阅读理解61-北京市部分地区近两年（2024-2025）高三英语期末真题汇编

1 阅读理解-阅读表达61 试题基本信息 。题型：阅读表达（约340词） 。 核心知识点：科普知识、概念对比 ·考查重点：细节信息查找、因果关系理解、信息对比判断、联系实际表达 材料剖析 。核心概念对比：区分“友善(nice)”与“善良(kind)”的本质差异，强调“善良”的无 私性和真诚关怀。 。专家观点引用：通过心理学家Dr.Catherine Franssen的解释，突出“善良”的意向性和 深层连接作用。 ·生理机制分析：阐述践行善良时大脑释放血清素和多巴胺等化学物质带来的积极感受。 。 实践意义：说明善良行为的健康益处和持续练习的重要性。 阅读理解短文 There's a difference between being nice and being kind.Being nice involves being polite and pleasing to others.If you're people pleasing,you're placing an expectation on the person you're being nice to that they respond to you in a certain way.Being kind is less self-serving. On the one hand,kindness involves being generous without expecting anything in return.The other half is the purpose behind the action.A kind person is acting out of sympathy and genuine concern for another.The difference is intentionality,said Dr.Catherine Franssen,an associate professor of psychology at Longwood University in Virginia,noting that a kind person tries to really understand what someone else is going through.Practicing kindness rather than niceness allows people to develop deeper genuine connections with others,said Franssen.The more you do it,the easier it will get to relate to others and build more meaningful relationships in all aspects of life.The warm feeling you get from performing an act of kindness is your brain releasing a ton of feel-good chemicals.Franssen said being kind boosts production of serotonin,a neurotransmitter (神经传递素)involved in mood,including happiness..Kindness also releases dopamine,a brain chemical in charge of reward and pleasure.It's the reason why doing one act of kindness feels so good that you want to do another.Being kind gives the same health benefits,regardless of how big or small the gesture.Acts of kindness might feel strange and out-of-character at first.However, this feeling goes away the more you keep practicing.Soon enough,it becomes so familiar you'll notice the benefits on yourself and others. 2 问题列表 40.What does being kind involve? 41.Why do you get warm feeling when showing kindness? 42.Please decide which part is false in the following statement,then underline it and explain why. The more you practice niceness,the easier you will connect with others and establish more meaningful relationships in all aspects of life. 43.In your daily life,what can you do to show kindness?(In about 40 words)_ 核心词汇详解 1.sympathy 核心词性 名词(n,高频核心)：同情；怜悯（对他人苦难的理解与关心） 常用搭配：feel sympathy for sb..(同情某人)、in sympathy with(赞同某事) 例：She felt deep sympathy for the homeless.(她对无家可归者深感同情) 词性转换 形容词：sympathetic(同情的)、动词：sympathize(同情) 例：a sympathetic listener（富有同情心的倾听者) 高频搭配 名词：sympathy card(慰问卡)、express sympathy(表达同情) 易混辨析 sympathy vs empathy:前者“同情”（理解他人感受），后者“共情”（体 验他人感受) 2.neurotransmitter 核心词性 名词(，高频核心)：神经传递素（生物学术语，指在神经元间传递信号的 化学物质) 例：Serotonin is a neurotransmitter..(血清素是一种神经传递素) 词性转换 形容词：neurochemical(神经化学的) 高频搭配 名词：brain neurotransmitter(大脑神经传递素) 易混辨析 neurotransmitter vs hormone:前者“神经传递素”（快速局部作用），后 者“激素”（慢速全身作用） 3.serotonin 核心词性 名词(.，高频核心)：血清素（一种调节情绪的神经传递素） 例：Serotonin affects mood and happiness.(血清素影响情绪和幸福感》 词性转换 形容词：serotonergic(血清素的) 高频搭配 名词：serotonin level(血清素水平)、serotonin syndrome(血清素综合征) 易混辨析 serotonin vs dopamine:前者“调节情绪/幸福感”，后者“负责奖励/愉 悦” 3 4.dopamine 核心词性 名词(，高频核心)：多巴胺（一种与奖励和愉悦感相关的神经传递素） 例：Dopamine is released when we feel pleasure..(当我们感到愉悦时多巴胺 会被释放) 词性转换 形容词：dopaminergic(多巴胺的) 高频搭配 名词：dopamine release(多巴胺释放)、dopamine receptor(多巴胺受体) 易混辨析 dopamine vs endorphin:前者“愉悦奖励”，后者“镇痛/快感” 5.intentionality 核心词性 名词(，高频核心)：意向性；目的性（指行为背后的意图） 例：The difference between nice and kind is intentionality.(友善和善良的 区别在于目的性) 词性转换 形容词：intentional（有意的)、副词：intentionally(故意地) 例：an intentional act(有意行为) 高频搭配 名词：moral intentionality(道德意向性) 易混辨析 intentionality vs intention:前者“哲学/心理概念”，后者“普通意图” 6.associate 核心词性 形容词(adj.,高频核心)：副的；联合的（例：associate professor) 动词(v.,高频核心)：联想；联系（例：associate...with..) 例：We associate kindness with warmth.(我们将善良与温暖联系起来) 词性转换 名词： association(协会；关联)、形容词： associated(相关的) 高频搭配 动词：associate with sb.(与某人交往)、名词：business associate（商业伙 伴) 易混辨析 associate vs connect: 前者“主观联想”，后者“客观连接” 7.psychology 核心词性 名词(n,高频核心)：心理学（学科）：心理特点 例：She studies psychology at university.（她在大学学习心理学) 词性转换 形容词：psychological(心理的)、名词：psychologist(心理学家) 例：psychological effect(心理效应) 高频搭配 名词：child psychology(儿童心理学)、social psychology(社会心理学) 易混辨析 psychology vs psychiatry:前者“心理学”（研究行为），后者“精神病 学”（医学治疗） 8.generous 核心词性 形容词(adj.,高频核心)：慷慨的；大方的；宽厚的 例：He is generous with his time..(他时间上很慷慨) 词性转换 名词：generosity(慷慨)、副词：generously(慷慨地) 高频搭配 形容词：generous nature(宽厚的性格)、generous amount(充足的数量) 易混辨析 generous vs charitable:前者“个人慷慨”，后者“慈善公益” 9.genuine 核心词性 形容词(adj,高频核心)：真诚的；真实的；名副其实的 例：genuine concern(真诚的关心) 词性转换 名词：genuineness(真诚)、副词：genuinely(真诚地) 高频搭配 形容词：genuine article(真品)、genuine smile(真诚的微笑) 易混辨析 genuine vs authentic:前者“真诚/真实”，后者“正宗/何靠” 10.self-serving 核心词性 形容词(ad山j.,高频核心)：自私的；只顾自己的 例：a self-serving attitude（自私的态度) 词性转换 名词：self-service(自助) 高频搭配 形容词：self-serving behavior(自私行为) 易混辨析 self-serving vs selfish:前者“隐含利己目的”，后者“纯粹自私” 答案与逐题解析 正确答案： 40.Being generous without expecting anything in return and acting out of sympathy and genuine concern for another. 41.Because your brain releases a ton of feel-good chemicals like serotonin and dopamine. 42.The false part is "niceness".The passage states "Practicing kindness rather than niceness allows people to develop deeper genuine connections with others",so it is kindness, not niceness,that helps connect with others and build meaningful relationships. 43.I can help classmates with study problems,listen to friends when they are upset,or volunteer to clean public areas without expecting thanks. 40.考点：细节信息查找 语境分析：文中明确提到On the one hand,kindness involves being generous without expecting 5 anything in return.The other half is...acting out of sympathy and genuine concern for another." 直接整合两处信息即可。 答题要点：准确提取关键词”generous without expecting anything in return”和”sympathy and genuine concern”。 41.考点：因果关系理解 语境分析：问题问”感到温暖的原因”，定位到The warm feeling you get from performing an act of kindness is your brain releasing a ton of feel-good chemicals...boosts production of serotonin..also releases dopamine”,提炼原因核心是大脑释放有益化学物质。 答题要点：明确化学物质名称serotonin”和dopamine'”及其作用。 42.考点：信息对比与判断 语境分析：原文指出Practicing kindness rather than niceness allows people to develop deeper genuine connections.”,而题目中说的是”niceness”,与原文矛盾，故”niceness”为错误部分，需 结合原文说明原因。 答题要点：指出错误部分并引用原文证据进行对比解释。 43.考点：联系实际与语言表达 语境分析：要求结合日常生活举例，需符合kindness'”的定义（无私、同情、真诚关心），例子 具体且语言简洁，约40词。示例涵盖帮助他人、倾听、志愿服务等场景，符合要求。 答题要点：确保例子体现无私性和真诚关怀，避免期望回报。