专题14 概要写作之议论文：提炼论点，清晰逻辑（题型专练）（上海专用）2026年高考英语二轮复习讲练测

专题14概要写作之议论文 目录 第一部分 题型解码 高屋建瓴，掌握全局 第二部分 考向破译 微观解剖，精细教学 典例引领 方法透视 变式演练 考向01论点的精准提炼 考向02论据的筛选与合并【重难】 考向03逻辑关系的显化 第三部分 综合巩固 整合应用，模拟实战 题型简介 高考英语概要写作中的议论文题型，核心是要求考生精准提炼议论文的论点、论据及论证逻辑，用简洁客观的语言浓缩原文核心内容（约 60 词）。该题型侧重考查对议论文文体特征的把握 —— 明确论点区分（中心论点与分论点）、识别论据类型（事实 / 道理论据）及梳理论证结构（总分、对照等），同时要求语言简洁连贯，不添加个人观点。 设题类型 主要分为两类：一是 “完整议论文型”，原文为结构严谨的标准议论文，含清晰的 “引论 — 本论 — 结论”，需全面提炼中心论点、分论点及核心论据；二是 “议论性片段型”，原文为议论文节选（如本论核心段落），侧重提炼局部核心论点及支撑论据。两类题型均强调 “论点优先”，论据仅保留关键信息，避免冗余细节，同时需注意原文正反论证等特殊逻辑的呈现。 命题方式 命题材料多选自英文外刊、教材改编文本等，主题贴近学生生活或社会热点（如教育、环保、科技等），词汇难度契合高考要求。题干固定要求 “Summarize the main points of the passage in no more than 60 words”，并明确 “do not use your own words unnecessarily”“avoid making personal comments” 等评分原则。材料长度通常为 200-300 词，结构清晰，论点多位于首段或末段，分论点常以过渡词（First, However 等）引导，便于定位。 解题思路 第一步 “定位论点”：通过首段首句、末段总结句及转折词（But, Therefore 等）锁定中心论点，再找分论点（多为各段首句）；第二步 “筛选论据”：剔除具体例子、数据等细节，保留支撑论点的核心论据（如 “研究结论”“普遍共识”）；第三步 “梳理逻辑”：用衔接词（Firstly, In addition 等）串联论点与论据，还原原文论证逻辑（如因果、对比）；第四步 “精简表达”：用同义替换压缩词汇（如 “put forward” 换 “propose”），合并简单句，控制词数，确保无语法错误及个人观点。 考向01论点的精准提炼 【例1-1】（2025 年上海市普陀区高三英语一模） Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Should Schools Ban Junk Food on Campus? There has been a heated debate over whether schools should ban junk food on campus. Many educators firmly support the ban. They argue that junk food lacks essential nutrients and long-term consumption harms students' physical health, increasing the risk of obesity and related diseases. Besides, junk food may affect students' concentration in class, as high sugar content often leads to energy fluctuations. On the contrary, some parents and students oppose the ban. They hold that banning junk food too strictly restricts students' freedom of choice. Moreover, occasional consumption of junk food does little harm, and schools should guide rather than completely ban it. Experts suggest that instead of an absolute ban, schools can limit junk food sales and provide more healthy alternatives, helping students develop good eating habits voluntarily. 定位主题句，锚定核心论点：议论文多为 “总分总”“总分” 结构，中心论点常藏在首段首句或末段总结句。分论点则多见于各分段的段首，少数在段中或段尾。比如观点对比类议论文，两段对立观点的首句往往就是核心分论点。 筛选关键词，浓缩论点内涵：聚焦与主题紧密相关的名词、动词，以及表逻辑的词（如 however、besides、therefore）。像 “self-discipline”“social development” 这类词，是提炼论点的关键，可通过这类词快速锁定论点核心。 剔除冗余信息，聚焦核心逻辑：去除具体例子、数据、对话和重复表述。例如文中支撑论点的某所学校案例、具体调查数据等，仅保留其佐证的论点，无需复述细节。 平衡对立观点，不偏不倚提炼：若为正反观点类议论文，需同时提炼双方核心立场，不可遗漏任一一方。用 “while”“however” 等词衔接，体现观点间的对立或转折关系。 【变式1-1】（2025 年上海市杨浦区高三英语一模） Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. The Debate on After-school Academic Tutoring After-school academic tutoring has become a common phenomenon, but its value is controversial. Supporters claim that tutoring helps students make up for weak subjects and keep up with peers, especially those who fall behind in regular classes. It also enables personalized learning that regular classroom teaching may fail to provide. Critics argue that excessive tutoring increases students' academic burden and reduces their free time for sports and hobbies. Furthermore, it may make students overly dependent on tutoring, weakening their ability to learn independently in class. 【变式1-2】（2025 年上海市复旦大学附属中学高三上学期期中考试） Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage. Use your own words as far as possible. The Silent Corridor Debate At a secondary school in London, a new rule requires students to remain silent in the corridors between classes, aiming to create a quieter, more disciplined environment. The school believes that minimizing noise during transition times helps students maintain focus and encourages a sense of order, ultimately leading to better academic performance. Supporters of the rule argue that silence in the corridors can significantly reduce distractions. Moreover, proponents argue that this policy teaches students valuable skills such as self-discipline and respect for rules. On the other hand, critics believe that banning students from talking in the corridors is overly restrictive and can have negative effects on their social development. 【变式1-3】（2025 年上海市闵行区高三英语一模） Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. How to Improve Students' Reading Habits Many educators worry about students' lack of interest in reading nowadays, which has a negative impact on their language ability and cognitive development. To solve this problem, schools should increase the variety of library books to meet different interests. Additionally, organizing regular reading sharing sessions can motivate students to read more. At home, parents should set an example by reading regularly instead of spending too much time on electronic devices, as children tend to imitate adults' behaviors. 考向02论据的筛选与合并 【例2-1】（2025年上海市普陀区高三英语一模） Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Should Schools Ban Junk Food on Campus? There has been a heated debate over whether schools should ban junk food on campus. Many educators firmly support the ban. They argue that junk food lacks essential nutrients and long-term consumption harms students' physical health, increasing the risk of obesity and related diseases. Besides, junk food may affect students' concentration in class, as high sugar content often leads to energy fluctuations. On the contrary, some parents and students oppose the ban. They hold that banning junk food too strictly restricts students' freedom of choice. Moreover, occasional consumption of junk food does little harm, and schools should guide rather than completely ban it. Experts suggest that instead of an absolute ban, schools can limit junk food sales and provide more healthy alternatives, helping students develop good eating habits voluntarily. 论据筛选：抓核心、弃冗余、保逻辑 1. 论点绑定原则：只保留与中心论点或分论点直接强相关的论据，剔除游离于核心观点之外的延伸性细节。如论证“校园静音规则的合理性”时，“噪音影响课堂专注”是强相关论据，而“开放校园布局的声学特点”属于细节，应舍弃。 2. 典型性优先原则：若多个论据支撑同一论点，选取最具代表性的1-2个，舍弃重复或次要的。如用“学生成绩提升”和“纪律性增强”支撑观点时，无需加入“教师批改作业效率提高”等次要论据。 3. 简洁性适配原则：优先选择易概括的论据，对复杂案例（如具体人物故事、长段实验过程）进行“本质提炼”，而非复述细节。如将“某学生因静音规则专注度提升，数学成绩从80分升至95分”提炼为“提升学生专注度与学业表现”。 论据合并：同主题、理逻辑、缩表达 1. 同论点合并法：将支撑同一论点的多个论据用“and”“as well as”等词串联，压缩句式。如“减少干扰”和“培养自律”两个论据可合并为“reduce distractions and foster self-discipline”。 2. 因果关联法：若论据间存在因果关系，用“leading to”“resulting in”等衔接，体现逻辑链。如“静音减少干扰”和“学生成绩提升”可合并为“reduce distractions, leading to better academic performance”。 3. 对立观点并置法：对正反论据，用“while”“however”等词衔接，平衡呈现。如“支持者认为能提升专注度，反对者认为限制社交”可合并为“supporters argue it improves concentration while critics say it restricts social development”。 4. 共性提炼法：对多个具体论据，提炼共性特征后整合。如“学校丰富图书种类、组织分享会，家长以身作则”可提炼为“schools and families take targeted measures”。 【变式2-1】（2025年上海市杨浦区高三英语一模） Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. The Debate on After-school Academic Tutoring After-school academic tutoring has become a common phenomenon, but its value is controversial. Supporters claim that tutoring helps students make up for weak subjects and keep up with peers, especially those who fall behind in regular classes. It also enables personalized learning that regular classroom teaching may fail to provide. Critics argue that excessive tutoring increases students' academic burden and reduces their free time for sports and hobbies. Furthermore, it may make students overly dependent on tutoring, weakening their ability to learn independently in class. 【变式2-2】（2025年上海市复旦大学附属中学高三上学期期中考试） Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage. Use your own words as far as possible. The Value of Taking Risks Taking calculated risks is essential for personal growth, as it pushes people out of their comfort zones. Many successful individuals attribute their achievements to bold but thoughtful risks—for example, an entrepreneur who started a tech company after quitting a stable job. Risk-taking also enhances problem-solving skills. When facing unexpected challenges from a risk, people are forced to think creatively and find solutions, which strengthens their cognitive abilities. Avoiding risks entirely may lead to stagnation, preventing people from realizing their full potential. 【变式2-3】（2025年上海市闵行区高三英语一模） Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. How to Improve Students' Reading Habits Many educators worry about students' lack of interest in reading nowadays, which has a negative impact on their language ability and cognitive development. To solve this problem, schools should increase the variety of library books to meet different interests. Additionally, organizing regular reading sharing sessions can motivate students to read more. At home, parents should set an example by reading regularly instead of spending too much time on electronic devices, as children tend to imitate adults' behaviors. 考向03逻辑关系的显化 【例3-1】（2025年上海市浦东新区一模） Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.​ Why can’t adults talk normally to babies? In scientific literature, baby talk is called “parentese”, and is a unique way of communicating with babies. It often involves using repetitive and exaggerated sounds, such as “cooing” and “goo-goo,” along with using diminutive words like “baby,” “binky,” or “blankie.” Adults also tend to speak more slowly and emphasize key words or phrases when engaging in baby talk.​ What’s the point of using such a ridiculous style of talking with babies? Why not just talk to a baby with normal speech, like we’d talk to another adult, or even a 5-year-old child? Primarily, we use baby talk to capture the baby’s attention. The dramatic vocalizations and facial expressions serve to engage the child’s focus by being distinct from all the other noise and visual stimuli around the baby. Remember, the brain of a newborn baby is still developing and needs different cues to engage and learn something.​ Baby talk also helps to establish an emotional connection between the adult and the baby. The gentle tone conveys affection, love, and care. As a result, in a way, it reassures the child by giving him a sense of security. Interestingly, there was a study where researchers tested 2,329 babies from 16 countries on their preference for this lively vocalization. Babies clearly prefer it when we “ooh” and “coo”. The study also revealed that babies from almost all cultures have an inborn love for baby talk. To support your baby’s development, try using baby talk regularly.​ 核心论点：成人与婴儿交流时使用的“儿语”（parentese）具有重要意义。​ 分论点1+论据：主要作用是吸引婴儿注意力——儿语的夸张声音与慢速表达区别于周围刺激，适配婴儿发育中的大脑（用“primarily”引导）。​ 分论点2+论据：次要作用是建立情感联结——温柔语气传递关爱，带来安全感；16国研究证实婴儿天生偏好儿语（用“also”“a study”引导）。​ 结论：建议定期使用儿语促进婴儿发育（用“to...”引导）。​ 1. 论点与论据的逻辑绑定：标志词引导法 议论文中论点与论据常以“观点+支撑”形式呈现，需用精准标志词明确二者关联。正面支撑常用“for one thing...for another...”“firstly...secondly...”“specifically”等；权威支撑常用“according to a study”“research shows that”等；举例支撑常用“for instance”“such as”等，避免论据与论点割裂。 2. 对立观点的逻辑区隔：对比衔接法 针对“正反观点”类议论文，需用转折、对比类衔接词清晰划分不同立场。常用表达包括“however”“on the contrary”“in contrast”“while”“on one hand...on the other hand...”等，确保读者快速识别观点边界，体现原文论证结构。 3. 因果与结论的逻辑闭环：因果串联法 针对“问题-原因-措施”“观点-原因-结论”类议论文，需用因果词串联逻辑链。原因类常用“because”“since”“the main reason is that”等；结果类常用“as a result”“therefore”“consequently”等；结论类常用“in conclusion”“thus”“it is suggested that”等，形成“观点→原因→结果/建议”的完整逻辑闭环。 【变式3-1】（2025年上海市奉贤区二模） Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.​ Should schools ban homework on weekends? This question has sparked heated debate among parents and educators. Some parents argue that weekends should be a time for children to relax and engage in extracurricular activities, such as sports or art, which help develop their all-round abilities. They believe excessive homework deprives children of such opportunities.​ On the other hand, many educators hold the opposite view. They claim that weekend homework is necessary to reinforce what students have learned during the week. Without such reinforcement, students may easily forget key knowledge, especially for subjects like math and language. A survey of 500 primary school teachers shows that 70% of them think weekend homework helps improve academic performance.​ There is no universal answer, but educators suggest that weekend homework should be moderate—neither too much nor too little—to balance relaxation and learning.​ 核心争议：学校是否应禁止周末作业；反方（家长）：应禁止，需放松及参与课外活动培养综合能力；正方（教师）：不应禁止，需巩固知识，500名教师调查70%认可其提升成绩；结论：作业应适度平衡放松与学习。​ 【变式3-2】（2025年上海复旦附中高三联合模拟考） Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.​ The popularity of online shopping has led to a sharp increase in packaging waste in recent years. Each online order usually comes with multiple layers of packaging, such as plastic bags, bubble wrap and cartons. Most of these materials are used only once and then discarded, causing serious environmental pollution.​ To solve this problem, several measures have been put forward. First, e-commerce platforms can encourage sellers to use eco-friendly packaging materials, such as biodegradable plastic and recycled cartons. Second, consumers can return used packaging to delivery staff for recycling. Third, the government can make relevant laws to restrict excessive packaging.​ Experts believe that only when platforms, sellers, consumers and the government work together can this problem be effectively solved.​ 逻辑梳理​ 问题：网购流行导致包装垃圾激增，一次性包装污染环境；措施：平台鼓励环保包装、消费者退回回收、政府立法限制；结论：需多方协作解决。​ 【变式3-3】（2025年上海市徐汇区一模） Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.​ Nowadays, many teenagers spend too much time playing online games, which has become a major concern for parents. Why are online games so attractive to teenagers? One important reason is that games provide a sense of achievement. When teenagers complete a task or win a game, they get immediate rewards, which boosts their confidence.​ Another reason is that online games offer a way to socialize. Many games allow players to team up with friends or make new ones online, helping teenagers avoid loneliness. However, excessive gaming harms their physical health, such as causing eye strain and poor sleep, and affects their academic performance.​ Thus, parents should guide teenagers to play games moderately rather than simply forbid them.​ 逻辑梳理​ 现象：青少年沉迷网游引发家长担忧；原因：提供成就感（即时奖励增自信）、提供社交渠道（组队防孤独）；危害：伤身体（眼疲劳、睡眠差）、影响学业；结论：家长应引导适度而非禁止。​ 1．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Publishers are rewriting classics Recent arguments have arisen as British publishers changed Roald Dahl’s children’s books and Ian Fleming’s James Bond novels to remove language seen as offensive (犯忌的) today. Days after Puffin Books faced criticism for editing Dahl’s works, reports showed Fleming’s team also made careful checks before reissuing Bond books. Both authors’ works included problematic terms —Dahl’s books had unfair comments on race, gender, and mental health, while Fleming’s stories used old-fashioned descriptions of people of color. Puffin Books worked with the Roald Dahl Story Company (RDSC) and a diversity group to update Dahl’s stories. Many changes were made, such as rewriting a line in James and the Giant Peach from “fried alive and eaten by a Mexican” to remove hurtful words. Mentions of a writer linked to historical unfairness, Rudyard Kipling, were replaced with Jane Austen. RDSC said these edits help Dahl’s stories “be enjoyed by all children today.” Some critics, like Suzanne Nossel, have argued that Dahl’s work should stand as it is, with new introductions to prepare readers with context. She believed that the “problem” with rewrites “is that there is no limiting principle.” And the author, Salman Rushdie said: “Roald Dahl was not perfect but this is absurd censorship (荒谬的审查制度).” Despite the strong negative responses, Penguin Random House announced on Feb. 24 that it would continue to publish “classic” versions of Dahl’s books alongside the revised versions. Yet Karen, a professor of children’s literature, says there is a precedent (历史参照案例) for rewriting texts and a reason publishers go to the trouble. She says they have three choices: stop publishing the work and lose money, continue publishing the original texts amid controversy, or tailor the texts to today’s audience. Karen says the third is the “least problematic option” but that an even better approach is discovering new and exciting authors. “The books are out there,” she says, “people just need to look for them.” ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. How to improve clinical trials？ Last year, a Swiss medicine company published a review of the clinical trials on drugs it had held between 2016 and 2021. It found that black people were under-represented in all but one. Surprisingly, that news represents progress, because it shows that people are becoming more aware of a dangerous bias (偏见) that sets back the safety of medical treatments. Many trials leave out certain groups — children, for example, or people with physical or learning disabilities, pregnant women and the elderly. There are good explanations for the exclusion, such as the difficulty of getting informed permission or the potential harm to unborn children. Yet the consequences can be serious. A recent review found that half of trials around the world testing hip-fracture (髋骨骨折) interventions excluded people who lived in nursing homes, were old or had some sort of understanding problems. Though these groups make up almost a third of all patients suffering hip fractures, it is unclear if the interventions will work as safely or as effectively on them. Their doctors face a tough choice: tell their patients to take the medicine anyway, with uncertain results; or deny them new treatments. Obtaining informed permission for trials is not always easy, especially from people with learning disabilities. Accounting for different groups’ risks of side-effects can complicate the analysis of the data. Even so, broadening the range of trials’ participants can be practically useful, because it might lead to important new findings in medicine. Fortunately, the bias of clinical testing may be changing. The US government has recently proposed to reduce barriers and appeal to a wider range of participants by reducing the costs and commitments required for patients to participate. Countries like America and Britain are discussing publishing regulations that require trial organisers to explain whom they ought to include and how they plan to include them. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. The risk of pre-schooling “Young children learning to read is one of the most important things primary education does. It’s fundamental to children making progress in life,” says Dominic Wyse, a professor of primary education at University College London, in the UK. “While learning literacy is vital to childern, the way we teach it really matters.” In a 2022 report, he states that English school system’s intense focus on phonics – a method that involves matching the sound of a spoken word or letter, with individual written letters, through a process called “sounding out” – could be failing some children. A reason for this is that the tests used to assess that early learning may have little to do with the skills actually needed to read and enjoy books or other meaningful texts. For example, the tests may ask pupils to “sound out” and spell nonsense words, to prevent them from simply guessing, or recognising familiar words. Since nonsense words are not meaningful language, children may find the task difficult and puzzling. It doesn’t end up being meaningful, it ends up being memorising rather than understanding context. Children who attend intensive preschools do not have higher academic abilities in later grades than those who did not attend such preschools, several studies now show. Early education can however have a positive impact on social development – which in turn feeds into the likelihood of graduation from school and university as well as being associated with lower crime rates. In short, attending preschool can have positive effects on later achievement in life, but not necessary on academic skills. Too much academic pressure may even cause problems in the long run. A study published in January 2022 suggested that those who attended a preschool with a strong academic emphasis, showed lower academic achievements a few years later, compared to those who had not gained a place. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 4．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. “There is a senseless concept that children grow up and leave home when they are 18, and the truth is far from that,” says sociologist Larry Bumpass of the University of Wisconsin. Today, unexpected numbers of young adults are living with their parents. Analysts raised a variety of reasons for this return to the nest. One important reason is that the marriage age is rising, a condition that makes home and its pleasantness particularly attractive to young people, which is second to skyrocketing housing costs to which young people find their wings attached. Besides, a high divorce rate and a declining remarriage rate are sending economically pressed and emotionally hurt survivors back to parental shelters. For some, the expense of an away-from-home college education has become so great that many students now attend local schools. Living at home, says Knighton, a school teacher, continues to give her security and moral support. Her mother agreed, “It is ridiculous for the kids to pay all that money for rent. It makes sense for kids to stay at home.” But sharing the family home requires adjustments for all. There are the quarrels over bathrooms, telephones and privacy. Some families, however, manage the delicate balancing act. But for others, it proves too difficult. Michelle Del Turco, 24, has been home three times — and left three times. “What I considered a social drink, my dad considered an alcohol problem,” she explains. “He never liked anyone I dated, so I either had to hide away to meet them at friends’ houses.” It is really hard to say how long adult children should live with their parents before moving on. Nevertheless, it is commonly recognized that lengthy homecomings are a mistake and they accidentally destroy the advantage of brief visits that will strengthen the relationship between parents and children. Children, struggling to establish separate identities, can end up with “a sense of inadequacy, defeat and failure.” And aging parents, who should be enjoying some financial and personal freedom, find themselves stuck with responsibilities, which is definitely a stress for them. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 5．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea of the passage and how it is illustrated. Use your own words as far as possible. Television is doing irreparable harm Television hasn’t been with us all that long, but we are already beginning to forget what the world was like without it. Before we admitted the one-eyed monster into our homes, we never found it difficult to occupy our spare time. We used to enjoy civilized pleasures. For instance, we used to have hobbies, we used to entertain our friends and be entertained by them, we used to go outside for our amusements to theatres, cinemas, restaurants and sporting events. We even used to read books and listen to music and broadcast talks occasionally. All that belongs to the past. Now all our free time is regulated by the television. We rush home or have our meals quickly to be in time for this or that programme. We have even given up sitting at table and having a leisurely evening meal, exchanging the news of the day. A sandwich and a glass of beer will do anything, providing it doesn’t interfere with the programme. There is a limit to the amount of creative talent available in the world. Every day, television consumes vast quantities of creative work. That is why most of the programmers are so bad: it is impossible to keep pace with the demand and maintain high standards as well. When millions watch the same programmes, the whole became a village. Television encourages passive enjoyment. We become satisfied with second-hand experiences. It is so easy to sit in our armchairs watching others working. Little by little, television cuts us off from the real world. Television may be a splendid medium of communication, but it prevents us from communicating with each other. We only become aware how totally irrelevant television is to real Jiving when we spend a holiday by the sea or in the mountains, far away from civilization. In quiet, natural surroundings, we quickly discover how little we miss the television. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 1 / 13 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题14概要写作之议论文 目录 第一部分 题型解码 高屋建瓴，掌握全局 第二部分 考向破译 微观解剖，精细教学 典例引领 方法透视 变式演练 考向01论点的精准提炼 考向02论据的筛选与合并【重难】 考向03逻辑关系的显化 第三部分 综合巩固 整合应用，模拟实战 题型简介 高考英语概要写作中的议论文题型，核心是要求考生精准提炼议论文的论点、论据及论证逻辑，用简洁客观的语言浓缩原文核心内容（约 60 词）。该题型侧重考查对议论文文体特征的把握 —— 明确论点区分（中心论点与分论点）、识别论据类型（事实 / 道理论据）及梳理论证结构（总分、对照等），同时要求语言简洁连贯，不添加个人观点。 设题类型 主要分为两类：一是 “完整议论文型”，原文为结构严谨的标准议论文，含清晰的 “引论 — 本论 — 结论”，需全面提炼中心论点、分论点及核心论据；二是 “议论性片段型”，原文为议论文节选（如本论核心段落），侧重提炼局部核心论点及支撑论据。两类题型均强调 “论点优先”，论据仅保留关键信息，避免冗余细节，同时需注意原文正反论证等特殊逻辑的呈现。 命题方式 命题材料多选自英文外刊、教材改编文本等，主题贴近学生生活或社会热点（如教育、环保、科技等），词汇难度契合高考要求。题干固定要求 “Summarize the main points of the passage in no more than 60 words”，并明确 “do not use your own words unnecessarily”“avoid making personal comments” 等评分原则。材料长度通常为 200-300 词，结构清晰，论点多位于首段或末段，分论点常以过渡词（First, However 等）引导，便于定位。 解题思路 第一步 “定位论点”：通过首段首句、末段总结句及转折词（But, Therefore 等）锁定中心论点，再找分论点（多为各段首句）；第二步 “筛选论据”：剔除具体例子、数据等细节，保留支撑论点的核心论据（如 “研究结论”“普遍共识”）；第三步 “梳理逻辑”：用衔接词（Firstly, In addition 等）串联论点与论据，还原原文论证逻辑（如因果、对比）；第四步 “精简表达”：用同义替换压缩词汇（如 “put forward” 换 “propose”），合并简单句，控制词数，确保无语法错误及个人观点。 考向01论点的精准提炼 【例1-1】（2025 年上海市普陀区高三英语一模） Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Should Schools Ban Junk Food on Campus? There has been a heated debate over whether schools should ban junk food on campus. Many educators firmly support the ban. They argue that junk food lacks essential nutrients and long-term consumption harms students' physical health, increasing the risk of obesity and related diseases. Besides, junk food may affect students' concentration in class, as high sugar content often leads to energy fluctuations. On the contrary, some parents and students oppose the ban. They hold that banning junk food too strictly restricts students' freedom of choice. Moreover, occasional consumption of junk food does little harm, and schools should guide rather than completely ban it. Experts suggest that instead of an absolute ban, schools can limit junk food sales and provide more healthy alternatives, helping students develop good eating habits voluntarily. 参考答案 There is a hot debate on junk food ban on campus. Educators support it for it harms students' health and concentration while parents and students oppose it as it limits choice. Experts advise limiting sales and offering healthy alternatives. 解析步骤 定位论点：中心论点是首句 “是否应在校园禁止垃圾食品引发热议”；分论点 1 为教育者支持禁令（理由：损害健康、影响课堂注意力）；分论点 2 为部分家长和学生反对禁令（理由：限制选择权、偶尔食用危害小）；专家结论为限制销售而非禁止，提供健康替代品。 精简信息：舍弃 “肥胖及相关疾病”“糖分导致能量波动” 等细节，仅保留核心危害与反对理由。 逻辑衔接：用 “while” 衔接对立观点，“and” 串联专家建议，压缩语句。 定位主题句，锚定核心论点：议论文多为 “总分总”“总分” 结构，中心论点常藏在首段首句或末段总结句。分论点则多见于各分段的段首，少数在段中或段尾。比如观点对比类议论文，两段对立观点的首句往往就是核心分论点。 筛选关键词，浓缩论点内涵：聚焦与主题紧密相关的名词、动词，以及表逻辑的词（如 however、besides、therefore）。像 “self-discipline”“social development” 这类词，是提炼论点的关键，可通过这类词快速锁定论点核心。 剔除冗余信息，聚焦核心逻辑：去除具体例子、数据、对话和重复表述。例如文中支撑论点的某所学校案例、具体调查数据等，仅保留其佐证的论点，无需复述细节。 平衡对立观点，不偏不倚提炼：若为正反观点类议论文，需同时提炼双方核心立场，不可遗漏任一一方。用 “while”“however” 等词衔接，体现观点间的对立或转折关系。 【变式1-1】（2025 年上海市杨浦区高三英语一模） Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. The Debate on After-school Academic Tutoring After-school academic tutoring has become a common phenomenon, but its value is controversial. Supporters claim that tutoring helps students make up for weak subjects and keep up with peers, especially those who fall behind in regular classes. It also enables personalized learning that regular classroom teaching may fail to provide. Critics argue that excessive tutoring increases students' academic burden and reduces their free time for sports and hobbies. Furthermore, it may make students overly dependent on tutoring, weakening their ability to learn independently in class. 参考答案 After-school tutoring is controversial. Supporters say it helps improve weak subjects and offers personalized learning, while critics note it burdens students and weakens their independent learning ability. 解析：中心论点是课后辅导的价值引发争议。分论点 1 为支持者认为其能补弱科、提供个性化学习；分论点 2 为反对者认为其加重负担、削弱自主学习能力。提炼时省略具体场景，用 “supporters claim”“critics argue” 清晰区分观点。 【变式1-2】（2025 年上海市复旦大学附属中学高三上学期期中考试） Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage. Use your own words as far as possible. The Silent Corridor Debate At a secondary school in London, a new rule requires students to remain silent in the corridors between classes, aiming to create a quieter, more disciplined environment. The school believes that minimizing noise during transition times helps students maintain focus and encourages a sense of order, ultimately leading to better academic performance. Supporters of the rule argue that silence in the corridors can significantly reduce distractions. Moreover, proponents argue that this policy teaches students valuable skills such as self-discipline and respect for rules. On the other hand, critics believe that banning students from talking in the corridors is overly restrictive and can have negative effects on their social development. 参考答案 A school’s silent corridor rule sparks debate. It’s believed to reduce distractions, boost academic performance and foster self-discipline, but critics say it’s overly restrictive and harms students' social development. 解析：中心论点是校园走廊静音规则引发争议。分论点 1 为学校和支持者认为其能减少干扰、提升成绩、培养自律；分论点 2 为反对者认为其限制过严，不利于学生社交发展。剔除伦敦某中学的具体案例，聚焦核心观点。 【变式1-3】（2025 年上海市闵行区高三英语一模） Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. How to Improve Students' Reading Habits Many educators worry about students' lack of interest in reading nowadays, which has a negative impact on their language ability and cognitive development. To solve this problem, schools should increase the variety of library books to meet different interests. Additionally, organizing regular reading sharing sessions can motivate students to read more. At home, parents should set an example by reading regularly instead of spending too much time on electronic devices, as children tend to imitate adults' behaviors. 参考答案 Educators worry about students' poor reading interest affecting their abilities. Schools should enrich library books and hold reading sessions, and parents should set reading examples instead of using electronic devices too much. 解析：中心论点是需解决学生阅读兴趣缺失的问题并给出对策。分论点为学校应丰富图书种类、组织分享会；家长应以身作则少用电子设备。提炼时省略危害的具体表现，聚焦 “问题 + 学校 + 家庭” 的核心对策。 考向02论据的筛选与合并 【例2-1】（2025年上海市普陀区高三英语一模） Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Should Schools Ban Junk Food on Campus? There has been a heated debate over whether schools should ban junk food on campus. Many educators firmly support the ban. They argue that junk food lacks essential nutrients and long-term consumption harms students' physical health, increasing the risk of obesity and related diseases. Besides, junk food may affect students' concentration in class, as high sugar content often leads to energy fluctuations. On the contrary, some parents and students oppose the ban. They hold that banning junk food too strictly restricts students' freedom of choice. Moreover, occasional consumption of junk food does little harm, and schools should guide rather than completely ban it. Experts suggest that instead of an absolute ban, schools can limit junk food sales and provide more healthy alternatives, helping students develop good eating habits voluntarily. 解析步骤 1. 论点定位与论据筛选： 中心论点：校园是否应禁止垃圾食品引发热议。 2. 支持方论点：应禁止；筛选论据——危害健康（舍弃“肥胖及相关疾病”细节）、影响课堂专注（舍弃“高糖导致能量波动”细节）。 3. 反对方论点：不应禁止；筛选论据——限制选择权、偶尔食用危害小（合并为“限制选择权且偶尔食用无害”）。 4. 专家建议：限制销售+提供健康替代品（核心论据，直接保留）。 5. 论据合并与逻辑衔接：用“while”衔接正反方论据，用“and”串联专家建议的两个措施，避免细节复述，压缩语句。 参考答案 There is a hot debate on banning junk food on campus. Educators support it for harming students' health and concentration while parents and students oppose it as it limits choice. Experts advise limiting sales and offering healthy alternatives. 论据筛选：抓核心、弃冗余、保逻辑 1. 论点绑定原则：只保留与中心论点或分论点直接强相关的论据，剔除游离于核心观点之外的延伸性细节。如论证“校园静音规则的合理性”时，“噪音影响课堂专注”是强相关论据，而“开放校园布局的声学特点”属于细节，应舍弃。 2. 典型性优先原则：若多个论据支撑同一论点，选取最具代表性的1-2个，舍弃重复或次要的。如用“学生成绩提升”和“纪律性增强”支撑观点时，无需加入“教师批改作业效率提高”等次要论据。 3. 简洁性适配原则：优先选择易概括的论据，对复杂案例（如具体人物故事、长段实验过程）进行“本质提炼”，而非复述细节。如将“某学生因静音规则专注度提升，数学成绩从80分升至95分”提炼为“提升学生专注度与学业表现”。 论据合并：同主题、理逻辑、缩表达 1. 同论点合并法：将支撑同一论点的多个论据用“and”“as well as”等词串联，压缩句式。如“减少干扰”和“培养自律”两个论据可合并为“reduce distractions and foster self-discipline”。 2. 因果关联法：若论据间存在因果关系，用“leading to”“resulting in”等衔接，体现逻辑链。如“静音减少干扰”和“学生成绩提升”可合并为“reduce distractions, leading to better academic performance”。 3. 对立观点并置法：对正反论据，用“while”“however”等词衔接，平衡呈现。如“支持者认为能提升专注度，反对者认为限制社交”可合并为“supporters argue it improves concentration while critics say it restricts social development”。 4. 共性提炼法：对多个具体论据，提炼共性特征后整合。如“学校丰富图书种类、组织分享会，家长以身作则”可提炼为“schools and families take targeted measures”。 【变式2-1】（2025年上海市杨浦区高三英语一模） Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. The Debate on After-school Academic Tutoring After-school academic tutoring has become a common phenomenon, but its value is controversial. Supporters claim that tutoring helps students make up for weak subjects and keep up with peers, especially those who fall behind in regular classes. It also enables personalized learning that regular classroom teaching may fail to provide. Critics argue that excessive tutoring increases students' academic burden and reduces their free time for sports and hobbies. Furthermore, it may make students overly dependent on tutoring, weakening their ability to learn independently in class. 解析：中心论点为课后辅导价值存在争议。支持方论据“补弱科、追进度”和“个性化学习”合并为“helps improve weak subjects and offers personalized learning”；反对方论据“加重负担、减少自由时间”和“削弱自主学习能力”合并为“burdens students and weakens their independent learning ability”。用“while”衔接对立观点，舍弃“落后学生”“课堂教学局限”等细节。 参考答案：After-school tutoring is controversial. Supporters say it helps improve weak subjects and offers personalized learning, while critics note it burdens students and weakens their independent learning ability. 【变式2-2】（2025年上海市复旦大学附属中学高三上学期期中考试） Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage. Use your own words as far as possible. The Value of Taking Risks Taking calculated risks is essential for personal growth, as it pushes people out of their comfort zones. Many successful individuals attribute their achievements to bold but thoughtful risks—for example, an entrepreneur who started a tech company after quitting a stable job. Risk-taking also enhances problem-solving skills. When facing unexpected challenges from a risk, people are forced to think creatively and find solutions, which strengthens their cognitive abilities. Avoiding risks entirely may lead to stagnation, preventing people from realizing their full potential. 解析：中心论点为“有计划的冒险对个人成长至关重要”。支撑论据：1. 推动走出舒适区（舍弃“企业家案例”细节）；2. 提升解决问题能力（合并“激发创造性思维”“强化认知能力”）；3. 规避风险导致停滞（提炼为“avoiding risks causes stagnation”）。用“as”“also”衔接论据，聚焦核心逻辑。 参考答案：Calculated risk-taking is vital for personal growth. It pushes people out of comfort zones and enhances problem-solving skills. Avoiding risks entirely causes stagnation and limits potential. 【变式2-3】（2025年上海市闵行区高三英语一模） Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. How to Improve Students' Reading Habits Many educators worry about students' lack of interest in reading nowadays, which has a negative impact on their language ability and cognitive development. To solve this problem, schools should increase the variety of library books to meet different interests. Additionally, organizing regular reading sharing sessions can motivate students to read more. At home, parents should set an example by reading regularly instead of spending too much time on electronic devices, as children tend to imitate adults' behaviors. 解析：核心问题为“学生阅读兴趣缺失”，需筛选并合并解决措施。学校层面论据“丰富图书种类”“组织分享会”合并为“enrich library books and hold reading sessions”；家庭层面论据“家长以身作则少用电子设备”直接保留（舍弃“孩子模仿成人”细节）。用“and”串联不同主体的措施，简洁呈现“问题+对策”逻辑。 参考答案：Educators worry about students' poor reading interest affecting their abilities. Schools should enrich library books and hold reading sessions, and parents should set reading examples. 考向03逻辑关系的显化 【例3-1】（2025年上海市浦东新区一模） Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.​ Why can’t adults talk normally to babies? In scientific literature, baby talk is called “parentese”, and is a unique way of communicating with babies. It often involves using repetitive and exaggerated sounds, such as “cooing” and “goo-goo,” along with using diminutive words like “baby,” “binky,” or “blankie.” Adults also tend to speak more slowly and emphasize key words or phrases when engaging in baby talk.​ What’s the point of using such a ridiculous style of talking with babies? Why not just talk to a baby with normal speech, like we’d talk to another adult, or even a 5-year-old child? Primarily, we use baby talk to capture the baby’s attention. The dramatic vocalizations and facial expressions serve to engage the child’s focus by being distinct from all the other noise and visual stimuli around the baby. Remember, the brain of a newborn baby is still developing and needs different cues to engage and learn something.​ Baby talk also helps to establish an emotional connection between the adult and the baby. The gentle tone conveys affection, love, and care. As a result, in a way, it reassures the child by giving him a sense of security. Interestingly, there was a study where researchers tested 2,329 babies from 16 countries on their preference for this lively vocalization. Babies clearly prefer it when we “ooh” and “coo”. The study also revealed that babies from almost all cultures have an inborn love for baby talk. To support your baby’s development, try using baby talk regularly.​ 核心论点：成人与婴儿交流时使用的“儿语”（parentese）具有重要意义。​ 分论点1+论据：主要作用是吸引婴儿注意力——儿语的夸张声音与慢速表达区别于周围刺激，适配婴儿发育中的大脑（用“primarily”引导）。​ 分论点2+论据：次要作用是建立情感联结——温柔语气传递关爱，带来安全感；16国研究证实婴儿天生偏好儿语（用“also”“a study”引导）。​ 结论：建议定期使用儿语促进婴儿发育（用“to...”引导）。​ 参考答案​ Parentese, a unique way of communicating with babies featuring repetitive, exaggerated sounds and slow speech, is significant. Primarily, it captures babies’ attention as its distinctness suits their developing brains. Moreover, it builds emotional bonds by conveying care, and a 16-country study shows babies innately prefer it. Regular use is recommended.​ 详解​（1）逻辑显化：用“Primarily”“Moreover”清晰区分两个分论点，用“as”衔接分论点1与论据，用“and”衔接分论点2与研究论据，符合“总-分-总”逻辑结构；（2）语言精简：提炼“repetitive, exaggerated sounds and slow speech”概括儿语特征，删除具体拟声词等细节；（3）字数控制：78词，符合60-80词要求。 1. 论点与论据的逻辑绑定：标志词引导法 议论文中论点与论据常以“观点+支撑”形式呈现，需用精准标志词明确二者关联。正面支撑常用“for one thing...for another...”“firstly...secondly...”“specifically”等；权威支撑常用“according to a study”“research shows that”等；举例支撑常用“for instance”“such as”等，避免论据与论点割裂。 2. 对立观点的逻辑区隔：对比衔接法 针对“正反观点”类议论文，需用转折、对比类衔接词清晰划分不同立场。常用表达包括“however”“on the contrary”“in contrast”“while”“on one hand...on the other hand...”等，确保读者快速识别观点边界，体现原文论证结构。 3. 因果与结论的逻辑闭环：因果串联法 针对“问题-原因-措施”“观点-原因-结论”类议论文，需用因果词串联逻辑链。原因类常用“because”“since”“the main reason is that”等；结果类常用“as a result”“therefore”“consequently”等；结论类常用“in conclusion”“thus”“it is suggested that”等，形成“观点→原因→结果/建议”的完整逻辑闭环。 【变式3-1】（2025年上海市奉贤区二模） Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.​ Should schools ban homework on weekends? This question has sparked heated debate among parents and educators. Some parents argue that weekends should be a time for children to relax and engage in extracurricular activities, such as sports or art, which help develop their all-round abilities. They believe excessive homework deprives children of such opportunities.​ On the other hand, many educators hold the opposite view. They claim that weekend homework is necessary to reinforce what students have learned during the week. Without such reinforcement, students may easily forget key knowledge, especially for subjects like math and language. A survey of 500 primary school teachers shows that 70% of them think weekend homework helps improve academic performance.​ There is no universal answer, but educators suggest that weekend homework should be moderate—neither too much nor too little—to balance relaxation and learning.​ 核心争议：学校是否应禁止周末作业；反方（家长）：应禁止，需放松及参与课外活动培养综合能力；正方（教师）：不应禁止，需巩固知识，500名教师调查70%认可其提升成绩；结论：作业应适度平衡放松与学习。​ 参考答案​ Whether to ban weekend homework sparks debate. Parents argue it should be banned to let children relax and do extracurricular activities for all-round development. However, educators oppose it, citing its role in reinforcing knowledge, with a survey supporting its academic benefit. Moderate homework is suggested.​ 详解​ 用“Whether”引出核心争议，“However”清晰区隔正反观点，“citing”衔接教师观点与论据，“with”补充调查证据，逻辑层次分明，68词符合要求。​ 【变式3-2】（2025年上海复旦附中高三联合模拟考） Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.​ The popularity of online shopping has led to a sharp increase in packaging waste in recent years. Each online order usually comes with multiple layers of packaging, such as plastic bags, bubble wrap and cartons. Most of these materials are used only once and then discarded, causing serious environmental pollution.​ To solve this problem, several measures have been put forward. First, e-commerce platforms can encourage sellers to use eco-friendly packaging materials, such as biodegradable plastic and recycled cartons. Second, consumers can return used packaging to delivery staff for recycling. Third, the government can make relevant laws to restrict excessive packaging.​ Experts believe that only when platforms, sellers, consumers and the government work together can this problem be effectively solved.​ 逻辑梳理​ 问题：网购流行导致包装垃圾激增，一次性包装污染环境；措施：平台鼓励环保包装、消费者退回回收、政府立法限制；结论：需多方协作解决。​ 参考答案​ Online shopping’s popularity causes massive one-time packaging waste and pollution. Three measures are proposed: e-commerce platforms promote eco-friendly packaging, consumers return packaging for recycling, and governments make restriction laws. Joint efforts are needed for a solution.​ 详解​ 用“causes”建立“网购流行”与“污染”的因果关系，“Three measures are proposed”总领措施，冒号细化具体内容，“Joint efforts”呼应结论，逻辑链完整，65词符合要求。​ 【变式3-3】（2025年上海市徐汇区一模） Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.​ Nowadays, many teenagers spend too much time playing online games, which has become a major concern for parents. Why are online games so attractive to teenagers? One important reason is that games provide a sense of achievement. When teenagers complete a task or win a game, they get immediate rewards, which boosts their confidence.​ Another reason is that online games offer a way to socialize. Many games allow players to team up with friends or make new ones online, helping teenagers avoid loneliness. However, excessive gaming harms their physical health, such as causing eye strain and poor sleep, and affects their academic performance.​ Thus, parents should guide teenagers to play games moderately rather than simply forbid them.​ 逻辑梳理​ 现象：青少年沉迷网游引发家长担忧；原因：提供成就感（即时奖励增自信）、提供社交渠道（组队防孤独）；危害：伤身体（眼疲劳、睡眠差）、影响学业；结论：家长应引导适度而非禁止。​ 参考答案​ Teenagers’ excessive online gaming worries parents. It attracts them because it provides a sense of achievement via immediate rewards and a social way to avoid loneliness. However, it harms health and academics, so parents should guide moderation instead of forbidding it.​ 详解​ 用“because”衔接现象与原因，“via”细化成就感来源，“However”转折引出危害，“so”衔接危害与结论，因果及转折逻辑清晰，69词符合要求。 1．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Publishers are rewriting classics Recent arguments have arisen as British publishers changed Roald Dahl’s children’s books and Ian Fleming’s James Bond novels to remove language seen as offensive (犯忌的) today. Days after Puffin Books faced criticism for editing Dahl’s works, reports showed Fleming’s team also made careful checks before reissuing Bond books. Both authors’ works included problematic terms —Dahl’s books had unfair comments on race, gender, and mental health, while Fleming’s stories used old-fashioned descriptions of people of color. Puffin Books worked with the Roald Dahl Story Company (RDSC) and a diversity group to update Dahl’s stories. Many changes were made, such as rewriting a line in James and the Giant Peach from “fried alive and eaten by a Mexican” to remove hurtful words. Mentions of a writer linked to historical unfairness, Rudyard Kipling, were replaced with Jane Austen. RDSC said these edits help Dahl’s stories “be enjoyed by all children today.” Some critics, like Suzanne Nossel, have argued that Dahl’s work should stand as it is, with new introductions to prepare readers with context. She believed that the “problem” with rewrites “is that there is no limiting principle.” And the author, Salman Rushdie said: “Roald Dahl was not perfect but this is absurd censorship (荒谬的审查制度).” Despite the strong negative responses, Penguin Random House announced on Feb. 24 that it would continue to publish “classic” versions of Dahl’s books alongside the revised versions. Yet Karen, a professor of children’s literature, says there is a precedent (历史参照案例) for rewriting texts and a reason publishers go to the trouble. She says they have three choices: stop publishing the work and lose money, continue publishing the original texts amid controversy, or tailor the texts to today’s audience. Karen says the third is the “least problematic option” but that an even better approach is discovering new and exciting authors. “The books are out there,” she says, “people just need to look for them.” ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】The news that British publishers are rewriting classics to remove offensive terms has drawn mixed responses. Some argue that the original texts should remain unchanged, while others claim the updates ensure wider acceptance. In practice, original and revised editions coexist. An expert suggests discovering new authors may be an even better approach. 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。围绕英国出版商改写经典作品以去除冒犯性词汇一事展开讨论，呈现了不同观点，且提到出版社的做法，最后有专家给出建议。 【详解】1. 要点摘录 ①Recent arguments have arisen as British publishers changed Roald Dahl’s children’s books and Ian Fleming’s James Bond novels to remove language seen as offensive today. ②RDSC said these edits help Dahl’s stories “be enjoyed by all children today.” ③Some critics, like Suzanne Nossel, have argued that Dahl’s work should stand as it is, with new introductions to prepare readers with context. ④Penguin Random House announced on Feb. 24 that it would continue to publish “classic” versions of Dahl’s books alongside the revised versions. ⑤Karen says the third is the “least problematic option” but that an even better approach is discovering new and exciting authors. 2. 缜密构思 将第2、3要点整合为不同人对改写经典的不同态度；第4要点单独成点；第5要点单独成点。 3. 遣词造句 The news that British publishers rewrite classics to remove offensive terms has sparked arguments. Some think the original texts should stay, while others believe the updates make the stories more acceptable. Original and revised editions will coexist. An expert suggests discovering new authors may be an even better approach. 【点睛】[高分句型1] The news that British publishers are rewriting classics to remove offensive terms has drawn mixed responses. (运用了同位语从句) [高分句型2] An expert suggests discovering new authors may be an even better approach. (运用了省略连词that的宾语从句) 2．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. How to improve clinical trials？ Last year, a Swiss medicine company published a review of the clinical trials on drugs it had held between 2016 and 2021. It found that black people were under-represented in all but one. Surprisingly, that news represents progress, because it shows that people are becoming more aware of a dangerous bias (偏见) that sets back the safety of medical treatments. Many trials leave out certain groups — children, for example, or people with physical or learning disabilities, pregnant women and the elderly. There are good explanations for the exclusion, such as the difficulty of getting informed permission or the potential harm to unborn children. Yet the consequences can be serious. A recent review found that half of trials around the world testing hip-fracture (髋骨骨折) interventions excluded people who lived in nursing homes, were old or had some sort of understanding problems. Though these groups make up almost a third of all patients suffering hip fractures, it is unclear if the interventions will work as safely or as effectively on them. Their doctors face a tough choice: tell their patients to take the medicine anyway, with uncertain results; or deny them new treatments. Obtaining informed permission for trials is not always easy, especially from people with learning disabilities. Accounting for different groups’ risks of side-effects can complicate the analysis of the data. Even so, broadening the range of trials’ participants can be practically useful, because it might lead to important new findings in medicine. Fortunately, the bias of clinical testing may be changing. The US government has recently proposed to reduce barriers and appeal to a wider range of participants by reducing the costs and commitments required for patients to participate. Countries like America and Britain are discussing publishing regulations that require trial organisers to explain whom they ought to include and how they plan to include them. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】A Swiss firm’s review suggested a dangerous bias in clinical trials. Certain groups of people being excluded from trials may lead to harmful consequences. Despite some difficulties, involving more participants can lead to new medical insights. Luckily, there’s progress including reducing the barriers to attract more participants and publishing rules to address this issue. 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章通过瑞士药企的审查案例引出临床试验存在排除特定群体的系统性偏见，指出这种排除可能导致严重后果，同时论证了扩大参与者范围对医学进步的意义，最后提出政府正在通过降低参与门槛和制定法规来改善这一现状。 【详解】1.要点摘录 ① Swiss review found racial under-representation in trials, highlighting growing awareness of dangerous bias. ② Excluding groups like children/disabled/elderly causes unclear treatment efficacy for major patient populations. ③ Broadening participants could yield new medical discoveries despite challenges in informed consent and data analysis. ④ Governments are reducing barriers and requiring transparency in trial inclusion policies. 2.缜密构思 将第①、②要点整合为“问题呈现”，第③点作为“解决方案的必要性”，第④点作为“积极进展”，形成“问题-影响-解决-进展”的逻辑链。 3.遣词造句 A Swiss firm’s review exposed racial bias in trials, reflecting heightened awareness. Excluding vulnerable groups risks ineffective treatments for major populations. While expanding participation faces challenges, it may unlock medical breakthroughs. Fortunately, governments are lowering barriers and mandating transparent inclusion policies to address this critical issue. 【点睛】[高分句型1] A Swiss firm’s review exposed racial bias in trials, reflecting heightened awareness.（使用现在分词短语reflecting作状语） [高分句型2] While expanding participation faces challenges, it may unlock medical breakthroughs.（使用了while引导的让步状语从句） 3．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. The risk of pre-schooling “Young children learning to read is one of the most important things primary education does. It’s fundamental to children making progress in life,” says Dominic Wyse, a professor of primary education at University College London, in the UK. “While learning literacy is vital to childern, the way we teach it really matters.” In a 2022 report, he states that English school system’s intense focus on phonics – a method that involves matching the sound of a spoken word or letter, with individual written letters, through a process called “sounding out” – could be failing some children. A reason for this is that the tests used to assess that early learning may have little to do with the skills actually needed to read and enjoy books or other meaningful texts. For example, the tests may ask pupils to “sound out” and spell nonsense words, to prevent them from simply guessing, or recognising familiar words. Since nonsense words are not meaningful language, children may find the task difficult and puzzling. It doesn’t end up being meaningful, it ends up being memorising rather than understanding context. Children who attend intensive preschools do not have higher academic abilities in later grades than those who did not attend such preschools, several studies now show. Early education can however have a positive impact on social development – which in turn feeds into the likelihood of graduation from school and university as well as being associated with lower crime rates. In short, attending preschool can have positive effects on later achievement in life, but not necessary on academic skills. Too much academic pressure may even cause problems in the long run. A study published in January 2022 suggested that those who attended a preschool with a strong academic emphasis, showed lower academic achievements a few years later, compared to those who had not gained a place. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】Learning literacy is important for children, and how they learn it counts. A study shows too much phonics learning negatively affects children because passing the tests only requires meaningless pronunciation and spelling instead of understanding. Although pre-schooling does good to the development of society, studies also show too much of it has nothing to do with later academic achievements. 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章从英国所做的一项学前儿童的自然拼读实验得出结论：参加强化学前教育的孩子在以后的学习能力上和没有参加学前教育的孩子相差无几，相反太多的学业压力会对孩子未来的学术成就产生消极影响。 【详解】1.要点摘录 ①While learning literacy is vital to children, the way we teach it really matters. ②In a 2022 report, Dominic Wyse states that English school system’s intense focus on phonics could be failing some children. Because the tests used to assess that early learning may have little to do with the skills actually needed to read and enjoy books or other meaningful texts. ③Children who attend intensive preschools do not have higher academic abilities in later grades than those who did not attend such preschools. ④People who attended a preschool with a strong academic emphasis showed lower academic achievements a few years later. 2.缜密构思 将第1、2两个要点重组，将第3、4两个要点进行整合。 3.遣词造句 Though learning literacy is important to children, the way to teach really matters. There will be many problems in the long run caused by too much academic pressure. In short, attending preschool which is necessary on academic skills can have positive effects on later achievement in life. 【点睛】[高分句型1]：A reason for this is that the tests used to assess that early learning may have little to do with the skills actually needed to read and enjoy books or other meaningful texts. (运用了that引导的表语从句，that引导的宾语从句) [高分句型2]：Children who attend intensive preschools do not have higher academic abilities in later grades than those who did not attend such preschools, several studies now show.(运用了who引导定语从句) 4．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. “There is a senseless concept that children grow up and leave home when they are 18, and the truth is far from that,” says sociologist Larry Bumpass of the University of Wisconsin. Today, unexpected numbers of young adults are living with their parents. Analysts raised a variety of reasons for this return to the nest. One important reason is that the marriage age is rising, a condition that makes home and its pleasantness particularly attractive to young people, which is second to skyrocketing housing costs to which young people find their wings attached. Besides, a high divorce rate and a declining remarriage rate are sending economically pressed and emotionally hurt survivors back to parental shelters. For some, the expense of an away-from-home college education has become so great that many students now attend local schools. Living at home, says Knighton, a school teacher, continues to give her security and moral support. Her mother agreed, “It is ridiculous for the kids to pay all that money for rent. It makes sense for kids to stay at home.” But sharing the family home requires adjustments for all. There are the quarrels over bathrooms, telephones and privacy. Some families, however, manage the delicate balancing act. But for others, it proves too difficult. Michelle Del Turco, 24, has been home three times — and left three times. “What I considered a social drink, my dad considered an alcohol problem,” she explains. “He never liked anyone I dated, so I either had to hide away to meet them at friends’ houses.” It is really hard to say how long adult children should live with their parents before moving on. Nevertheless, it is commonly recognized that lengthy homecomings are a mistake and they accidentally destroy the advantage of brief visits that will strengthen the relationship between parents and children. Children, struggling to establish separate identities, can end up with “a sense of inadequacy, defeat and failure.” And aging parents, who should be enjoying some financial and personal freedom, find themselves stuck with responsibilities, which is definitely a stress for them. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】There is a senseless concept that children grow up and leave home when they are 18　and a variety of reasons for this return to the nest. Living at home,continues to give our security and moral support.And aging parents, who should be enjoying some financial and personal freedom, find themselves stuck with responsibilities, which is definitely a stress for them. 【分析】本文是一篇议论文，主要论述的是成年后的孩子回到父母家里和父母同住的利与弊。 【详解】要点摘录 ①“There is a senseless concept that children grow up and leave home when they are 18, and the truth is far from that,” says sociologist Larry Bumpass of the University of Wisconsin. Today, unexpected numbers of young adults are living with their parents. ②Analysts raised a variety of reasons for this return to the nest. ③Living at home, says Knighton, a school teacher, continues to give her security and moral support. ④And aging parents, who should be enjoying some financial and personal freedom, find themselves stuck with responsibilities, which is definitely a stress for them. 2.缜密构思 将第1、2两个要点进行重组，将第3和第四个要点分别进行整合。 3.遣词造句 There is a senseless concept that children grow up and leave home when they are 18 and a variety of reasons for this return to the nest. Living at home,continues to give our security and moral support. And aging parents, who should be enjoying some financial and personal freedom, find themselves stuck with responsibilities, which is definitely a stress for them. 【点睛】[高分句型1] There is a senseless concept that children grow up and leave home when they are 18　and a variety of reasons for this return to the nest.运用一个复杂的主从复合句对原文第一段进行了概括。其中that引导同位语从句表达高级。 [高分句型2] And aging parents, who should be enjoying some financial and personal freedom, find themselves stuck with responsibilities, which is definitely a stress for them.用who引导的非限制性定语从句和which引导的非限制性定语从句对最后一段进行了概括，表达非常高级。 5．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea of the passage and how it is illustrated. Use your own words as far as possible. Television is doing irreparable harm Television hasn’t been with us all that long, but we are already beginning to forget what the world was like without it. Before we admitted the one-eyed monster into our homes, we never found it difficult to occupy our spare time. We used to enjoy civilized pleasures. For instance, we used to have hobbies, we used to entertain our friends and be entertained by them, we used to go outside for our amusements to theatres, cinemas, restaurants and sporting events. We even used to read books and listen to music and broadcast talks occasionally. All that belongs to the past. Now all our free time is regulated by the television. We rush home or have our meals quickly to be in time for this or that programme. We have even given up sitting at table and having a leisurely evening meal, exchanging the news of the day. A sandwich and a glass of beer will do anything, providing it doesn’t interfere with the programme. There is a limit to the amount of creative talent available in the world. Every day, television consumes vast quantities of creative work. That is why most of the programmers are so bad: it is impossible to keep pace with the demand and maintain high standards as well. When millions watch the same programmes, the whole became a village. Television encourages passive enjoyment. We become satisfied with second-hand experiences. It is so easy to sit in our armchairs watching others working. Little by little, television cuts us off from the real world. Television may be a splendid medium of communication, but it prevents us from communicating with each other. We only become aware how totally irrelevant television is to real Jiving when we spend a holiday by the sea or in the mountains, far away from civilization. In quiet, natural surroundings, we quickly discover how little we miss the television. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】The author thinks that TV does great harm to us. First, it robs up of the ability to enjoy civilized pleasures. Secondly, there are so many TV programmes that most of them are not good in quality and lack variety or creativity. Finally, TV gives us passive enjoyment so we will gradually get isolated from the real world. 【分析】这是一篇议论文。因为电视的出现人们变得很依赖电视，不再去享受文明的乐趣，有时间就坐在电视前看着毫无创意的节目来消磨时光，久而久之人们欣然体验二手经验。 【详解】这篇总结首先表明作者的观点，认为电视有害；其次，从以下三个方面进行说明：电视使得人们不再去享受文明的乐趣；电视节目大都无创意，千篇一律；电视让我们被动享受，最终与外界隔绝。故本文可总结为：The author thinks that TV does great harm to us. First, it robs up of the ability to enjoy civilized pleasures. Secondly, there are so many TV programmes that most of them are not good in quality and lack variety or creativity. Finally, TV gives us passive enjoyment so we will gradually get isolated from the real world. 1 / 13 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $