阅读理解15-北京市部分地区近两年（2024-2025）高三英语期末真题汇编

1 阅读理解-阅读表达15 试题基本信息 。题型：阅读理解-阅读表达（4题，全文约430词) 。核心知识点：科普知识、好奇心类型、神经科学机制 ·考查重点：细节信息查找、因果关系理解、逻辑判断、开放性问题应用 材料剖析 。段落结构：第一段定义好奇心并介绍三种类型；第二段从神经科学角度解释好奇心消退原 因；第三段阐述培养好奇心的益处及神经化学机制：第四段总结好奇心的价值。 核心线索：好奇心定义→类型分类→消退原因→积极影响→神经机制→历史作用 →个人应用 阅读短文 The Cambridge Dictionary defines curiosity as "an eager wish to know or learn about some- thing"which comes in various types.Ian Leslie,in his book Curious,outlines three types:"ad- venturous curiosity",the desire to explore new places and people;"intellectual curiosity",the deep dive you take when finding out about a particular topic;and "empathetic curiosity",the wanting to find out more about the people around us.As children,we bubble over with curiosity. However,as we grow up,it can fade.Worse,we can come to believe that it's a bad thing.After all,didn't it kill the cat? Neuroscience suggests one explanation for this decline.Brains in early childhood possess great plasticity and lay down lots of neural pathways based on the information we gather from all that curious exploring and experimenting.However,as we grow older,our brains lose some of that flexibility.And we rely on those earlier pathways to deal with the things we've seen and done before.It's a way of conserving brain energy for economy and competence in coping with ordinary life. Whatever underlies our shrinking curiosity,research repeatedly shows that we'd be better off continuing to cultivate it.Curiosity is linked to lower levels of anxiety,a greater satisfaction in life, achieving academically,building empathy and improved relationships.It also protects brain health through staying mentally active by trying something new.These positive effects of curiosity are deeply intertwined with our brain's chemical responses.Research shows that brain's dopamine system is activated when something novel happens.Rather than produce pleasure,dopamine actually stimulates our longing to continue the activity,in this case the desire to find out more.It' s easy to see how this brain chemistry has helped us. 2 Curiosity has motivated our ancestors to question,experiment and learn,leading us out of the Stone Age to the Bronze Age and the Iron Age and,finally,to the Information Age.It has sparked our greatest achievements and discoveries and continues in our personal lives to bring greater contentment.So,perhaps the cat was simply unlucky,because for us humans,curiosity continues to be essential.both to our survival and our ability to flourish. 问题列表 1.40.What are the three types of curiosity according to Ian Leslie? 2.41.Why do we rely on earlier pathways to deal with the things we've seen and done before? 3.42.Please decide which part is false in the following statement,then underline it and explain why. When something novel happens,the dopamine system of the brain is activated to make us feel happy. 4.43.How do you develop your curiosity?(In about 40 words) 3 核心词汇详解 1.curiosity 核心词性 名词(.，高频核心)：好奇心；求知欲（指对事物渴望了解或学习的心理状 态) 常用搭配：intellectual curiosity(求知欲)、arouse curiosity(激发好奇心) 形容词（adj,延伸)：curious(好奇的；求知欲强的) 例：Children are naturally curious about the world.(孩子天生对世界好奇) 词性转换 形容词：curious(核心)、副词：curiously(好奇地；奇怪地) 例：He looked at me curiously..(他好奇地看着我) 高频搭配 名词：out of curiosity(出于好奇)、satisfy one's curiosity(满足某人的好奇 心) 形容词：be curious about(对…好奇)、be curious to do sth.(渴望做某 事) 易混辨析 curiosity vs interest:前者侧重“对未知事物强烈的、本能的探究欲望”， 后者侧重“对事物的关注和喜好” 例：Her curiosity drove her to investigate further.(好奇心驱使她进一步调 查) 2.plasticity 核心词性 名词(，高频核心)：可塑性；适应性（文中特指大脑的神经可塑性） 常用搭配：brain plasticity(大脑可塑性)、neural plasticity(神经可塑性) 形容词(adj.,延伸)：plastic(可塑性的；塑料的) 例：The brain's plasticity allows it to adapt to new experiences.(大脑的可 塑性使其能适应新经历) 词性转换 形容词：plastic(核心)、副词：plastically(可塑性上) 例：plastic materials(可塑性材料) 高频搭配 名词：plasticity of mind(思维的适应性)、plasticity in learning(学习中的 可塑性) 易混辨析 plasticity vs且exibility:前者侧重“通过改变形态或结构来适应的能力”， 后者侧重“柔韧性或灵活性” 例：The fleribility of the schedule allowed for changes.(日程的灵活性允许 变动) 3.neural 核心词性 形容词(ad山j.,高频核心)：神经的；神经系统的（修饰与神经相关的名词） 常用搭配：neural pathways(神经通路)、neural network(神经网络) 名词(n.,延伸)：nerve(神经；勇气)、neurology(神经学) 例：Neural activity increa,ses during learning.(学习期间神经活动增加) 词性转换 名词：nerve(核心)、neurology(专业)、副词：neurally(神经地) 例：She has a degree in neurolog.以（她有神经学学位） 高频搭配 形容词：neural system(神经系统)、neural development（神经发育) 名词：lose one's nerve(失去勇气)、nerve cell(神经细胞) 易混辨析 neural vs nervous:前者仅指“与神经相关的”，后者可指“神经的”或 “紧张的” 例：He was nervous before the exam.(考试前他很紧张) 4.pathways 核心词性 名词(，高频核心)：路径：通路（文中指大脑中神经信号传递的通道） 常用搭配：neural pathways(神经通路)、signal pathways(信号通路) 动词(v.,较少见)：pathway(为…开辟道路) 例：The brain forms new pathways through learning..(大脑通过学习形成新 通路) 词性转换 名词：path(小路；路径)、动词：pathway(正式用法) 例：They pathwayed a new route.(他们开辟了新路线) 高频搭配 名词：metabolic pathways(代谢途径)、pathways to success(成功之路) 易混辨析 pathways vs paths:前者侧重“系统内的、有特定功能的通道”，后者泛 指“小路或途径” 例：The path through the forest was narro.(森林中的小路很窄) 5.cultivate 核心词性 动词(v,高频核心)：培养：培育：耕种（文中指培养好奇心） 常用搭配：cultivate curiosity(培养好奇心)、cultivate habits(培养习惯) 名词(n.,延伸)：cultivation(培养；耕种) 例：She cultivated a love for reading.(她培养了对阅读的热爱) 词性转换 名词：cultivation(核心)、形容词：cultivated(有教养的；栽培的) 例：the cultivation of skills(技能的培养) 高频搭配 动词：cultivate friendship(培养友谊)、cultivate crops(种植农作物) 易混辨析 cultivate vs develop:前者侧重“通过有意识的努力和长期过程培养抽象 事物”，后者侧重“逐步发展或成长” 例：They developed a new software..(他们开发了新软件) 5 6.intertwined 核心词性 形容词（dj,高频核心)：相互交织的；紧密相连的（文中指好奇心的积极 影响与大脑化学反应相关) 常用搭配：deeply intertwined(紧密相连)、intertwined relationships(错综 复杂的关系) 动词(v.,核心)：intertwine(缠绕；紧密相连) 例：Their fates are intertwined.(他们的命运交织在一起) 词性转换 动词：intertwine(核心)、名词：intertwining(缠绕；交织) 例：The vines intertwine with each other..(藤蔓相互缠绕) 高频搭配 形容词：intertwined factors(相互交织的因素) 动词：intertwine closely(紧密相连) 易混辨析 intertwined vs connected:前者强调“像线一样相互缠绕、不可分割”， 后者侧重“有联系的” 例：The two ideas are connected.(这两个想法有联系) 7.dopamine 核心词性 名词(，高频核心)：多巴胺（大脑中一种神经递质，与奖励、动机相关） 常用搭配：dopamine system(多巴胺系统)、dopamine levels(多巴胺水平) 形容词(adj.,专业)：dopaminergic(多巴胺能的) 例：Dopamine release motivates exploration.（多巴胺释放激励探索) 词性转换 形容词：dopaminergic(核心) 例：dopaminergic neurons(多巴胺能神经元)） 高频搭配 名词：dopamine receptors(多巴胺受体)、dopamine release(多巴胺释放) 易混辨析 dopamine vs serotonin:前者主要与“奖励、动机、渴望”相关，后者与 “情绪调节、幸福感”相关 例：Serotonin helps regulate mood.(血清素有助于调节情绪) 6 8.motivate 核心词性 动词(v,高频核心)：激发：激励；成为…的动机（文中指好奇心激励祖 先探索) 常用搭配：motivate sb.to do sth..(激励某人做某事)、be motivated by(受 …驱动) 名词(n.,延伸)：motivation(动机；动力) 例：Curiosity motivates learning..(好奇心激励学习) 词性转换 名词：motivation(核心)、形容词：motivated(有动机的)、motivating (激励人的) 例：She is highly motivated.(她积极性很高) 高频搭配 动词：motivate innovation(激发创新)、motivate teamwork(激励团队合 作) 名词：intrinsic motivation(内在动机) 易混辨析 motivate vs encourage:前者侧重“提供动机或驱动”，后者侧重“给予 支持或信心” 例：Her teacher encouraged her to try again.(老师鼓励她再试一次) 答案与逐题解析 正确答案：40.Adventurous curiosity,intellectual curiosity,and empathetic curiosity. 41.To conserve brain energy for economy and competence in coping with ordinary life. 42.The false part is "to make us feel happy".Explanation:Research shows that dopamine stimulates our longing to continue the activity(the desire to find out more)rather than produce pleasure. 43.I can develop curiosity by exploring new topics,asking questions actively, and trying different experiences to stay mentally engaged. 1.40.Adventurous curiosity,intellectual curiosity,and empathetic curiosity. 考点：细节信息查找 语境逻辑：根据题千定位到第一段“Ian Leslie..outlines three types:‘adventurous curiosity …‘intellectual curiosity’…and‘empathetic curiosity’”,直接提取三种类型名称即可。 2.41.To conserve brain energy for economy and competence in coping with ordinary life. 考点：因果关系理解 语境逻辑：第二段明确指出“we rely on those earlier pathways..It's a way of conserving brain energy for economy and competence in coping with ordinary life”,“it”指代前文依赖早期神经 通路的行为，因此原因是“为了节省大脑能量，以高效应对日常生活”。 7 3.42.The false part is "to make us feel happy"Explanation:Research shows that dopamine stimulates our longing to continue the activity (the desire to find out more)rather than produce pleasure. 考点：细节信息比对与逻辑判断 语境逻辑：第三段提到“Rather than produce pleasure,dopamine actually stimulates our longing to continue the activity”,说明多巴胺的作用是“激发继续探索的渴望”而非“产生快乐”。题干中 “make us feel happy”与原文“produce pleasure”同义，但原文明确否定了这一点，故该部分错误。 4.43.I can develop curiosity by exploring new topics,asking questions actively,and trying different experiences to stay mentally engaged. 考点：开放性问题（结合文本主旨的实践应用） 语境逻辑：全文强调好奇心的重要性，可结合“exploring new places”“question,experiment and lear”等文本关键词，从主动提问、尝试新事物、探索未知领域等角度回答，注意控制词数约40词。