阅读理解13-北京市部分地区近两年（2024-2025）高三英语期末真题汇编

1 阅读理解-阅读单选13 试题基本信息 。题型：阅读理解-阅读单选(4题) 。文章主题：环境保护、气候模型研究 。文章长度：约510词 。考查重点：细节理解、推理判断、词义猜测、段落主旨 材料剖析 研究背景：全球变暖背景下，精确气候模型对预测未来气候变化至关重要 ·核心问题：E3SM气候模型高估反照率，影响冰川融化预测准确性 。 研究意义：强调微观物理特性对整体气候的重要影响 。未来方向：将模型推广至全球不同冰川区域验证 阅读理解短文 As global temperatures continue to rise due to human-induced climate change,precise com- puterized climate models will be crucial in shedding light on how our climate will evolve in the coming years.A study published in Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres by Chloe Clark and her team from UC Irvine highlights a significant issue with a commonly used climate model known as the Energy Exascale Earth System Model(E3SM).The research reveals that this model currently overestimates a key physical property of Earth's climate system called albedo,which is the degree to which ice reflects planet-warming sunlight into space. Albedo is a measure of the reflectivity of a surface,expressed as the fraction of incoming solar radiation that is reflected by that surface back into space.It is a critical factor in determining Earth's climate and energy balance.Surfaces with high albedo,such as snow and ice,reflect a large portion of solar energy,whereas darker surfaces like forests or oceans absorb more solar energy. "We found that with old model versions,the ice is too reflective by about five percent,"said Chloe Clarke,"Ice reflectivity was much too high."The amount of sunlight the planet receives and reflects is important for estimating how much the planet will warm in the coming years.Previous versions of E3SM overestimated albedo because they failed to account for microphysical properties of ice in a warming world.These properties include the effects things like algae (and dust have on albedo.Dark colored algae and dust can make snow and ice less reflective and less able to reflect sunlight. To do the analysis,Clarke and her team studied satellite data to track the albedo of the Greenland Ice Sheet.They found E3SM overestimates the reflectivity of the ice sheet,meaning 2 the model estimates less melt than what would be expected from the ice microphysical properties. But with the new ice reflectivity incorporated into the model,they discovered the Greenland Ice Sheet is melting at a rate of about six gigatons more than in older model versions.This is based on albedo measurements that are more consistent with satellite observations. Clarke hopes her team's study stresses the importance of the seemingly minuscule properties that can have far-reaching consequences for the overall climate."I think our work is going to help models do a much better job of helping us capture snow and ice-related climate feedbacks,"she said. Next,Clarke wants to study different icy parts of the planet to calculate how widespread the albedo discrepancy (is in E3SM."Our next steps are to get it so the model is functional globally and not just valid over Greenland,"said Clarke,who also intends to compare the new Greenland Ice Sheet melt rates to observations to measure how much more accurate the new ice albedo is."It would be useful to apply it to glaciers in places like the Andes and Alaska." 题目选项 27.According to the passage,albedo A.changes with the lightness of surfaces B.matches up with the shape of the ice or snow C.is a measure of the solar energy arriving at the surface D.varies with the direction of the incoming solar radiation 28.What can be learned from the passage? A.The new model is more reliable than satellite observations B.The previous model versions overestimate Greenland melt. C.Model adaptation improves the accuracy of climate predictions. D.Scientists have used the model globally to reduce the discrepancy. 29.What does the underlined word"minuscule"in Paragraph 7 probably mean? A.Tiny. B.Invisible. C.Plain. D.Stable. 30.The last paragraph is written to A.note the limitations of the finding B.point out further research directions C.illustrate the benefits of a new approach D.sum up the changes made in E3SM 3 核心词汇详解 1.albedo 核心词性 名词(，高频核心)：反照率，指地表反射太阳辐射的能力 常用搭配：ice albedo(冰反照率)、albedo measurements(反照率测量) 高频搭配 surface albedo(地表反照率)、albedo discrepancy(反照率差异) 易混辨析 albedo vs reflectivity:前者是专业术语，侧重”反射率的量化指标”；后 者为普通词汇，泛指”反射能力” 2.microphysical 核心词性 形容词(adj,高频核心)：微物理的，与物质微观结构相关的 常用搭配：microphysical properties(微观物理性质) 词性转换 名词：microphysics(微物理学) 易混辨析 microphysical vs microscopic:前者强调”微观层面的物理特性”；后者 指”微观的：用显微镜可见的” 3.gigaton 核心词性 名词(，高频核心)：十亿吨，大规模自然现象的质量单位 常用搭配：six gigatons(六亿吨) 易混辨析 gigaton vs ton:前者为超大质量单位(109 4.minuscule 核心词性 形容词(adj,高频核心)：极小的；微不足道的 常用搭配：minuscule properties(微小特性) 易混辨析 minuscule vs tiny:前者强调”极其微小，常隐含重要影响”；后者仅表示” 小的” 答案与逐题解析 正确答案：27-30ACAB 27.A (changes with the lightness of surfaces) 考点：细节理解题 语境分析：文中明确提到Surfaces with high albedo,such as snow and ice,reflect a large portion of solar energy,whereas darker surfaces like forests or oceans absorb more solar energy", 反照率随表面亮度（颜色深浅）变化。 4 选项辨析：B选项”与冰雪形状匹配”文中未提及；C选项”是到达表面的太阳能的度量”错误， 反照率是反射的太阳辐射比例；D选项”随入射太阳辐射方向变化”文中无相关内容。A选项符 合原文描述。 28.C (Model adaptation improves the accuracy of climate predictions.) 考点：推理判断题 语境分析：文中指出旧版E3SM模型高估反照率，导致对格陵兰冰盖融化速度估计偏低，而新 模型纳入更准确的反照率数据后，融化速度计算更符合卫星观测，且Clarke提到”our work is going to help models do a much better job”,说明模型调整提高了气候预测的准确性。 选项辨析：A选项”新模型比卫星观测更可靠”错误；B选项”旧模型高估格陵兰融化”错误， 旧模型低估了融化速度；D选项”科学家已在全球使用该模型减少差异”错误，Clarke下一步计 划将模型推广到全球。C选项符合文意。 29.A (Tiny.) 考点：词义猜测题 语境分析：后文提到"can have far--reaching consequences for the overall climate”,说明这些性 质看似微小，却有深远影响，”minuscule'”与far-reaching”形成对比，意为”微小的”。 选项辨析：A.Tiny(微小的)；B.Invisible(看不见的)；C.Plain(朴素的)；D.Stable(稳定 的)。”minuscule'”在此处指”微小的”，A选项符合语境。 30.B (point out further research directions.) 考点：段落主旨题 语境分析：最后一段Clarke提到”Next,Clarke wants to study different icy parts..”Our next steps are to get it so the model is functional globally..""It would be useful to apply it to glaciers in places like the Andes and Alaska.”,明确指出了团队接下来的研究方向。 选项辨析：A选项”指出研究局限性”、C选项”说明新方法的好处”、D选项”总结E3SM的 变化”均不符合段落内容，该段主要阐述进一步的研究计划，B选项正确。