阅读理解44-北京市部分地区近两年（2024-2025）高三英语期末真题汇编

1 阅读理解-阅读单选44 试题基本信息 ·题型：阅读理解-阅读单选/选择4题（约510词） ·核心知识点：科学技术环境保护说明文 ·考查重点：细节理解、推理判断、主旨大意 材料剖析 ·文章类型：说明文 。主要内容：介绍地球工程技术的概念、方法（如海洋铁施肥、改良甲烷细菌）及其面临的 挑战和不确定性 ·结构特点：提出问题→举例说明→深入探讨→总结展望 。作者态度：客观呈现地球工程的利弊，未明确支持或反对 阅读理解短文 In 1993,a ship sailed into the Pacific Ocean carrying nearly 1,000 pounds of iron,then dumped it all into the waves.The next morning,the water turned a little greenish due to newly emerged phytoplankton(浮游生物).The microorganisms,.which need iron to grow,draw CO out of the air. Fertilizing the ocean with iron is a form of geoengineering,a set of technologies fascinating for their potential to meaningfully impact Earth's systems,and controversial for the same reason.As the planet heats,geoengineering is employed to manipulate (it in novel ways,whether re- searchers mist the skies with sea salt to increase how much sunlight clouds reflect or invent machines to suck greenhouse gases out of the atmosphere.Engineering home-grown plankton sounds like a less dramatic approach.But the field is so new that scientists don't yet know whether geoengineer- ing with microorganisms would really be a gentler form of climate intervention.Microbes,after all, play enormously consequential roles in the world around us and within us.For the best chance of keeping Earth liveable,scientists need to understand exactly how the microscopic creatures might be useful,and perhaps even preferable to the more sci-fi approaches to cooling off the world. One favored approach centers on methane,a greenhouse gas accounting for 30%of the rise in global temperature.Mary Lidstrom,a professor,is working on genetically modifying bacteria that naturally consume methane,so that the microbes pull even more gas from the air.The bacteria would live inside facilities known as bioreactors.They could be positioned near known methane sources-landfills and wetlands-to minimize the amount of methane that makes it into the air. Scaling up any kind of climate engineering is tricky.Significantly slowing warming caused by methane would require about 300,000 bioreactors to be active for 20 years.And the downstream 2 effects are difficult to predict,let alone contain.For example,the iron put into the Pacific Ocean could have consequences for other regions of the world's seas. Also,there's nearly as much uncertainty about intended effects.Scientists don't know for sure how effective these concepts will prove to be.The 1993 ship expeditions,for example,didn't stick around very long;the journeys were expensive,and scientists couldn't remain at sea to determine what exactly was happening in the depths.Carbon stolen out of the atmosphere should remain buried for at least a century for maximum impact.Yet it's entirely possible that if the phytoplankton doesn't sink to deep enough waters,it just gets eaten by the organisms in the surface ocean,and that CO just returns to the atmosphere. The hotter the planet gets,the more attractive geoengineering will likely seem.Short of large- scale behavioral changes globally,we do seem to be committing ourselves to an engineered solution on our current routes.We might have to decide.sooner than we think.which levers we need to pull,large or small. 题目选项列表 1.What can we learn about geoengineering? A.Ocean iron-fertilization is on the horizon. B.Sunlight-reflection method is cost-effective. C.Methane-eating bacteria are being improved. D.Gas-sucking machine is a theoretical concept. 2.What can we infer from Paragraph 4 about the geoengineering approaches? A.Their impact on the ecosystem is overlooked. B.Their implications are hard to anticipate. C.They call for decades of preparation. D.They are monitored continuously. 3.The iron-fertilization experiment may achieve its intended effects if A.the target microbes survive B.carbon is stored separately C.the phytoplankton grows faster D.more deep-sea organisms are tested 4.What might be the best title for the passage? A.How Will Geoengineering Better Earth's Systems? B.How to Cool the World Without Blocking the Sun? C.How to Steal Carbon with Sci-fi Approaches? D.How Can the Engineered Solution Deliver? 3 核心词汇详解 1.geoengineering 核心词性 名词(.，高频核心)：地球工程；地质工程（通过人为干预大规模改变地球 环境系统以应对气候变化的技术手段) 常用搭配：geoengineering approaches(地球工程方法) 、ocean iron- fertilization geoengineering(海洋铁施肥地球工程) 词性转换 形容词：geoengineered(地球工程改造的)，例：geoengineered solution(地 球工程解决方案) 名词：geoengineer(地球工程师)，指从事地球工程研究或实践的人员 高频搭配 geoengineering technologies(地球工程技术)、climate geoengineering(气候 地球工程)、microbial geoengineering(微生物地球程)、geoengineering intervention(地球工程干预) 易混辨析 geoengineering vs engineering:engineering泛指”工程学；工程技术”， 涵盖各类具体工程领域；geoengineering是engineering的细分领域，特指” 针对地球环境系统的大规模人为干预工程”，聚焦气候变化应对 geoengineering vs intervention:intervention泛指”干预；介入”，可用 于医学、社会等多个领域；gcoengineering是intervention的一种特定形式， 强调”通过工程技术手段对地球系统进行的干预”，具有专业性和规模性 2.phytoplankton 核心词性 名词(.，高频核心)：浮游植物（生活在水体表层，能进行光合作用的微小 植物，是海洋生态系统的基础生产者) 常用搭配：iron-fertilized phytoplankton(铁施肥浮游植物)、phytoplankton growth(浮游植物生长) 词性转换 形容词：phytoplanktonic(浮游植物的)，例：phytoplanktonic bloom(浮 游植物水华) 高频搭配 emerged phytoplankton(新生浮游植物)、surface ocean phytoplankton(表 层海洋浮游植物)、phytoplankton sink(浮游植物下沉)、CO-absorbing phytoplankton(吸收二氧化碳的浮游植物) 易混辨析 phytoplankton vs plankton:plankton泛指”浮游生物”，包括浮游植物 (phytoplankton)和浮游动物(zooplankton);phytoplankton仅指”浮游植 物”，是能进行光合作用的生产者，而zooplankton为消费者 3.microorganism 核心词性 名词(，高频核心)：微生物（包括细菌、病毒、真菌等微小生物的统称） 常用搭配：beneficial microorganism(有益微生物)、methane-consuming microorganism(消耗甲烷的微生物) 词性转换 形容词：microbial(微生物的)，例：microbial activity(微生物活动)、 microbial intervention（微生物千预) 副词：microbially(通过微生物地；在微生物方面)，例：microbially mediated process(微生物介导的过程) 高频搭配 microorganism growth(微生物生长)、ocean microorganism(海洋微生物)、 genetically modified microorganism(转基因微生物)、microorganism role (微生物作用) 易混辨析 microorganism vs microbe:microbe是microorganism的口语化简称， 两者含义完全相同，均指”微生物”，但microorganism更正式，多用于学术 或书面语境 microorganism vs bacterium:bacterium特指”细菌”，是microorganism 的一种：microorganism涵盖范围更广，包括细菌、病毒、真菌等各类微小 生物 4.methane 核心词性 名词(.，高频核心)：甲烷；沼气（一种无色无味的温室气体，化学式为 CH,主要由有机物分解产生) 常用搭配：methane emission(甲烷排放)、methane source(甲烷源) 词性转换 形容词：methanogenic(产甲烷的)，例：methanogenic bacteria(产甲烷 细菌) 名词：methanotroph(甲烷氧化菌)，指以甲烷为碳源和能源的微生物 高频搭配 greenhouse gas methane(温室气体甲烷)、atmospheric methane(大气甲 烷)、methane concentration(甲烷浓度)、methane-consuming bacteria(消 耗甲烷的细菌) 易混辨析 methane vs carbon dioxide:两者均为温室气体，met hane(甲烷)的温 室效应是C0的约25倍（短期内），主要来源为湿地、垃圾填埋场等；C0 (二氧化碳)是最主要的温室气体，主要源于化石燃料燃烧和植被破坏 5 5.bioreactor 核心词性 名词(.，高频核心)：生物反应器（用于培养微生物或细胞进行生物反应的 装置) 常用搭配：industrial bioreactor(工业生物反应器)、methane-consuming bioreactor(消耗甲烷的生物反应器) 词性转换 形容词：bioreactor-.based(基于生物反应器的)，例：bioreactor-.based tech- nology(基于生物反应器的技术) 高频搭配 large-scale bioreactor(大规模生物反应器)、active bioreactor(运行中的生物 反应器)、landfill bioreactor(垃圾填埋场生物反应器)、bacteria-containing bioreactor（含细菌的生物反应器) 易混辨析 bioreactor vs reactor:reactor泛指”反应器”，可用于化学、核反应等领 域（如nuclear reactor核反应堆）；bioreactor特指”生物反应器”，用于生 物过程，涉及活的生物体（如微生物、细胞） 6.consequential 核心词性 形容词(adj,高频核心)：重要的；有重大影响的（强调结果的严重性或重 要性)：随之而来的；作为结果的 常用搭配：consequential role(重要作用)、consequential effects(后续影响) 词性转换 名词：consequence(结果；后果)，常用搭配：negative consequence(负面 后果)、in consequence(因此；结果) 副词：consequentially(结果地；必然地)，例：consequentially lead to(结 果导致) 高频搭配 consequential impact(重大影响)、consequential decision(重要决定)、con- sequential role in(在…中的重要作用)、consequential change(重大变 化) 易混辨析 consequential vs significant:significant强调”意义重大的；显著的”，侧 重程度或数量上的明显；consequential更强调”结果带来的重要性”，侧重因 果关系中的影响 consequential vs subsequent:subsequent仅表示”随后的；继后的”，强 调时间顺序；consequential强调”作为结果产生的”，隐含因果联系 6 7.intervention 核心词性 名词(.，高频核心)：干预；介入；干预措施（指为改变某种状况而采取的 行动) 常用搭配：climate intervention(气候千预)、human intervention(人为千 预) 词性转换 动词：intervene(干预；介入；插话)，常用搭配：intervene in(干预… )、intervene to do(介入做某事) 形容词：interventional(干预的；介入的)，例：interventional strategy(千 预策略) 高频搭配 geoengineering intervention(地球工程千预)、environmental intervention (环境干预)、effective intervention(有效千预)、intervention measure(干 预措施) 易混辨析 intervention vs interference:interference侧重”妨碍；干扰”，多含负 面意义；intervention侧重”为改善状况而进行的干预”，中性或正面，常用 于专业领域（如医学、气候） intervention vs involvement:involvement指”参与；卷入”，侧重个人 或团体的参与状态：intervention指”主动采取的干预行动”，侧重具体措施 和目的 8.scaling 核心词性 名词/动名词(n./gerund,高频核心)：规模化；按比例缩放（将小规模试 验扩大至实际应用规模的过程) 常用搭配：scaling up(扩大规模)、scaling down(缩小规模) 词性转换 动词：scale(按比例缩放；攀登)，常用搭配：scale up(扩大)、scale down (缩小) 形容词：scalable(可扩展的)，例：scalable technology(可扩展的技术) 高频搭配 scaling challenge(规模化挑战)、scaling effect(规模效应)large-scale scaling (大规模应用)、scaling issue(规模化问题) 易混辨析 scaling vs expanding:expanding泛指”扩大”，可以是任意方向的扩展； scaling特指”按比例缩放”，保持原有比例关系扩大或缩小 scaling vs standardization:standardization指”标准化”，制定统一标 准；scaling指”规模化”，关注从实验到应用的规模转变 答案与逐题解析 正确答案：27-30CBBD 7 1.C (Methane-eating bacteria are being improved.) 考点：细节理解题 语境：第三段提到”Mary Lidstrom..is working on genetically modifying bacteria that naturally consume methane,.so that the microbes pull even more gas from the air,”,说明甲烷吞噬细菌 正在被改良以提高效率。 辨析：A.铁施肥实验在1993年已进行，但未提及”即将实现”：B.文中未提及阳光反射法的成本 效益；D.吸碳机器是"invent machines'”,并非纯理论概念。C项符合原文”genetically modify ing 的描述。 2.B (Their implications are hard to anticipate.) 考点：推理判断题 语境：第四段提到"the downstream effects are difficult to predict,let alone contain'”,并举例太 平洋铁施肥可能影响其他海域，说明地球工程的影响难以预料。 辨析：A.”被忽视”文中未提及，仅说”难以预测：C.”数十年准备”与原文300,000 bioreactors to be active for20 years'”(运行20年)不符；D.”持续监控”与l993年实验”didn't stick around very long”矛盾。B项"implications are hard to anticipate'”与”downstream effects are difficult to predict'”同义替换。 3.B (carbon is stored separately) 考点：推理判断题 语境：第五段指出"Carbon stolen..should remain buried for at least a century.if the phyto plankton doesn't sink to deep enough waters..CO just returns to the atmosphere'”,说明若浮 游生物未沉入深海，碳会返回大气。因此，若碳能被单独储存（如沉入深海），实验可达成目的 辨析：A.微生物存活是前提，但未解决碳返回问题；C.生长速度与碳储存无关；D.深海生物 测试文中未提及。B项”carbon is stored separately'”符合”remain buried”的条件。 4.D (How Can the Engineered Solution Deliver?) 考点：主旨大意题 语境：全文讨论地球工程（如铁施肥、改良甲烷细菌）的潜力、不确定性（效果未知、副作用难 预测)及必要性，核心是”工程解决方案能否有效发挥作用”。 辨析：A.”Better Earth's Systems'”过于乐观，原文强调争议与不确定性；B.Without Block- ing the Sun”仅涉及阳光反射法，以偏概全；C.Sci-fi Approaches'”与原文'less dramatic ap- proach”microorganisms”不符。D项Deliver”(兑现效果)涵盖了潜力与挑战，符合全文对地 球工程可行性的探讨。