内容正文:
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阅读理解-阅读单选54
试题基本信息
。题型:阅读理解-阅读单选
。文章长度:约430词
·知识点:科普知识
。体裁:说明文
。考查重点:推理判断、词义猜测、主旨大意
材料剖析
·第一段:引出话题并提出核心问题,指出集体头脑风暴通常效果适得其反,无法最大化集
体智慧,引用幽默作家约翰·史密斯的话说明会议存在问题,但关键在于会议的运作方
式。
·第二段:分析头脑风暴失败的具体表现,列举会议中常见的问题,如自我威胁导致人们沉
默、噪音干扰以及从众压力,这些因素破坏了思想多样性,导致群体思维。
。第三段:提出替代方案,主张采用”头脑书写”法,详细介绍该方法的步骤,包括个人独
立产生想法、汇总分享、个人评估,最后团队共同选择和完善有前景的方案,以发掘团队
隐藏潜力。
·第四段:解释”头脑书写”法有效的原因,引用组织行为学者安妮塔·伍利及其同事的研
究,指出集体智慧的关键在于充分公平的参与,头脑风暴中参与易向某些人倾斜,而头脑
书写能确保所有想法和声音被纳入。
。第五段:强调集体智慧的基础,说明集体智慧始于个体创造力,个体独自工作时能产生更
多数量和种类的新颖想法,虽然也会有更多糟糕想法,但集体判断能筛选出最佳想法并实
现。
阅读理解短文
When we're solving a complicated problem,we often gather a group to brainstorm.We're
looking to get the best ideas as quickly as possible.I love seeing it happen-except for one tiny
wrinkle.Group brainstorming usually backfires.
Extensive evidence shows that when we generate ideas together,we're unlikely to maximize
collective intelligence.As the humourist John Smith said,"If you had to identify,in one word,the
reason why the human race has not achieved,and never will achieve,its full potential,that word
would be:'meetings"But the problem isn't meetings themselves-it's how we run them.
Think about the brainstorming sessions you've attended.You've probably seen people bite
their tongues due to ego threat ("I don't want to look stupid."),noise("We can't all talk at once."),
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and conformity pressure ("Let's all jump on the boss's ship!").Goodbye diversity of thought,hello
groupthink.
To unearth the hidden potential in teams.instead of brainstorming.we're better off shifting to
a process called "brainwriting".The initial steps are solo.You start by asking everyone to generate
ideas separately.Next,you pool them and share them among the group.To preserve independent
judgment,each member evaluates them on their own.Only then does the team come together to
select and refine the most promising options.By developing and assessing ideas individually before
choosing them,teams can surface and advance possibilities that might not get attention otherwise.
Research by organizational behaviour scholar Anita Woolley and her colleagues helps to explain
why this method works.They find that a key to collective intelligence is full and fair participation.
In brainstorming meetings,it's too easy for participation to become lopsided in favour of the biggest
egos,the loudest voices,and the most powerful people.The brainwriting process makes sure that
all ideas are brought to the table and all voices are brought into the conversation.The goal isn't
to be the smartest person in the room-it's to make the room smarter.
Collective intelligence begins with individual creativity.But it doesn't end there.Individuals
produce a greater volume and variety of novel ideas when they work alone.That means that they
come up with more brilliant ideas than groups-but also more terrible ideas than groups.It takes
collective judgment to find the signal in the noise and bring the best ideas to fruition.
题目选项列表
28.Both John Smith and the author may agree that brainstorming meetings fail to
A.assess humans potential
B.simplify problems quickly
C.accept possible good ideas
D.get the most out of individuals
29.What does the underlined word "lopsided"in Paragraph 5 most probably mean?
A.Informal.
B.Unbalanced.
C.Improper.
D.Unpleasant.
30.The author writes this passage mainly to
A.challenge a conclusion
B.make a comparison
C.advocate a practice
D.introduce a research
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核心词汇详解
1.brainstorm
核心词性
动词(V,高频核心):集体研讨:集思广益,强调”通过小组讨论产生创意”
例:We brainstormed ideas for the project..(我们为这个项目集思广益想点
子)
名词(n.,高频核心):头脑风暴;集体研讨,常用搭配have a brainstorm
(进行头脑风暴)
补充冷门含义”突发灵感;一时糊涂”
例:A sudden brainstorm helped him solve the pu.zzle.(突然的灵感帮他解开
了谜题)
词性转换
名词:brainstorming,核心含义是”头脑风暴法;集体研讨过程”
高考常用搭配是brainstorming session(头脑风暴会议)
高频搭配
动词brainstorm的搭配:brainstorm ideas(构思想法)、brainstorm solutions
(研讨解决方案)、brainstorm with sb.(与某人集体研讨)
名词brainstorm的搭配:a brainstorm session(一次头脑风暴会议)、have
a brainstorm about sth.(就某事进行头脑风暴)
易混辨析
brainstorm vs discuss:brainstorm侧重”无限制地发散思维、快速产生
大量创意”,不强调结论:discuss侧重”有条理地交换意见、分析问题”,常
以达成共识或结论为目的
brainstorming vs debate:brainstorming是”合作性思维发散”,鼓励自
由表达:debate是”对抗性观点交锋”,强调论证和反驳
2.backfire
核心词性
动词(v,高频核心):产生事与愿违的结果;适得其反,强调”行动或计划
未达预期反而造成负面影响”
例:Their attempt to help backfired.(他们的助人之举反而弄巧成拙)
动词(ⅴ,次要含义):(引擎)回火,指内燃机燃料未充分燃烧导致的逆燃
现象
例:The car backfired loudly.(汽车引擎发出一声巨响的回火)
词性转换
名词:backfire,核心含义是”事与愿违的结果;回火”
例:The policy change resulted in a backfire..(政策变动导致了适得其反的后
果)
高频搭配
动词backfire的搭配:backfire on sb.(对某人产生反效果)、plan backfires
(计划失败)、strategy backfires(策略适得其反)
易混辨析
backfire vs fail:backfire强调”行动本身实施了,但结果与预期完全相
反”;fail强调”行动未成功或目标未达成”,不必然涉及”反效果”
3.collective
核心词性
形容词(adj.,高频核心):集体的;共同的,强调”群体而非个体的属性”
例:collective intelligence(集体智慧)、collective effort(共同努力)
名词(.,低频核心):集体;团体,尤指社会主义制度下的生产单位或集体
组织
例:agricultural collective(农业集体)
词性转换
副词:collectively,核心含义是”集体地;共同地”
高考常用搭配是work collectively(共同协作)
动词:collect,核心含义是”收集;聚集”,高频搭配collect data(收集数
据)、collect stamps(集邮)
名词:collection,核心含义是”收藏品;收集物”
例:art collection(艺术收藏品)
高频搭配
形容词collective的搭配:collective action(集体行动)、collective responsi-
bility(集体责任)、collective decision(集体决策)、collective goal(共同目
标)
易混辨析
collective vs common:collective侧重”群体成员共同拥有或参与的”,强
调”凝聚性”;common侧重”普遍存在或为众人所共有的”,强调”普遍性”,
如common sense(常识)
collective vs mutual:collective强调”群体整体的”,mutual强调”双方
或多方相互的”,如mutual respect(相互尊重)
4.diversity
核心词性
名词(.,高频核心):多样性;多样化,尤指”思想、文化、物种等的多元
性”
高考核心搭配diversity of thought(思想多样性)、cultural diversity(文化
多样性)
词性转换
形容词:diverse,核心含义是”多样的;不同的”
高频搭配diverse opinions(不同意见)、diverse backgrounds(不同背景)
副词:diversely,核心含义是”多样地:不同地”
例:The students are diversely talented.(学生们天赋各异)
高频搭配
名词diversity的搭配:the diversity of.(…的多样性)、promote diversity
(促进多样性)、respect diversity(尊重多样性)、lack of diversity(缺乏多样
性)
易混辨析
diversity vs variety:diversity侧重”本质上的差异和多元性”,如种族、
文化、思想等深层次差异;variety侧重”形式或种类的多样化”,如商品、活
动等外在种类多
例:a variety of books(各种各样的书)
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5.groupthink
核心词性
名词(,高频核心):群体思维;集体盲思,指”群体中因追求一致而压制
不同意见,导致决策失误的现象”
高考核心搭配fall into groupthink(陷入群体思维)、avoid groupthink(避
免集体盲思)
词性转换
无高频转换,该词为合成名词,无常规词形变化
高频搭配
名词groupthink的搭配:groupthink tendency(群体思维倾向)、the danger
of groupthink(群体思维的危险)、combat groupthink(对抗群体思维)
易混辨析
groupthink vs conformity:groupthink是”群体层面的现象”,强调”群
体压力导致的非理性共识”;conformity是”个体层面的行为”,强调”个体
为融入群体而改变行为”
例:social conformity(社会从众)
6.unearth
核心词性
动词(v.,高频核心):发掘:发现(隐藏或被遗忘的事物),强调”通过努
力揭示潜在价值”
例:unearth hidden potential(发掘隐藏潜力)、unearth facts(揭露事实)
动词(v,次要含义):挖掘;出土,指”从地下挖出某物”
例:unearth ancient relics(挖掘古代遗迹)
词性转换
名词:unearthing,核心含义是”发掘;出土”
例:the unearthing of new evidence(新证据的发现)
高频搭配
动词unearth的搭配:unearth secrets(揭露秘密)、unearth talent(发掘人
才)、unearth information(搜集信息)、unearth a problem(发现问题)
易混辨析
unearth vs discover:unearth强调”主动搜寻并发现隐藏的事物”,有”
挖掘、揭露”的动态感;discover强调”首次发现原本存在但未被人知的事
物”
例:discover a new planet(发现新行星)
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7.pool
核心词性
动词(v,高频核心):集中(资源、想法等);共享,强调”将分散的事物
汇总利用”
例:pool ideas(汇集想法)、pool resources(集中资源)
名词(,高频核心):水池;池塘;共同资金:资源库
例:a pool of money(一笔共同资金)、a talent pool(人才库)
词性转换
无高频转换,该词多为一词多义考点
高频搭配
动词pool的搭配:pool together(共同筹集)、pool one's efforts(共同努
力)、pool knowledge(共享知识)
名词pool的搭配:a pool of..(…的集合)、swimming pool(游泳池)、
car pool(拼车)
易混辨析
pool(v.)vs collect(v.):pool强调”为共同目的而集中并共享”,collect
强调”将分散的事物聚集起来”,不必然涉及共享
例:collect stamps(集邮)
答案与逐题解析
正确答案:28-30DBC
28.D (get the most out of individuals)
考点:推理判断+观点整合
语境逻辑:John Smith认为人类未能发挥全部潜力的原因是”会议”,作者指出头脑风暴因自
我威胁、噪音、从众压力导致”思想多样性消失”,且脑写法则通过”确保所有想法被提出、所有
声音被纳入”来挖掘团队潜力。两者均暗示传统头脑风暴未能充分激发个体价值。
选项辨析:A.评估人类潜力(Sith未提及”评估”,作者聚焦”集体智慧最大化”);B.快速简
化问题(文中未讨论”简化问题”,而是”快速获取最佳想法”):C.接受好想法(未被接受的原
因是未充分挖掘个体,D更根木):D.充分利用个体(符合”集体智慧始于个体创造力”及脑写
法对个体参与的强调)。
29.B (Unbalanced)
考点:词义猜测+语境逻辑
语境逻辑:后文对比”最大的自我、最响亮的声音、最有权势的人”与”所有想法被提出、所有
声音被纳入”,可知头脑风暴中”参与偏向特定群体”,即”不平衡”。
选项辨析:A.非正式的;B.不平衡的;C.不恰当的:D.不愉快的。”lopsided in favour of..”
(偏向…)直接指向”参与分配不均”,B最符合。
30.C (advocate a practice)
考点:主旨大意+写作目的
语境逻辑:文章开篇否定”头脑风暴”,提出”脑写法”,详细阐述步骤、优势及研究依据,结尾
强调”集体智慧始于个体创造力,需集体判断筛选”,核心是推广”脑写法”这一实践。
选项辨析:A.挑战结论(仅开头否定头脑风暴,重点是提出替代方案):B.进行比较(比较是
手段,目的是推崇脑写法):C.倡导一种实践(符合”提出问题→给出方案→论证优势”的结
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构):D.介绍一项研究(研究是论据,非核心目的)。