专题13 概要写作说明文：识别结构，提炼核心（题型专练）（上海专用）2026年高考英语二轮复习讲练测

专题13概要写作之说明文 目录 第一部分 题型解码 高屋建瓴，掌握全局 第二部分 考向破译 微观解剖，精细教学 典例引领 方法透视 变式演练 考向01识别“总-分”或“总-分-总”结构 考向02区分主次信息，提炼核心【重难】 考向03客观转述与规范整合 第三部分 综合巩固 整合应用，模拟实战 题型简介 高考英语概要写作中的说明文题型，要求考生基于给定说明性文本，提炼核心信息并以简洁连贯的语言重构，篇幅约 60-80 词。文本多涉及科技发明、社会现象解析、文化习俗介绍等，侧重信息的准确性与逻辑性。该题型核心考查考生抓取关键信息、整合归纳及简洁表达的能力，既要求忠实原文主旨与要点，又需避免直接摘抄原句，体现对文本的深度理解与语言转化能力。 设题类型 说明文概要写作设题主要围绕三类文本展开：一是事物介绍类，如说明某物品的功能、构造或特性，需提炼说明对象及核心属性；二是事理阐释类，解析某现象的成因、原理或影响，要点为逻辑链中的关键环节；三是方法步骤类，介绍某项操作或流程，需梳理先后顺序及核心步骤。设题常选取结构清晰的文本，如 “总 - 分”“现象 - 分析 - 结论” 式，确保考生可通过逻辑脉络抓取要点。 命题方式 命题多采用 “给定文本 + 写作要求” 的形式，文本长度约 300 词，选材贴近生活或学科前沿，语言规范且逻辑严谨。要求明确规定篇幅、核心任务（概括主旨与关键信息）及评分标准（要点全面、语言简洁、连贯准确）。命题时会规避过于生僻的专业词汇，保证考生聚焦信息提炼而非词汇障碍。部分题目会隐含对逻辑连接词的使用要求，引导考生体现原文说明逻辑。 解题思路 解题需遵循 “四步走” 策略：首先，通读全文，标注说明对象、核心观点及支撑要点，如事物类标注属性，事理类梳理逻辑链；其次，筛选关键信息，剔除例子、数据等次要内容，保留 “是什么 - 为什么 - 怎么样” 等核心要素；再次，重构语言，用同义替换、句式转换等方式改写原句，避免抄袭，同时使用 “firstly”“in addition” 等连接词衔接；最后，检查校对，确保篇幅达标、要点无遗漏、逻辑连贯且语法正确。 考向01识别“总-分”或“总-分-总”结构 【例1-1】（2025年上海市浦东新区一模） Why can’t adults talk normally to babies? In scientific literature, baby talk is called “parentese”, and is a unique way of communicating with babies. It often involves using repetitive and exaggerated sounds, such as “cooing” and “goo-goo,” along with using diminutive words like “baby,” “binky,” or “blankie.” Adults also tend to speak more slowly and emphasize key words or phrases when engaging in baby talk.​ What’s the point of using such a ridiculous style of talking with babies? Why not just talk to a baby with normal speech, like we’d talk to another adult, or even a 5-year-old child? Primarily, we use baby talk to capture the baby’s attention. The dramatic vocalizations and facial expressions serve to engage the child’s focus by being distinct from all the other noise and visual stimuli around the baby. Remember, the brain of a newborn baby is still developing and needs different cues to engage and learn something.​ Baby talk also helps to establish an emotional connection between the adult and the baby. The gentle tone conveys affection, love, and care. As a result, in a way, it reassures the child by giving him a sense of security.​ Interestingly, there was a study where researchers tested 2,329 babies from 16 countries on their preference for this lively vocalization. Babies clearly prefer it when we “ooh” and “coo”. The study also revealed that babies from almost all cultures have an inborn love for baby talk.​ To support your baby’s development, try using baby talk regularly. Use a playful tone, make eye contact, and emphasize key words...​ 1. 总起部分识别：锁定“全文主旨锚点” 总起句通常是全文的“灵魂”，明确说明对象及核心观点，多位于首段首句或首段末句。识别标志有三：① 含“what/why/how”等解说性词汇，直接点出说明对象（如“Baby talk is a unique way of communicating with babies”）；② 无具体细节（如数据、例子、实验），表述抽象概括；③ 全文后续内容均围绕该句展开，无偏离主题的延伸。 2. 分述部分识别：拆解“支撑逻辑链” 分述部分是对总起句的具体阐释，常见形式为“原因分析、特征列举、实验论证、案例支撑”等，多位于中间段。识别标志：① 段落首句多为“分论点句”，承接总起句（如总起句讲“婴儿语的重要性”，分述段首句讲“婴儿语能吸引婴儿注意力”）；② 含“firstly/secondly、primarily、furthermore”等逻辑连接词，或“for example、a study shows”等论证标志词；③ 内容为具体细节，服务于总起句的核心观点。 3. 总结部分识别：判断“结尾收束性” 总结部分仅存在于“总-分-总”结构中，位于末段，作用是重申主旨或升华意义。识别标志：① 含“in conclusion、therefore、it is apparent that”等总结性连接词；② 内容与首段总起句语义呼应，无新的分论点或细节；③ 可能含建议性表述（如“To support your baby’s development, try using baby talk regularly”）。 【变式1-1】（2025年上海市奉贤区一模） Cattle are the traditional partners of the Maasai people of East Africa. The Maasai society revolves around cattle, which influence their diet, social life and rituals deeply. The traditional Maasai diet is heavily centered around cattle products. Milk is a fundamental component, consumed daily in fresh or processed forms. Meat is eaten during special occasions, and every part of the animal is used to avoid waste. Cattle also represent strength and collective wealth. In Maasai social life, status is closely linked to cattle ownership. The number of cattle one has determines his standing. During weddings, cattle gifts strengthen family bonds. Collective cattle care also promotes unity among families, especially in hard times like droughts. Cattle play a key role in Maasai rituals and ceremonies, accompanying individuals from birth to death. For example, a cow sacrifice during naming or funeral ceremonies connects the Maasai to the spiritual world. Clearly, cattle are not just livestock for the Maasai but the core of their culture, tying their diet, social relations and spirituality together. 【变式1-2】（2025年上海市黄浦区一模） A well-made video resumé can present job seekers creatively and help hiring managers assess them better, but making a good one requires specific skills. First, start by introducing yourself and addressing the target company directly. For example, “Hello, I’m John Doe applying for your designer position.” This grabs attention and shows respect. Second, state your desired profession clearly, either directly or creatively. A designer could say “I’m a visual storyteller” instead of just “I’m a designer.” Third, share your passion for the profession and support it with past experiences. For instance, a travel writer can talk about how interviewing global travelers motivated him and mention a related project. Finally, keep the video short—within 90 seconds. Long videos may make hiring managers lose patience. 【变式1-3】（2025年上海市杨浦区二模 ） Urban vertical gardening, a new way of growing plants on building walls or rooftops, is gaining popularity in big cities for multiple advantages. Firstly, it improves urban air quality. Plants absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen, and their leaves trap dust particles, reducing air pollution. Secondly, it saves space. In dense cities where land is scarce, vertical gardens use vertical space instead of valuable ground area, making them ideal for urban environments. Thirdly, it enhances urban aesthetics. Colorful flowers and green leaves on walls make cities more attractive and soften the hard look of concrete buildings. However, it has challenges like high initial costs and need for regular maintenance. Even so, its environmental and aesthetic benefits make it a promising urban greening solution. 考向02区分主次信息，提炼核心 【例2-1】（2025年上海市浦东新区一模题） Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Why can’t adults talk normally to babies? In scientific literature, baby talk is called “parentese”, and is a unique way of communicating with babies. It often involves using repetitive and exaggerated sounds, such as “cooing” and “goo-goo,” along with using diminutive words like “baby,” “binky,” or “blankie.” Adults also tend to speak more slowly and emphasize key words or phrases when engaging in baby talk. What’s the point of using such a ridiculous style of talking with babies? Why not just talk to a baby with normal speech, like we’d talk to another adult, or even a 5-year-old child? Primarily, we use baby talk to capture the baby’s attention. The dramatic vocalizations and facial expressions serve to engage the child’s focus by being distinct from all the other noise and visual stimuli around the baby. Remember, the brain of a newborn baby is still developing and needs different cues to engage and learn something. Baby talk also helps to establish an emotional connection between the adult and the baby. The gentle tone conveys affection, love, and care. As a result, in a way, it reassures the child by giving him a sense of security. Interestingly, there was a study where researchers tested 2,329 babies from 16 countries on their preference for this lively vocalization. Babies clearly prefer it when we “ooh” and “coo”. The study also revealed that babies from almost all cultures have an inborn love for baby talk. 主次信息区分过程 定框架：总-分结构，首段定义“parentese（儿语）”，后两段分述其两大作用，逻辑主线为“儿语的定义+核心作用”； 定要点：①What：儿语是成人与婴儿交流的独特方式（重复夸张发音、慢节奏等）；②Why1：吸引婴儿注意力（适配婴儿发育中的大脑）；③Why2：建立情感联结（传递关爱，带来安全感）；④佐证：跨文化研究显示婴儿天生偏好儿语（可简化融入要点）； 定取舍：剔除“cooing”“goo-goo”等具体发音例子、“2329名婴儿”等研究细节，保留核心结论。 定框架：锁定文章逻辑主线 说明文的核心信息通常沿固定逻辑展开，需先通过首尾段及各段主题句（多位于段首）锁定框架： 总-分结构：首段明确说明对象及核心观点，后续段落分点支撑（如原因、作用、特征），主次为“总观点>分论点>支撑细节”； 并列结构：各段围绕说明对象的不同维度展开（如不同价值、不同影响），各维度均为核心要点，需全部涵盖； 问题-解决结构：核心为“问题本质>解决方法>效果”，具体案例、数据等为次要信息。 定要点：聚焦“5W1H”核心要素 结合说明文特征，筛选要点时聚焦关键要素：What（说明对象）、Why（原因/目的）、How（方法/机制）、Characteristics（核心特征）、Significance（意义/影响）。可通过“标记法”标注段落中含这些要素的句子，通常为段落主题句或转折后的观点句。 【变式2-1】（2025年上海市奉贤区一模题） Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. The Significance of Cattle in Maasai Society Cattle are the traditional partners of the Maasai people of East Africa. The traditional Maasai diet is heavily centered around cattle products. Milk is a fundamental component of the Maasai diet, consumed daily and in various forms. Fresh milk, known as “enkirowua”, is often drunk straight or mixed with herbs for added flavor and medicinal benefits. Processed milk, or “mokore”, is a popular variation, providing rich source of nutrition. Cattle’s meat is another important part of the Maasai diet, consumed during special occasions and ceremonies. Every part of the animal is used, reflecting the Maasai’s resourcefulness and respect for their livestock. It represents strength and the community’s collective wealth. Cattle hold significant value in Maasai social life. An individual’s social status is heavily influenced by cattle ownership. The number of cattle one possesses directly relates with his standing in the community. This is particularly evident during traditional ceremonies, such as weddings, where the exchange of cattle as gifts signifies the strong bond between families and a shared commitment to the future. Families there share responsibilities in cattle care and their collective management promotes unity and teamwork. Cattle also play a big role in Maasai rituals and ceremonies, accompanying individuals from birth to death. For example, the sacrifice of a cow during naming ceremonies or funerals not only celebrates the occasion but also strengthens the community’s spiritual connection with their livestock. 核心提炼过程 框架为“总-分”，核心说明对象是“牛在马赛社会的意义”，分三个维度：饮食（牛奶、肉类，象征财富与力量）、社会生活（决定社会地位，促进团结）、仪式（贯穿生死，联结精神世界）。剔除“enkirowua”“mokore”等具体名称、婚礼/命名仪式等案例。 【变式2-2】（2025年上海市宝山区二模题） Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. As soon as they walk into a room, tall people command attention. They also enjoy some advantages, such as being considered attractive (especially for men). Tall people also tend to have higher status jobs and consequently earn more money than others. It’s no wonder that many young people are concerned about growing as tall as possible. There are many myths about growth and height in circulation, though, so let’s examine them and find out the truth. Myth 1: People stop growing during puberty. Fact: Boys can still grow even in their early 20s though both girls and boys grow more during childhood and puberty. Myth 2: A person’s height is completely determined by genes. Fact: Genes determine 60-80% of height, while environmental factors like childhood nutrition matter too. Myth 3: Caffeine stops children from growing. Fact: Moderate caffeine is harmless, but excessive intake harms sleep and thus growth. Myth 4: Stretching or hanging upside down can make you taller. Fact: Stretching may help during growth, but neither works permanently after maturity. 核心提炼过程 框架为“引入-破迷思”，核心是“澄清关于身高增长的常见误区”，需提炼“总起（年轻人关注身高+存在误区）+4个误区的核心事实”。剔除“男性更有吸引力”“高薪工作”等引入性细节、“60-80%”等具体数据。 【变式2-3】（2025年上海市闵行区七宝中学5月模拟题） Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Moving to a new place can be terrifying, but volunteering offers a great way to adapt, meet locals, and gain skills. That’s why we’re spotlighting Kajal Patil, a volunteer who moved and found volunteer opportunities on Volunteer Match to make an impact in her new community. Kajal moved to the US from India in 2017. Having volunteered as a yoga teacher in India, she searched for opportunities on Volunteer Match and joined Meridian International Center to review applications for a fellowship program. Her work included assessing candidates’ business ideas and social impact. This volunteer experience enhanced her existing skills and helped her develop new ones like time management and business analysis. More importantly, it made her feel needed and boosted her self-esteem, easing her adaptation to the new community. 核心提炼过程 框架为“观点-案例-总结”，核心是“志愿服务对新环境适应的作用”，要点：①总观点：志愿服务助新移居者适应、交友、增技能；②案例支撑：Kajal通过Volunteer Match参与志愿工作；③效果：提升技能、增强自尊、助力适应。剔除“瑜伽老师”“2017年”“Meridian中心”等具体细节。 考向03客观转述与规范整合 【例3-1】（2025年上海市奉贤区高三英语一模） Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. The Significance of Cattle in Maasai Society Cattle are the traditional partners of the Maasai people of East Africa. The traditional Maasai diet is heavily centered around cattle products. Milk is a fundamental component of the Maasai diet, consumed daily in various forms. Fresh milk, known as “enkirowua”, is often drunk straight or mixed with herbs for added flavor and medicinal benefits. Processed milk, or “mokore”, is a popular variation, providing a rich source of nutrition. Meat is another important part of the Maasai diet, consumed during special occasions and ceremonies. Every part of the animal is used, reflecting the resourcefulness and respect for their livestock. Cattle represent strength and collective wealth. Cattle hold significant value in Maasai social life. Social status is heavily influenced by cattle ownership. The number of cattle one possesses directly relates to his standing in the community. This is particularly evident during traditional ceremonies such as weddings, where the exchange of cattle gifts signifies the strong bond between families and a shared commitment to the future. Families share responsibilities in cattle care, and their collective management promotes unity and teamwork. For example, the process of milking is a shared task involving both men and women and strengthening social bonds. It is especially vital during challenging times such as droughts when the well-being of the cattle is crucial. Cattle also play a big role in Maasai rituals and ceremonies, accompanying individuals from birth to death. For example, the sacrifice of a cow during naming ceremonies or funerals not only celebrates the occasion but also strengthens the spiritual connection with their livestock. These rituals highlight the spiritual importance of cattle, a link between the physical and spiritual worlds, thus firmly establishing their central role in Maasai culture. 1. 拆解结构，提取要点： 主旨：牛在马赛族社会中具有核心地位。 2. 要点1：饮食价值——奶（日常）和肉（特殊场合）是饮食核心，体现对牲畜的尊重。 3. 要点2：社会价值——象征力量与集体财富，决定社会地位，促进家庭团结与团队合作。 4. 要点3：精神价值——贯穿出生到死亡的仪式，是物质与精神世界的纽带。 5. 客观转述，同义替换： “are the traditional partners”→“play a central role” 6. “heavily centered around”→“are fundamental to” 7. “social status is heavily influenced by”→“determine social status” 8. “spiritual connection”→“spiritual link” 9. 规范整合，逻辑串联：用“besides”“furthermore”衔接并列要点，省略具体奶的名称、挤奶例子等细节，压缩字数。 客观转述：忠于原意，规避主观偏差 1. 同义替换精准化：优先选用词性转换、近义短语替换原文关键词，避免照抄。如原文“play a crucial role”可转为“are vital”，“significantly improve”可转为“enhance...remarkably”。 2. 句式重构简洁化：将复杂从句拆解为简单句或并列句，长难句转化为“主干+核心修饰”结构。 3. 视角保持一致性：沿用原文的说明视角（如研究视角用“the study reveals”，作者视角用“the author points out”），不添加个人评价词（如“good”“bad”“should”）。 规范整合：逻辑串联，精简核心要点 1. 结构拆解三步法：先略读全文抓主旨（首段/末段），再分段提取核心点（首句+逻辑词引导句），最后标记逻辑关系（因果、转折、并列）。如现象类说明文遵循“现象+原因+影响/对策”逻辑，利弊类遵循“事物+优势+劣势”逻辑。 2. 要点筛选取舍法：保留“主旨句+关键支撑点”，舍弃具体例子、数据、细节描述。如原文中“癌症患者冥想实验”“注意力测试数据”等具体案例，仅提炼为“相关研究证实其效果”即可。 3. 衔接词精准适配：用逻辑衔接词串联要点，因果用“because/since”，转折用“however/while”，并列用“besides/furthermore”，使逻辑链清晰。 4. 字数控制压缩法：初稿完成后，删除冗余修饰（如程度副词“very”“extremely”），合并同类项，确保60词内覆盖全部核心要点。 【变式3-1】（2025年上海市徐汇区高三英语一模） Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Why We Hate Phone Calls Suddenly a sound rings out, stopping you in your tracks. Panicking, you search for where it could be coming from. It's your phone, and if you're like a quarter of 18 to 30-year-olds in a recent British study, you probably won't answer it. The same study found that 70% of the people in this age group prefer text messages to phone calls. Why do so many young people hate phone calls? While previous generations grew up using landlines to talk to friends, smartphone-equipped younger people have grown up using text messages for social conversations. There's less pressure with texting. You can read and respond to messages on your own schedule, and take time to think about what to say rather than being put on the spot. Besides, texting allows greater control over conversations without interruption. Phone calls often cause a loss of control and anxiety, and many young people link unexpected calls to bad news. This means new social codes are being established. Many text to check availability before calling. If something can't be summed up in short messages, they leave voice notes. But this doesn't mean anxiety is gone. Texting can also cause anxiety, such as interpreting short replies as cold or feeling tense when left on read. 【变式3-2】（2025年上海市黄浦区高三英语一模） Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Video Resumes: Pros and Cons Resumes have long been a key part of job applications, but video resumes are gaining popularity recently. A well-made video resume can present candidates creatively and let hiring managers assess their communication skills directly, offering a better chance to stand out. However, making a good video resume is not easy. It requires skills in filming and editing, which may be a burden for some. Besides, video resumes are often longer than paper ones, and busy hiring managers may lack time to watch them fully. What's more, some content may be irrelevant, failing to highlight key strengths. To make an effective video resume, candidates should introduce themselves clearly, focus on professional skills related to the job, and keep it concise—usually within one minute. 【变式3-3】（2025年上海市虹口区高三英语一模） Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. The Impact of Urban Green Spaces A recent study by Shanghai University examined the impact of urban green spaces on residents' mental health. It surveyed 2,000 residents from 10 districts in Shanghai and found a clear link between green space access and well-being. Residents who visited green spaces (like parks or community gardens) at least twice a week reported 30% lower levels of anxiety and depression than those who rarely went. The study also found that even short visits (15-20 minutes) could bring noticeable mental relief. Researchers suggested that cities should increase green space coverage, especially in dense residential areas, to improve public mental health. They also noted that green spaces with natural vegetation worked better than man-made lawns 1．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea of the passage and how it is illustrated. Use your own words as far as possible. Educational Inquiry: From Childhood to the TikTok Math Debate Children are naturally curious. Many constantly ask questions. At some point, most of them just stop. Why does this happen? It’s not as if the world starts to make perfect sense after several years of living. To succeed, to be recognized as smart, children typically feel social pressure to stop asking questions and start providing answers. This pressure persists into adulthood, as an online incident illustrates. During the summer of 2020, on TikTok, a woman named Gracie wondered about the origins of algebra (代数) and about whether math is “real”. The video spread widely when it was shared with the comment “stupidest video I’ve ever seen.” After being laughed at by many, others came to Gracie’s defense, including mathematicians, scientists and philosophers. For not even they knew the answers to her questions. I think this incident is worth examining for what it indicates about questions. Given the comments received, Gracie’s questions initially appeared silly to many. Such a reaction — even the mere threat of being laughed at — is a significant obstacle to asking questions. In response to her critics, Gracie admirably made another attempt to question math. She seemed like an easy target. Her questions were directed at something that is widely supposed to be unquestionable: basic mathematics. Few defenders did so on the basis that her questions were sincere or revealed genuine curiosity. It seems the primary reason the questions came to be considered good is just that they did not have easy answers, as if the difficulty of questions were equivalent to value. Lots of very good questions have easy answers if you ask the right person. Often, a good question is just motivated by curiosity, asked in order to understand better something in the world. By this measure, Gracie’s questions were good from the very start. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main poin(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Noise-Cancelling Headphones: A Double-Edged Sword for Hearing? They are prized for making the daily trip more bearable and creating a barrier against the noise of daily life. But some specialists suspect that overusing the noise-cancelling headphones which constantly blocking out background noise may have unintended consequences. Renee Almeida, an adult audiology clinical lead at Imperial College healthcare NHS trust, has seen an increase in adults coming to her clinic with hearing issues only for tests to suggest their hearing is fine. The problem is with their brain, not their ears. They might fail to locate where a sound is coming from, or struggle to follow a conversation on the train, in a bar or at a restaurant. The condition, known as auditory processing disorder, is often diagnosed in children, so the rise in adults with similar issues struck Almeida as odd. Almeida suspects prolonged headphone use, which limits the brain’s exposure to multiple sounds, might be responsible. “Normally, our brains sort thousands of sounds and prioritize important ones,” Almeida explains.” But noise-cancelling headphones deliver only one sound source — music or podcasts — depriving the brain of practice in distinguishing speech from background noise.” However, for Harvey Dillon, a professor of auditory science at the University of Manchester, Almeida’s idea is an assumption yet to be tested.” There is no research investigating the link between the use of noise-cancelling headphones and reduced auditory processing ability,” he says. He cautions that loud music can damage neurons (神经元) in the auditory system. “It may be that listening to loud music is the cause of the auditory processing problem, not the noise-cancelling feature,” he says.” If so, noise cancelling could be a good feature, as it allows one to listen to music without interference from background noise.” While theories about headphone-related harm remain unproven, experts agree on one point: understanding how modern listening habits reshape auditory processing requires urgent scientific attention. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. The Crucial Role of Early Childhood Environment The environment we are in affects our moods, ability to form relationships, effectiveness in work or play — even our health. In addition, the early childhood environment has a very crucial role in children’s learning and development for two important reasons. First, young children are in the process of rapid brain development. In the early years, the brain develops more synapses (神经元的突触) or connections than it can possibly use. Those that are used by the child form strong connections, while the synapses that are not used gradually disappear. Children’s experiences help to make this determination. The National Scientific Council of the Developing Child compares the development of the brain to constructing a house, stating, “Just as a lack of the right materials can result in blueprints that change, the lack of appropriate experiences can lead to alterations in genetic plans.” Because children’s experiences are limited by their surroundings, the environment we provide for them has a crucial impact on the way the child’s brain develops. The second reason that the early childhood environment has such a strong role in children’s development is because of the amount of time children spend in these environments. Many children spend a large portion of their wakeful hours in early childhood setting. For example, a baby beginning child care will spend up to 12,000 hours in the program. This is more time than he will spend in both elementary and secondary schools. Children will typically spend another 4,000 hours in kindergarten through third grade classrooms. Anita Rui Olds, a well-known environmental designer, believes that we should design our early childhood environments for miracles, not minimums. She states: “Children are miracles. Believing that every child is a miracle can transform the way we design for children’s care. When we invite a miracle into our lives, we prepare ourselves and the environment around us. We make it our job to create, with great respect and gratitude, a space that is worthy of a miracle! _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 4．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Are Oceans Silent? Most sea creatures, from whales and dolphins to fish, sharks and shrimps, respond to sound, and many can produce it. They use it to hunt and to hide, find mates and food, send messages and give warnings, establish territories, warn off competitors, confuse their targets, deceive enemies, and sense changes in water and conditions. Marine animals click bones, grind teeth and belch gases (磨牙打嗝); use special organs to make various noises. Far from the ‘silent deep’, the oceans are so noisy. Into this age-long confused noise, in the blink of an evolutionary eye, has entered a new thunder: the trembling sound of mighty engines as 46,220 large ships passed the world’s shipping courses. Scientists say that background noise in the ocean has increased roughly by 15 decibels (分贝) in the past 50 years. It may not sound like much in overall terms, but it is enough, according to many marine biologists, to mask the normal sounds of ocean life going about its business. At its most intense, some even say noise causes whales to become disoriented, dolphins to suffer from ‘the bends’, fish to go deaf, leave their breeding grounds or fail to form groups—enough to disorganize the basic biology of two thirds of the planet. “Undersea noise pollution is like the death of a thousand cuts”, says Sylvia Earie, chief scientist of the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. “Each sound in itself may not be a matter of critical concern, but taken all together, the noise from shipping, earthquake-related surveys, and military activity is creating a totally different environment than existed even 50 years ago. That high level of noise is bound to have a hard, sweeping impact on life in the sea. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 5．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point (s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. A good story encourages us to turn the next page and read more. We want to find out what happens next and what the main characters do and what they say to each other. We may feel excited, sad, afraid, angry or really happy. This is because the experience of reading or listening to a story is much more likely to make us “feel” that we are part of the story, too. Just like in our “real” lives, we might love or hate different characters in the story. Perhaps we recognize ourselves or others in some of them. Perhaps we have similar problems. Because of this natural empathy with the characters, our brains process the reading of stories differently from the way we read factual information. Our brains don't always recognize the difference between an imagined situation and a real one so the characters become “alive” to us. What they say and do is therefore more meaningful. This is why the words and structures that relate a story's events, descriptions and conversations are processed in this deeper way. In fact, cultures all around the world have always used storytelling to pass knowledge from one generation to another. Our ancestors understood very well that this was the best way to make sure our histories and information about how to relate to others and to our world was not only understood, but remembered too. (Notice that the word “history” contains the word “story” -- this is not a coincidence!) Encouraging your child to read or listen to stories should therefore help them to learn a second language in a way that is not only fun, but memorable. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 6．A remarkable variety of insects live in this planet. More species of insects exist than all other animal species together. Insects have survived on earth for more than 300 million years, and may possess the ability to survive for millions more. Insects can be found almost everywhere -- on the highest mountains and on the bottom of rushing streams, in the cold South Pole and in bubbling hot springs. They dig through the ground, jump and sing in the trees, and run and dance in the air. They come in many different colours and various shapes. There are many reasons why insects are so successful at surviving. Their amazing ability to adapt permits them to live in extreme ranges of temperatures and environments. The one place where they have not yet been found to any major extent is in the open oceans. Insects can survive on a wide range of natural and artificial foods -- paint, pepper, glue, books, grain, cotton, other insects, plants and animals. Because they are small they can hide in tiny spaces. Also, insects have an enormous reproductive capacity: An African ant queen can lay as many as 43,000 eggs a day. Another reason for their success is the strategy of protective colour. An insect may be right before our eyes, but nearly invisible because it is cleverly disguised(伪装) like a green leaf, lump of brown soil, gray lichen(青苔), a seed or some other natural object. Some insects use bright, bold colours to send warning signals that they taste bad, sting or are poison. Others have wing patterns that look like the eyes of a huge predator, bitter-tasting insects; hungry enemies are fooled into avoiding them. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 1 / 13 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题13概要写作之说明文 目录 第一部分 题型解码 高屋建瓴，掌握全局 第二部分 考向破译 微观解剖，精细教学 典例引领 方法透视 变式演练 考向01识别“总-分”或“总-分-总”结构 考向02区分主次信息，提炼核心【重难】 考向03客观转述与规范整合 第三部分 综合巩固 整合应用，模拟实战 题型简介 高考英语概要写作中的说明文题型，要求考生基于给定说明性文本，提炼核心信息并以简洁连贯的语言重构，篇幅约 60-80 词。文本多涉及科技发明、社会现象解析、文化习俗介绍等，侧重信息的准确性与逻辑性。该题型核心考查考生抓取关键信息、整合归纳及简洁表达的能力，既要求忠实原文主旨与要点，又需避免直接摘抄原句，体现对文本的深度理解与语言转化能力。 设题类型 说明文概要写作设题主要围绕三类文本展开：一是事物介绍类，如说明某物品的功能、构造或特性，需提炼说明对象及核心属性；二是事理阐释类，解析某现象的成因、原理或影响，要点为逻辑链中的关键环节；三是方法步骤类，介绍某项操作或流程，需梳理先后顺序及核心步骤。设题常选取结构清晰的文本，如 “总 - 分”“现象 - 分析 - 结论” 式，确保考生可通过逻辑脉络抓取要点。 命题方式 命题多采用 “给定文本 + 写作要求” 的形式，文本长度约 300 词，选材贴近生活或学科前沿，语言规范且逻辑严谨。要求明确规定篇幅、核心任务（概括主旨与关键信息）及评分标准（要点全面、语言简洁、连贯准确）。命题时会规避过于生僻的专业词汇，保证考生聚焦信息提炼而非词汇障碍。部分题目会隐含对逻辑连接词的使用要求，引导考生体现原文说明逻辑。 解题思路 解题需遵循 “四步走” 策略：首先，通读全文，标注说明对象、核心观点及支撑要点，如事物类标注属性，事理类梳理逻辑链；其次，筛选关键信息，剔除例子、数据等次要内容，保留 “是什么 - 为什么 - 怎么样” 等核心要素；再次，重构语言，用同义替换、句式转换等方式改写原句，避免抄袭，同时使用 “firstly”“in addition” 等连接词衔接；最后，检查校对，确保篇幅达标、要点无遗漏、逻辑连贯且语法正确。 考向01识别“总-分”或“总-分-总”结构 【例1-1】（2025年上海市浦东新区一模） Why can’t adults talk normally to babies? In scientific literature, baby talk is called “parentese”, and is a unique way of communicating with babies. It often involves using repetitive and exaggerated sounds, such as “cooing” and “goo-goo,” along with using diminutive words like “baby,” “binky,” or “blankie.” Adults also tend to speak more slowly and emphasize key words or phrases when engaging in baby talk.​ What’s the point of using such a ridiculous style of talking with babies? Why not just talk to a baby with normal speech, like we’d talk to another adult, or even a 5-year-old child? Primarily, we use baby talk to capture the baby’s attention. The dramatic vocalizations and facial expressions serve to engage the child’s focus by being distinct from all the other noise and visual stimuli around the baby. Remember, the brain of a newborn baby is still developing and needs different cues to engage and learn something.​ Baby talk also helps to establish an emotional connection between the adult and the baby. The gentle tone conveys affection, love, and care. As a result, in a way, it reassures the child by giving him a sense of security.​ Interestingly, there was a study where researchers tested 2,329 babies from 16 countries on their preference for this lively vocalization. Babies clearly prefer it when we “ooh” and “coo”. The study also revealed that babies from almost all cultures have an inborn love for baby talk.​ To support your baby’s development, try using baby talk regularly. Use a playful tone, make eye contact, and emphasize key words...​ 结构识别过程​ 总起部分：首段首句以设问引出说明对象“baby talk（父母语）”，随即明确其核心属性——“a unique way of communicating with babies”，并简要描述其特征（重复夸张发音、叠词、慢语速），为全文总起句。​ 分述部分：中间2-4段为分述，以“primarily、also、a study”为逻辑锚点，从三个维度支撑总起句：① 吸引婴儿注意力（原因1）；② 建立情感连接（原因2）；③ 跨国研究证明婴儿天生偏好（实证支撑）。​ 结构判断：末段为建议性表述，无对首段主旨的重申，故为“总-分”结构。​ 概要写作答案（60词内）​ Called “parentese”, baby talk is a unique way for adults to communicate with babies, featuring repetitive sounds, diminutive words and slow speech. It captures babies’ attention, builds emotional bonds with them, and is innately preferred by babies globally. Using it regularly benefits babies’ development.​ 答案解析​ 核心要点覆盖：① 说明对象及定义（parentese是成人与婴儿的独特沟通方式）；② 核心特征（重复发音、叠词、慢语速）；③ 三个分述要点（吸引注意力、情感连接、婴儿偏好）；④ 建议（定期使用有益发育）。​ 语言精简技巧：用“featuring”整合特征，用“and”串联分述要点，避免原文例子（如“goo-goo”）等冗余信息，符合“60词内”要求。 1. 总起部分识别：锁定“全文主旨锚点” 总起句通常是全文的“灵魂”，明确说明对象及核心观点，多位于首段首句或首段末句。识别标志有三：① 含“what/why/how”等解说性词汇，直接点出说明对象（如“Baby talk is a unique way of communicating with babies”）；② 无具体细节（如数据、例子、实验），表述抽象概括；③ 全文后续内容均围绕该句展开，无偏离主题的延伸。 2. 分述部分识别：拆解“支撑逻辑链” 分述部分是对总起句的具体阐释，常见形式为“原因分析、特征列举、实验论证、案例支撑”等，多位于中间段。识别标志：① 段落首句多为“分论点句”，承接总起句（如总起句讲“婴儿语的重要性”，分述段首句讲“婴儿语能吸引婴儿注意力”）；② 含“firstly/secondly、primarily、furthermore”等逻辑连接词，或“for example、a study shows”等论证标志词；③ 内容为具体细节，服务于总起句的核心观点。 3. 总结部分识别：判断“结尾收束性” 总结部分仅存在于“总-分-总”结构中，位于末段，作用是重申主旨或升华意义。识别标志：① 含“in conclusion、therefore、it is apparent that”等总结性连接词；② 内容与首段总起句语义呼应，无新的分论点或细节；③ 可能含建议性表述（如“To support your baby’s development, try using baby talk regularly”）。 【变式1-1】（2025年上海市奉贤区一模） Cattle are the traditional partners of the Maasai people of East Africa. The Maasai society revolves around cattle, which influence their diet, social life and rituals deeply. The traditional Maasai diet is heavily centered around cattle products. Milk is a fundamental component, consumed daily in fresh or processed forms. Meat is eaten during special occasions, and every part of the animal is used to avoid waste. Cattle also represent strength and collective wealth. In Maasai social life, status is closely linked to cattle ownership. The number of cattle one has determines his standing. During weddings, cattle gifts strengthen family bonds. Collective cattle care also promotes unity among families, especially in hard times like droughts. Cattle play a key role in Maasai rituals and ceremonies, accompanying individuals from birth to death. For example, a cow sacrifice during naming or funeral ceremonies connects the Maasai to the spiritual world. Clearly, cattle are not just livestock for the Maasai but the core of their culture, tying their diet, social relations and spirituality together. 结构识别 首段总起（牛是马赛人的传统伙伴，影响饮食、社会生活和仪式）→ 中间2-4段分述（饮食核心、社会地位象征、仪式关键角色）→ 末段总结（牛是文化核心，串联饮食、社会和精神生活），为“总-分-总”结构。 参考答案 Cattle are the core traditional partners of the Maasai. Their diet relies on cattle products like milk and meat. Cattle determine social status, strengthen family bonds and promote unity. They also matter in rituals. Thus, cattle are the center of Maasai culture. 解析 末段总结句“Clearly, cattle are not just livestock...”是核心锚点，答案需呼应该句，同时覆盖分述的“饮食、社会、仪式”三个维度，用“Thus”体现总结逻辑。 【变式1-2】（2025年上海市黄浦区一模） A well-made video resumé can present job seekers creatively and help hiring managers assess them better, but making a good one requires specific skills. First, start by introducing yourself and addressing the target company directly. For example, “Hello, I’m John Doe applying for your designer position.” This grabs attention and shows respect. Second, state your desired profession clearly, either directly or creatively. A designer could say “I’m a visual storyteller” instead of just “I’m a designer.” Third, share your passion for the profession and support it with past experiences. For instance, a travel writer can talk about how interviewing global travelers motivated him and mention a related project. Finally, keep the video short—within 90 seconds. Long videos may make hiring managers lose patience. 结构识别 首段总起（优质视频简历的优势及制作需特定技巧）→ 中间2-5段分述（四个制作步骤：直接自我介绍、明确职业定位、结合经历谈热情、控制时长），无总结段，为“总-分”结构。 参考答案 A good video resumé benefits job seekers but needs specific skills. It should include direct self-introduction to the target company, clear and creative profession statement, passion supported by past experiences, and be within 90 seconds. 解析 以“but needs specific skills”承接总起句，用“should include”串联四个分述步骤，省略原文例子（如John Doe），突出核心技巧，符合概要“去细节、留主干”原则。 【变式1-3】（2025年上海市杨浦区二模 ） Urban vertical gardening, a new way of growing plants on building walls or rooftops, is gaining popularity in big cities for multiple advantages. Firstly, it improves urban air quality. Plants absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen, and their leaves trap dust particles, reducing air pollution. Secondly, it saves space. In dense cities where land is scarce, vertical gardens use vertical space instead of valuable ground area, making them ideal for urban environments. Thirdly, it enhances urban aesthetics. Colorful flowers and green leaves on walls make cities more attractive and soften the hard look of concrete buildings. However, it has challenges like high initial costs and need for regular maintenance. Even so, its environmental and aesthetic benefits make it a promising urban greening solution. 结构识别 首段总起（城市垂直绿化受欢迎及有多重优势）→ 中间2-4段分述（三大优势：改善空气质量、节省空间、提升美观）→ 末段总结（虽有挑战，但优势使其成为有前景的绿化方案），为“总-分-总”结构。 参考答案 Urban vertical gardening, popular in big cities, has multiple advantages: improving air quality, saving space and enhancing aesthetics. Despite challenges like high costs and maintenance needs, it’s a promising greening solution. 解析 用冒号整合三个分述优势，以“Despite”衔接挑战与总结，既覆盖“优势”核心分述点，又呼应末段“promising solution”的总结句，逻辑完整且简洁。 考向02区分主次信息，提炼核心 【例2-1】（2025年上海市浦东新区一模题） Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Why can’t adults talk normally to babies? In scientific literature, baby talk is called “parentese”, and is a unique way of communicating with babies. It often involves using repetitive and exaggerated sounds, such as “cooing” and “goo-goo,” along with using diminutive words like “baby,” “binky,” or “blankie.” Adults also tend to speak more slowly and emphasize key words or phrases when engaging in baby talk. What’s the point of using such a ridiculous style of talking with babies? Why not just talk to a baby with normal speech, like we’d talk to another adult, or even a 5-year-old child? Primarily, we use baby talk to capture the baby’s attention. The dramatic vocalizations and facial expressions serve to engage the child’s focus by being distinct from all the other noise and visual stimuli around the baby. Remember, the brain of a newborn baby is still developing and needs different cues to engage and learn something. Baby talk also helps to establish an emotional connection between the adult and the baby. The gentle tone conveys affection, love, and care. As a result, in a way, it reassures the child by giving him a sense of security. Interestingly, there was a study where researchers tested 2,329 babies from 16 countries on their preference for this lively vocalization. Babies clearly prefer it when we “ooh” and “coo”. The study also revealed that babies from almost all cultures have an inborn love for baby talk. 主次信息区分过程 定框架：总-分结构，首段定义“parentese（儿语）”，后两段分述其两大作用，逻辑主线为“儿语的定义+核心作用”； 定要点：①What：儿语是成人与婴儿交流的独特方式（重复夸张发音、慢节奏等）；②Why1：吸引婴儿注意力（适配婴儿发育中的大脑）；③Why2：建立情感联结（传递关爱，带来安全感）；④佐证：跨文化研究显示婴儿天生偏好儿语（可简化融入要点）； 定取舍：剔除“cooing”“goo-goo”等具体发音例子、“2329名婴儿”等研究细节，保留核心结论。 参考答案：Parentese, a unique way of communicating with babies featuring repetitive, exaggerated sounds and slow speech, serves two key purposes. It captures babies’ attention to fit their developing brains and builds emotional bonds by conveying affection, which babies across cultures innately prefer. 解析：①含核心要素：定义（unique way...featuring...）、两大作用（captures attention, builds emotional bonds）、关键佐证（跨文化偏好）；②剔除冗余：无具体例子或细节数据；③逻辑连贯：用“serves two key purposes”衔接定义与作用，符合概要要求。 定框架：锁定文章逻辑主线 说明文的核心信息通常沿固定逻辑展开，需先通过首尾段及各段主题句（多位于段首）锁定框架： 总-分结构：首段明确说明对象及核心观点，后续段落分点支撑（如原因、作用、特征），主次为“总观点>分论点>支撑细节”； 并列结构：各段围绕说明对象的不同维度展开（如不同价值、不同影响），各维度均为核心要点，需全部涵盖； 问题-解决结构：核心为“问题本质>解决方法>效果”，具体案例、数据等为次要信息。 定要点：聚焦“5W1H”核心要素 结合说明文特征，筛选要点时聚焦关键要素：What（说明对象）、Why（原因/目的）、How（方法/机制）、Characteristics（核心特征）、Significance（意义/影响）。可通过“标记法”标注段落中含这些要素的句子，通常为段落主题句或转折后的观点句。 【变式2-1】（2025年上海市奉贤区一模题） Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. The Significance of Cattle in Maasai Society Cattle are the traditional partners of the Maasai people of East Africa. The traditional Maasai diet is heavily centered around cattle products. Milk is a fundamental component of the Maasai diet, consumed daily and in various forms. Fresh milk, known as “enkirowua”, is often drunk straight or mixed with herbs for added flavor and medicinal benefits. Processed milk, or “mokore”, is a popular variation, providing rich source of nutrition. Cattle’s meat is another important part of the Maasai diet, consumed during special occasions and ceremonies. Every part of the animal is used, reflecting the Maasai’s resourcefulness and respect for their livestock. It represents strength and the community’s collective wealth. Cattle hold significant value in Maasai social life. An individual’s social status is heavily influenced by cattle ownership. The number of cattle one possesses directly relates with his standing in the community. This is particularly evident during traditional ceremonies, such as weddings, where the exchange of cattle as gifts signifies the strong bond between families and a shared commitment to the future. Families there share responsibilities in cattle care and their collective management promotes unity and teamwork. Cattle also play a big role in Maasai rituals and ceremonies, accompanying individuals from birth to death. For example, the sacrifice of a cow during naming ceremonies or funerals not only celebrates the occasion but also strengthens the community’s spiritual connection with their livestock. 核心提炼过程 框架为“总-分”，核心说明对象是“牛在马赛社会的意义”，分三个维度：饮食（牛奶、肉类，象征财富与力量）、社会生活（决定社会地位，促进团结）、仪式（贯穿生死，联结精神世界）。剔除“enkirowua”“mokore”等具体名称、婚礼/命名仪式等案例。 参考答案：Cattle are vital to the Maasai society. They provide staple food like milk and meat, representing wealth and strength. Cattle determine social status and enhance unity, and play a spiritual role in rituals throughout the Maasai’s life. 解析：覆盖“饮食、社会、精神”三大核心维度，用“vital”总领，各要点逻辑清晰，剔除所有细节案例，60词内完成浓缩。 【变式2-2】（2025年上海市宝山区二模题） Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. As soon as they walk into a room, tall people command attention. They also enjoy some advantages, such as being considered attractive (especially for men). Tall people also tend to have higher status jobs and consequently earn more money than others. It’s no wonder that many young people are concerned about growing as tall as possible. There are many myths about growth and height in circulation, though, so let’s examine them and find out the truth. Myth 1: People stop growing during puberty. Fact: Boys can still grow even in their early 20s though both girls and boys grow more during childhood and puberty. Myth 2: A person’s height is completely determined by genes. Fact: Genes determine 60-80% of height, while environmental factors like childhood nutrition matter too. Myth 3: Caffeine stops children from growing. Fact: Moderate caffeine is harmless, but excessive intake harms sleep and thus growth. Myth 4: Stretching or hanging upside down can make you taller. Fact: Stretching may help during growth, but neither works permanently after maturity. 核心提炼过程 框架为“引入-破迷思”，核心是“澄清关于身高增长的常见误区”，需提炼“总起（年轻人关注身高+存在误区）+4个误区的核心事实”。剔除“男性更有吸引力”“高薪工作”等引入性细节、“60-80%”等具体数据。 参考答案：Many young people care about growing tall, but there are common myths about height growth. Boys grow into early 20s; genes and nutrition both matter; moderate caffeine is okay; stretching works only during growth. 解析：先总述背景（关注身高+存在误区），再用分号衔接4个核心事实，每个事实仅保留关键结论，无冗余信息，符合字数要求。 【变式2-3】（2025年上海市闵行区七宝中学5月模拟题） Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Moving to a new place can be terrifying, but volunteering offers a great way to adapt, meet locals, and gain skills. That’s why we’re spotlighting Kajal Patil, a volunteer who moved and found volunteer opportunities on Volunteer Match to make an impact in her new community. Kajal moved to the US from India in 2017. Having volunteered as a yoga teacher in India, she searched for opportunities on Volunteer Match and joined Meridian International Center to review applications for a fellowship program. Her work included assessing candidates’ business ideas and social impact. This volunteer experience enhanced her existing skills and helped her develop new ones like time management and business analysis. More importantly, it made her feel needed and boosted her self-esteem, easing her adaptation to the new community. 核心提炼过程 框架为“观点-案例-总结”，核心是“志愿服务对新环境适应的作用”，要点：①总观点：志愿服务助新移居者适应、交友、增技能；②案例支撑：Kajal通过Volunteer Match参与志愿工作；③效果：提升技能、增强自尊、助力适应。剔除“瑜伽老师”“2017年”“Meridian中心”等具体细节。 参考答案：Volunteering helps people adapt to new places by enabling them to meet locals and gain skills. Kajal, who moved to the US, volunteered via Volunteer Match, improving her skills and self-esteem and easing her adaptation. 解析：先亮明核心观点，再用Kajal的案例佐证，最后点出具体效果，案例仅保留“移居美国、通过平台志愿”关键信息，兼顾观点与支撑，简洁连贯。 考向03客观转述与规范整合 【例3-1】（2025年上海市奉贤区高三英语一模） Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. The Significance of Cattle in Maasai Society Cattle are the traditional partners of the Maasai people of East Africa. The traditional Maasai diet is heavily centered around cattle products. Milk is a fundamental component of the Maasai diet, consumed daily in various forms. Fresh milk, known as “enkirowua”, is often drunk straight or mixed with herbs for added flavor and medicinal benefits. Processed milk, or “mokore”, is a popular variation, providing a rich source of nutrition. Meat is another important part of the Maasai diet, consumed during special occasions and ceremonies. Every part of the animal is used, reflecting the resourcefulness and respect for their livestock. Cattle represent strength and collective wealth. Cattle hold significant value in Maasai social life. Social status is heavily influenced by cattle ownership. The number of cattle one possesses directly relates to his standing in the community. This is particularly evident during traditional ceremonies such as weddings, where the exchange of cattle gifts signifies the strong bond between families and a shared commitment to the future. Families share responsibilities in cattle care, and their collective management promotes unity and teamwork. For example, the process of milking is a shared task involving both men and women and strengthening social bonds. It is especially vital during challenging times such as droughts when the well-being of the cattle is crucial. Cattle also play a big role in Maasai rituals and ceremonies, accompanying individuals from birth to death. For example, the sacrifice of a cow during naming ceremonies or funerals not only celebrates the occasion but also strengthens the spiritual connection with their livestock. These rituals highlight the spiritual importance of cattle, a link between the physical and spiritual worlds, thus firmly establishing their central role in Maasai culture. 1. 拆解结构，提取要点： 主旨：牛在马赛族社会中具有核心地位。 2. 要点1：饮食价值——奶（日常）和肉（特殊场合）是饮食核心，体现对牲畜的尊重。 3. 要点2：社会价值——象征力量与集体财富，决定社会地位，促进家庭团结与团队合作。 4. 要点3：精神价值——贯穿出生到死亡的仪式，是物质与精神世界的纽带。 5. 客观转述，同义替换： “are the traditional partners”→“play a central role” 6. “heavily centered around”→“are fundamental to” 7. “social status is heavily influenced by”→“determine social status” 8. “spiritual connection”→“spiritual link” 9. 规范整合，逻辑串联：用“besides”“furthermore”衔接并列要点，省略具体奶的名称、挤奶例子等细节，压缩字数。 参考答案 Cattle play a central role in Maasai society. Their products like milk and meat are fundamental to the Maasai diet. Besides, cattle determine social status and promote unity. Furthermore, they hold spiritual value in rituals, linking the physical and spiritual worlds. (58 words) 客观转述：忠于原意，规避主观偏差 1. 同义替换精准化：优先选用词性转换、近义短语替换原文关键词，避免照抄。如原文“play a crucial role”可转为“are vital”，“significantly improve”可转为“enhance...remarkably”。 2. 句式重构简洁化：将复杂从句拆解为简单句或并列句，长难句转化为“主干+核心修饰”结构。 3. 视角保持一致性：沿用原文的说明视角（如研究视角用“the study reveals”，作者视角用“the author points out”），不添加个人评价词（如“good”“bad”“should”）。 规范整合：逻辑串联，精简核心要点 1. 结构拆解三步法：先略读全文抓主旨（首段/末段），再分段提取核心点（首句+逻辑词引导句），最后标记逻辑关系（因果、转折、并列）。如现象类说明文遵循“现象+原因+影响/对策”逻辑，利弊类遵循“事物+优势+劣势”逻辑。 2. 要点筛选取舍法：保留“主旨句+关键支撑点”，舍弃具体例子、数据、细节描述。如原文中“癌症患者冥想实验”“注意力测试数据”等具体案例，仅提炼为“相关研究证实其效果”即可。 3. 衔接词精准适配：用逻辑衔接词串联要点，因果用“because/since”，转折用“however/while”，并列用“besides/furthermore”，使逻辑链清晰。 4. 字数控制压缩法：初稿完成后，删除冗余修饰（如程度副词“very”“extremely”），合并同类项，确保60词内覆盖全部核心要点。 【变式3-1】（2025年上海市徐汇区高三英语一模） Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Why We Hate Phone Calls Suddenly a sound rings out, stopping you in your tracks. Panicking, you search for where it could be coming from. It's your phone, and if you're like a quarter of 18 to 30-year-olds in a recent British study, you probably won't answer it. The same study found that 70% of the people in this age group prefer text messages to phone calls. Why do so many young people hate phone calls? While previous generations grew up using landlines to talk to friends, smartphone-equipped younger people have grown up using text messages for social conversations. There's less pressure with texting. You can read and respond to messages on your own schedule, and take time to think about what to say rather than being put on the spot. Besides, texting allows greater control over conversations without interruption. Phone calls often cause a loss of control and anxiety, and many young people link unexpected calls to bad news. This means new social codes are being established. Many text to check availability before calling. If something can't be summed up in short messages, they leave voice notes. But this doesn't mean anxiety is gone. Texting can also cause anxiety, such as interpreting short replies as cold or feeling tense when left on read. 参考答案：A British study shows most young people prefer texts to calls because texts bring less pressure and more control, reducing anxiety. New social codes include texting first or leaving voice notes. However, texting causes new anxiety like misinterpreting replies. (57 words) 解析：原文逻辑“现象（年轻人偏好短信而非电话）+原因（短信压力小、可控性强，电话易焦虑）+新社交规则+短信的新焦虑”。提取核心要点，用“because”“however”衔接，省略具体数据和例子。 【变式3-2】（2025年上海市黄浦区高三英语一模） Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Video Resumes: Pros and Cons Resumes have long been a key part of job applications, but video resumes are gaining popularity recently. A well-made video resume can present candidates creatively and let hiring managers assess their communication skills directly, offering a better chance to stand out. However, making a good video resume is not easy. It requires skills in filming and editing, which may be a burden for some. Besides, video resumes are often longer than paper ones, and busy hiring managers may lack time to watch them fully. What's more, some content may be irrelevant, failing to highlight key strengths. To make an effective video resume, candidates should introduce themselves clearly, focus on professional skills related to the job, and keep it concise—usually within one minute. 参考答案：Video resumes are increasingly used in job applications. They can creatively show candidates and display their communication skills, helping them stand out. But they have drawbacks like high production demands and being time-consuming. Concise, job-related videos are effective. (56 words) 解析：原文逻辑“视频简历兴起+优势（创意呈现、展示沟通能力）+劣势（制作难、耗时、易无关）+制作建议”。整合时突出“利弊”核心，简化建议，用“but”衔接转折。 【变式3-3】（2025年上海市虹口区高三英语一模） Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. The Impact of Urban Green Spaces A recent study by Shanghai University examined the impact of urban green spaces on residents' mental health. It surveyed 2,000 residents from 10 districts in Shanghai and found a clear link between green space access and well-being. Residents who visited green spaces (like parks or community gardens) at least twice a week reported 30% lower levels of anxiety and depression than those who rarely went. The study also found that even short visits (15-20 minutes) could bring noticeable mental relief. Researchers suggested that cities should increase green space coverage, especially in dense residential areas, to improve public mental health. They also noted that green spaces with natural vegetation worked better than man-made lawns 参考答案：A Shanghai University study explored urban green spaces' impact on mental health. It found residents visiting them twice a week had less anxiety, and short visits worked. Researchers advised more green spaces, especially natural ones, in dense areas. (54 words) 解析：原文逻辑“上海大学研究+核心结论（每周两次绿地访问降低焦虑，短时访问有效）+建议（增加绿地覆盖，优先自然植被）”。省略调查样本细节，用“found that”引出结论，“suggested”引出建议。 1．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea of the passage and how it is illustrated. Use your own words as far as possible. Educational Inquiry: From Childhood to the TikTok Math Debate Children are naturally curious. Many constantly ask questions. At some point, most of them just stop. Why does this happen? It’s not as if the world starts to make perfect sense after several years of living. To succeed, to be recognized as smart, children typically feel social pressure to stop asking questions and start providing answers. This pressure persists into adulthood, as an online incident illustrates. During the summer of 2020, on TikTok, a woman named Gracie wondered about the origins of algebra (代数) and about whether math is “real”. The video spread widely when it was shared with the comment “stupidest video I’ve ever seen.” After being laughed at by many, others came to Gracie’s defense, including mathematicians, scientists and philosophers. For not even they knew the answers to her questions. I think this incident is worth examining for what it indicates about questions. Given the comments received, Gracie’s questions initially appeared silly to many. Such a reaction — even the mere threat of being laughed at — is a significant obstacle to asking questions. In response to her critics, Gracie admirably made another attempt to question math. She seemed like an easy target. Her questions were directed at something that is widely supposed to be unquestionable: basic mathematics. Few defenders did so on the basis that her questions were sincere or revealed genuine curiosity. It seems the primary reason the questions came to be considered good is just that they did not have easy answers, as if the difficulty of questions were equivalent to value. Lots of very good questions have easy answers if you ask the right person. Often, a good question is just motivated by curiosity, asked in order to understand better something in the world. By this measure, Gracie’s questions were good from the very start. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】 Social pressure discourages children from raising questions. This continues as they become adults. For example, a woman received negative comments online for questioning basic math. While experts supported her, they valued the difficulty of her questions over her curiosity. This highlights the obstacles to asking questions. Truly good questions are driven by genuine, curiosity (54 words) 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。主要探讨了从儿童时期到TikTok数学辩论中的教育探究现象，指出社会压力如何阻碍人们提出问题，并强调了真正好的问题应源于真诚的好奇心。 【详解】1.要点摘录 ①Children typically feel social pressure to stop asking questions and start providing answers. ②This pressure persists into adulthood, as an online incident illustrates. ③Such a reaction — even the mere threat of being laughed at — is a significant obstacle to asking questions. ④Few defenders did so on the basis that her questions were sincere or revealed genuine curiosity. ⑤Often, a good question is just motivated by curiosity, asked in order to understand better something in the world. 2.缜密构思 将要点①②合并，概括出社会压力对儿童和成年人提问的阻碍作用；将要点③④合并，强调这种压力在TikTok数学辩论事件中的体现；最后要点⑤单独成段，指出真正好的问题应源于好奇心。 3.遣词造句 Social pressure discourages children from raising questions. This continues as they become adults. For example, a woman received negative comments online for questioning basic math. While experts supported her, they valued the difficulty of her questions over her curiosity. This highlights the obstacles to asking questions. Truly good questions are driven by genuine curiosity. 【点睛】[高分句型1] Social pressure discourages children from raising questions. This continues as they become adults.（使用了简单句和并列句，对第一段和第二段进行概括，简洁明了地表达了社会压力对儿童提问的阻碍作用，并指出这种压力在成年后依然存在。） [高分句型2] While experts supported her, they valued the difficulty of her questions over her curiosity.（使用了while引导的让步状语从句，对第三段进行概括，对比了专家们对问题难度和好奇心的不同重视程度，突出了社会压力对提问的负面影响。） [高分句型3] Truly good questions are driven by genuine curiosity.（使用了被动语态，对第四段进行概括，强调了真正好的问题是由好奇心驱动的，突出了好奇心在提问中的重要性。） 2．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main poin(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Noise-Cancelling Headphones: A Double-Edged Sword for Hearing? They are prized for making the daily trip more bearable and creating a barrier against the noise of daily life. But some specialists suspect that overusing the noise-cancelling headphones which constantly blocking out background noise may have unintended consequences. Renee Almeida, an adult audiology clinical lead at Imperial College healthcare NHS trust, has seen an increase in adults coming to her clinic with hearing issues only for tests to suggest their hearing is fine. The problem is with their brain, not their ears. They might fail to locate where a sound is coming from, or struggle to follow a conversation on the train, in a bar or at a restaurant. The condition, known as auditory processing disorder, is often diagnosed in children, so the rise in adults with similar issues struck Almeida as odd. Almeida suspects prolonged headphone use, which limits the brain’s exposure to multiple sounds, might be responsible. “Normally, our brains sort thousands of sounds and prioritize important ones,” Almeida explains.” But noise-cancelling headphones deliver only one sound source — music or podcasts — depriving the brain of practice in distinguishing speech from background noise.” However, for Harvey Dillon, a professor of auditory science at the University of Manchester, Almeida’s idea is an assumption yet to be tested.” There is no research investigating the link between the use of noise-cancelling headphones and reduced auditory processing ability,” he says. He cautions that loud music can damage neurons (神经元) in the auditory system. “It may be that listening to loud music is the cause of the auditory processing problem, not the noise-cancelling feature,” he says.” If so, noise cancelling could be a good feature, as it allows one to listen to music without interference from background noise.” While theories about headphone-related harm remain unproven, experts agree on one point: understanding how modern listening habits reshape auditory processing requires urgent scientific attention. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】Some specialists suspect overusing noise-cancelling headphones may cause auditory processing disorder as they limit the brain’s sound exposure. Others say it’s unproven. Experts stress the need for scientific study. 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章探讨了降噪耳机可能对听觉处理能力产生的影响，专家对此持不同观点，并强调需要进一步科学研究。 【详解】1. 要点摘录 ① Noise-cancelling headphones are valued for blocking background noise, but overuse may lead to unintended consequences. ② Some adults exhibit hearing issues like sound localization difficulties, possibly due to prolonged headphone use limiting the brain’s exposure to multiple sounds. ③ Another expert argues this theory lacks research evidence, suggesting loud music volume might be the real cause of auditory problems. ④ Experts agree that scientific studies are urgently needed to understand how modern listening habits reshape auditory processing. 2. 缜密构思 将第1、2要点整合为降噪耳机的潜在危害，第3要点作为反驳观点，第4要点总结专家共识。 3. 遣词造句 Overuse of noise-cancelling headphones may impair auditory processing by limiting the brain’s exposure to diverse sounds, though this link remains unproven. Experts urge researches to clarify how modern listening habits affect hearing. 【点睛】【高分句型1】Overuse of noise-cancelling headphones may impair auditory processing by limiting the brain’s exposure to diverse sounds, though this link remains unproven.(通过by doing sth表方式，though引导让步从句，平衡地呈现争议。) 【高分句型2】Experts urge researches to clarify how modern listening habits affect hearing.(使用不定式结构作目的状语，how引导宾语从句，简洁强调科学研究的必要性。) 3．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. The Crucial Role of Early Childhood Environment The environment we are in affects our moods, ability to form relationships, effectiveness in work or play — even our health. In addition, the early childhood environment has a very crucial role in children’s learning and development for two important reasons. First, young children are in the process of rapid brain development. In the early years, the brain develops more synapses (神经元的突触) or connections than it can possibly use. Those that are used by the child form strong connections, while the synapses that are not used gradually disappear. Children’s experiences help to make this determination. The National Scientific Council of the Developing Child compares the development of the brain to constructing a house, stating, “Just as a lack of the right materials can result in blueprints that change, the lack of appropriate experiences can lead to alterations in genetic plans.” Because children’s experiences are limited by their surroundings, the environment we provide for them has a crucial impact on the way the child’s brain develops. The second reason that the early childhood environment has such a strong role in children’s development is because of the amount of time children spend in these environments. Many children spend a large portion of their wakeful hours in early childhood setting. For example, a baby beginning child care will spend up to 12,000 hours in the program. This is more time than he will spend in both elementary and secondary schools. Children will typically spend another 4,000 hours in kindergarten through third grade classrooms. Anita Rui Olds, a well-known environmental designer, believes that we should design our early childhood environments for miracles, not minimums. She states: “Children are miracles. Believing that every child is a miracle can transform the way we design for children’s care. When we invite a miracle into our lives, we prepare ourselves and the environment around us. We make it our job to create, with great respect and gratitude, a space that is worthy of a miracle! _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】There are two reasons why children’s learning and development depend on the early childhood environment. First, the environment where children get their experiences determines the way of children’s brain development. Second, compared to other periods, children spend more time in early childhood settings. So a better early childhood environment should be set for children’s brain development. 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述幼儿环境对儿童的学习和发展有着非常关键的两方面的作用。 【详解】1 要点摘录① In addition, the early childhood environment has a very crucial role in children’s learning and development for two important reasons.②First, young children are in the process of rapid brain development.③The second reason that the early childhood environment has such a strong role in children’s development is because of the amount of time children spend in these environments.④When we invite a miracle into our lives, we prepare ourselves and the environment around us. We make it our job to create, with great respect and gratitude, a space that is worthy of a miracle! 2.缜密构思全文是“总-分-总”的结构。以上四句话分别描述每一段的主旨大意，因此概括全文内容可以使用它们的组合。3.遣词造句①Because children’s developments are created by education, the environment we provide for them has a crucial impact on them.②Many people spend a large portion of their wakeful hours in playing mobile phones.③Believing that every effort will create a miracle can transform the way we understand ourselves. 【点睛】[高分句型1]：Those that are used by the child form strong connections, while the synapses that are not used gradually disappear. 其中两个that引导的定语从句，while连词功能连接两个有从句的分句，表示对比关系，该表达很高级。 [高分句型2]：The second reason that the early childhood environment has such a strong role in children’s development is because of the amount of time children spend in these environments.用that引导定语从句修饰reason并且在主句中作主语，且is后面接because of连接的名词性短语，表达非常高级。 4．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Are Oceans Silent? Most sea creatures, from whales and dolphins to fish, sharks and shrimps, respond to sound, and many can produce it. They use it to hunt and to hide, find mates and food, send messages and give warnings, establish territories, warn off competitors, confuse their targets, deceive enemies, and sense changes in water and conditions. Marine animals click bones, grind teeth and belch gases (磨牙打嗝); use special organs to make various noises. Far from the ‘silent deep’, the oceans are so noisy. Into this age-long confused noise, in the blink of an evolutionary eye, has entered a new thunder: the trembling sound of mighty engines as 46,220 large ships passed the world’s shipping courses. Scientists say that background noise in the ocean has increased roughly by 15 decibels (分贝) in the past 50 years. It may not sound like much in overall terms, but it is enough, according to many marine biologists, to mask the normal sounds of ocean life going about its business. At its most intense, some even say noise causes whales to become disoriented, dolphins to suffer from ‘the bends’, fish to go deaf, leave their breeding grounds or fail to form groups—enough to disorganize the basic biology of two thirds of the planet. “Undersea noise pollution is like the death of a thousand cuts”, says Sylvia Earie, chief scientist of the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. “Each sound in itself may not be a matter of critical concern, but taken all together, the noise from shipping, earthquake-related surveys, and military activity is creating a totally different environment than existed even 50 years ago. That high level of noise is bound to have a hard, sweeping impact on life in the sea. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】Oceans are never silent as marine creatures mostly produce various sounds to go about their businesses. Now oceans are getting even noisier as humans do more activities there. The resulting noise is loud enough to change the environment and exercise a disturbing impact on marine life. 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了海洋里不平静的原因是生物会发出各种声音去进行它们自己的事情，随着人类在海洋中的活动越来越多，海洋也变得越来越嘈杂，由此产生的噪音污染对生物产生了不良的影响。 【详解】1.要点摘录 ①Marine animals can produce various noises, making the ocean noisy. ②There are various noises made by human behaviors.   ③Undersea noise pollution cause a disturbing impact on marine life. 2.缜密构思 将第1、2两个要点进行重组，将第3个要点进行整合。 3.遣词造句 The oceans are so noisy that they are far from the ‘silent deep’. Most sea creatures, from whales and dolphins to fish, sharks and shrimps, not only respond to sound, but also can produce it. That high level of noise is bound to have a hard, sweeping influence on marine animals. 【点睛】[高分句型1]：Scientists say that background noise in the ocean has increased roughly by 15 decibels (分贝) in the past 50 years.运用了一个复杂的主从复合句作为事实佐证了第二段的论点。其中that引导的宾语从句表达高级。 [高分句型2]：Marine animals click bones, grind teeth and belch gases (磨牙打嗝); use special organs to make various noises. 运用了并列的动词短语是对第一段的论点进行的举例说明。其中并列短语和不定式做目的状语的运用表达高级。 5．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point (s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. A good story encourages us to turn the next page and read more. We want to find out what happens next and what the main characters do and what they say to each other. We may feel excited, sad, afraid, angry or really happy. This is because the experience of reading or listening to a story is much more likely to make us “feel” that we are part of the story, too. Just like in our “real” lives, we might love or hate different characters in the story. Perhaps we recognize ourselves or others in some of them. Perhaps we have similar problems. Because of this natural empathy with the characters, our brains process the reading of stories differently from the way we read factual information. Our brains don't always recognize the difference between an imagined situation and a real one so the characters become “alive” to us. What they say and do is therefore more meaningful. This is why the words and structures that relate a story's events, descriptions and conversations are processed in this deeper way. In fact, cultures all around the world have always used storytelling to pass knowledge from one generation to another. Our ancestors understood very well that this was the best way to make sure our histories and information about how to relate to others and to our world was not only understood, but remembered too. (Notice that the word “history” contains the word “story” -- this is not a coincidence!) Encouraging your child to read or listen to stories should therefore help them to learn a second language in a way that is not only fun, but memorable. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】A well-written story provokes readers’ passion and interest in reading, inviting readers to feel the same as in stories. That is because human brain deals with imagined situation in a special and deeper way so that stories become real. Human beings are taking advantage of this function to pass on knowledge and history, and as a way for foreign language learning. 【分析】这是一篇说明文。主要讲述好的故事会吸引读者的兴趣并使人感觉身在其中，这主要是因为人的大脑会用一种特别、更深入的方式去想象情境，让人觉得故事就是现实。人类可以利用这一优势去传播知识和历史，也可以学习外语。 【详解】本文结构是总分式，层次鲜明。文章的主旨通常在第一段句首（句末）就能找出来，故第一段This is because the experience of reading or listening to a story is much more likely to make us “feel” that we are part of the story, too. 可知道好的故事引人入胜的原因是什么。第二段第一句Because of this natural empathy with the characters, our brains process the reading of stories differently from the way we read factual information.可知大脑的工作原理。第三段第一句In fact, cultures all around the world have always used storytelling to pass knowledge from one generation to another.可知人类靠通过复述故事来传播知识和文化。最后一段help them to learn a second language in a way that is not only fun, but memorable.可知，讲故事还能帮助学习第二语言。因此找出了文章每一段的关键句。再根据要求把这四句话整合在成一段话并重组句意，满足题目要求字数不超过60词。 【点睛】概要写作简单要求： 1.专题分析 ①原文材料350词以内，概要写作不少于60词。 ②原文基本以说明文、议论文为主。 ③概要，基本上就是段落大意。每段一句话概括，或者两段一个大意，最多用两句话概括。 ④要着重训练自己文章主旨大意和各段段落大意的归纳概括能力。 2.注意事项 ①找关键词和主题句，准确理解、分析原文要点，归纳段落大意。 ②各要点的表达要相对独立。 ③各要点之间要有适当的衔接。 ④尽量使用短句，慎用长难句。 ⑤句型力求简单，每句话要表意明白，无空泛、笼统、含混之词。 6．A remarkable variety of insects live in this planet. More species of insects exist than all other animal species together. Insects have survived on earth for more than 300 million years, and may possess the ability to survive for millions more. Insects can be found almost everywhere -- on the highest mountains and on the bottom of rushing streams, in the cold South Pole and in bubbling hot springs. They dig through the ground, jump and sing in the trees, and run and dance in the air. They come in many different colours and various shapes. There are many reasons why insects are so successful at surviving. Their amazing ability to adapt permits them to live in extreme ranges of temperatures and environments. The one place where they have not yet been found to any major extent is in the open oceans. Insects can survive on a wide range of natural and artificial foods -- paint, pepper, glue, books, grain, cotton, other insects, plants and animals. Because they are small they can hide in tiny spaces. Also, insects have an enormous reproductive capacity: An African ant queen can lay as many as 43,000 eggs a day. Another reason for their success is the strategy of protective colour. An insect may be right before our eyes, but nearly invisible because it is cleverly disguised(伪装) like a green leaf, lump of brown soil, gray lichen(青苔), a seed or some other natural object. Some insects use bright, bold colours to send warning signals that they taste bad, sting or are poison. Others have wing patterns that look like the eyes of a huge predator, bitter-tasting insects; hungry enemies are fooled into avoiding them. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】Large varieties of insects successfully survive almost anywhere for several reasons. First, their adaptive capacities enable them to survive in extreme temperatures and environments. They can live on various foods and hide in tiny places. Second, insects excel at reproduction. Last, insects use protective colors to disguise or give warnings so that they successfully fool their enemies. 【分析】这是一篇概写作文。要求概括文章大意，表达要清晰，内容全面。 【详解】本文是一篇说明文。这个星球上生活着各种各样的昆虫。昆虫的种类比所有其他动物的种类加在一起还要多。昆虫已经在地球上生存了3亿多年，并且有能力再生存数百万年。昆虫能如此成功地存活下来有很多原因。文章叙述了成功存活的三个理由。首先，它们的适应能力使它们能够在极端的温度和环境中生存。它们可以吃各种各样的食物，藏在很小的地方。第二，昆虫擅长繁殖。最后，昆虫用保护色来伪装或发出警告，从而成功地愚弄它们的敌人。 1 / 13 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $