2026届高考英语一轮复习外刊精读与练习 Day 35 为什么我们总觉得生活处处与我们作对 任务单

2025-12-09
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摘要:

该高中英语高考复习学案围绕“人与自我”主题,系统整合阅读理解、词汇运用、推理判断等核心考点,按“阅读输入-习题巩固-词汇拓展-翻译输出”逻辑构建知识链,通过段落大意总结任务和问题导向设计,引导学生自主梳理语篇逻辑(现象引入-研究设计-发现分析-意义升华),形成完整的阅读认知框架。 亮点在于分层次诊断与思维品质培养,设置基础版(5题)和提高版(5题)练习题,覆盖细节理解到推理判断,适配不同水平学生自主诊断,词汇学习结合近义词反义词对比及语境应用,提升语言能力。每个模块配有错题归因分析和逻辑流向梳理任务,帮助学生个性化构建知识体系,教师可通过学情精准指导,助力因材施教。

内容正文:

Step 1: Reading Why Life Feels Rigged Against You (But Isn't) 为什么我们总觉得生活处处与我们作对​​ 语境:人与自我 改编自:今日心理学 Article Main idea A coin flip is widely regarded as the ultimate arbiter (仲裁者) of fairness due to its mathematical purity and impartiality. With two sides of equal weight, the odds are always precisely 50-50. This makes it a preferred tool for referees, judges, and officials to make unbiased decisions. However, losing a coin toss can still provoke a strong, illogical feeling of injustice. This contradiction between statistical fairness and emotional perception is what psychologists term the “illusion of unfairness.” 引入核心矛盾——抛硬币在数学上是公平的典范,但人们输掉后仍会产生不公平感,由此引出“不公平错觉”这一心理学概念。 The inspiration for a 2025 study ironically came from a minor office dispute. Two graduate students needed to allocate a single desirable workspace and decided to let a virtual coin flip decide. After losing three consecutive tosses, the student who did not flip the coin — later the study's lead author, Rémy A. Furrer — felt a lingering sense of unfairness despite knowing the process was random. This personal experience sowed the seed for a profound scientific inquiry: Why do we perceive some objectively fair processes as unfair? 通过研究者的个人轶事,具体说明“不公平错觉”如何产生,并由此自然引出了该研究旨在解决的核心科学问题。 To investigate, researchers returned to the coin flip, a universal and unambiguous (明确的) method that removes personal bias. The study focused on two key concepts: “procedural control,” meaning involvement in the process like calling the side or flipping the coin, and “outcome control,” the false belief that the result can be influenced. In experiments, parameters were varied arbitrarily (任意地): some participants flipped the coin themselves, others had a partner or an experimenter do it. Crucially, no one could actually manipulate (操纵) the outcome. 介绍研究设计,包括选择抛硬币作为实验载体、定义两个核心概念(程序控制与结果控制),并概述实验变量的设置。 The findings were consistent and revealing. Participants consistently rated the coin flip as less fair when someone else controlled the procedure, even before seeing the result. This indicates that the feeling of being excluded from the process itself triggers the illusion of unfairness; an unfavorable outcome merely intensifies it. When we lack a voice or agency in how events unfold, even the fairest system can feel rigged. Our minds often interpret a lack of control as evidence of bias. 揭示研究发现并深入分析其含义:程序控制权影响公平感知;不公平感源于被排除在过程之外,而非结果本身;缺乏控制感被误解为不公。 This illusion has real consequences. It can foster bitterness, a victim mentality, and the belief that effort is futile—a slippery slope from “that coin flip was unfair” to “life is rigged.” However, the study also offers hope: when participants consciously reflected on the randomness, their sense of unfairness diminished. Ultimately, the illusion underscores our deep need for control. Fairness isn't about favorable outcomes, but about fair processes. Life’s outcomes are often indifferent (漠不关心的); the meaning we ascribe (把…归因于) to them is largely our own construction. 探讨“不公平错觉”的现实影响与启示:既有消极后果(如滋生愤懑),也有克服之道(理性反思);总结指出公平关乎过程而非结果,并升华至我们对生活事件的意义建构。 文章命题思路 中心主题: 人们的主观公平感更依赖于对决策过程的“控制感”,而非结果的客观平等;“不公平错觉”源于我们将缺乏控制感错误地解读为存在偏见,理性反思有助于克服这种错觉。 逻辑流向: 1. 现象引入与概念提出(第1段):从抛硬币的公平性矛盾引出“不公平错觉”。 2. 问题溯源与研究起点(第2段):通过个人故事,将抽象概念具体化,并明确研究问题。 3. 研究设计与概念界定(第3段):说明如何通过实验研究该问题,并界定关键变量。 4. 研究发现与机理分析(第4段):呈现核心结论,并深入剖析“控制感”与“公平感”的内在联系。 5. 影响探讨与主题升华(第5段):讨论该错觉的后果、解决方案,并上升到对公平、控制和人生意义的哲学思考 Step 2: Exercise 1. What is the primary reason a coin flip is considered a fair decision-making tool? A. It is quick and convenient to use. B. It is based on mathematical probability with equal odds. C. It is a traditional method respected by everyone. D. It allows people to feel involved in the process. 2. What inspired the 2025 study mentioned in the passage? A. A major controversy in a sporting event. B. A graduate student’s personal feeling after losing a virtual coin toss. C. The need to develop a new theory of justice. D. Public criticism of using coin flips in elections. 3. According to the study, what did participants need to feel in order to perceive the process as fairer? A. They needed to win the final outcome. B. They needed to have “procedural control.” C. They needed to understand complex statistics. D. They needed to trust the person flipping the coin. 4. What does the word “parameters” most likely mean in paragraph 3? A. Partners or collaborators. B. Fixed rules that cannot be changed. C. Variable conditions or factors in an experiment. D. The final results of a research study. 5. What is the main message conveyed in the final paragraph? A. We should avoid using coin flips in important decisions. B. Life is inherently unfair and we are all victims. C. Our feelings of unfairness often come from our own interpretation, not facts. D. Only by winning can we overcome the illusion of unfairness. 第二部分:【提高版】适合成绩约130分学生 1. What is the author's primary purpose in introducing the concept of the “illusion of unfairness” in the first paragraph? A. To criticize the overuse of coin flips in official settings. B. To highlight a fundamental conflict between human emotion and rational knowledge. C. To prove that mathematical models cannot explain human behavior. D. To introduce a new psychological disorder. 2. Why does the author detail the personal anecdote of Rémy A. Furrer in paragraph 2? A. To question the professional ethics of psychological research. B. To provide a concrete, relatable origin story that grounds the abstract research question in real human experience. C. To argue that graduate students are particularly prone to feeling unfairness. D. To demonstrate the superiority of virtual coin flips over physical ones. 3. The function of paragraph 4 in the overall structure of the passage is mainly to ______. A. present contrasting viewpoints from other scholars B. describe the experimental methods in minute detail C. reveal and explain the core findings of the study, connecting procedure to perception D. discuss the limitations and potential flaws of the research design 4. What can be inferred from the statement “Life’s outcomes are often indifferent; the meaning we ascribe to them is largely our own construction”? A. We have complete control over what happens to us. B. Random or neutral events themselves carry no inherent judgment; we impose narratives of fairness or unfairness upon them. C. It is pointless to try to find meaning in life's events. D. Scientific studies cannot help us understand our emotions. 5. Which of the following best summarizes the article’s central argument about the relationship between control and fairness? A. Absolute fairness requires the complete elimination of control and choice. B. People's sense of fairness is more dependent on their perceived control over the process than on the objective equality of the outcome. C. Outcome control is a more reliable indicator of fairness than procedural control. D. The only way to achieve true fairness is to let computers make all decisions. (三) 答案与解析 第一部分:基础版答案与解析 答案: 1. B, 2. B, 3. B, 4. C, 5. C 解析: 1. 答案:B 解析: 文章第一段明确指出,“With two sides of equal weight, the odds are always precisely 50-50. This makes it a preferred tool... to make unbiased decisions.” 这与选项B“基于概率平等的数学原理”直接对应。选项A和C在文中未被强调为主要原因,选项D描述的是让人感觉更公平的条件,而非它本身公平的原因。 2. 答案:B 解析: 文章第二段详细描述了一位研究生(即后来的研究主要作者)在输掉虚拟抛硬币后感到不公平的个人经历,并指出“This personal experience sowed the seed for a profound scientific inquiry”。选项B准确概括了这一起因。其他选项在文中均未提及。 3. 答案:B 解析: 文章第三段定义了“procedural control”,第四段发现“Participants consistently rated the coin flip as less fair when someone else controlled the procedure”。这表明拥有“程序控制权”(参与过程)能让人感觉更公平。选项A和D与研究发现不符,选项C在文中未作为关键因素提及。 4. 答案:C 解析: 根据第三段上下文,“parameters were varied arbitrarily”后接着举例说明哪些条件被改变,如谁抛硬币、是虚拟还是实体硬币等。因此,“parameters”在此指实验中变化的“条件或因素”。选项A是实验参与者,B(固定规则)与“varied”矛盾,D(最终结果)不符合语境。 5. 答案:C 解析: 最后一段总结道,“Life’s outcomes are often indifferent; the meaning we ascribe to them is largely our own construction.” 即结果本身是中性的,不公平感常是我们自己赋予意义的产物。选项C准确地传达了这一核心信息。选项A和B过于绝对且与文章结论相反,选项D与文中“输赢不是触发不公平感的必要条件”相悖。 第二部分:提高版答案与解析 答案: 1. B, 2. B, 3. C, 4. B, 5. B 解析: 1. 答案:B 解析: 作者在第一段先确立了抛硬币在数学上的绝对公正性,然后笔锋一转,指出人们输掉后仍会感到不公,从而引出“不公平错觉”的概念。其目的是于揭示并强调人类情感(感觉不公)与理性认知(知道公平)之间的核心矛盾,为后文的心理学讨论奠定基础。选项A和C并非作者意图,选项D将这个概念严重化了。 2. 答案:B 解析: 作者引用研究者个人轶事是一个有效的写作手法。其功能在于:将一个抽象的心理学研究问题(“为何觉得公平过程不公平?”)具象化、故事化,使其源于真实、可共鸣的人类瞬间。这增强了文章的可读性,并使随后提出的科学问题显得自然且有说服力。选项A和C属于过度推断或无根据概括,选项D并非此轶事的主要作用。 3. 答案:C 解析: 文章第三段介绍了实验设计(包括“程序控制”和“结果控制”两个概念),第四段则直接呈现实验的核心发现(他人控制程序感觉更不公),并深入阐释了这一发现的含义(被排除在过程之外触发错觉,缺乏控制感被解读为不公)。因此,本段在结构上承担着“呈现并剖析研究结果”的关键作用。选项A和D的内容文中未出现,选项B(详述方法)是第三段的功能。 4. 答案:B 解析: 这句话是全文的哲学性总结。“indifferent”指生命/结果是中性的、无情感的。“ascribe”意为“归因于”。整句话暗示:许多事件(如抛硬币结果、求职失败)本身是随机或中立的,并不包含“针对某人”的公平与否的判断;所谓公平或不公平的意义,很大程度上是我们自己强加给这些事件的叙事。 选项A和C是极端且错误的推断,选项D与文章通过科学研究来理解情绪的宗旨相悖。 5. 答案:B 解析: 这是贯穿全文的核心论点。文章通过研究证明,即使客观结果概率相同(50-50),人们对公平与否的主观感受也强烈受到对“过程”是否拥有控制感的影响。失去程序控制权会直接触发“不公平错觉”。因此,主观的公平感更依赖于对过程的控制感,而非结果的客观平等。选项A和D过于绝对且非文章观点,选项C与文中强调“程序控制”更重要(结果控制实为错觉)的论述相反。 Step 3: Learning arbiter 重点: n. 仲裁者,裁决人;权威人士。考查形式:名词,常与介词of连用(arbiter of fairness/taste)。 近义词: judge, adjudicator, umpire 反义词: participant, party (in a dispute) 拓展: arbitrate (v. 仲裁,公断) impartiality 重点: n. 公正,不偏不倚。考查形式:名词,是描述公平性的重要抽象名词。 近义词: fairness, objectivity, neutrality 反义词: bias, prejudice, partiality 拓展: impartial (adj. 公正的) provoke 重点: v. 激起,引起(强烈反应、情感等)。考查形式:动词,常用provoke a feeling/reaction/response。 熟词生意: 挑衅,激怒(人)。 近义词: elicit, trigger, evoke, incite 反义词: pacify, soothe, allay 形近词: evoke(唤起,引起),invoke(援引,祈求) perception 重点: n. 感知,看法,认识。考查形式:名词,指个人主观的认知和理解,与客观事实(fact)常形成对比。 近义词: view, perspective, understanding, impression 拓展: perceive (v. 察觉,认为) perceptive (adj. 有洞察力的) allocate 重点: v. 分配,分派。考查形式:动词,常用于资源、空间、时间等的分配(allocate resources/space/time to)。 近义词: assign, distribute, allot 反义词: withhold, retain, keep 拓展: allocation (n. 分配,配给物) consecutive 重点: adj. 连续的,不间断的。考查形式:形容词,作定语,如three consecutive days。 近义词: successive, continuous, in a row 反义词: intermittent, broken, nonconsecutive profound 重点: adj. 深刻的,深奥的;巨大的。考查形式:形容词,修饰抽象名词(inquiry, effect, change, thought)。 近义词: deep, intense, far-reaching, thoughtful 反义词: superficial, trivial, slight 形近词: profuse(大量的,丰富的) inquiry 重点: n. 调查,探究,询问。考查形式:名词,指正式的调查或深入的探究(scientific inquiry)。 近义词: investigation, research, examination, query 拓展: inquire (v. 询问,调查) unambiguous 重点: adj. 明确的,清楚的。考查形式:形容词,描述语言、信号、方法等没有歧义。 近义词: clear, explicit, unequivocal 反义词: ambiguous, vague, unclear 拓展: ambiguity (n. 歧义,模棱两可) bias 重点: n. 偏见,偏爱;v. 使有偏见。考查形式:名词/动词。高考常考其名词形式(personal bias, without bias)。 近义词: prejudice, partiality, preference (n.) 反义词: impartiality, fairness, objectivity (n.) 拓展: biased (adj. 有偏见的) arbitrarily 重点: adv. 武断地,随意地,任意地。考查形式:副词,修饰动词,强调行为缺乏合理依据,随机而定。 近义词: randomly, capriciously, at will 反义词: systematically, methodically, deliberately 拓展: arbitrary (adj. 任意的,武断的) manipulate 重点: v. 操纵,控制;熟练操作。考查形式:动词。考查重点是“人为控制或影响(某事或某人)”,含贬义。 近义词: control, influence, maneuver, handle 拓展: manipulation (n. 操纵) manipulative (adj. 操纵欲强的) consistent 重点: adj. 一致的,持续的。考查形式:形容词。常用be consistent with(与…一致),consistent findings(一致的发现)。 近义词: constant, steady, uniform, compatible 反义词: inconsistent, variable, erratic 拓展: consistency (n. 一致性,连贯性) trigger 重点: v. 引发,触发;n. 扳机。考查形式:动词,常指引发一系列反应或事件(trigger a feeling/chain reaction)。 近义词: cause, set off, spark, provoke (v.) 反义词: prevent, inhibit, curb (v.) agency 重点: n. 能动性,主动性;代理机构。考查形式:名词。考查重点是“个人采取行动或施加影响的能力”,常与voice并列。 熟词生意: 力量,作用(如through the agency of wind 借助风的力量)。 近义词: autonomy, initiative, action 反义词: passivity, powerlessness foster 重点: v. 培养,促进;养育。考查形式:动词,后接抽象名词(foster bitterness/a sense of.../development)。 近义词: encourage, promote, nurture, cultivate 反义词: hinder, inhibit, discourage mentality 重点: n. 心态,思想状态。考查形式:名词,指特定的思维方式(victim mentality, scarcity mentality)。 近义词: mindset, attitude, outlook, psyche 拓展: mental (adj. 精神的,心理的) diminish 重点: v. 减少,降低,减弱。考查形式:动词,指程度、重要性、数量等的减少。 近义词: decrease, reduce, decline, dwindle 反义词: increase, enhance, intensify, grow 形近词: minute (adj. 微小的) indifferent 重点: adj. 漠不关心的,中立的;一般的。考查形式:形容词。考查重点是“对…不感兴趣或不关心”(be indifferent to),及“中性的,不偏袒的”。 近义词: unconcerned, apathetic, neutral, mediocre 反义词: concerned, caring, interested, outstanding 拓展: indifference (n. 漠不关心) ascribe 重点: v. 把…归因于,认为是…所致。考查形式:动词,常用ascribe A to B结构,表示将A归因于B。 近义词: attribute, assign, credit, impute 形近词: describe(描述),subscribe(订阅,同意) Step 5: Translate [1] 抛硬币因其数学上的纯粹性和公正性而被广泛视为决定公平的终极方式。由于两面重量相等,其概率总是精确的五五开。这使它成为裁判、法官和官员们做出无偏见决定的首选工具。然而,输掉抛硬币仍然会引发一种强烈且不合逻辑的不公正感。这种统计上的公平与情感认知之间的矛盾,就是心理学家所说的“不公平错觉”。 [2] 具有讽刺意味的是,一项2025年研究的灵感源于一次微小的办公室纠纷。两名研究生需要分配一个理想的办公空间,并决定让虚拟抛硬币来决定。在连续输掉三次抛掷后,那位没有抛硬币的学生——也就是后来该研究的主要作者雷米·A·弗勒——尽管知道过程是随机的,仍感到一种挥之不去的不公平感。这一亲身经历为一个深刻的科学问题埋下了种子:为什么我们会将一些客观上公平的过程视为不公平? [3] 为了研究这个问题,研究人员回到了抛硬币这一普遍且明确的方法上,它消除了个人偏见。该研究聚焦于两个关键概念:“程序控制”,即参与过程本身,如选择正面还是反面,或亲自抛掷硬币;“结果控制”,即错误地相信结果可以被影响。在实验中,各种参数被任意改变:有些参与者自己抛硬币,另一些则由同伴或实验者来抛。关键在于,没有人能真正操纵结果。 [4] 研究结果一致且发人深省。即使在没有看到结果之前,当由他人控制抛掷程序时,参与者一致认为抛硬币的公平性较低。这表明,被排除在过程之外的感觉本身就会触发不公平错觉;不利的结果只会加剧这种感觉。当我们在事件发展的过程中缺乏发言权或能动性时,即使是最公平的体系也会感觉像是被操纵了。我们的头脑常常将缺乏控制感解读为存在偏见的证据。 [5] 这种错觉会产生真实的心理后果。它可能滋生出痛苦、受害者心态以及努力无用论——这是从“那次抛硬币不公平”滑向“人生被操纵”的斜坡。然而,研究也带来了希望:当参与者有意识地反思随机性时,他们的不公平感会显著降低。最终,这种错觉凸显了我们对控制的深层需求。公平不在于有利的结果,而在于公平的过程。人生的结果常常是漠不关心的;我们赋予它们的意义,很大程度上是我们自己的建构。 文本 阅读 思路 分析 分层 练习 单词 拓展 学科网(北京)股份有限公司 $

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2026届高考英语一轮复习外刊精读与练习 Day 35 为什么我们总觉得生活处处与我们作对 任务单
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2026届高考英语一轮复习外刊精读与练习 Day 35 为什么我们总觉得生活处处与我们作对 任务单
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2026届高考英语一轮复习外刊精读与练习 Day 35 为什么我们总觉得生活处处与我们作对 任务单
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