阅读理解18-北京市部分地区近两年（2024-2025）高三英语期末真题汇编

1 阅读理解-阅读单选18 试题基本信息 。题型：阅读理解-阅读单选(4题，约410词) 。核心知识点：科普知识说明文 ·考查重点：细节理解、推理判断、词义猜测、主旨大意 材料剖析 。文章结构：引出黏菌与城市规划的关联→引用专家观点强化黏菌网络设计优势→以东 京地铁实验为例佐证黏菌的启发性→介绍基于黏菌网络原理的计算机模型开发→通过 实例验证模型效果→阐述模型的应用价值与改进方向→拓展模型的跨领域应用前景 ·核心论点：黏菌虽为单细胞生物，但其高效网络形成能力可为城市交通网络设计提供启 发，基于此开发的计算机模型在多个领域具有应用潜力。 阅读理解短文 Physarum polycephalum,a single-celled slime mold ()lacks a brain and survives on rotting vegetables,but it may hold valuable insights for city planning,according to the researchers from University of Toronto.This greenish-yellow organism forms a complex network that can transfer nutrients efficiently,which researchers believe could model efficient networks for moving people and goods in urban settings. "Humans aren't the only ones facing the challenge of designing efficient,tough networks," says Raphael Kay,a master in engineering."The slime mold has been shaped by hundreds of millions of years of evolution ()so in that sense,it is far more experienced at network design than we humans ever could be." This idea isn't new.In 2010,Japanese and U.K.researchers created a nutrient layout resembling the Tokyo subway nodes ()and the slime mold grew a network similar to the real system.This experiment sparked biologically inspired adaptive network design,leading to studies of rail and road networks using slime molds. Building on this,Kay and an architecture student Anthony developed a computer model that simulates (slime molds'network-building process,aimed at architects,city planners,and other professionals.Their model allows users to specify factors like maximum cost or minimum travel time,generating networks that meet these criteria. To test it,they applied the model to Canada's Wonderland amusement park and Toronto's subway system.For Wonderland,their network offered 10%faster travel time at the same cost as the existing setup and was 80%more resilient at maintaining functionality if a part was blocked. 2 For Toronto's subway,they found that a network with the same travel time as the real one was 40%less easily affected to disruption. While Kay and his team aren't suggesting a complete redesign of current networks,their model offers insights for improvements.For instance,it could pinpoint the best places to add nodes or help in planning future layouts.The model can also autonomously generate network nodes based on data like population concentration,adapting to serve specific needs. Hatton,a collaborator,believes this tool could benefit diverse fields,not just those related to the movement of people or goods,but also fields like genetic engineering and energy networks, highlighting the importance of interdisciplinary approaches. 题目列表 27.What unique feature of the slime mold interests city planners? A.Its reliance on nutrients to survive. B.Its ability to form efficient networks. C.Its nature to grow in rotting vegetables. D.Its adaptive skill in a new environment. 28.Why does the author mention the experiment with Tokyo's subway nodes? A.To highlight that the Tokyo subway system is efficient. B.To show that slime molds can recognize urban structures. C.To argue that Tokyo subway system needs to be improved. D.To suggest that slime molds can inspire urban network design. 29.What does the underlined word "resilient"probably mean in paragraph 5? A.Reliable. B.Relevant. C.Accurate. D.Advanced. 30.What can we learn from Kay and his team's model? A.It can be applied beyond transportation. B.It can predict population growth patterns. C.It is limited to networks with simple layouts. D.It is recommended to redesign current networks. 3 核心词汇详解 1.organism 核心词性 名词(，高频核心)：生物；有机体（指代有生命的个体，包括动物、植物、 微生物等) 常用搭配：single-celled organism(单细胞生物)、complex organism(复杂 有机体) 比喻义：有机组织（指构成整体的各个部分相互关联的系统） 例：the social organism(社会有机体) 词性转换 形容词：organic(有机的；器官的；有机体的) 例：organic matter（有机物)、organic farming(有机农业) 名词：organ(器官；机构：管风琴) 例：human organs(人体器官)、government organs(政府机构) 高频搭配 microorganism(微生物，前缀micro-表“微小的”)、marine organism(海 洋生物) 易混辨析 organism vs creature:organism侧重“生物学意义上的有机体”，学术 性较强；creature侧重“生物；动物”，尤指“（具有某种特征的）生物”，带 有描述性 例：a strange creature(一种奇怪的生物) organism vs being:being侧重“存在；生物”，可指人或动物，强调“有 生命、有意识的存在”；organism更强调“有机结构组成的生命体”，范围更 例：human beings（人类) 2.resilient 核心词性 形容词(dj.,高频核心)：有弹性的；适应性强的；能迅速恢复的（可形容 物体弹性或事物/人的恢复能力) 常用搭配：resilient material(有弹性的材料)、resilient person(适应力强的 人) 引申义：坚韧的；抗压的（侧重面对困难时的恢复能力） 例：resilient network(抗压网络) 词性转换 名词：resilience(弹性；恢复力；适应力) 例：mental resilience(心理韧性)、ecosystem resilience(生态系统恢复力) 高频搭配 resilient to..（对…有抵抗力；能承受…) 例：res2 lient to change（能适应变化) 易混辨析 resilient vs resistant:resilient侧重“受到影响后能恢复原状”，强调“恢 复力”；resistant侧重“抵制、抵抗某种事物的影响”，强调“抵抗力” 例：resistant to disease(抗病的) resilient vs flexible:lexible侧重“灵活的；可弯曲的”，强调“适应性 和可变性”；resilient侧重“恢复力”，即“经历困难后恢复的能力” 例：erible schedule(灵活的日程) 3.interdisciplinary 核心词性 形容词(ad山j.,高频核心)：跨学科的：多学科的（指涉及多个学科领域的） 常用搭配：interdisciplinary research(跨学科研究)、interdisciplinary ap proach(跨学科方法) 词性转换 名词：interdisciplinarity(跨学科性；跨学科研究) 例：the value of interdisciplinarity(跨学科研究的价值) 名词：discipline(学科；纪律；训练) 例：academic disciplines(学术学科)、military discipline(军事纪律) 高频搭配 interdisciplinary fields(跨学科领域)、interdisciplinary team(跨学科团队)、 interdisciplinary study(跨学科研究) 易混辨析 interdisciplinary vs multidisciplinary:interdisciplinary强调“学科之 间的融合与交叉”，形成新的研究方法或领域；multidisciplinary强调“多个 学科的并列参与”，各学科保持独立性 例：a multidisciplinary team(由多学科专家组成的团队) 5 4.simulate 核心词性 动词（ⅴ，高频核心）：模拟：模仿；假装（指通过计算机或行为模仿真实情 况) 常用搭配：simulate a process(模拟一个过程)、simulate rain(人工模拟降 雨) 引申义：假装；冒充 例：simulate illness(装病) 词性转换 名词：simulation(模拟；仿真；模拟实验) 例：computer simulation（计算机模拟)、light simulation(飞行模拟) 形容词：simulated(模拟的；仿造的) 例：simulated data(模拟数据)、simulated leather(人造革) 高频搭配 simulate.process(模拟…过程)、simulate conditions(模拟条件)、simulate reality(模拟现实) 易混辨析 simulate vs imitate:imitate侧重“模仿他人的行为、风格等”；simulate 侧重“通过技术或方法模拟真实场景或过程”，更具技术性和客观性 例：imitate sb.'s voice(模仿某人的声音) simulate vs replicate:replicate侧重“复制；重现”（强调精确复制原物 或过程)；simulate侧重“模拟相似的情况”，不一定完全复制 例：replicate the experiment(重复实验) 5.autonomously 核心词性 副词(adv.,高频核心)：自主地；独立地（指不依赖他人，自己做出决定或 行动) 常用搭配：act autonomously(自主行动)、generate autonomously(自主生 成) 词性转换 形容词：autonomous(自主的：自治的；有自主权的) 例：autonomous region(自治区)、autonomous learning(自主学习) 名词：autonomy(自治；自主权；自主) 例：academic autonomy(学术自主权)、personal autonomy(个人自主权) 高频搭配 operate autonomously(自主运作)、generate nodes autonomously(自主生 成节点)、make decisions autonomously(自主做决定) 易混辨析 autonomously vs independently:independently侧重“独立地；不依 赖他人”，使用范围更广；autonomously侧重“拥有自主权地；自治地”，强 调“自我管理和决策的权力”，多用于组织、系统等 例：work independently(独立工作)、The system runs autonomously.(该 系统自主运行。) 6 6.pinpoint 核心词性 动词(v,高频核心)：精确指出；确定…的位置（强调精准定位或找出） 常用搭配：pinpoint the problem(找出问题所在)、pinpoint the location(精 确定位) 引申义：强调；突出（侧重“明确指出重要之处”） 词性转换 名词：pinpoint(精确的位置；针尖) 例：the pinpoint of the accident(事故的精确位置) 形容词：pinpoint(精确的；微小的) 例：pinpoint accuracy(极高的精确度) 高频搭配 pinpoint sth.(精确指出某物)、pinpoint the cause(找出原因)、pinpoint the best places(确定最佳位置) 易混辨析 pinpoint vs identify:identify侧重“识别；认出；确定身份”；pinpoint 侧重“精确地定位或指出”，强调“精准度” 例：identify the suspect(认出嫌疑人)、pinpoint the exact time(精确指出 时间) pinpoint vs locate:locate侧重“找到…的位置”；pinpoint更强调“精 确到具体点”，比locate更精准 例：locate the city on the map(在地图上找到城市位置) 7.disruption 核心词性 名词(，高频核心)：中断；扰乱：打乱（指正常秩序或进程被破坏）》 常用搭配：network disruption(网络中断)、disruption of traf伍c(交通中断) 引申义：颠覆性变化（商业/科技领域，指“颠覆性创新”） 例：technological disruption(技术颠覆) 词性转换 动词：disrupt(中断；扰乱) 例：disrupt the meeting(中断会议) 形容词：disruptive(破坏性的；扰乱的) 例：disruptive behavior(破坏性行为) 高频搭配 cause disruption(造成中断)、avoid disruption(避免中断)、economic dis- ruption(经济混乱) 易混辨析 disruption vs interruption:disruption强调“彻底打乱正常状态”，后 果更严重；interruption强调“暂时中止”，程度较轻 例：a brie时interruption(短暂中断) 答案与逐题解析 正确答案：27-30BDAA 7 27.B (Its ability to form efficient networks.) 考点：细节理解 语境逻辑：首段明确提到黏菌“forms a complex network that can transfer nutrients efficiently, which researchers believe could model efficient networks for moving people and goods in urban settings”。 选项辨析：A(依赖营养生存)、C(在腐烂蔬菜中生长)是黏菌的基本特征，非城市规划者 关注的核心；D(适应新环境的技能)未提及。B项“形成高效网络的能力”与原文“efficient networks”直接对应，是关键兴趣点。 28.D (To suggest that slime molds can inspire urban network design. 考点：推理判断 语境逻辑：第三段提到20l0年东京地铁节点实验后，明确说明“This experiment sparked bi- ologically inspired adaptive network design,leading to studies of rail and road networks using slime molds”。 选项辨析：A(强调东京地铁高效)、C(主张东京地铁需改进)与实验目的无关；B(黏菌能识 别城市结构)曲解文意，实验是模拟节点让黏菌生长网络，而非识别结构。D项“表明黏菌可启 发城市网络设计”与“sparked biologically inspired design”一致，符合实验例证作用。 29.A (Reliable. 考点：词义猜测 语境逻辑：第五段对比Wonderland游乐园现有网络与模型生成网络，提到“8O%more resilient at maintaining functionality if a part was blocked”,即“当部分被阻断时，维持功能的能力提 升80%”。 选项辨析：B(相关的)、C(准确的)、D（先进的)均不符合“阻断后维持功能”的语境。A 项“Reliable”(可靠的)与“maintaining functionality”（保持功能性)意思相近，指网络在故 障时的稳定性。 30.A (It can be applied beyond transportation.) 考点：细节理解 语境逻辑：最后一段提到Hatton认为该工具“could benefit diverse fields,not just those re- lated to the movement of people or goods,but also fields like genetic engineering and energy networks”。 选项辨析：B(预测人口增长模式)未提及，原文是“based on data like population concen- tration”(基于人口密度数据生成节点)；C(限于简单布局网络)与“autonomously generate network nodes”(自主生成节点)矛盾；D(建议重新设计现有网络)与“aren't suggesting a complete redesign”不符。A项“可应用于交通以外领域”与“diverse fields..genetic engineering and energy networks”一致。