阅读理解123-北京市部分地区近两年（2024-2025）高二英语期末真题汇编

2 阅读理解-阅读表达123 试题基本信息 。题型：阅读理解-阅读表达（约330词) 。核心知识点：环境保护、环境污染 ·考查重点：细节理解、信息归纳、逻辑分析、拓展表达 材料剖析 。主题：光污染问题及其影响 。结构：引出光污染现象及成因→通过数据说明严重性→分析改善尝试失败原因→阐 述负面影响 ·关键信息：人造照明是主因、夜空亮度年增10 阅读短文 A new study found that light pollution is making the night sky brighter and the stars dimmer. Man-made lighting is the main cause,making the night sky about 10 percent brighter each year. The result was a much faster rate of change than scientists had estimated.The research team gave an example to explain the result.If a child is born where 250 stars can be seen on a clear night,by the time that child turns 18,only 100 stars will be seen. The researchers said they had hoped to see improvements in light pollution in recent years, because many urban centers have changed their lighting to be more energy-efficient.Towns and cities are replacing older streetlights with modern LEDS that are more carefully directed downwards, where the light is useful. The hope was that if the light was better directed,the situation would get better.But there are many types of lighting-streetlights,decorative,advertising.So,with all these things combined -and possibly more lighting overall,we are making sky brightness worse.The relatively low cost of LED lighting is also contributing to the problem,that is,the cheaper and better the lighting, the higher society's addiction to light. Consequently,light pollution leads to a loss of universal human experience,a source of inspi- ration for art,science,literature.It also affects the routine of human as well as other forms of life. Migratory songbirds normally use starlight to position where they are in the sky at night.And when sea turtle babies hatch,they use light to position toward the ocean-light pollution is a huge deal for them. 3 问题列表 40.What causes light pollution? 41.What are the negative effects of light pollution? 42.Please decide which part is false in the following statement,then underline it and explain why. The sky brightness becomes worse because of more modern types of lighting being used and the lack of LED lighting. 43.Besides light pollution,what do you think is the most serious pollution in life?And explain its effects.(In about 40 words) 核心词汇详解 1.pollution 核心词性 名词(，高频核心)：污染；污染物（可指空气、水、光等各类污染） 常用搭配：light pollution(光污染)、environmental pollution(环境污染) 例：The study focuses on light pollution..(该研究聚焦于光污染) 词性转换 动词：pollute(污染；弄脏) 形容词：polluted(受污染的) 名词：pollutant(污染物) 高频搭配 light pollution(光污染)、water pollution(水污染)、air pollution(空气污 染)、noise pollution(噪音污染)、reduce pollution(减少污染) 易混辨析 pollution vs pollutant:pollution是不可数名词，侧重“污染的状态或现 象”；pollutant是可数名词，侧重“造成污染的具体物质” 例：Air pollution is caused by various pollutants..(空气污染由各种污染物 造成) 2.migratory 核心词性 形容词（adj,高频核心)：迁徙的；迁移的（多用于描述鸟类、动物等随季 节迁移的习性) 常用搭配：migratory birds(候鸟) 例：Migratory songbirds use starlight to navigate.(迁徙鸣禽利用星光导航) 词性转换 动词：migrate(迁徙；迁移) 名词：migration(迁徙；移居) 高频搭配 migratory birds(候鸟)、migratory patterns(迁徙模式)、migratory animals (迁徙动物) 易混辨析 migratory vs mobile:migratory特指“（动物或人）因季节、繁殖等原 因进行的规律性迁徙”；mobile侧重“（人或物）能够移动的：流动性强的”， 范围更广 例：mobile phones(移动电话) 3.consequently 核心词性 副词(adv.,高频核心)：因此：所以；结果（强调因果关系，常用于句首或 句中连接结果) 例：Consequently,,light pollution affects wildlife.(因此，光污染影响野生动 物)》 词性转换 形容词：consequent(随之发生的；作为结果的) 名词：consequence(结果；后果) 高频搭配 consequently,,+句子（因此…） 例：He missed the train;consequently,.he was late.(他没赶上火车，因此迟 到了) 易混辨析 consequently vs therefore:二者均表“因此”，consequently更强调“作 为某事的直接结果”，语气稍强；therefore侧重“从逻辑推理得出结论” 例：He worked hard;.therefore,he succeeded..(他努力工作，所以成功了) 5 4.universal 核心词性 形容词(adj,高频核心)：普遍的；全体的：通用的宇宙的 常用搭配：universal human experience(人类普遍经验) 例：a universal remote（万能遥控器) 词性转换 名词：universe(宇宙；世界) 名词：universality(普遍性；通用性) 副词：universally(普遍地；全体地) 高频搭配 universal human experience(人类普遍经验)、universal truth(普遍真理)、 universal law(普遍规律) 易混辨析 universal vs general:universal强调“适用于所有情况、所有人或整个宇 宙”，范围最广；general侧重“大体上的：普遍的”，但允许有例外 例：general opinion(普遍意见) 5.addiction 核心词性 名词(.，高频核心)：瘾：入迷：嗜好（对药物、酒精或事物的依赖） 常用搭配：addiction to sth.(对…的瘾) 例：society's addiction to light(社会对光的依赖) 词性转换 动词：addict(使上瘾；使沉迷) 形容词：addictive(使人上瘾的) 名词：addict(瘾君子；入迷的人) 高频搭配 addiction to sth.(对…的瘾/依赖)、overcome addiction(克服成瘾)、 internet addiction(网瘾) 易混辨析 addiction vs habit:addiction强调“无法控制的、有害的依赖”，程度深； habit侧重“长期形成的习惯”，可好可坏 例：a good habit(好习惯) 6 6.estimate 核心词性 动词(，高频核心)：估计：估算（对数量、价值、时间等进行大致计算） 例：scientists had estimated(科学家们曾估计) 名词(n,高频核心)：估计；估算；估价（指估计的结果） 例：a rough estimate(粗略估计) 词性转换 名词：estimator(估计者；估算器) 形容词：estimable(可估计的；值得尊敬的) 高频搭配 动词：estimate the cost(估算成本)、estimate that.(估计…) 名词：by estimate(据估计)、a reasonable estimate（合理的估计) 易混辨析 estimate vs evaluate:estimate侧重“对未知数量或价值进行大致估算”； evaluate强调“对事物的价值、质量等进行评估、评价” 例：evaluate the performance(评估表现) 7.decorative 核心词性 形容词(adj,高频核心)：装饰性的：作装饰用的（强调用于装饰而非实用） 常用搭配：decorative lighting(装饰性照明) 例：The curtains are purely decorative.（这些窗帘纯粹是装饰用的) 词性转换 动词：decorate(装饰；装潢) 名词：decoration(装饰；装饰品) 名词：decorator(装饰师；装潢工) 高频搭配 decorative lighting(装饰性照明)、decorative patterns(装饰图案)decorative items(装饰品) 易混辨析 decorative vs ornamental::二者均表“装饰性的”，decorative更常用，泛 指一切装饰；ornamental更正式，常指“观赏性装饰” 例：ornamental plants(观赏植物) 答案与逐题解析 正确答案：40.Man-made lighting. 41.It leads to a loss of universal human experience and affects the routine of human as well as other forms of life. 42.The false part:"the lack of LED lighting".Explanation:The passage states that "the relatively low cost of LED lighting is also contributing to the problem",meaning LED lighting is not lacking but rather its low cost leads to more use,worsening sky brightness. 43.Air pollution.It harms respiratory health,causes smog,reduces visibility, and affects climate by trapping heat. 40.Man-made lighting. 考点：细节理解 语境：文章首段明确指出”Man-made lighting is the main cause'”。 41.It leads to a loss of universal human experience and affects the routine of human as well as other forms of life. 考点：信息归纳 语境：最后一段提到"light pollution leads to a loss of universal human experience..It also affects the routine of human as well as other forms of life'”,需整合关键信息。 42.The false part:”the lack of LED lighting” 考点：细节判断与逻辑分析 解释：文章第三段提到"Towns and cities are replacing older streetlights with modern LEDS” 及'the relatively low cost of LED lighting is also contributing to the problem”,说明LED照 明被广泛使用且其低成本导致过度使用，加剧了问题，而非lack of LED lighting”。 43.Air pollution.It harms respiratory health,causes smog,reduces visibility,and affects climate by trapping heat. 考点：拓展表达与现实关联 要求：结合生活实际，选择一种污染并简述影响，需符合字数要求（约40词）。示例选择空气 污染，从健康、环境、气候三方面简要说明。