阅读理解45-北京市部分地区近两年（2024-2025）高三英语期末真题汇编

1 阅读理解-阅读单选45 试题基本信息 。题型：阅读理解·阅读单选(4题) ·文章类型：议论文 。主题：人工智能伦理与风险 。文章长度：约530词 。考查重点：写作意图推断、概念理解、词义猜测、观点总结 材料剖析 ·核心论点：批判人类中心主义，主张AI应考虑所有有知觉生物的利益 ·论证结构：提出问题(AI风险)→分析人类需求复杂性→质疑现有解决方案→揭示人 类对其他生物的伤害→提出”感知对齐”概念→引用哲学家观点支持 。作者立场：支持去中心化人类利益，主张A虹应造福所有有知觉生命 阅读理解短文 The age of artificial intelligence has begun,and it brings plenty of anxieties.Almost all of the conversations about risk have to do with the potential consequences of AI systems pursuing goals that depart from what they were programmed to do and that are not in the interests of humans. But this is only one side of the danger.Imagine what could unfold if AI does do what humans want. "What humans want,"of course,isn't a monolith.Different people have countless ideas of what constitutes"the greater good."Even if we could get everyone to focus on the well-being of the entire human species,it's unlikely we'd be able to agree on what that might look like That seems to be the reason that DeepMind recently founded an internal organization focused on AI safety and preventing its manipulation by bad actors.But it's not ideal that what's "bad" is going to be determined by a handful of individuals at this one particular corporation-complete with their blind spots and personal and cultural biases().The potential problem goes beyond humans harming other humans.What's "good"for humanity has,many times throughout history, come at the expense of other sentient(有知觉力的)beings.Such is the situation today. In the US alone,we have billions of animals kept in confinement,subjected to cruel treatment, and denial of their basic psychological and physiological needs at any given time.Entire species are dominated and systemically butchered so that we can have omelets,burgers and shoes. If AI does exactly what "we"want it to,that would likely mean enacting this mass cruelty more efficiently,at an even greater scale and with more automation and fewer opportunities for sympathetic humans to step in and flag anything particularly horrifying. 2 A better goal than aligning AI with humanity's immediate interests would be what I would call "sentient alignment"-AI acting in accordance with the interests of all sentient beings,including humans,all other animals and,should it exist,sentient AI.This will strike some as aggressive, because what's good for all sentient life might not always agree with what's good for humankind. It might sometimes,even often,be in opposition to what humans want or what would be best for the greatest number of us. Peter Singer,a philosopher,argued that an AI system's ultimate goals and priorities are more important than it being aligned with humans."The question is really whether this super intelligent AI is going to be benevolent and want to produce a better world,"Singer said,"and even if we don't control it,it still will produce a better world in which our interests will get taken into account." I'm with Singer on this.Decentering humankind to any extent,and especially to this extreme, is an idea that will challenge people.But that's necessary if we're to prevent our current belief from spreading in new and awful ways. 题目列表 1.The author mentions the organization founded by DeepMind to A.question a solution B.clarify a belief C.illustrate an example D.explain a practice 2.Which of the following can best present the idea of"sentient alignment"? A.AI extends the same rights to living beings. B.AI promotes the interaction among species. C.AI benefits from the development of humans. D.AI meets the demands of perceptive creatures 3.What does the underlined word "benevolent"in Paragraph 7 probably mean? A.Ambitious. B.Generous. C.Resourceful. D.Competitive. 4.The author's major concern in developing AI is that A.AI poses a threat to the world B.society's morals are in decline C.humans prioritize their own needs D.sentient beings deepen cultural biases 3 核心词汇详解 1.monolith 核心词性 名词(.，高频核心)：庞大而单一的组织、体系或结构（抽象概念）：巨石： 独石纪念碑（具体事物） 例：the bureaucratic monolith（庞大的官僚体系)、ancient monoliths（古代 巨石碑) 词性转换 形容词：monolithic(庞大而单一的；铁板一块的) 例：monolithic system（单一体系)、monolithic organization（庞大的组织) 高频搭配 the monolith of government(政府这个庞大体系)、cultural monolith(单一 文化体) 易混辨析 monolith vs system:system泛指”系统；体系”，范围广且可大可小： monolith强调”庞大、单一、缺乏灵活性的体系” monolith vs structure:structure指”结构；构造”，侧重组合方式；monolith 侧重”庞大单一性” 2.sentient 核心词性 形容词(adj,高频核心)：有知觉力的；有感觉能力的：有意识的 例：sentient beings（有知觉的生物)、sentient AI(有知觉的人工智能) 词性转换 名词：sentience(知觉；感觉能力) 例：the sentience of animals(动物的知觉能力) 高频搭配 sentient alignment(感知对齐)、sentient life(有知觉的生命) 易混辨析 sentient vs conscious: 前者强调”感知能力”，后者强调”意识状态 sentient vs perceptive:前者生物学/哲学概念，后者心理学概念 3.benevolent 核心词性 形容词(adj,高频核心)：仁慈的：慈善的：宽厚的 例：a benevolent ruler（仁慈的统治者)、benevolent intentions(善意的意图) 词性转换 名词：benevolence(仁慈；善行) 例：acts of benevolence（慈善行为) 高频搭配 benevolent AI(仁慈的人工智能)、benevolent society(慈善协会) 易混辨析 benevolent vs generous:前者侧重”仁慈善意”，后者侧重”慷慨大方” benevolent vs kind:前者更正式，后者更常用 4 答案与逐题解析 正确答案：31-34ADBC 1.A (question a solution) 考点：写作意图推断 语境逻辑：前文指出AI安全的核心问题是”人类需求并非单一”，后文转折提到DeepMind成 立的组织”由少数人决定'坏？的标准，存在盲点和偏见”，可见作者对这一解决方案持质疑态度。 选项辨析：A.question a solution(质疑一个解决方案)符合”提出方案→指出缺陷”的逻辑； B.clarify a belief(澄清观点)、C.illustrate an example(举例说明)、D.explain a practice(解 释一种做法)均未体现批判性。 2.D (AI meets the demands of perceptive creatures) 考点：短语含义理解 语境逻辑：作者提出”sentient alignment'”即”AI应符合所有有知觉生物的利益，包括人类、其 他动物及可能存在的有知觉AI”,”sentient beings'”与"perceptive creatures”(有感知力的生物) 同义替换。 选项辨析：D.AI meets the demands of perceptive creatures(AI满足有感知力生物的需求)准 确概括；A.强调”权利平等”，原文未提及”rights'”;B.”促进物种互动”、C.”AI从人类发展中 获益”均与原文无关。 3.B (Generous) 考点：词义猜测 语境逻辑：后文”want to produce a better world”(想要创造更美好的世界)提示该词为积极含 义，与”仁慈、善意”相关。 选项辨析：B.generous(仁慈的；宽厚的)符合”造福世界”的语境；A.ambitious(野心勃勃 的)、C.resourceful(足智多谋的)、D.competitive(竞争的)均非积极正向的目标导向词。 4.C (humans prioritize their own needs) 考点：作者观点总结 语境逻辑：全文核心批判”人类中心主义”，指出AI若仅满足人类需求，会加剧对其他动物的 cruelty,强调需”去中心化人类”。 选项辨析：C.humans prioritize their own needs(人类优先自身需求)是作者担忧的根源；A. AI威胁世界（原文强调AI是工具，问题在人类需求）；B.”社会道德滑坡”、D.”有知觉生物 加深文化偏见”均非原文重点。