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阅读理解-阅读单选28
试题基本信息
。题型:阅读理解-阅读单选(约390词)
。核心知识点:语言与文化、说明文
。考查重点:主旨概括、细节理解、标题归纳
材料剖析
。文章主题:语言进化与词汇生存机制
·结构线索:引出话题(达尔文观点)→研究背景与目的→实验过程与发现→词汇生存
特征→专家观点与争议
。考查能力:信息定位、推理判断、主旨归纳
阅读理解短文
Charles Darwin found inspiration for his theory of evolution in birds'beaks,turtles'shells
and language."The survival or preservation of certain favored words in the struggle for existence
is natural selection,he wrote in The Descent of Man.
Language gradually shifts over time.Much research examines how social and environmental
factors influence language change but very little explores the forces of human cognitive (
selection that fix certain words into the dictionary.For an extensive new study,published in a
journal.scientists investigated just that.
In an experiment much like a game of telephone,thousands of participants read English-
language stories and rewrote them to be read by other participants who then rewrote them for
others.Only certain words from the first stories survived in the final versions.Researchers analyzed
the word types speakers consistently favored,theorizing that such preferences drive language change
over time.The scientists also separately analyzed two large collections of English historical texts
from the past two centuries,containing more than 40 billion words-again seeing only certain types
survive.
The results showed three features that give words an“evolutionary(进化的)advantage”by help-
ing them stick in the brain.First,words typically acquired at an early age,such as "hand,""uncle"
or "today",are stabler.Next,concrete words exist better than abstract ones:"dog"stays longer
than“animal”,which persists longer than“organism”.Lastly,,emotionally exciting words
whether negative or positive-tend to be permanent.
Early language-evolution models assumed that language becomes increasingly complex over
time.But a cognitive scientist Fritz Breithaupt says the new study supports a more recent theory
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that language ultimately gets more efficient and easier to understand.Still,as the study notes,"the
English language is not baby talk."Breithaupt explains,"Yes,we shift toward simple language,
but then we also grab complex language that we need.New words that address the complexity of
modern life may somewhat balance out this shift.
The proposed trend toward "simpler"language is debatable.A linguist John McWhorter
questions implications regarding the overall efficiency of English -a language he says contains
things like "unnecessarily complex"grammatical traces.Study lead author Ying Li notes that
English had even more complicated grammar in the past."John Mc Whorter would complain more
if he traveled back800 years ago,"Li supposes.
题目与选项
28.What is Paragraph 3 mainly discussed about the research?
A.Conclusion and significance.
B.Background and purpose.
C.Method and limitations.
D.Process and findings.
29.According to Breithaupt,the English language tends to be
A.more concrete with difficulty
B.more practical with efficiency
C.more complicated with abstraction
D.more understandable with vividness
30.What would be the best title for this passage?
A.Who promotes the study of language evolution?
B.How does language gradually shift over time?
C.What makes a word survive or go extinct?
D.Why are certain words favored by people?
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核心词汇详解
1.evolution
核心词性
名词(.,高频核心):核心含义一是“进化:演化”(生物学核心概念),例
theory of evolution(进化论);二是“发展;演变”(指事物逐渐的变化过
程),例the evolution of language(语言的演变)。
词性转换
动词:evolve,,核心含义是“进化;发展;逐渐形成”,高考常用搭配evolve
from..(由…进化而来)、evolve into.(演变成…)。
形容词:evolutionary,核心含义是“进化的;演化的”,例evolutionary
advantage(进化优势)。
高频搭配
名词evolution的搭配:theory of evolution(进化论)、biological evolution
(生物进化)、cultural evolution(文化演变)、process of evolution(进化过
程)。
易混辨析
evolution vs development:evolution侧重“长期、自然的渐进式演变”,
尤其强调物种或事物本质的变化;development侧重“有目的、有计划的成
长或发展”,如经济发展、个人成长等。
evolutionary vs evolutionary:二者为同根词,evolutionary为形容词,强
调“与进化相关的”;evolution为名词,指进化本身。
2.cognitive
核心词性
形容词(adj,高频核心):核心含义是“认知的;认识的”(指与思维、感
知、记忆等大脑活动相关的),例cognitive selection(认知选择)、cognitive
ability(认知能力)。
词性转换
名词:cognition,核心含义是“认知;认识”(抽象概念),例study of human
cognition(人类认知研究)。
高频搭配
形容词cognitive的搭配:cognitive science(认知科学)、cognitive process
(认知过程)、cognitive development(认知发展)、cognitive psychology(认
知心理学)。
易混辨析
cognitive vs mental:cognitive更专业,侧重“大脑的认知功能(如思考、
理解、记忆)”;mental更宽泛,指“心理的;精神的”,涵盖情绪、心理状
态等,例mental health(心理健康)。
3.extensive
核心词性
形容词(adj.,高频核心):核心含义一是“广泛的:大量的”(强调范围或
数量),例extensive study(广泛的研究):二是“广阔的”(指面积或空间),
例extensive farmland(广阔的农田)。
词性转换
动词:extend,核心含义是“延伸;扩展;延长”,例extend a deadline(延
长截止日期)、extend knowledge(扩展知识)。
名词:extension,核心含义是“延伸;扩展;延期”,例extension of time
(时间的延长)、extension of a road(道路的延伸)。
高频搭配
形容词extensive的搭配:extensive research(广泛研究)、extensive reading
(泛读)、extensive experience(丰富经验)、extensive damage(大面积损坏)。
易混辨析
extensive vs intensive:extensive侧重“范围广、数量多”;intensive侧
重“强度大、深入细致”,例intensive care(重症监护)、intensive study(深
入研究)。
4.consistently
核心词性
副词(adv,高频核心):核心含义是“一贯地:始终如一地:一致地”,例
consistently favored(一贯受青睐)、perform consistently well(表现一贯良
好)。
词性转换
形容词:consistent,核心含义是“一致的:始终如一的”,高考常用搭配be
consistent with(与…一致)、consistent policy(一贯政策)。
名词:consistency,核心含义是“一致性;连贯性”,例consistency in behavior
(行为的一致性)。
高频搭配
副词consistently的搭配:consistently high(持续高位)、consistently support
(一贯支持)、act consistently(行为一致)。
易混辨析
consistently vs constantly:consistently强调“在不同时间或情况下保
持一致”;constantly强调“频繁地;不断地”,例It rains constantly here.
(这里经常下雨)。
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5.permanent
核心词性
形容词(adj,高频核心):核心含义是“永久的;永恒的;固定的”(与
temporary相反),例permanent words(永久性词汇)、permanent residence
(永久居留)。
词性转换
副词:permanently,核心含义是“永久地;永远地”,例permanently disappear
(永久消失)。
名词:permanence,核心含义是“永久性;永恒性”(抽象概念),例追求
permanence of peace(追求和平的永恒)。
高频搭配
形容词permanent的搭配:permanent address(永久地址)、permanent job
(固定工作)、permanent damage(永久性损伤)、permanent solution(长久
之计)。
易混辨析
permanent vs lasting:permanent强调“不可改变、持续到永远的状态”;
lasting侧重“持续很长时间,但可能并非绝对永久”,例lasting impression
(持久的印象)。
6.implication
核心词性
名词(.,高频核心):核心含义一是“含义;暗示”(指话语或行为背后间接
表达的意思),例implications regarding efficiency(关于效率的含义);二是
“影响;后果”(尤指潜在的、间接的影响),例environmental implications
(环境影响)。
词性转换
动词:imply,核心含义是“暗示;意味着”,例His silence implied agreement.
(他的沉默意味着同意)。
高频搭配
名词implication的搭配:political implications(政治影响)、social implica-
tions(社会含义)、have implications for(对…有影响)、understand the
implications(理解含义)。
易混辨析
implication vs meaning:implication侧重“隐含的、需要推断的深层含
义”;meaning侧重“字面意思或直接含义”,更宽泛。
implication vs consequence:implication指“潜在的、间接的影响或后
果”;consequence指“直接的、明显的结果”,常含贬义,例bad consequences
(不良后果)。
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7.grammatical
核心词性
形容词(adj,高频核心):核心含义是“语法的;符合语法规则的”,例
grammatical traces(语法痕迹)、grammatical errors(语法错误)。
词性转换
名词:grammar,核心含义是“语法;语法规则”,例English grammar(英
语语法)、basic grammar(基础语法)。
副词:grammatically,核心含义是“语法上;符合语法地”,例grammatically
correct(语法正确)。
高频搭配
形容词grammatical的搭配:grammatical structure(语法结构),grammatical
rules(语法规则)、grammatical analysis(语法分析)、grammatical accuracy
(语法准确性)。
易混辨析
grammatical vs linguistic:grammatical仅指“与语法相关的”;linguistic
指“与语言整体相关的”,范围更广,包括语音、词汇、语法等,例linguistic
research(语言研究)。
8.debatable
核心词性
形容词(adj.,高频核心):核心含义是“有争议的;可商榷的”(指观点、问
题等存在不同意见),例debatable trend(有争议的趋势)、a debatable issue
(有争议的问题)。
词性转换
动词:debate,核心含义是“辩论:讨论”(既可作及物动词也可作不及物
动词),例debate a topic(辩论一个话题)、debate with sb.(与某人辩论)。
名词:debate,核心含义是“辩论;争论”,例hold a debate(举行辩论)、
public debate(公开辩论)。
高频搭配
形容词debatable的搭配:debatable point(有争议的观点)、debatable con-
clusion(可商榷的结论)、highly debatable(极具争议的)。
易混辨析
debatable vs controversial:二者近义,debatable侧重“问题本身存在
不同看法,值得讨论”;controversial侧重“引起广泛争议或对立”,常含更
强烈的情感色彩。
答案与逐题解析
正确答案:28-30DBC
28.D (Process and findings)
考点:段落主旨概括
语境逻辑:第三段首句介绍实验过程“thousands of participants read...rewrote them.”,随后
描述“Only certain words...survived”“Researchers analyzed..theorizing.”,最后提及“the
scientists also separately analyzed...again seeing only certain types survive”,涵盖了研究的具
体操作步骤和初步发现。
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选项辨析:A.结论和意义(未提及研究意义):B.背景和目的(属于前文引入内容):C.方法
和局限(未提局限):D.过程和发现(符合段落对实验操作与结果的描述)。
29.B (more practical with efficiency)
考点:人物观点细节理解
语境逻辑:Breithaupt提到“the new study supports a more recent theory that language
ultimately gets more efficient and easier to understand”,并补充“we shift toward simple
language.…grab complex language that we need”,说明语言趋向高效实用,同时保留必要的复
杂表达。
选项辨析:A.具体但困难(无“困难”表述);B.实用且高效(“efficient”“simple language”“grab
complex language needed”体现实用性):C.复杂且抽象(与“shift toward simple'”矛盾);D.
易懂且生动(未强调“生动性”,核心是效率与实用性)。
30.C (What makes a word survive or go extinct?)
考点:标题归纳(主旨大意)
语境逻辑:全文围绕“语言中某些词汇得以留存的原因”展开,首段用达尔文观点引出“词汇生
存是自然选择”,中间段落通过实验和历史文本分析得出词汇留存的三大特征(早习得、具体、
情感性),末段讨论语言简化趋势的争议,始终聚焦“词汇生存的影响因素”。
选项辨析:A.谁推动语言进化研究(仅提及研究者,非核心);B.语言如何随时间变化(侧重
变化过程,而全文重点是“词汇留存机制”):C.什么使词汇生存或消亡(涵盖实验发现的三大
特征及语言进化趋势,契合主旨):D.为何某些词汇受青睐(“受青睐”是现象,深层是“生存
机制”,C更全面)。