专题15 概要写作之实验研究：确定核心要素，做好提取与合并（题型专练）（上海专用）2026年高考英语二轮复习讲练测

专题15概要写作之实验研究 目录 第一部分 题型解码 高屋建瓴，掌握全局 第二部分 考向破译 微观解剖，精细教学 典例引领 方法透视 变式演练 考向01确定核心要素 考向02提取与合并【重难】 考向03组织语言与逻辑 第三部分 综合巩固 整合应用，模拟实战 题型简介 实验研究类概要写作是高考英语的难点与重点。它通常选取一篇约300-400词的科普类或心理学实验报告作为阅读材料，要求考生在理解全文的基础上，用约60个词写出一篇覆盖核心内容、语言简练、独立成篇的概要。这类题型不仅考查语言能力，更检验逻辑归纳、信息筛选与学术转述的核心素养。文章结构高度规整，一般遵循“引言-方法-结果-讨论”的科学报告框架。考生需像研究员一样，精准剥离细节与例证，抓住实验的动机、路径、发现与结论四大主轴，并用客观、严谨的学术语言进行浓缩重组。由于其逻辑性强、考点固定，是经过系统训练后容易提分的题型。 设题类型 实验研究类文章主要分为三大设题类型：对照实验、因果研究、现象验证。1) 对照实验最为常见，通过设置实验组与对照组，比较不同处理导致的差异，其概要需突出分组依据、变量控制与对比结果。2) 因果研究旨在探究某一因素（如睡眠、压力）与结果（如记忆力、表现）之间的因果关系，概要需清晰呈现自变量、因变量及确证或否定的关系。3) 现象验证则是对某个已知现象或假设进行检验，概要需强调验证过程与最终结论是否支持原假设。此外，近年也出现纵向追踪或元分析类文章，但核心仍是考查对研究设计逻辑与核心发现的把握。 命题方式 命题通常选取结构清晰、逻辑链完整的实证研究摘要或科普报道。原文在命题时已被精心编辑，确保关键信息点（目的、方法、结果、结论）明确且分散。题目要求明确，一般为：“阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。” 它不会给出具体要点提示，因此考生必须自主完成信息定位与整合。材料语言风格客观，多使用被动语态、数据引用和专业术语。命题的核心陷阱在于细节与主干的混杂，以及结论的隐含性，要求考生具备区分事实描述与意义阐释的能力。 解题思路 解题可遵循 “四步定位法” 。第一步：结构速览。快速通读，标记段落首尾句，确定哪部分分别对应引言、方法、结果、讨论。第二步：要素定位。带着问题细读：为何研究？（目的/假设）；如何研究？（对象与关键步骤）；有何发现？（主要结果与数据趋势）；说明什么？（结论与启示）。将这些关键信息用铅笔划出或简写。第三步：整合转述。将划出的信息按“目的→方法→结果→结论”的逻辑链整合。必须进行同义转述，合并同类项，将具体描述抽象化（如“80%”转为“most”）。第四步：连贯检查。用恰当的连接词（如To investigate..., Participants were..., The results showed..., Therefore...）确保行文流畅，并严格检查字数、时态（过去为主）、人称（第三人称）和独立性。 考向01确定核心要素 【例1-1】（2025 年上海市徐汇区一模题） Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. A study conducted by researchers from Fudan University aims to explore whether screen time before bedtime affects teenagers' sleep quality. The experiment involved 120 teenagers aged 15 - 17, who were divided into three groups. Group A used electronic devices for over 2 hours before bed, Group B for 30 - 60 minutes, and Group C avoided screens entirely. During the one - week experiment, researchers monitored the teenagers' sleep duration and the frequency of nighttime awakenings. The results showed that Group A slept only 6.2 hours on average and woke up 4 - 5 times a night. Group B had an average sleep of 7.1 hours with 2 - 3 awakenings. Group C slept 8 hours on average and rarely woke up at night. The researchers concluded that screen time before bedtime has a negative impact on teenagers' sleep quality, and the longer the screen time, the more serious the impact. They also suggested that teenagers should limit screen use one hour before sleep. 核心要素提取过程 研究目的：探究睡前使用电子设备时长是否影响青少年睡眠质量。 实验要素：以 120 名 15 - 17 岁青少年为对象，分三组进行为期一周的实验，变量为睡前屏幕使用时长。 核心结果：屏幕使用时长越长，青少年睡眠时间越短，夜间醒来次数越多。 最终结论：睡前屏幕使用对青少年睡眠质量有负面影响，且影响程度与时长正相关，建议睡前一小时限制使用。 参考答案：A Fudan University study explores screen time before bed’s effect on teens’ sleep. 120 teens were divided into three groups; longer screen time led to shorter sleep and more awakenings, so teens should limit it an hour before sleep. 解析：完整涵盖四大核心要素，简化了具体时长数据，用 “longer...led to...” 清晰呈现结果与变量的关联，结尾提炼建议，逻辑连贯，符合字数限制。 锚定研究目的：多位于文章开头或段首，常以 “The study aims to...”“The experiment is designed to...” 等句式呈现，是整篇研究的核心导向，需优先锁定，避免被铺垫性内容干扰。 精简实验要素：实验对象和方法是支撑结论的基础，但无需罗列细节。对象需明确类别（如特定人群、动物、样本等），方法提炼核心逻辑（如分组对照、特定场景测试等），剔除具体操作步骤、实验地点等冗余信息。 提炼核心结果：聚焦能支撑结论的关键现象或数据，剔除无关数据和重复描述。若有对比实验，需突出组间差异；若有普遍性结果，需简化表述，无需保留具体样本数量等细节。 锁定最终结论：常位于文末，可能是研究结果的总结、意义阐释或应用方向。需区分 “结果” 和 “结论”，结果是实验现象，结论是基于现象的判断，概要中二者需衔接紧密。 【变式1-1】（2025 年上海市虹口区二模） Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Many people believe that listening to classical music improves learning efficiency, so a team of researchers from East China Normal University did an experiment to verify this claim. The experiment included 80 college students, split into two groups. Group 1 studied for 90 minutes while listening to classical music, and Group 2 studied in a quiet environment. Both groups took the same math test after studying. The average score of Group 1 was 72, while Group 2 achieved an average score of 85. The researchers pointed out that classical music does not boost learning efficiency. On the contrary, it may distract students’ attention, especially when they are dealing with logical subjects like math. 核心要素提取过程 研究目的是验证古典音乐是否能提高学习效率；实验以 80 名大学生为对象，分两组在不同环境下学习后参加同一数学测试；结果为安静环境组平均分显著高于听古典音乐组；结论是古典音乐不仅不提升学习效率，还可能分散注意力。 参考答案：A study by East China Normal University tested if classical music improves learning. 80 college students were split into two groups; the quiet group scored higher, so the music may distract attention instead of helping. 解析：剔除具体时长和分数等细节，用对比逻辑呈现实验结果，精准对应研究目的与结论，简洁传递核心信息。 【变式1-2】（2025 年上海市闵行区七宝中学高三联考） Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. To find out whether outdoor activities can reduce children’s anxiety, researchers from Shanghai Normal University tested 100 primary school students with mild anxiety symptoms. The students were randomly divided into two groups of 50. Group 1 participated in outdoor sports like running and cycling for 2 hours every afternoon after school for a month. Group 2 stayed indoors doing homework or playing board games during the same period. After the month, psychological evaluations showed that 70% of Group 1 had reduced anxiety, while only 20% of Group 2 showed improvement. The study concluded that regular outdoor activities are an effective way to ease primary school students’ mild anxiety. 核心要素提取过程 研究目的是探究户外活动能否减轻儿童焦虑；实验以 100 名有轻度焦虑的小学生为对象，分两组进行为期一个月的不同活动实验；结果为户外活动组焦虑减轻比例远高于室内活动组；结论是规律户外活动可有效缓解小学生轻度焦虑。 参考答案：A Shanghai Normal University study tested 100 anxious pupils. After a month, 70% of those doing daily outdoor activities reduced anxiety, versus 20% indoors, proving outdoor activities ease their anxiety. 解析：压缩样本分组细节，用核心数据对比凸显结果，直接衔接结论，既保留关键信息，又符合概要简洁的要求。 【变式1-3】（2025 年上海市嘉定区二模题） Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. A research team from Tongji University intended to find out how different packaging affects consumers’ willingness to buy snacks. They selected 180 adult consumers and provided them with the same snacks in three types of packaging: plain plastic bags, colorful paper boxes, and eco - friendly bamboo containers. The consumers were asked to rate their willingness to buy on a 10 - point scale. The results indicated that snacks in eco - friendly packaging got an average score of 8.2, colorful paper boxes 6.5, and plain plastic bags 4.3. The researchers concluded that eco - friendly packaging most effectively boosts consumers’ willingness to buy snacks, more than colorful or plain packaging. 核心要素提取过程 研究目的是探究不同包装对消费者购买零食意愿的影响；实验以 180 名成年消费者为对象，测试同款零食三种包装的购买意愿评分；结果为环保竹制包装评分最高，彩色纸盒次之，普通塑料袋最低；结论是环保包装对提升购买意愿的效果最优。 参考答案：A Tongji University study explored packaging’s effect on snack purchase willingness. 180 adults rated the same snacks; eco - friendly packaging scored highest, proving it best boosts willingness. 解析：简化三种包装的具体评分表述，聚焦核心对比结果，快速关联研究目的与结论，无多余细节，契合字数和概要写作要求。 考向02提取与合并 【例2-1】（2025 年上海市黄浦区一模题） Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.​ A study by researchers from Shanghai Jiao Tong University aims to find out whether regular physical exercise improves middle-aged adults’ memory. The experiment involved 150 adults aged 45-55, who were divided into two groups. Group 1 did 30 minutes of moderate exercise (such as brisk walking, cycling) five times a week for three months, while Group 2 maintained their usual sedentary lifestyle without any structured exercise.​ Before and after the experiment, the participants took a memory test that assessed their ability to recall words and numbers. The results showed that Group 1’s average test score increased by 15%, while Group 2’s score only rose by 2%. The researchers concluded that regular moderate exercise effectively enhances middle-aged adults’ memory, and suggested that this age group should incorporate regular exercise into their daily routine.​ 提取核心要素：​ 目的：探究规律适度运动是否提升中年人的记忆力；​ 方法：150 名 45-55 岁成年人分两组，一组每周 5 次 30 分钟适度运动（3 个月），另一组久坐；​ 结果：运动组记忆力测试得分提升 15%，久坐组仅 2%；​ 结论：规律适度运动有效提升中年记忆力，建议日常坚持。​ 合并逻辑：先点明目的与方法（合并分组与操作），再用对比逻辑呈现结果，最后衔接结论与建议，剔除 “快走、骑行” 等具体运动类型、“单词数字回忆” 等测试细节。​​ 参考答案：A Shanghai Jiao Tong University study explores if regular moderate exercise boosts middle-aged adults’ memory. 150 adults were split into two groups; the exercising group’s memory score rose 15% vs. 2% for the sedentary, so regular exercise is effective and recommended.​ 解析：① 提取完整：涵盖 “目的 - 方法 - 结果 - 结论” 四大要素；② 合并合理：将分组与运动方案合并，用 “vs.” 简化数据对比；③ 衔接自然：用 “so” 连接结果与结论，符合概要逻辑；④ 无冗余：剔除具体运动和测试细节，词数控制在 60 词内。 定向提取实验框架：快速扫描文本，用符号标记四大核心模块：​ 目的：常以 “The study aims to...”“To investigate...” 等句式引出，位于首段或段首；方法：提炼 “实验对象 + 分组 / 操作逻辑”，剔除具体步骤（如 “准备器材”“重复 3 次”）、地点、器材型号等细节；​ 结果：聚焦 “变量与现象的关联”，合并同类数据（如 “甲组 80% 有效，乙组 30% 有效”→“甲组效果显著优于乙组”），剔除次要数据；​ 结论：常以 “The researchers concluded that...”“It is found that...” 引出，位于末段，是对结果的升华。​ 关键词过滤法：优先保留 “实验对象（如 teenagers、kangaroos）、变量（如 screen time、outdoor activities）、核心动词（如 affect、improve、reduce）、逻辑词（如 however、thus）”，过滤修饰词（如 “greatly”“successfully”）、具体数字（非核心对比数据）、专家引言等冗余信息。​区分 “结果” 与 “结论”：结果是实验直接现象（如 “数据差异”），结论是基于结果的判断（如 “某因素有效”），提取时需明确区分，避免混淆。​ 合并信息的 2 个核心逻辑​ 同类合并：将实验方法中的 “分组 + 操作” 合并为一句话（如 “120 名青少年分三组，控制睡前屏幕使用时长”），将结果中的 “多组数据对比” 合并为核心差异（如 “时长越长，睡眠越差”）；​ 逻辑衔接：用 “To...（目的）, researchers...（方法）; as a result...（结果）, thus...（结论）” 等句式串联，避免要点孤立，常用衔接词：however、therefore、consequently、in contrast 等。 【变式2-1】（2025 年上海市静安区二模） Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.​ To verify whether reading paper books is more effective for students’ comprehension than reading e-books, a team from East China Normal University conducted an experiment. They selected 100 high school students and divided them into two equal groups.​ Group A read a 2000-word article on paper, while Group B read the same article on e-readers. After reading, both groups took a comprehension test with 20 questions. The results showed that Group A answered 16 questions correctly on average, while Group B’s average correct answers were 12. The researchers pointed out that paper reading helps students focus better, thus improving comprehension compared to e-reading.​​ 提取：目的（验证纸质书与电子书对学生理解的效果差异）→ 方法（100 名高中生分两组，读同一文章）→ 结果（纸质组平均答对 16 题，电子组 12 题）→ 结论（纸质书更易集中注意力，提升理解）；​ 合并：将 “分组 + 阅读媒介” 合并，用 “correct answers” 简化测试结果，用 “thus” 衔接原因与结论。​ 参考答案：A study by East China Normal University tested 100 high school students. Group A (paper reading) averaged 16 correct comprehension answers vs. 12 for Group B (e-readers), so paper reading aids focus and comprehension more.​ 解析：合并了实验对象与分组操作，用核心数据对比呈现结果，精准呼应研究目的，无多余细节，逻辑连贯。​ 【变式2-2】（2025 年上海市浦东新区张江集团中学高三联考） ​Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.​ Researchers from Fudan University wanted to know how sleep duration affects college students’ academic performance. The experiment included 200 college students, who were divided into three groups based on their daily sleep time: Group 1 (7-9 hours), Group 2 (5-6 hours), and Group 3 (less than 5 hours).​ After a semester, the researchers analyzed the students’ average grades. Group 1 had an average GPA of 3.8, Group 2 3.2, and Group 3 2.5. The study concluded that sufficient sleep (7-9 hours) is closely related to better academic performance, while insufficient sleep negatively impacts grades.​ 提取与合并过程​ 提取：目的（探究睡眠时间对大学生学业表现的影响）→ 方法（200 名大学生分三组，按睡眠时间划分）→ 结果（睡眠时间越长，GPA 越高）→ 结论（充足睡眠利于学业，不足则相反）；​ 合并：将三组分组标准合并为 “按睡眠时间划分”，用 “the longer...the higher...” 简化数据规律，避免逐一罗列 GPA 数值。​​ 参考答案：A Fudan University study explores sleep duration’s impact on college students’ grades. 200 students were grouped by sleep time; the longer they slept, the higher their GPA, so sufficient sleep benefits academic performance.​ 解析：合并了分组逻辑与数据规律，用比较级句式简化结果，核心结论突出，符合 “提取 - 合并” 的核心要求，词数达标。​ 【变式2-3】（2025 年上海市松江区二模） Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.​ To find out whether eating breakfast influences children’s attention span, researchers from Shanghai Normal University tested 120 primary school students (Grade 4-5). The students were split into two groups: Group 1 ate a nutritious breakfast (including eggs, milk, and whole grains) every morning, while Group 2 skipped breakfast.​ During morning classes, researchers observed the students’ ability to focus on tasks. The results showed that Group 1 stayed focused for an average of 25 minutes per task, while Group 2 could only concentrate for 10 minutes. The conclusion is that eating a nutritious breakfast significantly improves children’s attention span.​ 提取与合并过程​ 提取：目的（探究吃早餐是否影响儿童注意力持续时间）→ 方法（120 名小学生分两组，一组吃营养早餐，一组不吃）→ 结果（吃早餐组专注 25 分钟，不吃组 10 分钟）→ 结论（营养早餐显著提升注意力）；​ 合并：将 “早餐类型 + 分组操作” 合并，用 “focus duration” 概括核心结果，用 “significantly” 强化结论。 参考答案：A Shanghai Normal University study tests if breakfast affects primary students’ attention. 120 students were split: those who ate nutritious breakfast focused 25 mins vs. 10 mins for skippers, proving breakfast boosts attention.​ 解析：合并了实验分组与关键操作，用核心时间对比呈现结果，结论简洁明了，既保留全部核心要素，又无冗余细节，符合概要写作要求。 考向03组织语言与逻辑 【例3-1】（2025 年上海市浦东新区一模） Why can’t adults talk normally to babies? In scientific literature, baby talk is called “parentese”, and is a unique way of communicating with babies. It often involves using repetitive and exaggerated sounds, such as “cooing” and “goo-goo,” along with using diminutive words like “baby,” “binky,” or “blankie.” Adults also tend to speak more slowly and emphasize key words or phrases when engaging in baby talk. What’s the point of using such a ridiculous style of talking with babies? Why not just talk to a baby with normal speech, like we’d talk to another adult, or even a 5-year-old child? Primarily, we use baby talk to capture the baby’s attention. The dramatic vocalizations and facial expressions serve to engage the child’s focus by being distinct from all the other noise and visual stimuli around the baby. Remember, the brain of a newborn baby is still developing and needs different cues to engage and learn something. Baby talk also helps to establish an emotional connection between the adult and the baby. The gentle tone conveys affection, love, and care. As a result, in a way, it reassures the child by giving him a sense of security. Interestingly, there was a study where researchers tested 2,329 babies from 16 countries on their preference for this lively vocalization. Babies clearly prefer it when we “ooh” and “coo”. The study also revealed that babies from almost all cultures have an inborn love for baby talk. Baby talk tells the infants, “Hey! This speech is only for you, since you’re special,” and who doesn’t love that? It melts their sweet little hearts and warms ours. To support your baby’s development, try using baby talk regularly.​ 参考答案​ Baby talk, or “parentese”, is a unique communication style for babies, featuring repetitive sounds, slow speech and key words emphasis. A study of 2,329 babies from 16 countries shows their inborn preference for it. It captures babies’ attention and builds emotional bonds, reassuring them with security.​ 详解​ 逻辑梳理：先定义 “parentese” 的特征（过程），再呈现实验对象、规模与结果，最后总结其两大作用（结论），符合 “特征 - 实验 - 意义” 逻辑链。​ 语言技巧：用 “featuring” 替代 “involves”，“shows” 替代 “revealed”，通过名词化结构（emotional bonds）压缩篇幅；以 “and” 连接核心作用，避免冗余。​ 得分要点：完整涵盖 “实验对象（2,329 babies from 16 countries）、结果（inborn preference）、结论（capture attention + build bonds）” 三大核心，无关键信息遗漏。 定位核心要素：快速抓取文章中 “实验目的（why）- 实验对象 / 过程（how）- 实验结果（what）- 结论意义（so what）” 四大关键模块，避免遗漏核心数据。​ 梳理逻辑关系：用因果连词（thus/therefore）、转折连词（however/yet）串联要素，优先呈现 “目的 - 结果 - 结论” 主线，次要细节（如实验背景、补充说明）可简化或省略。​ 语言精准压缩：用名词化结构（e.g., the study reveals 替代 researchers found）、被动语态（e.g., was tested 替代 researchers tested）简化表达，控制词数在 60 词内。​ 高频句型模板​ 实验目的：A study was conducted to investigate/explore...​ 实验过程：Researchers tested [对象] by [方法] in [场景]​ 实验结果：The results showed that.../It was found that...​ 结论意义：This indicates that.../The findings suggest that... 【变式3-1】（2025 年上海市奉贤区一模） The Significance of Cattle in Maasai Society​ Cattle are the traditional partners of the Maasai people of East Africa. The traditional Maasai diet is heavily centered around cattle products. Milk is a fundamental component of the Maasai diet, consumed daily in various forms—fresh “enkirowua” or processed “mokore” with herbs or nutrition. Meat is eaten on special occasions, with every part utilized. Cattle represent strength and collective wealth. Social status of the Maasai is closely linked to cattle ownership, which influences their standing, especially in weddings where cattle gifts strengthen family bonds. Families share cattle care responsibilities, promoting unity. Cattle also play a key role in rituals from birth to death, such as cow sacrifices in naming ceremonies or funerals, connecting the physical and spiritual worlds.​ 参考答案​ Cattle are vital to the Maasai people in East Africa. They provide essential food (milk and meat) and symbolize wealth and strength. Cattle determine social status, foster family unity, and play a spiritual role in rituals, linking physical and spiritual worlds.​ 详解​ 逻辑：按 “饮食价值 - 社会意义 - 精神作用” 分层，用 “and”“linking” 串联，符合 “功能 - 意义” 逻辑。​ 技巧：用 “vital” 替代 “traditional partners”，“symbolize” 替代 “represent”，通过括号简化举例（milk and meat），压缩词数。​ 【变式3-2】（2025 年上海市徐汇区一模）​ Why we hate phone calls​ Suddenly a sound rings out—your phone. A British study found that a quarter of 18-30-year-olds won’t answer it, and 70% prefer texts. Unlike previous generations using landlines, young people grow up with smartphones. Texting has less pressure: they can respond on schedule, think before replying, and avoid interruption, reducing anxiety from loss of control. Unplanned calls often associate with bad news. New social codes emerge: text to check availability before calling or leave voice notes. However, texting also causes anxiety—frustration over short replies or being “left on read”.​ 参考答案​ A British study shows young people prefer texts to phone calls. Texting reduces pressure and anxiety as it allows flexible, uninterrupted responses, leading to new social codes. Yet texting may also trigger anxiety due to unsatisfactory replies.​ 详解​ 逻辑：先呈现实验结果，再分析原因（texting 的优势），最后用 “Yet” 转折补充反面情况，逻辑完整。​ 技巧：用 “shows” 替代 “found”，“trigger” 替代 “cause”，通过 “as” 引导原因状语从句简化逻辑表达。​ 【变式3-3】（2025 年上海市长宁区一模） Mental Work and Physical Tiredness​ Recent research reveals mental work can be as tiring as physical labor. It demands focus, consumes mental energy, and burns calories, especially for young people needing innovative thinking. A study tracked 500 office workers for a month: those doing 8-hour mental tasks reported the same tiredness level as construction workers. The reason is that mental work activates brain regions continuously, leading to mental fatigue similar to physical exhaustion. Moreover, innovative thinking increases cognitive load, making young people more prone to tiredness after mental work.​ 参考答案​ Research shows mental work is as tiring as physical labor, as it requires focus, consumes energy and burns calories. A one-month study of 500 workers confirms this, with innovative thinking increasing young people’s cognitive load and fatigue.​ 详解​ 逻辑：先给出核心结论，再用 “as” 解释原因，最后补充实验细节与特殊群体影响，层层递进。​ 技巧：用 “confirms this” 替代重复表述，“prone to fatigue” 替代 “more tired”，通过名词化结构（cognitive load）提升表达简洁度。 1.2025 年上海浦东新区高三一模Parentese, a distinctive speech style parents use when talking to babies, features high pitch, slow rhythm and repeated words. A study aimed to explore its impacts on infants. Researchers observed 50 infants aged 3 - 6 months and found that they stared longer at adults using parentese than regular speech. Besides, brain scans showed parentese activated more regions related to language learning in infants’ brains. The study also noted that this speech style helps build emotional bonds between parents and babies, which is crucial for infants’ early development. 概要答案 A study on parentese, a special speech style for babies, observed 50 3 - 6 - month - olds. Infants stared longer at it than regular speech, and it activated more of their language - related brain regions, also strengthening parent - infant emotional bonds. 详解 先点明实验对象是 50 名 3 - 6 个月大的婴儿，核心研究对象为婴儿语；再提炼两个关键实验结果，即婴儿对婴儿语注视时间更长、婴儿语激活更多语言相关脑区，最后补充其增进亲子情感联结的附加作用，60 词内浓缩核心信息，符合概要要求。 2.2025 年上海闵行区高三二模To explore if iconicity exists in sounds and can be understood across contexts, researchers organized a contest. Participants recorded sounds to express different meanings without using real words or sound - imitating expressions like “BOOM”. All contestants and listeners were English speakers. Then listeners tried to match the sounds with written options. Surprisingly, the listeners successfully identified the meanings of the sounds. Researchers concluded that the listeners’ success likely relied on their shared cultural knowledge. 概要答案 A contest - based study explored sound iconicity. English - speaking participants recorded special sounds to express meanings, and listeners successfully matched them to written options, which researchers attributed to shared cultural knowledge. 详解 先明确实验形式是竞赛，实验对象为英语使用者；再简述实验规则和关键结果，最后点出研究结论，逻辑上串联起实验目的、过程、结果和结论，语言简洁且无冗余信息。 3.2025 年上海长宁区高三二模Kangaroos can “talk” to people, according to a new study on marsupials. Researchers tested 11 kangaroos at three Australian sites by putting food in unopenable boxes. 10 of them looked at the person who put the food then the box, and some even scratched and sniffed the person before glancing at the box. This behavior, common in domesticated animals, showed kangaroos tried to communicate. The study concluded such communicative behavior is learnable and unrelated to domestication. 概要答案 A study tested 11 kangaroos by putting food in unopenable boxes. Most communicated with humans to get help, a behavior common in domestic animals. It proved the behavior is learnable and not linked to domestication. 详解 先提炼实验方式为用打不开的装食物盒子测试袋鼠，再说明多数袋鼠的沟通行为，最后点明实验结论，既保留关键数据（11 只袋鼠、多数有行为），又简化细节，符合概要写作的精炼要求。 4.2025 年上海松江区高三二模A study was done to find out why people often have recycling misconceptions. Researchers surveyed 200 local residents and gave them 30 common household items, asking them to sort them into recyclable and non - recyclable groups. It turned out that 75% of residents made mistakes, especially on items like plastic bags and colored glass. Further interviews showed the main reasons were unclear recycling guidelines and lack of regular education. The study suggested communities should post detailed rules and hold monthly recycling lectures. 概要答案 A study surveyed 200 residents on recycling sorting. 75% made mistakes, mostly on items like plastic bags. Unclear guidelines and insufficient education caused this, so communities need detailed rules and monthly lectures. 详解 先说明实验是对 200 名居民的垃圾分类调查，再提炼错误率和高频错误物品，接着指出原因，最后补充研究提出的建议，逻辑连贯地浓缩实验全流程关键信息。 5.2025 年上海虹口区高三二模Researchers wanted to know if background music affects students’ reading comprehension. They selected 80 senior high students and divided them into four groups. Group 1 read with light classical music, Group 2 with loud pop music, Group 3 with nature sounds, and Group 4 in silence. After reading a 1000 - word passage, all took a comprehension test. Results showed Group 4 scored highest, followed by Group 3. Groups 1 and 2 had much lower scores, with Group 2 the lowest. The study found noisy music seriously hinders reading comprehension. 概要答案 A study divided 80 students into 4 groups to test music’s effect on reading. Those reading in silence scored highest, then those with nature sounds; noisy music greatly reduced comprehension. 详解 简化分组描述，聚焦核心变量（不同声音环境），提炼各组成绩差异的关键排序，最后总结噪音音乐的负面影响，既清晰又简洁地呈现实验核心内容。 6.2025 年上海普陀区高三一模To test whether plants can respond to neighboring plants’ stress signals, scientists did an experiment with tomato plants. They exposed 20 tomato plants to caterpillar attacks, then placed another 20 unharmed tomatoes nearby. They measured the chemical changes in the unharmed plants. It was found that the unharmed tomatoes produced more defensive chemicals to resist caterpillars. The experiment proved that plants can receive and respond to stress signals from neighboring plants. 概要答案 An experiment with tomatoes showed unharmed ones near caterpillar - attacked tomatoes produced more defensive chemicals, proving plants can receive and react to neighbors’ stress signals. 详解 省略具体实验植株数量的次要细节，重点突出 “受攻击番茄” 与 “未受攻击番茄” 的关联，直接提炼核心结果和结论，符合实验类概要的核心信息优先原则。 7.2025 年上海杨浦区高三一模A team of researchers aimed to explore the effect of screen time on teenagers’ sleep quality. They tracked 100 teenagers aged 15 - 17 for a month. Each teenager recorded their daily screen time and sleep duration. The data showed that those who spent over 4 hours on screens every day slept less than 6 hours nightly and often woke up at night. In contrast, those with less than 2 hours of screen time slept 7 - 9 hours and had deeper sleep. The study warned that excessive screen time harms teenagers’ sleep. 概要答案 A one - month study tracked 100 teens’ screen time and sleep. Those with over 4 hours of daily screen time slept poorly; less than 2 hours led to better sleep, showing too much screen time hurts teens’ sleep. 详解 浓缩实验时长、对象，提炼两组关键数据的对比结果，最后点明实验警示，避免冗余描述，精准传递实验核心结论。 8.2025 年上海青浦区高三一模To find out if handwriting practice improves memory, researchers tested 60 primary school students. They split the students into two groups: Group A practiced writing new words by hand, while Group B typed them on computers. After learning 30 new words, both groups took an immediate memory test and another one a week later. Group A scored 25% higher in the immediate test and 30% higher in the delayed test. The study confirmed that handwriting practice strengthens long - term and short - term memory. 概要答案 A study split 60 pupils into two groups: one wrote new words by hand, the other typed. The former scored much higher in both immediate and delayed memory tests, proving handwriting boosts memory. 详解 清晰区分两组实验处理方式，提炼关键成绩差异，最后总结实验结论，用 “前者” 替代重复表述，精简语言的同时保留核心逻辑。 9.2025 年上海徐汇区高三二模Researchers investigated whether eating breakfast influences children’s attention spans. They selected 90 children aged 7 - 9 from two primary schools. Half ate a balanced breakfast with grains, eggs and milk; the other half skipped breakfast. The children then took a 20 - minute attention test that required them to spot errors in pictures. Results showed the breakfast - eating group had an error rate 40% lower than the other group. The study emphasized that a balanced breakfast is essential for children’s focus in class. 概要答案 A study of 90 7 - 9 - year - olds tested breakfast’s effect on attention. Those who had a balanced breakfast had a 40% lower error rate in tests, proving it is key for children’s focus. 详解 提炼实验对象、分组方式和核心测试结果，省略学校数量等次要信息，最后点明实验强调的结论，符合概要写作对信息取舍的要求。 10.2025 年上海建平中学高三三模To explore if pet ownership improves the mental health of the elderly, a study was carried out with 80 seniors aged 65 and above. 40 of them owned pets, mostly dogs or cats; the other 40 did not. Researchers interviewed them monthly and used mental health scales for six months. Results indicated that pet owners reported less loneliness and anxiety, with their mental health scores 35% higher on average. The study concluded pet ownership is a simple way to enhance the elderly’s mental well - being. 概要答案 A 6 - month study of 80 seniors found pet owners (40 people) had less loneliness and anxiety, with 35% higher mental health scores, proving pets boost the elderly’s mental health. 详解 压缩实验时长、对象分组等信息，聚焦宠物主人与非宠物主人的心理健康差异，用具体数据支撑结论，语言精炼且核心信息完整。 1 / 13 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题15概要写作之实验研究 目录 第一部分 题型解码 高屋建瓴，掌握全局 第二部分 考向破译 微观解剖，精细教学 典例引领 方法透视 变式演练 考向01确定核心要素 考向02提取与合并【重难】 考向03组织语言与逻辑 第三部分 综合巩固 整合应用，模拟实战 题型简介 实验研究类概要写作是高考英语的难点与重点。它通常选取一篇约300-400词的科普类或心理学实验报告作为阅读材料，要求考生在理解全文的基础上，用约60个词写出一篇覆盖核心内容、语言简练、独立成篇的概要。这类题型不仅考查语言能力，更检验逻辑归纳、信息筛选与学术转述的核心素养。文章结构高度规整，一般遵循“引言-方法-结果-讨论”的科学报告框架。考生需像研究员一样，精准剥离细节与例证，抓住实验的动机、路径、发现与结论四大主轴，并用客观、严谨的学术语言进行浓缩重组。由于其逻辑性强、考点固定，是经过系统训练后容易提分的题型。 设题类型 实验研究类文章主要分为三大设题类型：对照实验、因果研究、现象验证。1) 对照实验最为常见，通过设置实验组与对照组，比较不同处理导致的差异，其概要需突出分组依据、变量控制与对比结果。2) 因果研究旨在探究某一因素（如睡眠、压力）与结果（如记忆力、表现）之间的因果关系，概要需清晰呈现自变量、因变量及确证或否定的关系。3) 现象验证则是对某个已知现象或假设进行检验，概要需强调验证过程与最终结论是否支持原假设。此外，近年也出现纵向追踪或元分析类文章，但核心仍是考查对研究设计逻辑与核心发现的把握。 命题方式 命题通常选取结构清晰、逻辑链完整的实证研究摘要或科普报道。原文在命题时已被精心编辑，确保关键信息点（目的、方法、结果、结论）明确且分散。题目要求明确，一般为：“阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。” 它不会给出具体要点提示，因此考生必须自主完成信息定位与整合。材料语言风格客观，多使用被动语态、数据引用和专业术语。命题的核心陷阱在于细节与主干的混杂，以及结论的隐含性，要求考生具备区分事实描述与意义阐释的能力。 解题思路 解题可遵循 “四步定位法” 。第一步：结构速览。快速通读，标记段落首尾句，确定哪部分分别对应引言、方法、结果、讨论。第二步：要素定位。带着问题细读：为何研究？（目的/假设）；如何研究？（对象与关键步骤）；有何发现？（主要结果与数据趋势）；说明什么？（结论与启示）。将这些关键信息用铅笔划出或简写。第三步：整合转述。将划出的信息按“目的→方法→结果→结论”的逻辑链整合。必须进行同义转述，合并同类项，将具体描述抽象化（如“80%”转为“most”）。第四步：连贯检查。用恰当的连接词（如To investigate..., Participants were..., The results showed..., Therefore...）确保行文流畅，并严格检查字数、时态（过去为主）、人称（第三人称）和独立性。 考向01确定核心要素 【例1-1】（2025 年上海市徐汇区一模题） Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. A study conducted by researchers from Fudan University aims to explore whether screen time before bedtime affects teenagers' sleep quality. The experiment involved 120 teenagers aged 15 - 17, who were divided into three groups. Group A used electronic devices for over 2 hours before bed, Group B for 30 - 60 minutes, and Group C avoided screens entirely. During the one - week experiment, researchers monitored the teenagers' sleep duration and the frequency of nighttime awakenings. The results showed that Group A slept only 6.2 hours on average and woke up 4 - 5 times a night. Group B had an average sleep of 7.1 hours with 2 - 3 awakenings. Group C slept 8 hours on average and rarely woke up at night. The researchers concluded that screen time before bedtime has a negative impact on teenagers' sleep quality, and the longer the screen time, the more serious the impact. They also suggested that teenagers should limit screen use one hour before sleep. 核心要素提取过程 研究目的：探究睡前使用电子设备时长是否影响青少年睡眠质量。 实验要素：以 120 名 15 - 17 岁青少年为对象，分三组进行为期一周的实验，变量为睡前屏幕使用时长。 核心结果：屏幕使用时长越长，青少年睡眠时间越短，夜间醒来次数越多。 最终结论：睡前屏幕使用对青少年睡眠质量有负面影响，且影响程度与时长正相关，建议睡前一小时限制使用。 锚定研究目的：多位于文章开头或段首，常以 “The study aims to...”“The experiment is designed to...” 等句式呈现，是整篇研究的核心导向，需优先锁定，避免被铺垫性内容干扰。 精简实验要素：实验对象和方法是支撑结论的基础，但无需罗列细节。对象需明确类别（如特定人群、动物、样本等），方法提炼核心逻辑（如分组对照、特定场景测试等），剔除具体操作步骤、实验地点等冗余信息。 提炼核心结果：聚焦能支撑结论的关键现象或数据，剔除无关数据和重复描述。若有对比实验，需突出组间差异；若有普遍性结果，需简化表述，无需保留具体样本数量等细节。 锁定最终结论：常位于文末，可能是研究结果的总结、意义阐释或应用方向。需区分 “结果” 和 “结论”，结果是实验现象，结论是基于现象的判断，概要中二者需衔接紧密。 【变式1-1】（2025 年上海市虹口区二模） Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Many people believe that listening to classical music improves learning efficiency, so a team of researchers from East China Normal University did an experiment to verify this claim. The experiment included 80 college students, split into two groups. Group 1 studied for 90 minutes while listening to classical music, and Group 2 studied in a quiet environment. Both groups took the same math test after studying. The average score of Group 1 was 72, while Group 2 achieved an average score of 85. The researchers pointed out that classical music does not boost learning efficiency. On the contrary, it may distract students’ attention, especially when they are dealing with logical subjects like math. 核心要素提取过程 研究目的是验证古典音乐是否能提高学习效率；实验以 80 名大学生为对象，分两组在不同环境下学习后参加同一数学测试；结果为安静环境组平均分显著高于听古典音乐组；结论是古典音乐不仅不提升学习效率，还可能分散注意力。 【变式1-2】（2025 年上海市闵行区七宝中学高三联考） Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. To find out whether outdoor activities can reduce children’s anxiety, researchers from Shanghai Normal University tested 100 primary school students with mild anxiety symptoms. The students were randomly divided into two groups of 50. Group 1 participated in outdoor sports like running and cycling for 2 hours every afternoon after school for a month. Group 2 stayed indoors doing homework or playing board games during the same period. After the month, psychological evaluations showed that 70% of Group 1 had reduced anxiety, while only 20% of Group 2 showed improvement. The study concluded that regular outdoor activities are an effective way to ease primary school students’ mild anxiety. 核心要素提取过程 研究目的是探究户外活动能否减轻儿童焦虑；实验以 100 名有轻度焦虑的小学生为对象，分两组进行为期一个月的不同活动实验；结果为户外活动组焦虑减轻比例远高于室内活动组；结论是规律户外活动可有效缓解小学生轻度焦虑。 【变式1-3】（2025 年上海市嘉定区二模题） Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. A research team from Tongji University intended to find out how different packaging affects consumers’ willingness to buy snacks. They selected 180 adult consumers and provided them with the same snacks in three types of packaging: plain plastic bags, colorful paper boxes, and eco - friendly bamboo containers. The consumers were asked to rate their willingness to buy on a 10 - point scale. The results indicated that snacks in eco - friendly packaging got an average score of 8.2, colorful paper boxes 6.5, and plain plastic bags 4.3. The researchers concluded that eco - friendly packaging most effectively boosts consumers’ willingness to buy snacks, more than colorful or plain packaging. 核心要素提取过程 研究目的是探究不同包装对消费者购买零食意愿的影响；实验以 180 名成年消费者为对象，测试同款零食三种包装的购买意愿评分；结果为环保竹制包装评分最高，彩色纸盒次之，普通塑料袋最低；结论是环保包装对提升购买意愿的效果最优。 考向02提取与合并 【例2-1】（2025 年上海市黄浦区一模题） Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.​ A study by researchers from Shanghai Jiao Tong University aims to find out whether regular physical exercise improves middle-aged adults’ memory. The experiment involved 150 adults aged 45-55, who were divided into two groups. Group 1 did 30 minutes of moderate exercise (such as brisk walking, cycling) five times a week for three months, while Group 2 maintained their usual sedentary lifestyle without any structured exercise.​ Before and after the experiment, the participants took a memory test that assessed their ability to recall words and numbers. The results showed that Group 1’s average test score increased by 15%, while Group 2’s score only rose by 2%. The researchers concluded that regular moderate exercise effectively enhances middle-aged adults’ memory, and suggested that this age group should incorporate regular exercise into their daily routine.​ 提取核心要素：​ 目的：探究规律适度运动是否提升中年人的记忆力；​ 方法：150 名 45-55 岁成年人分两组，一组每周 5 次 30 分钟适度运动（3 个月），另一组久坐；​ 结果：运动组记忆力测试得分提升 15%，久坐组仅 2%；​ 结论：规律适度运动有效提升中年记忆力，建议日常坚持。​ 合并逻辑：先点明目的与方法（合并分组与操作），再用对比逻辑呈现结果，最后衔接结论与建议，剔除 “快走、骑行” 等具体运动类型、“单词数字回忆” 等测试细节。​​ 定向提取实验框架：快速扫描文本，用符号标记四大核心模块：​ 目的：常以 “The study aims to...”“To investigate...” 等句式引出，位于首段或段首；方法：提炼 “实验对象 + 分组 / 操作逻辑”，剔除具体步骤（如 “准备器材”“重复 3 次”）、地点、器材型号等细节；​ 结果：聚焦 “变量与现象的关联”，合并同类数据（如 “甲组 80% 有效，乙组 30% 有效”→“甲组效果显著优于乙组”），剔除次要数据；​ 结论：常以 “The researchers concluded that...”“It is found that...” 引出，位于末段，是对结果的升华。​ 关键词过滤法：优先保留 “实验对象（如 teenagers、kangaroos）、变量（如 screen time、outdoor activities）、核心动词（如 affect、improve、reduce）、逻辑词（如 however、thus）”，过滤修饰词（如 “greatly”“successfully”）、具体数字（非核心对比数据）、专家引言等冗余信息。​区分 “结果” 与 “结论”：结果是实验直接现象（如 “数据差异”），结论是基于结果的判断（如 “某因素有效”），提取时需明确区分，避免混淆。​ 合并信息的 2 个核心逻辑​ 同类合并：将实验方法中的 “分组 + 操作” 合并为一句话（如 “120 名青少年分三组，控制睡前屏幕使用时长”），将结果中的 “多组数据对比” 合并为核心差异（如 “时长越长，睡眠越差”）；​ 逻辑衔接：用 “To...（目的）, researchers...（方法）; as a result...（结果）, thus...（结论）” 等句式串联，避免要点孤立，常用衔接词：however、therefore、consequently、in contrast 等。 【变式2-1】（2025 年上海市静安区二模） Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.​ To verify whether reading paper books is more effective for students’ comprehension than reading e-books, a team from East China Normal University conducted an experiment. They selected 100 high school students and divided them into two equal groups.​ Group A read a 2000-word article on paper, while Group B read the same article on e-readers. After reading, both groups took a comprehension test with 20 questions. The results showed that Group A answered 16 questions correctly on average, while Group B’s average correct answers were 12. The researchers pointed out that paper reading helps students focus better, thus improving comprehension compared to e-reading.​​ 提取：目的（验证纸质书与电子书对学生理解的效果差异）→ 方法（100 名高中生分两组，读同一文章）→ 结果（纸质组平均答对 16 题，电子组 12 题）→ 结论（纸质书更易集中注意力，提升理解）；​ 合并：将 “分组 + 阅读媒介” 合并，用 “correct answers” 简化测试结果，用 “thus” 衔接原因与结论。​ 【变式2-2】（2025 年上海市浦东新区张江集团中学高三联考） ​Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.​ Researchers from Fudan University wanted to know how sleep duration affects college students’ academic performance. The experiment included 200 college students, who were divided into three groups based on their daily sleep time: Group 1 (7-9 hours), Group 2 (5-6 hours), and Group 3 (less than 5 hours).​ After a semester, the researchers analyzed the students’ average grades. Group 1 had an average GPA of 3.8, Group 2 3.2, and Group 3 2.5. The study concluded that sufficient sleep (7-9 hours) is closely related to better academic performance, while insufficient sleep negatively impacts grades.​ 提取与合并过程​ 提取：目的（探究睡眠时间对大学生学业表现的影响）→ 方法（200 名大学生分三组，按睡眠时间划分）→ 结果（睡眠时间越长，GPA 越高）→ 结论（充足睡眠利于学业，不足则相反）；​ 合并：将三组分组标准合并为 “按睡眠时间划分”，用 “the longer...the higher...” 简化数据规律，避免逐一罗列 GPA 数值。​​ 【变式2-3】（2025 年上海市松江区二模） Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.​ To find out whether eating breakfast influences children’s attention span, researchers from Shanghai Normal University tested 120 primary school students (Grade 4-5). The students were split into two groups: Group 1 ate a nutritious breakfast (including eggs, milk, and whole grains) every morning, while Group 2 skipped breakfast.​ During morning classes, researchers observed the students’ ability to focus on tasks. The results showed that Group 1 stayed focused for an average of 25 minutes per task, while Group 2 could only concentrate for 10 minutes. The conclusion is that eating a nutritious breakfast significantly improves children’s attention span.​ 提取与合并过程​ 提取：目的（探究吃早餐是否影响儿童注意力持续时间）→ 方法（120 名小学生分两组，一组吃营养早餐，一组不吃）→ 结果（吃早餐组专注 25 分钟，不吃组 10 分钟）→ 结论（营养早餐显著提升注意力）；​ 合并：将 “早餐类型 + 分组操作” 合并，用 “focus duration” 概括核心结果，用 “significantly” 强化结论。 考向03组织语言与逻辑 【例3-1】（2025 年上海市浦东新区一模） Why can’t adults talk normally to babies? In scientific literature, baby talk is called “parentese”, and is a unique way of communicating with babies. It often involves using repetitive and exaggerated sounds, such as “cooing” and “goo-goo,” along with using diminutive words like “baby,” “binky,” or “blankie.” Adults also tend to speak more slowly and emphasize key words or phrases when engaging in baby talk. What’s the point of using such a ridiculous style of talking with babies? Why not just talk to a baby with normal speech, like we’d talk to another adult, or even a 5-year-old child? Primarily, we use baby talk to capture the baby’s attention. The dramatic vocalizations and facial expressions serve to engage the child’s focus by being distinct from all the other noise and visual stimuli around the baby. Remember, the brain of a newborn baby is still developing and needs different cues to engage and learn something. Baby talk also helps to establish an emotional connection between the adult and the baby. The gentle tone conveys affection, love, and care. As a result, in a way, it reassures the child by giving him a sense of security. Interestingly, there was a study where researchers tested 2,329 babies from 16 countries on their preference for this lively vocalization. Babies clearly prefer it when we “ooh” and “coo”. The study also revealed that babies from almost all cultures have an inborn love for baby talk. Baby talk tells the infants, “Hey! This speech is only for you, since you’re special,” and who doesn’t love that? It melts their sweet little hearts and warms ours. To support your baby’s development, try using baby talk regularly.​ 定位核心要素：快速抓取文章中 “实验目的（why）- 实验对象 / 过程（how）- 实验结果（what）- 结论意义（so what）” 四大关键模块，避免遗漏核心数据。​ 梳理逻辑关系：用因果连词（thus/therefore）、转折连词（however/yet）串联要素，优先呈现 “目的 - 结果 - 结论” 主线，次要细节（如实验背景、补充说明）可简化或省略。​ 语言精准压缩：用名词化结构（e.g., the study reveals 替代 researchers found）、被动语态（e.g., was tested 替代 researchers tested）简化表达，控制词数在 60 词内。​ 高频句型模板​ 实验目的：A study was conducted to investigate/explore...​ 实验过程：Researchers tested [对象] by [方法] in [场景]​ 实验结果：The results showed that.../It was found that...​ 结论意义：This indicates that.../The findings suggest that... 【变式3-1】（2025 年上海市奉贤区一模）The Significance of Cattle in Maasai Society​ Cattle are the traditional partners of the Maasai people of East Africa. The traditional Maasai diet is heavily centered around cattle products. Milk is a fundamental component of the Maasai diet, consumed daily in various forms—fresh “enkirowua” or processed “mokore” with herbs or nutrition. Meat is eaten on special occasions, with every part utilized. Cattle represent strength and collective wealth. Social status of the Maasai is closely linked to cattle ownership, which influences their standing, especially in weddings where cattle gifts strengthen family bonds. Families share cattle care responsibilities, promoting unity. Cattle also play a key role in rituals from birth to death, such as cow sacrifices in naming ceremonies or funerals, connecting the physical and spiritual worlds.​ 【变式3-2】（2025 年上海市徐汇区一模）​ Why we hate phone calls​ Suddenly a sound rings out—your phone. A British study found that a quarter of 18-30-year-olds won’t answer it, and 70% prefer texts. Unlike previous generations using landlines, young people grow up with smartphones. Texting has less pressure: they can respond on schedule, think before replying, and avoid interruption, reducing anxiety from loss of control. Unplanned calls often associate with bad news. New social codes emerge: text to check availability before calling or leave voice notes. However, texting also causes anxiety—frustration over short replies or being “left on read”.​ 【变式3-3】（2025 年上海市长宁区一模） Mental Work and Physical Tiredness​ Recent research reveals mental work can be as tiring as physical labor. It demands focus, consumes mental energy, and burns calories, especially for young people needing innovative thinking. A study tracked 500 office workers for a month: those doing 8-hour mental tasks reported the same tiredness level as construction workers. The reason is that mental work activates brain regions continuously, leading to mental fatigue similar to physical exhaustion. Moreover, innovative thinking increases cognitive load, making young people more prone to tiredness after mental work.​ 1.2025 年上海浦东新区高三一模Parentese, a distinctive speech style parents use when talking to babies, features high pitch, slow rhythm and repeated words. A study aimed to explore its impacts on infants. Researchers observed 50 infants aged 3 - 6 months and found that they stared longer at adults using parentese than regular speech. Besides, brain scans showed parentese activated more regions related to language learning in infants’ brains. The study also noted that this speech style helps build emotional bonds between parents and babies, which is crucial for infants’ early development. 2.2025 年上海闵行区高三二模To explore if iconicity exists in sounds and can be understood across contexts, researchers organized a contest. Participants recorded sounds to express different meanings without using real words or sound - imitating expressions like “BOOM”. All contestants and listeners were English speakers. Then listeners tried to match the sounds with written options. Surprisingly, the listeners successfully identified the meanings of the sounds. Researchers concluded that the listeners’ success likely relied on their shared cultural knowledge. 3.2025 年上海长宁区高三二模Kangaroos can “talk” to people, according to a new study on marsupials. Researchers tested 11 kangaroos at three Australian sites by putting food in unopenable boxes. 10 of them looked at the person who put the food then the box, and some even scratched and sniffed the person before glancing at the box. This behavior, common in domesticated animals, showed kangaroos tried to communicate. The study concluded such communicative behavior is learnable and unrelated to domestication. 4.2025 年上海松江区高三二模A study was done to find out why people often have recycling misconceptions. Researchers surveyed 200 local residents and gave them 30 common household items, asking them to sort them into recyclable and non - recyclable groups. It turned out that 75% of residents made mistakes, especially on items like plastic bags and colored glass. Further interviews showed the main reasons were unclear recycling guidelines and lack of regular education. The study suggested communities should post detailed rules and hold monthly recycling lectures. 5.2025 年上海虹口区高三二模Researchers wanted to know if background music affects students’ reading comprehension. They selected 80 senior high students and divided them into four groups. Group 1 read with light classical music, Group 2 with loud pop music, Group 3 with nature sounds, and Group 4 in silence. After reading a 1000 - word passage, all took a comprehension test. Results showed Group 4 scored highest, followed by Group 3. Groups 1 and 2 had much lower scores, with Group 2 the lowest. The study found noisy music seriously hinders reading comprehension. 6.2025 年上海普陀区高三一模To test whether plants can respond to neighboring plants’ stress signals, scientists did an experiment with tomato plants. They exposed 20 tomato plants to caterpillar attacks, then placed another 20 unharmed tomatoes nearby. They measured the chemical changes in the unharmed plants. It was found that the unharmed tomatoes produced more defensive chemicals to resist caterpillars. The experiment proved that plants can receive and respond to stress signals from neighboring plants. 7.2025 年上海杨浦区高三一模A team of researchers aimed to explore the effect of screen time on teenagers’ sleep quality. They tracked 100 teenagers aged 15 - 17 for a month. Each teenager recorded their daily screen time and sleep duration. The data showed that those who spent over 4 hours on screens every day slept less than 6 hours nightly and often woke up at night. In contrast, those with less than 2 hours of screen time slept 7 - 9 hours and had deeper sleep. The study warned that excessive screen time harms teenagers’ sleep. 8.2025 年上海青浦区高三一模To find out if handwriting practice improves memory, researchers tested 60 primary school students. They split the students into two groups: Group A practiced writing new words by hand, while Group B typed them on computers. After learning 30 new words, both groups took an immediate memory test and another one a week later. Group A scored 25% higher in the immediate test and 30% higher in the delayed test. The study confirmed that handwriting practice strengthens long - term and short - term memory. 9.2025 年上海徐汇区高三二模Researchers investigated whether eating breakfast influences children’s attention spans. They selected 90 children aged 7 - 9 from two primary schools. Half ate a balanced breakfast with grains, eggs and milk; the other half skipped breakfast. The children then took a 20 - minute attention test that required them to spot errors in pictures. Results showed the breakfast - eating group had an error rate 40% lower than the other group. The study emphasized that a balanced breakfast is essential for children’s focus in class. 10.2025 年上海建平中学高三三模To explore if pet ownership improves the mental health of the elderly, a study was carried out with 80 seniors aged 65 and above. 40 of them owned pets, mostly dogs or cats; the other 40 did not. Researchers interviewed them monthly and used mental health scales for six months. Results indicated that pet owners reported less loneliness and anxiety, with their mental health scores 35% higher on average. The study concluded pet ownership is a simple way to enhance the elderly’s mental well - being. 1 / 13 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $