必修1 句子成分解析涵盖主谓宾定状补同位语等助力拆解长难句-备战2025-2026学年高中英语上学期期末语法全解（沪教版）

ENGLISH-高中系列资料（沪教版） 必修1-U2句子成分与复合句核心语法 考频分析 句子成分解析是高中英语语法的重要模块，考频占语法总量的15%左右，贯穿试卷核心题型：阅读理解 (长难句分析关键)、语法填空(1-2题)、短文改错(1-2题)、书面表达（影响句子结构合理性）。在长难 句理解类题目中，主谓宾的划分、定状补的辨析及同位语的识别往往是解题关键。 考查内容 高中英语对句子成分解析的考查聚焦四大维度，覆盖基础识别与长难句拆解： ·主干成分识别：主语、谓语、宾语（直接宾语与间接宾语）的基本构成与判定； ·修饰成分辨析：定语（前置定语与后置定语）、状语（时间、地点、方式、原因等）的句法功能与位置特 征； ·特殊成分应用：同位语（名词或名词性短语作同位语）、补足语（宾语补足语与主语补足语）的辨识与作 用； ·长难句拆解：复杂句式中多成分叠加时的主干提取与修饰成分分层分析（如含多个定语或状语的复合 句)。 精讲精练 知识点一：句子成分解析 ·主语（动作发出者或描述对象） -构成：名词(The book is interesting.)、代词(She likes music.入、动名词(Swimming is good exercise.)、 不定式(To learn English well is important.) -例句：口My mother cooks dinner every day.(名词作主语)They are playing basketball..(代词作 主语) ·谓语（表示动作或状态） 一分类：简单谓语（由动词或动词短语构成）、复合谓语（情态动词助动词+动词原形） -例句：He runs fast..(实义动词作简单谓语)口She can speak Chinese..(情态动词+动词原形作 复合谓语) ·宾语（动作承受者） -类型：直接宾语（接在及物动词后）、间接宾语（表动作对象，常接tofo) -例句：口He bought a book.(直接宾语)口She gave me a pen..(me为间接宾语，apen为直接宾语) ·定语（修饰名词或代词）》 一位置：前置（形容词、代词等）、后置（介词短语、不定式等） -例句：口This is a red apple.(形容词作前置定语)口The girl in red is my sister.(介词短语作后置定 语) ·状语（修饰动词、形容词或整个句子） -功能：时间(Yesterday I went to park.)、地点(They live in Shanghai..)、方式(He speaks slowly.)、 原因(She cried because she was sad.) -例句：口Ve will meet at3p.m.(时间状语)☐She sings very well..(程度状语修饰副词well) ·表语（系动词后，说明主语特征状态） -构成：形容词(The flowers are beautiful..)、名词(He is a teacher.)、介词短语(They are in the classroom.) -例句：口The weather becomes warm.(形容词作表语)口Her hobby is reading.(动名词作表语) ·同位语（对名词/代词进一步解释说明） 一形式：名词、代词或从句 -例句：口My friend Lucy is from America.(名词Lucy作同位语)口The news that he won the game is true.(从句作同位语) ·补语（补充说明宾语或主语） -类型：宾语补足语(make sb.happy)、主语补足语(He was elected monitor.) -例句：口Ne call her Mary.(名词作宾语补足语)口The door was painted red..(形容词作主语补足语) 【即学即练】 1.【句子成分识别】在句子"My mother bought a new book yesterday.”中，"a new book”作什么成分？ A.主语 B.谓语 C.直接宾语 D.状语 2.【定语位置判断】请找出句子"The girl who is standing by the window is my cousin.”中的后置定语： 3.【同位语识别】句子"My brother Tom is a doctor..”中，"Tom”的语法成分是？ A.主语 B.谓语 C.同位语 D.宾语 4.【补语辨析】句子"Ne keep the classroom clean every day..”中，"clean”作什么成分？ A.定语 B.状语 C.宾语补足语 D.表语 5.【状语功能】句子"She didn't go to school because she was ill.”中，"because she was il”是 状语。 高中|英语|沪教版|必修1-U2 ENGLISH-高中系列资料（沪教版） 知识点二：非谓语动词用法 ·动词不定式(to+动词原形) 1.功能：作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、宾语补足语 2.用法示例 -主语：To learn a foreign language is necessary.(学习一门外语是必要的) -宾语：She wants to buy a new bike.(她想买一辆新自行车) -状语：He ran fast to catch the bus..(他跑得很快为了赶上公交车) 3.特殊结构：省to的情况（使役动词make/let/have,感官动词see/hear/watch等后接不定式作宾补 时) -例句：I saw her dance in the park yesterday.(我昨天看见她在公园跳舞) ·动名词（动词ig形式，具有名词性质）》 1.功能：作主语、宾语、表语、定语 2.用法示例 -主语：Swimming is my favorite sport..(游泳是我最喜欢的运动) -宾语：He enjoys listening to music.(他喜欢听音乐) -定语：a reading room(一间阅览室) 3.常见搭配：介词后接动名词(be interested in,give up,look forward to等) -例句：She is good at singing.(她擅长唱歌) ·现在分词（动词+ig形式，具有形容词和副词性质） 1.功能：作定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语 2.用法特点：表示主动或进行的动作 3.用法示例 -定语：a developing country(一个发展中国家) -状语：Walking in the street,I met an old friend.(走在街上时，我遇见了一位老朋友) -表语：The story is interesting.(这个故事很有趣) ·过去分词（动词+ed形式，具有形容词和副词性质）》 1.功能：作定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语 2.用法特点：表示被动或完成的动作 3.用法示例 -定语：a broken window(一扇破碎的窗户) -状语：Seen from the hill,,the city looks beautiful..(从山上看，这座城市很漂亮) -表语：The glass is broken..(杯子碎了) -宾语补足语：I had my hair cut yesterday.(我昨天剪了头发) 知识点三：复合句类型及用法 ·宾语从句（名词性从句） -基础引导词（高频考点）： *that(陈述事实，可省略)→例句：She said(that)she would come tomorrow. *if/whether(是否，表疑问)→例句：I wonder if he will attend the meeting, *what/which/who(连接代词，作成分)→例句：Do you know what he bought yesterday? *when/where/why/how(连接副词，表时间地点/原因方式)→例句：He asked how I solved the problem. 一时态规则（易错点）： *主句为现在时，从句用任意时态→例句：I think she has finished her work. *主句为过去时，从句用过去相关时态→例句：He said he was watching TV then. ·定语从句（形容词性从句） -关系代词（必考点）： *who(指人，作主语/宾语)→例句：The girl who is singing is my sister. *which(指物，作主语/宾语)→例句：This is the book which I bought yesterday.. *that(指人/物，作主语/宾语，先行词为a/only等时用)→例句：He is the only student that passed the exam. *whose(指人物，作定语)→例句：I know the boy whose father is a doctor. 一关系副词（高频考点）： *when(指时间，作状语)→例句：I still remember the day when we met. *where(指地点，作状语)→例句：This is the school where I studied,. *why(指原因，先行词为reason时用)→例句：Tell me the reason why you were late. ·状语从句（副词性从句） 一时间状语从句（常考连词）： *when(当…时)→例句：|was reading when he came in. *while(当时，主句从句均为进行时)→例句：hile I was cooking,the phone rang. *until(直到…)→例句：He waited until she arrived. 一条件状语从句（重点连词）： *if(如果，主将从现)→例句：If it rains tomorrow,we will stay at home. *unless(除非，=if not)→例句：You won't pass unless you study hard. 一让步状语从句（高频考点）： *although/though(虽然，不能与but连用)→例句：Although he is young,he works hard. *even if(即使)→例句：Even if it snows,we will go there. 一原因状语从句（基础连词）： *because(因为，回答why)→例句：He didn't go to school because he was ill. *since(既然，表已知原因)→例句：Since you are busy,.I will go alone. ·高中易错点辨析 1.非谓语动词作定语的误用： -The girl to read a book is my sister.→The girl reading a book is my sister.(主动进行用现在分 词作后置定语)》 The window-breaking is in the living room.The window broken is in the living room. 完成用过去分词作后置定语) 2.定语从句关系词混淆： -This is the park which we met.→This is the park where we met.(先行词表地点，从句缺状语 用where) -don't knew the reason which he was late.I don't know the reason why he was late. 词为reason,从句缺原因状语用why) 3.宾语从句时态不一致： -He -said he will come tomorrow.→He said he would come tomorrow.(主句过去时，从句用过 去将来时) 4.状语从句”主将从现”误用： -lf it will rain tom orrow,we won't go out.→If it rains tomorrow,we won't go out.(条件状语从句 用一般现在时表将来) 高中|英语|沪教版|必修1-U2 ENGLISH-高中系列资料（沪教版） 老法一：定语从句关系代词辨析 ·核心：根据先行词（人物)及在从句中的成分（主语宾语），选择正确的关系代词 ·真题1（语法填空）： -The teacher teaches us math is very kind. 一答案：who解析：先行词为the teacher(指人)，在从句中作主语，故用关系代词whoo ·真题2（完形填空）： -This is the house_my grandfather built 50 years ago. A.who B.which C.whose D.when -答案：B解析：先行词为the house(指物)，在从句中作宾语，故用关系代词which。 考法二：非谓语动词作定语与定语从句转换 ·核心：识别非谓语动词（现在分词/过去分词/不定式）作定语的用法，并与定语从句进行转换，理解两种 结构的语法功能一致性 ·真题1（语法填空）： -The girl_(read)under the tree is my classmate.(用所给词的适当形式填空) -答案：reading解析：现在分词reading作后置定语，修饰名词the girl,.相当于定语从句who is reading, 表主动进行的动作。 ·真题2（句型转换）： -The book which was written by Mo Yan is popular.(改为含过去分词的简单句) -答案：The book written by Mo Yan is popular解析：过去分词短语written by Mo Yan作后置定语，替 换原定语从句which was written by Mo Yan,表被动完成的动作，句子结构简化但语法功能不变。 考法三：非谓语动词在复合句中的成分辨析 ·核心：结合复合句结构判断非谓语动词（不定式、动名词、分词）在句中所作成分（定语、状语、宾语 补足语等)，需区分非谓语动词与从句的功能差异 ·真题1（单项选择）： -The girl_in the library now is my classmate.She enjoys_books about history. A.reading;reading B.reading;to read C.read;reading D.to read:read -答案：A解析：第一空需填非谓语动词作后置定语修饰"the girl”,”"girl"”与"read”是主动关系，用现在 分词reading;第二空”enjoy”后接动名词作宾语，需用reading,符合"enjoy doing sth”结构。 ·真题2（语法填空）： -He promised_(finish)the task before Friday,but the project_(assign)to him last week is much harder than expected. -答案：to finish assigned解析：第一空"promise”后接不定式作宾语，需用to finish;第二空需填非谓 语动词作后置定语修饰”project'”,"project'”与”assign”是被动关系，用过去分词assigned,.相当于定 语从句which was assigned"”。 解题小妙招 ·定语从句妙招 一先行词是人还是物，从句成分先看清； -指人主语用who,宾语可用whom或who; -指物主宾用which,that通用可替代： -whose表所属关系，人事物都能接。 ·非谓定语转换招 一现在分词表主动，过去分词表被动； 一不定式表将来或目的，作定语后置要牢记； -定语从句变非谓，关系代词加be动词， -省略之后看主动，主动ing被动ed。 ·非谓成分辨析招 -复合句中非谓语，成分功能要辨明； -作定语时看关系，主动ing被动ed; 一作宾语补足语，感官使役动词后； 一介词动词后接宾，动名词形要记清； -不定式作宾常见，promise want后接todo。 高中|英语|沪教版|必修1-U2 ENGLISH-高中系列资料（沪教版） 真题演练 演练一：单项选择试题（共10题） 1.We visited the museum_was built in the Ming Dynasty last summer. A.which B.who C.where D.whose 2.My brother,_is a doctor,works in a hospital downtown. A.whom B.which C.who D.whose 3.The students__are playing basketball on the playground are from Class Three. A.which B.who C.whose D.whom 4.If it tomorrow,we will cancel the picnic. A.rain B.rains C.will rain D.rained 5.She asked me_I had finished my homework. A.that B.what C.if D.which 6.I enjoy__music in my free time. A.listen B.listening C.to listen D.listened 7.The book by Lu Xun is still popular today. A.writing B.wrote C.written D.to write 8.He was late for schoolhe missed the early bus. A.because B.although C.if D.unless 9.While ITV,the doorbell rang. A.watch B.watched C.am watching D.was watching 10.The teacher told us __quiet in the library. A.keep B.to keep C.keeping D.kept 演练二：填空试题（共10题） 1.The girl_(stand)at the door is my sister. 2.I don't know _he will come or not. 3.This is the parkwe met for the first time. 4.She decided_(study)abroad next year. 5.The story_(tell)by my grandmother was very interesting. 6.He ran fast he could catch the bus. 7.We will go hiking if it _(not rain)tomorrow. 8.My father,_is a engineer,often works late. 9.I have a friendbrother is a famous singer.