阅读理解4-北京市部分地区近两年（2024-2025）高三英语期末真题汇编

1 阅读理解-阅读单选4 试题基本信息 。题型：阅读理解阅读单选 。文章长度：约380词 。 核心知识点：科普知识、方法策略 。文体类型：说明文 。考查重点：细节理解、推理判断、词义猜测 材料剖析 ·文章结构：定义现象→解释原因→分析后果→提出建议→总结观点 核心概念：自我提升效应(self-enhancement effect) 。论证方法：科学研究证据、类比推理、反证法 阅读理解短文 We humans have a natural tendency to exaggerate our positive qualities,and compare ourselves favorably with others,which is called "self-enhancement effect".Famously,back in the 1980s, researchers showed that up to 80 percent of motorists considered themselves to have above-average driving skills.If you're a regular driver,you have to know that this cannot be true even if you persist in believing it about yourself. One reason for this tendency is that it acts as protection against the mental pain that comes from negative comparisons with others.Neuroscientists writing in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences in 2013 used fMRI and PET scans to show that feeling superior to others boosts dopamine(多巴胺)release,which in turn suppresses(抑制)activity in parts of the brain associated with psychological discomfort. However,although self-enhancement feels good in the short term,it is not a long-term solution to life's problems,Sooner or later,you're bound to be confronted with a painful adjustment to the truth.For instance,researchers writing in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology showed that when college students held an overestimated view of their own academic ability,it enhanced their mood and positive effect-that is,they enjoyed happier feelings.But the illusion()of superiority did not translate into better academic performance.In fact,the students tended to fail at their academic expectations,and that in part led to lower self-esteem over the long term. One suggestion:Reframe your imperfections,not as failings but as interesting puzzles to solve. If you like puzzles,you may have noticed that you initially enjoy the ones that are simple to crack, but quickly get bored and look for trickier alternatives.But if they're too hard,you simply grow 2 frustrated.The zone of enjoyment moves up as you increase in skill and can tackle more difficulty. Life's challenges are like puzzles:A great deal of the present-day increase in unhappiness comes from the fact that when we use self-enhancement to avoid the discomfort of struggle,we unintentionally get stuck below the zone of enjoyment in the fascinating game of self-improvement. You don't need to make any improvements,because you're perfect already?How boring! 题目选项列表 32.What does the "self-enhancement effect"refer to? A.The ability to ignore negative traits. B.The tendency to compare with others C.The belief in one's superiority over others. D.The motivation to enhance inner qualities. 33.The potential consequence of holding a self-enhancement view is A.temporary satisfaction B.objective self-assessment C.improved social connections D.long-lasting academic success 34.What can we learn from the last two paragraphs? A.Playing games leads to long term enjoyment. B.Pursuing simple solutions always keeps people happy. C.Regarding weaknesses as challenges can promote personal improvement. D.Comparing oneself favorably with others boosts self-esteem permanently 核心词汇详解 1.exaggerate 核心词性 动词(v,高频核心)：夸大：夸张，指对事实或程度进行过分描述 例：She tends to eraggerate her achievements..（她常常夸大自己的成就) 词性转换 名词：exaggeration(夸张；夸大之词) 形容词：exaggerated(夸张的；言过其实的) 高频搭配 exaggerate about sth.(对某事进行夸张)、exaggerate the truth(夸大事实) 易混辨析 exaggerate vs overstate:前者侧重”通过夸张手法强调特征”，后者侧重” 陈述超出实际程度” 3 2.tendency 核心词性 名词(，高频核心)：倾向；趋势，指人或事物表现出的规律性倾向 例：There is a tendency for prices to rise..(价格有上涨的趋势) 词性转换 动词：tend(倾向于；往往会) 形容词：tendentious(有偏见的；倾向性的) 高频搭配 have a tendency to do sth.(有做某事的倾向)、natural tendency(自然倾 向) 易混辨析 tendency vs trend:前者侧重”内在习惯性倾向”，后者侧重”总体发展趋 势” 3.neuroscientist 核心词性 名词(，中频核心)：神经科学家，指研究神经系统的科学家 例：Neuroscientists study the brain and nervous system.(神经科学家研究 大脑和神经系统) 词性转换 名词：neuroscience(神经科学) 形容词：neural(神经的) 高频搭配 cognitive neuroscientist(认知神经科学家)、research by neuroscientists(神 经科学家的研究) 易混辨析 neuroscientist vs psychologist:前者研究”神经系统生理机制”，后者研 究”心理活动和行为” 4.fMRI 核心词性 名词(.，低频专业词汇)：功能性磁共振成像，医学影像学技术，用于观察 大脑活动 例：The researchers used fMRI to scan the brain.(研究人员用功能性磁共 振成像扫描大脑) 词性转换 全称为functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging 高频搭配 fMRI scan(功能性磁共振成像扫描)、fMRI technology(功能性磁共振成像 技术) 易混辨析 fMRI vs MRI:MRI指”磁共振成像”侧重结构成像，MRI侧重”功能 成像”观察大脑活动 5.PET 核心词性 名词(.，低频专业词汇)：正电子发射断层扫描，核医学成像技术，用于检 测代谢活动 例：PET scans can detect cancer.(正电子发射断层扫描可检测癌症) 词性转换 全称为Positron Emission Tomography 高频搭配 PET scan(正电子发射断层扫描)、PET imaging(正电子发射断层成像) 易混辨析 PET vs CT: PET侧重”代谢功能成像”，CT侧重”解剖结构成像” 6.dopamine 核心词性 名词(，低频专业词汇)：多巴胺，一种神经递质，与愉悦感相关 例：Dopamine is released when we experience pleasure.(当我们体验愉悦时， 多巴胺会被释放) 词性转换 不可数名词 高频搭配 dopamine release(多巴胺释放)、dopamine levels(多巴胺水平) 易混辨析 dopamine vs serotonin:前者主要与”奖励、动机、愉悦感”相关，后者 主要与”情绪调节、睡眠”相关 7.suppress 核心词性 动词(V,中频核心)：抑制；镇压，指阻止某事发生或压制某种情感 例：He tried to suppress his anger..(他试图抑制愤怒) 词性转换 名词：suppression(抑制；镇压) 形容词：suppressed(被抑制的；被压抑的) 高频搭配 suppress the truth(掩盖真相)、suppress one's feelings(抑制感情) 易混辨析 suppress vs repress:前者侧重”主动有意识地压制”，后者侧重”无意识 地压抑” 8.illusion 核心词性 名词(n,高频核心)：幻觉；错觉，指对现实的错误感知 例：She was under the illusion that he loved her.(她误以为他爱她) 词性转换 动词：illusion(无直接动词形式) 形容词：usory(幻觉的；虚假的) 高频搭配 have an illusion of sth.(对某事有错觉)、optical illusion(视错觉) 易混辨析 illusion vs delusion:前者指”可纠正的错觉”，后者指”顽固的错误信念” 5 答案与逐题解析 正确答案：32-34CAC 32.C (The belief in one's superiority over others.) 考点：细节理解题 语境分析：文章首句明确指出”We humans have a natural tendency to exaggerate our positive qualities,and compare ourselves favorably with others,which is called'self-enhancement effect'", 即自我提升效应指夸大自身积极品质并与他人进行有利比较的倾向，核心是认为自己优于他人。 选项辨析：A选项”忽视负面特质”未提及：B选项”与他人比较的倾向”表述片面，比较需 是favorably'”(有利的)；D选项”提升内在品质的动机”与原文"exaggerate”(夸大)不符。C 选项”相信自己优于他人”准确概括了本质。 33.A (temporary satisfaction) 考点：细节理解题 语境分析：第三段提到"although self-enhancement feels good in the short term..Sooner or later,you're bound to be confronted with a painful adjustment to the truth”,说明自我提升效 应带来的是短期良好感受，长期会因现实调整而痛苦。 选项辨析：B选项”客观自我评估”与自我提升效应的exaggerate”矛盾；C选项”改善社 交关系”未提及；D选项”持久的学术成功”与文中”did not translate into better academic performance”不符。A选项”暂时的满足”符合”feels good in the short term”的描述。 34.C (Regarding weaknesses as challenges can promote personal improvement.) 考点：推理判断题 语境分析：倒数第二段将生活挑战比作谜题，指出"when we use self-enhancement to avoid the discomfort of struggle,we unintentionally get stuck below the zone of enjoyment in the fasci- nating game of self-improvement'”,最后一段反问”你不需要任何改进，因为你已经很完美了？ 多无聊啊！”，强调将弱点视为挑战而非逃避，才能促进自我提升。 选项辨析：A选项”玩游戏带来长期快乐”曲解原文”生活挑战像谜题”的比喻；B选项”追求 简单解决方案总能让人快乐”与”get bored and look for trickier alternatives”矛盾；D选项”与 他人有利比较永久提升自尊”与”lower self-esteem over the long term”不符。C选项”将弱点视 为挑战可促进个人进步”符合”Reframe your imperfections..as interesting puzzles to solve'”的 主旨。