8. As the smallest child of his family，Alex is always longing for the time ________ he should be able to be independent. 9. Can you tell me the time ________ the film will start? 10. There are occasions ________ one must give in. Ⅱ. 完成句子 1.  I still remember the day ________________________________. 我还记得我第一次来北京的那天。 2.  The loss of big trees was greatest in areas ________________________________. 在树木缺水最严重的地区，大树的损失是最大的。 3.  I don’t know the reason ________________________________ yesterday. 我不知道昨天他为什么没有向他的好朋友求助。 4. By opening a novel，I can enter into a wonderful and mysterious world ____________________.通过打开一本小说，我可以进入一个奇妙而神秘的世界，在那里我是一个新的角色。 5. Is this the reason ________________________________? 这是他拒绝我们的帮助的理由吗？ 知识点06 “介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句 [观察例句] 1．Later，she studied Chinese medicine for two and a half years with experts in the field from whom she gained a deep knowledge about traditional practices. 2．They did not have enough staff，and the laboratory in which they worked had poor air quality. [归纳用法] “介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句 当关系代词作介词宾语时，就出现了“介词＋关系代词” 引导的定语从句。作介词宾语的关系代词通常是which或whom，不能用that。如果指“人”，用“介词＋whom”；如果指“物”，用“介词＋which”；关系代词有时也用whose(作定语)。 1．在“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句中作介词宾语的关系代词只能是which(指物)，whom(指人)，即介词＋which/whom，如： The old man has two sons，both of whom are famous doctors. 老人有两个儿子，都是著名的医生。 What is the youngest age at which a person can be employed? 可以受雇的最低年龄是多大？ 2．“介词＋which”在定语从句中作状语，相当于关系副词when，where，why。如： We live in an age in which(when) more information is available with greater ease than ever before. 我们生活在这样一个时代：信息比以往任何时候都更容易获得。 I will never forget the day on which(＝when) we met for the first time. 我永远不会忘了我们第一次见面的那天。 This is the reason for which(＝why) he was late for school. 这就是他上学迟到的原因。 3．“名词/代词/数词＋of＋which/whom”引导的定语从句常是非限制性定语从句，该结构在从句中作主语。如： He wrote many children’s books，nearly half of which were published in the 1960s. 他写了很多儿童书籍，将近一半都在20世纪60年代出版。 Your speech was heard by a group of five judges，all of whom agreed that it was the best one this year. 五位评委听了你的演讲，他们都认为你的演讲是今年最好的。 4．“介词＋whose”引导的定语从句中，whose作定语，修饰其后的名词。 I visited Mr King，in whose office I came across my former boss. 我拜访了金先生， 在他的办公室我碰见了我原来的老板。 I’m very grateful to my headteacher，without whose generous help I couldn’t have finished my high school education. 我非常感激我的班主任，没有他的慷慨帮助我就不可能完成高中学业。 5．“介词＋关系代词”结构中介词的选择 (1)根据定语从句中谓语动词的搭配习惯(即固定短语)。 Yesterday we visited the West Lake for which Hangzhou is famous. 昨天我们参观了西湖，杭州因其而出名。(be famous for“因……而出名”) (2)根据先行词的搭配习惯(约定俗成，不一定是短语)。 This is the camera with which he often takes photos. 这就是他经常用来拍照的相机。(with camera“用照相机”) The boss in whose company Mr King worked heard about the accident. 金先生所工作的公司的老板听说了这起事故。(in the boss’s company) (3)根据句子的意思来选择。 The colorless gas without which we cannot live is called oxygen. 这种无色的、离了它我们就无法生存的气体是氧气。 (4)表示“所有”关系或“整体中的一部分”时，通常用介词of。 I have about 10 books，half of which were written by Mo Yan. 我有大约10本书，其中一半是莫言写的。 [名师点津]　在定语从句中，有一些含介词的动词短语不可拆开使用，如look after，look for等不能把介词移至which或whom之前。 The babies whom the nurses are looking after are very healthy.(正) The babies after whom the nurses are looking are very healthy.(误) 【即时检测】 Ⅰ.单句语法填空 1．My computer without I can’t surf the Internet broke down yesterday. 2．The building had been repaired，the roof which was destroyed again in the big fire. 3．The reason which she was absent was that she missed the train. 4．He is the reliable man whom you can turn for help in any condition. 5．The Dragon Boat Festival takes place every year in honour the great poet—Qu Yuan. 6．Misjudgments on the influences of technology can lead to a waste of (limit) resources. 7．It is a good idea to place your order well advance as delivery can often take months rather than weeks. 8．There is a growing (recognize) that education does not end with graduation. Ⅱ.完成句子 1．She is always ，though she lives the farthest. 尽管她住得最远，她总是第一个到办公室。 2．It was at the airport that I one of my university classmates. 正是在机场我偶然遇见了我的一个大学同学。 3．With the development of economy，Tianjin in the last few years. 随着经济的发展，天津在过去的几年中已经改变得认不出来了。 4．We didn’t know he refused our help. 我们不知道他拒绝我们帮助的原因。 5． if you could let me know whether or not you will come. 如果你能提前告诉我你是否会来，我将不胜感激。 基础通关（测试时间：20分钟） 一．动词不定式 1. “Keep silent!” the monitor told the boys to stop_________ (talk). 2. The girl walked so tiredly that she stopped_________ (have) a rest. 3. Mr Li is said _________ (study) abroad. But I don't know which country he studied in. 4. Mr Li is said _________ (study) abroad. But I don't know which country he is studying in. 5. The little girl had no choice but _______(stay) at home. 6. The little girl could do nothing but ______ (stay) at home. 7. After a rest, we went on _______the same problem. 8. After a rest, we went on_______(do)the next problem. 9. The little boy would like _____(take) her to the cinema. 10. The little boy would like ______(take) to the cinema. 二．关系代词引导的定语从句 【即时训练】用关系代词that或which填空。 1. The teacher and the books ________ he recommended were excellent. 2. She is the tallest girl ________I have ever seen.  3. There is nothing ________ can stop me from achieving my goals. 4. The third place ________ they visited was the Great Wall.   5. This is all ________ I want to say at the meeting. 6.Maybe you leave a habit ________is driving your family crazy. 7.I’d skipped nearby Guilin, a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River _________are pictured by artists in so many Chinese paintings. 8. This kind of book is for children _________ native language is English.  9. In 1963 the UN set up the World Food Programme, one of _______ purposes is to relieve worldwide starvation. 10. Kae, _________sister I shared a room with when we were at college, has gone to work in Australia. 三．被动语态 1. (2017全国Ⅰ) When fat and salt _____________(remove) from food, the food tastes as if it is missing something. 2. (2016北京) The students have been working hard on their lessons and their efforts _____________ (reward) with success in the end. 3. Bad customs and laws ought to ____________(abandon), since they are inappropriate for the development of the society. 4. Large quantities of information, as well as timely help_____________(offer) to us over the past 2 years. 四．过去将来时 1. Did you predict that many students _____________ (sign) up for the dance competition? 2. He was about to go to bed ________ there was a knock on the door. 3. When he _____________ (open) the door, he found his keys were nowhere. 4. At college, Barack Obama didn’t know that he _____________ (become) the first black president of the United States of America. 5. I wish he __________(go) with me to the cinema tonight. 6. If I had a chance to study abroad, I __________(study) at Cambridge University. 7. If he had spent more time practising speaking English before, he ________(be) able to speak it much better now. 8. If the captain had been more careful, his ship _____________ (sink). 9. What a pity! You missed the sightseeing, or we _____________ (have) a good time together. 10. I wasn't sure whether he ___________ (lend) me his book the next morning. 五．关系副词引导的定语从句 1. Do you still remember the days________ we traveled together? 2. Do you still remember the days________ we spent together? 3. Is this the museum ______ you once worked? 4. Is this the museum ______ you once paid a visit to? 5. Is this the reason _______he was absent from school yesterday? 6. Is this the reason _______he gave for absence from school yesterday? 7. Anyway, that evening, ______I’ll tell you more about later, I ended up staying at Rachel’s place. 六、介词+关系代词引导的定语从句 1. Do you remember the day we first met? 2. Do you remember the month we first met? 3. This is the skirt she paid $100. 4. This is the skirt she spent $100. 5. This is my English teacher, I’ve learned a lot. 6. This is my English teacher, help I couldn’t have made such rapid progress. 7. Can you tell me the way you solve the problem？ 重难突破（测试时间：15分钟） A （25-26高一上·江苏常州·期末）阅读下面短文，按照句子结构的语法性和上下文连贯的要求，在空格处填入一个适当词或使用括号中词语的正确形式填空。 The Sanjiangyuan Region is home 1 the headwaters of three major rivers of Asia (i.e. Yangtze, Yellow, Lancang rivers). Therefore, it is known as Asia’s “water tower”. 2 its impressive landscape and various wildlife, the Sanjiangyuan Region is not only the source of splendid rivers, but also an important habitat for species on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. In the past few decades, the delicate ecological environment 3 (protect) silently by the locals. 4 (cover) a total area of 123100 square kilometres, the national park emphasizes the protection of the entire ecosystem, including all of the local natural resources, such as wild animals, water, grassland and forests. Little known to the outsiders, Jianzuo Village, located near the headwaters of the Lancang River, 5 the first community on the Plateau to lead a zero-waste life. 6 the idea widely spread in the area, local people began to give up using plastic products to protect the water and soil in the Sanjiangyuan Region. In 2017, the residents made use of floors, doors and windows abandoned in the Yushu earthquake to build a zero-waste environmental protection school 7 what makes the school unique is that the insides are decorated with recycled things and second-hand furniture, each of which has a special story. The zero-waste school also reminds the local people of the beauty of traditional culture. As the “zero-waste dream” comes true, people 8 have lived for generations on the plateau have also regained their cultural confidence. Their lasting efforts in protecting this precious but delicate Plateau have won 9 (recognize) globally, for they have made 10 a must to protect wildlife and biodiversity even if it means they will bear personal losses, such as wild animals attacking their livestock occasionally. （25-26高一上·上海·月考）阅读下面短文，按照句子结构的语法性和上下文连贯的要求，在空格处填入一个适当词或使用括号中词语的正确形式填空。 The Problem With Overly Helpful Friends Tying knots looks easy. You just bend (使弯曲) the rope this way, twist (拧) it that way, pull, and you’re done. Yet there are dozens, if not hundreds, of different kinds of knots, each demanding a unique sequence (顺序) of bends, twists and pulls that you must memorize. For a novice (新手), memorizing them is challenging. 11 is why my mountaineering instructor required each of us students to repeatedly practice the “figure-eight follow-through” and the “alpine butterfly.” One student, who had already learned all the knots long before, could not resist telling me which way to bend, which way to twist, and which way to pull. If we had been climbing a mountain with dangerous cliffs (悬崖) below us, I probably would have welcomed his help. But here, learning was the goal: I was grateful when the teacher 12 (silence) him. I needed to exercise my own memory, 13 it meant moving slowly. Actually, even if we had been approaching the top of the mountain, it would have been better for me 14 (tie) my own knots. When you understand everything that you do, you become more competition and enjoy activities more. This is obvious in sports like climbing, where mastering skills is part of the pleasure, but it holds truer in almost every pursuit. Herein lies the danger of generative AI. These tools are like the overly helpful friends who think they know everything. Quite often, we 15 (tempt) to ask for AI’s help with everything we do. Lately,   16 I talk with my friends about something I’m uncertain about, they say, “Ask ChatGPT” or “Ask DeepSeek.” However, a big problem with these tools is 17 they sometimes give wrong or incomplete information. (Presumably they will continue to improve, though.) An even deeper peril (危险) is that habitually 18 (rely) on AI tools will take the Eage off your thinking. A recent study by scientists from MI suggested that over-reliance on AI tools can lead 19 intellectual (思维的) laziness. And that could have consequences. If you do not engage in your own research, it will be harder for you to distinguish truth from falsehood. If you do not synthesize(综合) information on your own, you will lose the ability to think independently. From tying knots to writing essays, 20 pays off to use your own head. 链接期末考（测试时间：25分钟） （24-25高一下·江苏·期末）阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。 Guiyang, capital city of Southwest China’s Guizhou province, has a rich history and culture. It has undergone continuous betterment and now 21 (attract) a steady stream of visitors. Breathtaking 22 (landscape), tea culture, and energetic ethnic (民族的) minorities are the three main features that define Guiyang and wider Guizhou, and visitors can enjoy them all in Qingzhen city, west of Guiyang. AJ Donnelly, a British vlogger, visited Qingzhen to explore its characteristic customs and 23 (invite) scenery. In this video trip, AJ showed us around the Hongfeng Lake, which 24 (surround) by beautiful red leaves in autumn, and China’s newest social media hit, the Yangpi Cave Waterfall, which is famous 25 its breathtaking Karst landforms. In the Ludishao Tea Expo Garden, AJ buried 26 (he) in tea aroma (芳香) and tried hand-picking his own tea. AJ also visited the Maige Miao and Bouyei ethnic township, 27 mainly live the “Four Seals Miao”, 28 branch of the Miao people. Their characteristic clothing made a surprise 29 (appear) in Milan Fashion Week and served the world a visual feast. Charming Qingzhen is just a glimpse (一瞥) of “Cool Guiyang”, and there are more splendid views the city has 30 (choose) from. Come and see for yourselves, will you? （24-25高一下·河南三门峡·期末）阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 2024 may go down not only as the hottest ever recorded but also as a year that has, with an alarming increase in the 31 (frequent) and severity of a wide range of climate change-caused extreme weather events, given us a clear forecast of the climate change impacts 32 we can anticipate over the coming decades and centuries. These impacts are far-reaching, 33 (extend) to human health, politics, food supplies, infrastructure, financial markets, and society at large, and exceeding national boundaries. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), our atmosphere now holds more carbon dioxide than 34 any time in human history. It is increasingly likely 35 global surface temperatures will surpass the critical 1. 5 degrees Celsius threshold (临界值) set during the COP21 summit, known as the Paris climate agreement. As 36 (indicate) by the Global Hunger Index, the consequence of anthropogenic (人为的) climate change has worsened food insecurity, resulting in 37 increase in global hunger for the first time in 38 (decade). While the current sign might suggest an upcoming climate catastrophe, it is crucial 39 (acknowledge) the progress. For instance, the cost of 40 (renew) energy has fallen faster than expectations, paving the way for clean energy transition. Moreover, over half of the world’s economies have already moved beyond a peak in power generation from fossil fuels. （24-25高一下·上海闵行·期末）阅读下面短文，按照句子结构的语法性和上下文连贯的要求，在空格处填入一个适当词或使用括号中词语的正确形式填空。 If you’re tired of looking at the world in the same old way, it might be time to broaden your horizons. 41 (become) more open-minded can help you live an exciting life in which you never stop growing. By making just a few changes to your daily routine, you 42 open up your mind and say goodbye to your old close-minded ways. Keep 43 open mind about things that you’ve never done before. Close-minded people are 44 who are famous for forming negative opinions of things they’ve never even tried. They may hate the other pizza place in town 45 even setting foot in the door, or they think the vegan movement is completely silly without ever trying it themselves. So, the next time you catch yourself supporting a negative opinion about something, ask yourself what evidence you have 46 (support) your ideas. Try researching a subject to learn more about it. If, for example, you aren’t sure 47 people are vegans, try searching online or checking out a book about it. If you find that there is absolutely no evidence to prove your case, then you should try that thing yourself before you say anything else. 48 (See) things from multiple perspectives. You could do this with almost anything in your life: politics, religion, education, personal beliefs, etc. You don’t have to change your mind or bend any of your morals, 49 try to see things from the other side. You’ll become more open-minded and learn how to put yourself in someone else’s shoes. Pick a variety of things to read and just dive in. You should read widely: non-fiction, literary fiction, magazines, newspapers, blogs, or anything in between. Read a book about country you 50 (not be) to. The more you know, the more power you’ll have to make educated decisions and to be more open-minded. 3 / 3 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $