阅读理解23-北京市部分地区近两年（2024-2025）高三英语期末真题汇编

1 阅读理解-阅读单选23 试题基本信息 。题型：阅读理解-阅读单选（4题，全文约450词) 。核心知识点：科普知识、社会问题与社会现象 ·考查重点：细节理解、词义猜测、观点态度、主旨大意 材料剖析 ·文章结构：第一段引出研究主题与目的；第二段介绍实验设计与方法；第三段呈现实验核 心结果；第四段分析波的认知意义与潜在价值：第五段基于研究结果提出“权衡”观点 及启示。 ·核心内容：通过数学专长研究，探究大脑在解决挑战性问题时的神经机制，特别是深度专 注和问题解决中的脑部活动，并讨论人工智能等工具与人类认知发展的权衡。 阅读理解短文 In recent research,my colleagues and I set out to investigate the neural (mechanisms underlying experiences like solving challenging problems.Specifically,we wanted to understand what happens in the brain while a person engages in abstract and demanding thought -so we designed a study involving math expertise. For our experiment,we selected 22 university students majoring in mathematics,along with 22 students from other disciplines.We asked the students to watch step-by-step presentations that explained how to solve several challenging math problems.Throughout this demonstration,the students wore a cap covered with electrodes()so that we could track electrical activity in their brains.After each presentation,they had to report whether they thought they had understood the presentations and how engaged they felt during the experience. We found that students whose coursework involved little mathematics showed more signs of complex activity in the prefrontal cortex(),indicating how hard they were working to under- stand the various steps of the complex math demonstrations.However,in the other group,we noted significant activity linking the frontal and parietal()regions of their brain.More specifically, these areas exhibited a pattern of activity described as delta waves. Some recent research suggests that these delta waves may play a crucial role in the cognitive (processing that supports deep internal concentration and the relocation of information between distant brain regions.In fact,we suspect that the long-distance delta waves we observed may play a central role whenever people engage in contextual and complex problem-solving.This suggests that engaging brain networks in this way could be useful for many tasks requiring con- 2 centration.It's likely that when people with extensive experience in a task are deeply engaged in that effort,these same delta waves are involved,even as the specific brain networks vary.It' s also possible-though we'll need to investigate further to be sure-that this state of deep concentration is generalizable:developing this way of thinking in one domain could help you in others. These findings suggest a trade-off that people should keep in mind-particularly as artificial intelligence and other tools offer shortcuts for various forms of problem-solving.Each time we offload a problem to a calculator or ask Al to summarize an essay,we lose an opportunity to improve our own skills and practice deep concentration.To be clear,technologies can boost our efficiency in important ways,but the seemingly "inefficient"hard work we do can be powerful, too. 题目选项列表 28.Based on the study results,how do Math majors process challenging math problems differently from non-Math majors? A.They experience less engagement during problem-solving tasks B.They use more areas of their prefrontal cortex to solve problems. C.They display delta wave activity linking frontal and parietal regions. D.They show slower overall brain activity during complex problem-solving. 29.What does the underlined word "trade-off"in the last paragraph probably refer to? A.Weighing short-term efficiency against lasting cognitive benefits. B.Choosing between immediate convenience and faster results. C.Sacrificing technology's advantage for human competition. D.Deciding between human effort and advanced tools. 30.Which of the following best summarizes the author's view on the role of "inefficient"work? A.It allows the brain to build skills that are transferable to other tasks. B.It wastes time and resources compared to using technology. C.It improves engagement but has no cognitive benefits. D.It helps those who are good at subjects like math. 31.What is the best title for the passage? A.Which to Choose:Efficiency or Hard Work? B.What Benefits Us More:AI Tools or Deep Concentration? C.Employing Complex Math Problems to Enhance Delta Waves D.Developing Expertise Improves the Brain's Ability to Concentrate 3 核心词汇详解 1.neural 核心词性 形容词（adj,高频核心)：神经的；神经系统的，主要用于描述与神经相关 的事物，例neural mechanisms(神经机制)、neural activity(神经活动)。 词性转换 名词：nerve(神经；勇气)，高考常用搭配have the nerve to do sth.(有勇 气做某事)、sensory nerves(感觉神经)。 名词：neurology(神经学；神经病学)，属于学科类名词，例study neurology (研究神经学)。 形容词：neurological(神经病学的；神经系统的)，例neurological disorders (神经系统疾病)。 高频搭配 neural mechanisms(神经机制)、neural activity(神经活动)、neural networks (神经网络)。 易混辨析 neural vs nervous:neural仅作形容词，指“神经的；与神经相关的”，用 于科学、医学等专业语境；nervous作形容词，含义是“紧张的；焦虑的；神 经的”，既可以描述人的情绪状态，也可指“神经的”，但描述“神经的”时 不如neural专业，例nervous system(神经系统)、feel nervous(感到紧张).。 2.abstract 核心词性 形容词(adj,高频核心)：抽象的；理论上的，与具体事物相对，例abstract thought(抽象思维)；二是“抽象派的”，用于描述艺术风格，例abstract art(抽象艺术)。 动词(v.,高中略考)：提取；抽取；写摘要，例abstract information from data(从数据中提取信息)、abstract a book(为一本书写摘要)。 名词(n.,高中略考)：摘要；概要，例write an abstract(写摘要)、abstract of a paper(论文摘要)。 词性转换 副词：abstractly(抽象地；理论上地)，例think abstractly(抽象地思考)。 名词：abstraction(抽象；抽象概念；提取)，例the abstraction of ideas(概 念的抽象化)。 高频搭配 abstract thought(抽象思维)、abstract art(抽象艺术)、abstract concept (抽象概念)、abstract information(提取信息)、write an abstract(写摘要)。 易混辨析 abstract vs concrete:abstract作形容词时表示“抽象的；不具体的”，指 难以实际触摸或感知的概念、思想等；concrete作形容词时含义是“具体的： 实在的”，指可以触摸、看到或具体感受到的事物，例concrete examples(具 体的例子)。 3.electrode 核心词性 名词(n,高频核心)：电极，指用于导电或产生电信号的装置，例brain electrodes(脑电极)、electrode cap(电极帽)。 词性转换 名词：electronics(电子学；电子设备)，例study electronics(学习电子学) consumer electronics(消费电子设备). 形容词：electronic(电子的；电子设备的)，高考常用搭配electronic devices (电子设备)、electronic mail(电子邮件)。 动词：electrify(使充电；使电气化：使激动)，例electrify the railway(使 铁路电气化)、be electrified by the news(被消息激动得不行)。 高频搭配 brain electrodes(脑电极)、electrode cap(电极帽)、positive electrode(正 极)、negative electrode(负极)。 易混辨析 electrode vs battery:electrode是“电极”，是电池、电路等中的组成部 分，用于传导电流；battery是“电池；蓄电池”，是提供电能的装置，由多 个电极等部件组成，例a dry battery(干电池)。 4.prefrontal 核心词性 形容词(adj,高频核心)：前额的；额叶前部的，主要用于描述与大脑前额 叶相关的部位，例prefrontal cortex(前额叶皮层) 词性转换 名词：frontal(额骨；额叶)，例frontal lobe(额叶)。 名词：forehead(前额；额头)，例wipe one's forehead(擦额头)。 高频搭配 prefrontal cortex(前额叶皮层)。 易混辨析 prefrontal vs frontal::prefrontal强调“前额的；额叶前部的”，更具体 地指向额叶的前部区域；frontal作形容词时含义是“前面的；正面的；额叶 的”，范围相对更广，可指整体的前面或额叶，例frontal attack(正面攻击)、 frontal lobe(额叶)。 5.parietal 核心词性 形容词（adj,高频核心)：顶骨的；顶叶的，用于描述与大脑顶骨或顶叶相 关的部位，例parietal regions(顶叶区域)。 词性转换 名词：parietal lobe(顶叶)，是大脑的一个组成部分，例the function of parietal lobe(顶叶的功能)。 高频搭配 parietal regions(顶叶区域)、parietal lobe(顶叶)。 易混辨析 parietal vs frontal:parietal指“顶骨的；顶叶的”，是大脑顶部的区域： frontal指“额叶的：前面的”，是大脑前部的区域，二者描述的大脑部位不 同，例frontal cortex(额叶皮层)、parietal regions(顶叶区域)。 5 6.delta 核心词性 名词(，高频核心)：希腊字母表的第四个字母（△，）：二是“（河流的） 三角洲”，例the Nile Delta(尼罗河三角洲)：三是“（脑电波的）波”，例 delta waves(波)。 词性转换 无常见高频转换词。 高频搭配 delta waves(波)、the Nile Delta(尼罗河三角洲)。 易混辨析 delta(波)vs alpha waves:delta waves(波)是脑电波的一种，频率较 低，与深度睡眠、深度专注等状态相关；alpha waves(波)频率稍高，通常 在人放松、清醒但闭眼时出现，例alpha waves are associated with a relaxed state(波与放松状态相关)。 7.cognitive 核心词性 形容词(adj.,高频核心)：认知的；认识的，用于描述与认知过程相关的事 物，例cognitive processing(认知处理)、cognitive skills(认知技能)。 词性转换 名词：cognition(认知；认识)，例study human cognition(研究人类认知)。 副词：cognitively(认知地；认识地)，例cognitively impaired(认知受损 的)。 形容词：cognizable(可认知的；可辨识的)，例cognizable facts(可认知的 事实)。 高频搭配 cognitive processing(认知处理)、cognitive skills(认知技能)、cognitive development(认知发展)、cognitive abilities(认知能力)。 易混辨析 cognitive vs intellectual::cognitive指“与认知相关的”，涉及感知、记 忆、思维等心理过程；intellectual作形容词时含义是“智力的；脑力的；有 才智的”，既可以描述与智力相关的活动、能力，也可指人“有才智的”，例 intellectual activities(智力活动)、an intellectual person(有才智的人)。 8.relocation 核心词性 名词(.，高频核心)：迁移：重新安置，可指人、事物或信息等的转移，例 relocation of information(信息迁移)。 词性转换 动词：relocate(迁移；重新安置)，例relocate to a new city(迁往新城市)。 形容词：relocatable(可迁移的)，例relocatable buildings(可迁移建筑)。 高频搭配 relocation of information(信息迁移)、company relocation(公司搬迁)。 易混辨析 relocation vs movement:relocation强调“重新安置或迁移到新位置”， 常涉及计划性变动；movement泛指“移动：运动”，范围更广，例political movement(政治运动)。 答案与逐题解析 正确答案：28-31CAAD 28.C (They display delta wave activity linking frontal and parietal regions) 考点：细节理解题 语境逻辑：文章第三段明确指出“we noted significant activity linking the frontal and parietal regions of their brain...these areas exhibited a pattern of activity described as delta waves", 说明数学专业学生的特点是额顶叶区域存在delta波连接活动。 选项辨析：A项“参与度更低”与原文“how engaged they felt'”无关；B项“更多使用前额叶 皮层”是非数学专业学生的特点；D项“整体脑活动更慢”未提及，C项符合原文描述。 29.A (Weighing short-term efficiency against lasting cognitive benefits) 考点：词义猜测题 语境逻辑：最后一段提到“technologies can boost our efficiency”(短期效率)和“the seemingly 'inefficient'hard work.can be powerful'”(长期认知收益)，说明“trade-off”指两者间的权衡： 选项辨析：B项“即时便利与更快结果”未体现“长期认知”；C项“为竞争牺牲技术优势”无 依据；D项“人类努力与工具选择”仅表层，A项准确概括“短期效率”与“持久认知益处”的 权衡。 30.A (It allows the brain to build skills that are transferable to other tasks) 考点：观点态度题 语境逻辑：第四段提到“developing this way of thinking in one domain could help you in others'”, 说明“低效”努力培养的思维方式可迁移到其他领域。 选项辨析：B项“浪费时间”与作者观点相反；C项“无认知益处”错误；D项“仅帮助数学 好的人”以偏概全，A项符合“跨领域迁移”的表述。 31.D (Developing Expertise Improves the Brain's Ability to Concentrate) 考点：主旨大意题 语境逻辑：全文核心是研究发现一数学专家通过深度专注形成额顶叶d®lta波连接，且这种能 力可迁移，强调专业能力提升大脑专注力。 选项辨析：A、B项聚焦“效率与努力/工具选择”，偏离研究核心；C项“用数学题增强delta 波”仅实验手段，D项准确概括“专业能力提升专注力”的主旨。