阅读理解14-北京市部分地区近两年（2024-2025）高三英语期末真题汇编

2 阅读理解-阅读单选14 试题基本信息 。题型：阅读理解-阅读单选(4题) 。文章长度：约520词 。核心知识点：社会问题与社会现象议论文 ·考查重点：主旨大意、推理判断、观点态度、标题归纳 材料剖析 。文章结构：现象引入原因分析→历史对比→风险揭示解决方案 ·论证逻辑：以CrowdStrike事件为例，批判现代系统过度优化互联而忽视韧性，提出需在 效率与弹性间寻求平衡 。核心观点：现代社会系统设计存在缺陷，应在优化与韧性之间找到平衡点 阅读理解短文 Crucial systems across the world collapsed on Friday,triggered by one mistake in a single company.The power cut of CrowdStrike,a giant in the cybersecurity industry,hit banks,airlines, and health-care systems.It may end up being the worst information technology disaster in history. This was not,however,an unforeseeable freak accident,nor will it be the last of its kind. Instead,the devastation was the inevitable outcome of modern social systems that have been designed for hyperconnected optimization ()not decentralized resilience. There is often a trade-off between maximum optimization and resilience.Consider a basic prehistorical social system in which many humans lived in small,isolated bands.What any single person did would have little to no effect on those living elsewhere.It was an inefficient,basic system -but if one part of the human system failed,few others were affected. Throughout our advancement as a species,from building empires to building machines,social systems have evolved to be more connected and centralized.In the 21st century,the combination of globalization and digitization has created a landscape characterized by the threat of catastrophic, immediate risk.Globalization enables large efficiency gains,where a product can be put together from carefully managed links in the global supply chain.But those systems lack resilience.Every link must fit together perfectly;the system falls apart if even one chain breaks. Centuries ago,the philosopher David Hume wrote that we can never be certain that the patterns of the past will remain the patterns of the future.This is especially true in the 21st century as we are betting more and more of our world on unstable systems.Can we really trust our species to flawlessly govern unimaginably complex systems-systems we don't always fully 3 understand-that can be brought down by a single screw-up? Modern societies have discounted the cost of that risk because our current reward systems favor optimization over resilience.CEOs try to deliver short-term improvements,not long-term planning.Nobody gets reelected by investing in a rainy-day fund.Business leaders are hired or fired based on quarterly results. Even though the modern quest for optimization has too often made resilience an afterthought, it is not inevitable that we continue down the risky path we're on.And making our systems more resilient doesn't require going back to a disconnected,primitive world,either.Instead,our complex, interconnected societies simply demand that we compromise a bit of efficiency in order to allow a little extra cushion(缓冲). If social systems rely on a more diverse digital array of companies,the societies will be less vulnerable ()For the broader set of risks facing global society,better regulation is essential to ensure fail-safes,backups,and stress testing-so that one error doesn't bring down entire systems. The CrowdStrike breakdown is a clear warming that the modern world is fragile by design.So far, we have decided to make ourselves vulnerable.That means we can decide differently too. 题目选项列表 31.The author mentions the CrowdStrike mainly to A.highlight its crucial role in cybersecurity B.introduce an information technology collapse C.explain why people are in a connected system D.indicate predictable failures of the modern system 32.What can be inferred about a more globalized system? A.It leads to a highly advanced digitalized network. B.It tends to prioritize adaptability over productivity. C.It enlarges the impact of local errors to a global scale. D.It guarantees immediate economic rewards for participants. 33.As for the future of social systems,which would the author agree with? A.The more disconnected they are,the more resilient they will be. B.Some efficiency should be sacrificed for more flexibility. C.Long-term planning prevents structural breakdowns. D.History can help people predict future patterns. 34.Which would be the best title for this passage? A.Hyperconnectivity:The Price of Perfection B.A Wakeful Warning:The Lesson from CrowdStrike C.System Collapse:An Inevitable Technology Disaster D.Resilience vs.Optimization:A Debate for Better Systems 4 核心词汇详解 1.resilience 核心词性 名词(，高频核心)：核心含义一是”恢复力；适应力”（系统、社会等面 对压力的恢复能力)，常用搭配social resilience(社会适应力)：二是”弹力； 弹性”（物理意义上的回弹能力），例the resilience of a material（材料的弹 性)。 词性转换 形容词：resilient,核心含义是”有弹性的；能迅速恢复的”，高考常用搭配 be resilient to..(对…有抵抗力)。 动词：resile,核心含义是”弹回；恢复”，高中阶段较少考查，侧重物理或 抽象的回弹动作。 高频搭配 名词resilience的搭配：build resilience(建立恢复力)、lack resilience(缺乏 适应力)、ecosystem resilience(生态系统恢复力)、emotional resilience(情 绪恢复能力)。 易混辨析 resilience vs resistance:resilience侧重”受到影响后恢复的能力”，强调 过程；resistance侧重”抵抗、不被影响的能力”，强调结果。 resilience vs flexibility:resilience强调”压力下的恢复”，flexibility强 调”灵活调整的能力”，前者侧重恢复原状，后者侧重适应变化。 2.catastrophic 核心词性 形容词(adj,高频核心)：核心含义是”灾难性的；毁灭性的”，用于描述后果 极其严重的事件，常用搭配catastrophic failure(灾难性故障)、catastrophic damage(毁灭性破坏)。 词性转换 名词：catastrophe,核心含义是”大灾难；大祸”，高考常用搭配natural catastrophe(自然灾害)。 副词：catastrophically,核心含义是”灾难性地；毁灭性地”，例The plan failed catastrophically.(计划惨败。) 高频搭配 形容词catastrophic的搭配：catastrophic consequences(灾难性后果)、catas-- trophic error(致命错误)、catastrophic event(灾难性事件)、catastrophic impact(毁灭性影响)。 易混辨析 catastrophic vs disastrous:catastrophic程度比disastrous更严重，多 指”毁灭性、不可逆转的灾难”；disastrous侧重”造成重大损失或失败”，程 度稍弱。 catastrophic vs tragic:catastrophic强调”后果的严重性”，tragic强调” 悲刷性、令人悲伤的性质”，前者侧重客观结果，后者侧重主观情感。 5 3.vulnerable 核心词性 形容词(adj.,高频核心)：核心含义是”脆弱的；易受伤害的”，指在外界影 响下容易受损或受害，常用搭配vulnerable to.(易受…影响)、vulnerable groups(弱势群体)。 词性转换 名词：vulnerability,核心含义是”脆弱性；易损性”，高考常用搭配envi- ronmental vulnerability(环境脆弱性)。 高频搭配 形容词vulnerable的搭配：remain vulnerable(仍然脆弱)、make.vulnerable (使…易受伤害)、economically vulnerable(经济上脆弱的)、emotionally vulnerable(情感上脆弱的)。 易混辨析 vulnerable vs weak:vulnerable侧重”因自身缺陷或外部环境而容易受 害”，强调被动性；weak侧重”体力、能力等方面的薄弱”，强调主动属性。 vulnerable vs fragile:vulnerable强调”易受攻击或影响”，fragile强调” 物理上易碎或抽象上不稳定”，前者侧重外部威胁，后者侧重自身不稳固。 4.optimization 核心词性 名词(.，高频核心)：核心含义是”优化；最优化”，指通过改进使系统、过 程等达到最佳状态，常用搭配process optimization(流程优化)、resource optimization(资源优化)。 词性转换 动词：optimize,核心含义是”使最优化；充分利用”，高考常用搭配optimize efficiency(优化效率)。 形容词：optimal,核心含义是”最佳的；最优的”，例optimal solution(最 优解)。 高频搭配 名词optimization的搭配：optimization of..(…的优化)、pursuit of op- timization(追求优化)、trade-off between optimization and resilience(优化 与恢复力的权衡)。 易混辨析 optimization vs improvement:optimization侧重”通过系统调整达到 最佳状态”，强调科学性和系统性；improvement侧重”在原有基础上变得更 好”，范围更广，可用于任何方面的提升。 答案与逐题解析 正确答案：31-34DCBA 31.D (indicate predictable failures of the modern system) 考点：写作意图推断 语境分析：第一段提到CrowdStrike引发全球系统崩溃，紧接着第二段明确指出”这并非不可预 见的意外，也不会是最后一次”，强调其作为现代系统设计缺陷导致的可预见失败案例。 选项辨析：A项”强调其在网络安全中的关键作用”与原文批判态度不符；B项”介绍一次信息 6 技术崩溃”仅为表面现象，作者旨在通过案例揭示深层问题；C项”解释人们为何处于互联系统 非段落重点；D项”指出现代系统的可预见失败”符合第二段”the devastation was the inevitable outcome”?的核心观点。 32.C (It enlarges the impact of local errors to a global scale.) 考点：推理判断 语境分析：第四段提到全球化使效率提升，但”系统缺乏韧性”，”每个环节必须完美契合，一个 链条断裂就会导致整个系统崩溃”，说明局部错误会通过全球化系统放大影响。 选项辨析：A项”导致高度先进的数字化网络”文中未提及；B项”优先考虑适应性而非生产 力”与原文”favor optimization over resilience'”相悖；C项”将局部错误的影响扩大到全球范围9 符合”one chain breaks”导致系统崩溃的描述；D项”保证参与者即时经济回报”与”discount the cost of that risk”矛盾。 33.B (Some efficiency should be sacrificed for more flexibility.) 考点：观点态度推断 语境分析：第七段明确提出”为了增强韧性，需要牺牲一点效率以获得缓冲空间”，第八段举例 说明通过多样化和监管提升韧性，无需回到原始社会。 选项辨析：A项”越不互联越有韧性”与”不需要回到disconnected世界”矛盾；B项”应牺牲 部分效率换取更多灵活性”符合”compromise a bit of efficiency for extra cushion”;C项”长期 规可防止结构崩溃”过于绝对，原文仅说当前reward systems忽视长期规划：D项”历史帮 助预测未来模式”与第五段Hue的观点”无法确定过去模式延续到未来”相悖。 34.A (Hyperconnectivity:The Price of Perfection) 考点：标题归纳 语境分析：全文核心批判”过度互联的优化设计导致系统脆弱性”，以CrowdStrike为例，阐述 全球化和数字化带来效率的同时，也付出了系统易崩溃的代价。 选项辨析：A项”超互联：完美的代价”准确概括”hyperconnected optimization”与'fragility by design”的核心矛盾；B项”警醒：CrowdStrike的教训”仅为引入案例，非全文主旨；C项”系 统崩溃：不可避免的技术灾难”与第七段”we can decide differently”矛盾；D项”韧性vs优化： 更好系统的辩论”文中未体现”辩论”，而是明确主张需平衡两者。