阅读理解49-北京市部分地区近两年（2024-2025）高三英语期末真题汇编

1 阅读理解-阅读单选49 试题基本信息 。题型：阅读理解-阅读单选（4题，全文约470词) 。 核心知识点：天体和宇宙、科普知识、说明文 ·考查重点：细节理解、词义猜测、作者态度、主旨大意 材料剖析 。文章结构：第一段引出多重宇宙概念并指出验证问题；第二段讨论科学假说与理论的关 系，引用Rov©li观点批评无根据猜想；第三段呈现物理学家关于多重宇宙是否属于科学 的辩论；第四段阐述支持者以宇宙“精调”和人类存在为证据：第五段总结现状，类比历 史案例，保持开放态度。 核心争议：多重宇宙的可验证性、科学方法与哲学思辨的边界、物理证据的必要性。 阅读理解短文 According to an idea called the“inflationary(暴胀的)multiverse'”,the universe has been constantly expanding,which would have created a countless number of other universes.Collectively, these cosmic islands form what scientists call a "multiverse".However,other universes may lie beyond our scientific reach,physically and philosophically.Consequently,the methodologies by which physicists might validate (the multiverse and whether such validation is even possible remain unresolved inquiries.In science,hypotheses()are used to propose explanations,but from hypotheses to theories,validation of predictions is essential to see whether initial assumptions are supported or disproved.Theoretical physicist Carlo Rovelli says,"It is hard to write theories that survive the proof of reality.Few survive thanks to a basic idea:Do not trust your fancies. Keep only the ideas that can be tested."Rovelli adds,"Today many physicists are wasting time trying to guess and jumping to conclusions.This approach has never worked previously,and it is not working now.The multiverse might be one of those wild guesses.Now,physicists are debating whether that problem moves the multiverse from physics to metaphysics,from the world of science to that of philosophy.Philosopher Richard Dawid believes scientists could support the multiverse hypotheses without actually finding physical support."If we have a theory that seems to work,and have come up with nothing that works better,chances are our idea is right,he says.Not everyone is so cheerful,though.Sabine Hossenfelder,another theoretical physicist,thinks "Without making contact with observation,a theory isn't part of the natural sciences,and not physics."Some supporters of the multiverse claim they have found physical evidence.Andrei Linde insists "Our universe seems fine-tuned (to be favourable to life,with a four-dimensional space in which 2 we can live.It is certain that in an eternally inflating multiverse,one of the universes should turn out like ours.Each universe can have different physical laws and fundamentals.Given limitless changes,a universe on which humans can be born will be born.The multiverse actually explains why we're here.And our existence,therefore,helps explain why the multiverse is plausible."Just as Einstein's theory of general relativity could only be confirmed recently with a billion-dollar instrument called LIGO,scientists may eventually discover more direct evidence of the multiverse. So far,all of science has relied on testability,but those tests take time,and most theoreticians want to wait it out.They are not ready to shelve an idea like the multiverse-which could actually be the answer to life,the universe and everything -until and unless they can prove to themselves it doesn't exist.And that day may never come. 题目选项列表 1.28.What can we learn from the passage? A.The multiverse is recognized as a theory. B.The multiverse starts debates on human existence. C.Rovelli criticizes physicists for their baseless fancies. D.Dawid emphasizes the necessity of physical evidence. 2.29.What does the underlined word "plausible"in Paragraph 4 probably mean? A.Credible. B.Complex. C.Essential. D.Fascinating. 3.30.As for the existence of multiverse,the author is_ A.negative B.neutral C.certain D.positive 4.31.Which would be the best title for this passage? A.Mysteries of Multiverse:Fine-Tuned for Life B.Can Physicists Ever Prove the Multiverse Is Real? C.The Inflationary Multiverse:Proven Beyond Doubt D.Have Physicists Lost Their Minds in the Multiverse? 3 核心词汇详解 1.multiverse 核心词性 名词(.，高频核心)：多元宇宙；平行宇宙（物理学概念，指由无数个宇宙 组成的集合)，文中指基于暴胀理论推测存在的无数个独立宇宙的总和。 常用搭配：inflationary multiverse(暴胀多元宇宙)、eternally inflating mul- tiverse(永恒暴胀多元宇宙) 词性转换 形容词：multiversal(多元宇宙的；关于多元宇宙的) 例：multiversal theory(多元宇宙理论) 高频搭配 名词：physical laws of the multiverse(多元宇宙的物理法则)、evidence of the multiverse(多元宇宙的证据) 易混辨析 multiverse vs universe:universe指“（单个）宇宙”，即我们所在的时空 整体；multiverse指“多元宇宙”，是多个独立宇宙的集合体，强调数量上的 复数概念及宇宙间的差异性（如物理法则不同）。 2.hypothesis 核心词性 名词(n.,高频核心)：假说：假设（科学研究中基于有限证据提出的待验证 观点)，文中指关于多元宇宙存在的理论推测：也指“（逻辑或数学中的）前 提；假定”，用于论证或推理的基础设定。 常用搭配：multiverse hypot heses(多元字宙假说)、support a hypothesis(支 持假说) 词性转换 复数形式：hypotheses(特殊变化，需重点记忆，文中出现其复数形式) 动词：hypothesize(假设；假定) 例：Scientists hypothesize that the multiverse erists.(科学家假设多元宇宙 存在) 形容词：hypothetical(假设的；假说的) 例：a hypothetical scenario(假设的场景) 高频搭配 名词：validate a hypothesis(验证假说)、propose a hypothesis(提出假说) 易混辨析 hypothesis vs theory:hypothesis指“假说”，是未经充分验证的初步推 测，需通过实验或观察验证；theory指“理论”，是经过大量证据支持和验 证的系统学说，具有较高的可信度和解释力（文中明确区分二者，指出多元 宇宙尚未成为理论)。 3.validation 核心词性 名词(.，高频核心)：验证；确认；批准，文中指通过科学方法对假说或预 测的真实性进行检验的过程，是科学理论形成的关键步骤。 常用搭配：validation of predictions(预测的验证)、scientific validation(科 学验证) 词性转换 动词：validate(验证；证实；使生效) 例：validate predictions(验证预测，文中关键动作) 形容词：valid(有效的；有根据的；合法的) 例：a valid argument(合理的论点) 副词：validly(有效地；正当地) 例：The theory was validly confirmed.(该理论得到了有效证实) 高频搭配 名词：lack of validation(缺乏验证)、seek validation(寻求验证) 易混辨析 validation vs verification:validation侧重“通过系统性检验确认事物的 真实性、有效性或适用性”，强调结果是否符合预期目标（如科学假说的验 证)；verification侧重“检查或核实某事是否准确、无误或符合规定”，强调 过程的细致核对（如数据的核实)。 4.methodology 核心词性 名词(，高频核心)：方法论；方法学（指研究或工作中系统的方法体系）， 文中指物理学家验证多元宇宙所采用的科学方法和理论框架；也可指“一套 方法”，用于描述特定领域的操作流程。 常用搭配：scientific methodology(科学方法论)、methodologies of validation (验证方法) 词性转换 形容词：methodological(方法论的：方法上的) 例：methodological differences（方法论差异) 名词：method(方法；办法)，指具体的做事方式或步骤，较methodology 更侧重单一、具体的手段。 例：a scientific method(科学方法) 高频搭配 名词：research methodology(研究方法论)、debate on methodology(关于 方法论的争论) 易混辨析 methodology vs method:methodology侧重“系统性、理论性的方法体 系”，是对方法的总体研究和指导原则；method侧重“具体的操作步骤或手 段”，是完成某项任务的直接方式，前者宏观，后者微观。 5 5.metaphysics 核心词性 名词(，高频核心)：形而上学；玄学（哲学分支，研究存在、本质、时空 等抽象概念，与物理学相对)，文中指因多元宇宙无法验证而被认为可能属 于哲学范畴的领域。 常用搭配：move from physics to metaphysics(从物理学转向形而上学，文 中核心搭配)、study of metaphysics(形而上学研究) 词性转换 形容词：metaphysical(形而上学的；抽象的；玄奥的) 例：metaphysical questions（形而上学问题) 高频搭配 名词：philosophy of metaphysics(形而上学哲学) 易混辨析 metaphysics vs physics:physics是“物理学”，研究物质、能量及它们 之间的相互作用，基于实验和观测；metaphysics是“形而上学”，研究超越 物理现象的抽象概念（如存在、意识），基于逻辑和哲学思辨，二者分别代表 科学与哲学的不同领域。 6.plausible 核心词性 形容词（adj,高频核心)：看似合理的；可信的；说得通的（指虽未完全证 实但有一定依据，让人觉得可能为真)，文中指多元宇宙因能解释人类存在 而显得具有可信度。 常用搭配：seem plausible(看似合理)、remain plausible(仍然可信) 词性转换 副词：plausibly(看似合理地；可信地) 例：The theory was plausibly explained.(该理论得到了合理的解释) 名词：plausibility(合理性；可信性) 例：our eristence helps explain the plausibility of the multiverse(我们的存 在有助于解释多元宇宙的合理性) 高频搭配 形容词：make sth.plausible(使某事显得合理)、plausible explanation(合 理的解释，文中隐含搭配，指多元宇宙对人类存在的解释) 易混辨析 plausible vs possible:possible指“可能的”，侧重客观上存在发生的可 能性，不强调是否有依据；plausible指“看似合理的”，侧重主观上基于一 定依据让人觉得可信，强调逻辑上的通顺性。 plausible vs credible:credible指“可信的；可靠的”，强调来源或信息 本身的可信度（如credible evidence可信证据）；plausible强调事物本身的 逻辑合理性，即使缺乏直接证据也能自圆其说。 6 7.testability 核心词性 名词(.，高频核心)：可测试性；可验证性（科学理论的核心属性，指能够 通过实验或观察进行检验的性质)，文中指科学研究依赖的关键原则，即理 论需具备被验证的可能性。 常用搭配：rely on testability(依赖可测试性)、lack of testability(缺乏可 测试性) 词性转换 形容词：testable(可测试的；可验证的) 例：So far,all of science has relied on testable theories.（迄今为i止，所有科 学都依赖可验证的理论) 动词：test(测试；检验) 例：test a hypothesis(检验假说) 高频搭配 名词：scientific testability(科学可测试性) 易混辨析 testability vs verifiability:testability强调通过实验或观察进行检验的 可行性；verifiability强调通过证据或逻辑核实真实性，二者在科学语境中常 互换，但testability更侧重实际操作。 答案与逐题解析 正确答案：28-31CAAB 1.28.C (Rovelli criticizes physicists for their baseless fancies.) 考点：细节理解 语境逻辑：第三段提到Rovelli说“It is hard to write theories that survive the proof of reality. Few survive thanks to a basic idea:Do not trust your fancies.Keep only the ideas that can be tested.”以及“Today many physicists are wasting time trying to guess and jumping to conclusions.”,明确批评物理学家依赖未经检验的幻想。 选项辨析：A项错误，文中提到“from hypotheses to theories,validation of predictions is essential”,而多重宇宙仍处于假说阶段；B项错误，关于人类存在的讨论是Andrei Linde的观 点，并非多重宇宙引发对人类存在本身的辩论；D项错误，Dawid认为“scientists could support the multiverse hypotheses without actually finding physical support”,与“强调物理证据必要 性”相反。 2.29.A (Credible.) 考点：词义猜测 语境逻辑：第四段Linde认为多重宇宙解释了“为什么我们存在”，“our existence,therefore, helps explain why the multiverse is plausible”,即人类存在让多重宇宙的说法更“可信”。 选项辨析：A.Credible(可信的)；B.Complex(复杂的)；C.Essential(必要的)：D.Fascinating (迷人的)。根据“explains why we're here”和“helps explain”的逻辑，存在的事实应使理论 更具可信度，A项最符合。 3.30.B (neutral) 考点：作者态度 7 语境逻辑：文章客观呈现不同科学家的观点(Rovelli的批评、Dawid的支持、Linde的证据论 述等)，未明确表达自身肯定或否定态度，结尾提到“scientists may eventually discover more direct evidence...that day may never come”,保持中立观望。 选项辨析：A.negative(否定的)、C.certain(确定的)、D.positive(肯定的)均不符合作者 仅陈述各方争议和现状的客观立场。 4.31.B (Can Physicists Ever Prove the Multiverse Is Real?) 考点：主旨大意 语境逻辑：全文围绕多重宇宙的“可验证性”展开，讨论物理学家能否证明其存在（如第二段 “methodologies...remain unresolved inquiries”、第三段“testability”、结尾“may eventually discover more direct evidence”)。 选项辨析：A项仅聚焦“为生命微调”，是Linde观点的局部内容；C项“Proven Beyond Doubt” 与文中“未被证实”的事实矛盾；D项“Lost Their Minds”带有主观贬义，不符合文章客观探 讨的基调。B项准确概括核心争议：物理学家能否证明多重宇宙存在。