阅读理解116-北京市部分地区近两年（2024-2025）高二英语期末真题汇编

1 阅读理解-阅读单选116 试题基本信息 ·题型：阅读理解-阅读单选（约490词） ·核心知识点：科普知识、说明文、气候变化及影响 。考查重点：细节理解、推理判断、主旨归纳、逻辑关联 材料剖析 。第一段：引出研究背景与对象+说明研究意义：气候变化影响生物生存，基因组变化研 究对预测生物适应至关重要，以桡足类为研究对象可反映海洋食物链对气候变化的反应 。 第二段：介绍研究方法与初步发现：因野外基因组追踪困难，采用实验室”进化与重测序” 方法，将桡足类暴露于三种压力源并追踪25代适应情况 。第三段：阐述当前研究的核心内容与关键关联：对0代和25代基因组测序，发现多压力 实验中与发育相关的适应性等位基因 ·第四段：揭示研究核心结论与重要性：复合压力产生非叠加的独特协同效应，与单压力研 究不同 ·第五段：引用外部专家评价+强调研究价值：质疑先前单压力研究，整合基因组信息的 方式领先 。第六段：总结研究带来的积极启示：桡足类在复合环境变化后完全恢复繁殖能力，带来希 望 阅读理解短文 Climate change influences how organisms live and function in their environment.Investigating how organisms adapt is essential for accurately predicting their survival,and tracking genomic( changes helps researchers determine the lasting effects of the changing environment.Cope- pods,a dominant coastal species,are particularly useful for studying genetic changes in response to shifting marine environments.By studying copepods,researchers can get an idea of how the ocean food chain might react to changes in the Earth's climate. Tracking a copepod's evolving genome in the wild,however,can be time-consuming and labo- rious.To circumvent this challenge,Pespeni and her team used an evolve-and-resequence approach in the lab.They exposed a copepod population to three stressors-water warming,acidification via high CO levels,and combinations of the two ocean warming and acidification(OWA)conditions in the laboratory,and tracked their adaptations to these conditions over 25 generations.Previously, they tracked reproductive fitness traits such as egg-hatching success under these conditions.They found that the fitness of the population exposed to OWA conditions initially decreased,but then adapted to the stressors over several generations. 2 In the current study,the researchers sequenced the genomes of animals in each experimental group at generation0and25 to quantify how allele(等位基因)frequencies changed in response to experimental selective pressures.The researchers found adaptive alleles related to development were unique to the multiple stressor experiment,providing a possible explanation for the observed selection of hatching success. "We showed that the warming alone was a much stronger selective pressure than CO.But when you combine them,you get a unique synergy.So,it's not just one plus one equals two;it's one plus one equals something totally different,"said Pespeni.Whereas previous studies observed the effects of single stressors on evolving organisms,Pespeni's study demonstrated that multiple stressors result in a unique response to selection in a non-additive manner.This is important because human-induced environmental changes are multifaceted(多方面的)，and additional stressors are still needed to further mimic natural environmental changes,and this study reveals the complexity of the genomic adaptive response. According to Morgan Kelly,a professor who was not involved in the study,the insights pre- sented by the researchers in this study call into question the previous single stressor studies and will influence future experimental design."There's this big question of the role that evolutionary change will play in response to climate change,and the way the researchers integrate genomic information is the best of its kind in the world of marine experimental evolution,"said Kelly. According to Pespeni,there is reason to maintain hope in the face of climate change because her work revealed that the copepods eventually fully regained their ability to reproduce following the combined environmental changes. 题目与选项 1.What can we learn about Pespeni's previous and current studies? A.The previous study tried new ways to quantify the response of copepods. B.The current study may explain the success of hatching in the previous one. C.The previous study reveals the complexity of the genomic adaptive response. D.The current study sequenced copepods'genes of 25 generations in each group. 2.To improve their future research,researchers should A.study how other species adapt to global warming B.include additional stressors in their experiments C.track a copepod's evolving genome in the wild D.compare Pespeni's study with previous ones 3.What makes the current study particularly significant? A.It integrates genomic information in the research. B.It shows most species can easily adapt to climate changes. C.It confirms the effectiveness of previous single stressor studies. D.It demonstrates multiple stressors produce an additive response. 4.Which of the following can be the best title for the passage? A.Scientists Edit Genomes to Help Copepods Survive B.Research Removes People's Worries about Climate Change 3 C.Combining Climate Stressors Leads to Unique Genomic Changes D.The Evolve-and-resequence Approach Helps Fight Climate Change 核心词汇详解 1.genomic 核心词性 形容词(adj.,高频核心)：基因组的；染色体组的 常用搭配：genomic changes(基因组变化)、genomic adaptive response(基 因组适应性反应) 名词(n,补充考点)：基因组学（较少单独使用） 词性转换 名词：genome(基因组；染色体组)、genetics(遗传学)、gene(基因) 例：the human genome（人类基因组)、evolving genome(进化的基因组) 高频搭配 genomic changes(基因组变化)、genomic information(基因组信息) genomic adaptive response(基因组适应性反应)、genomic sequencing(基 因组测序) 易混辨析 genomic vs genome:genomic是形容词，修饰名词：genome是名词，指 基因组本身 genomic vs genetic:genomic侧重”基因组层面的”；genetic侧重”与基 因相关的；遗传的” 2.copepod 核心词性 名词(，高频核心)：桡足类动物（海洋或淡水浮游生物） 常用搭配：copepods are a dominant coastal species(桡足类动物是主要的 沿海物种) 词性转换 名词复数：copepods(单复数同形) 例：a population of copepods（一群桡足类动物) 高频搭配 copepod population(桡足类动物种群)、copepod's genome(桡足类动物的 基因组) study copepods(研究桡足类动物)、dominant coastal copepod(主要的沿 海桡足类动物) 易混辨析 copepod vs species:copepod是具体物种名称；species是泛指”物种” 3.acidification 核心词性 名词(n,高频核心)：酸化（尤指环境中的酸性物质增加） 常用搭配：ocean acidification(海洋酸化)、acidification via high CO levels (通过高二氧化碳水平导致的酸化) 词性转换 动词：acidify(使)酸化)、形容词：acidic(酸性的) 例：CO emissions acidify the ocean(二氧化碳排放使海洋酸化) 高频搭配 ocean acidification(海洋酸化)、water acidification(水体酸化) acidification via high CO(通过高二氧化碳导致的酸化)、combat acidifica- tion（应对酸化) 易混辨析 acidification vs acidity:acidification指”酸化的过程”；acidity指”酸 性；酸度” 4.stressor 核心词性 名词(，高频核心)：压力源；应激物（引起压力或应激反应的因素） 常用搭配：environmental stressors(环境压力源)、three stressors-一water warming,acidification(三个压力源一水温升高、酸化) 词性转换 动词：stress(强调；使承受压力)、名词：stress(压力：强调) 形容词：stressful(有压力的) 高频搭配 environmental stressors(环境压力源)、multiple stressors(多重压力源) single stressor(单一压力源)、experimental stressors(实验中的压力源) 易混辨析 stressor vs stress: stressor指”产生压力的具体因素”；stress指”压力” 本身 5.allele 核心词性 名词(n.,高频核心)：等位基因（遗传学中位于同源染色体上控制相对性状 的基因) 常用搭配：allele frequencies(等位基因频率)、adaptive alleles(适应性等位 基因) 词性转换 名词复数：alleles(直接加s) 例：track changes in alleles(追踪等位基因的变化) 高频搭配 allele frequencies(等位基因频率)、adaptive alleles(适应性等位基因) change in allele frequencies(等位基因频率的变化) 易混辨析 allele vs gene:allele是”等位基因”，是gene(基因)的特定形式 5 6.synergy 核心词性 名词(.，高频核心)：协同作用；增效作用（多个因素共同作用产生的效果 大于单独作用之和) 常用搭配：unique synergy(独特的协同作用)、synergy of multiple stressors (多重压力源的协同作用) 词性转换 形容词：synergistic(协同的：增效的) 例：synergistic effect（协同效应) 高频搭配 unique synergy(独特的协同作用)、synergy between stressors(压力源之间 的协同作用) create synergy(产生协同作用)、non-additive synergy(非加性协同作用) 易混辨析 synergy vs interaction:synergy强调”协同增效”；interaction泛指”相 互作用” 7.multifaceted 核心词性 形容词(adj,高频核心)：多方面的：多层面的 常用搭配：multifaceted environmental changes(多方面的环境变化)、mul- tifaceted problem(多方面的问题) 词性转换 名词：facet(方面：侧面) 例：every facet of life（生活的方方面面) 高频搭配 multifaceted environmental changes(多方面的环境变化) multifaceted approach(多方面的方法)、multifaceted nature(多方面的性 质) 易混辨析 multifaceted vs multiple: multifaceted强调”多个不同方面”；multiple 仅指”多个” 答案与逐题解析 正确答案：27-30BBAC 1.B (The current study may explain the success of hatching in the previous one.) 考点：细节理解与逻辑关联 语境：原文提到Previously,,they tracked reproductive fitness traits such as egg-hatching suc- cess...In the current study...found adaptive alleles related to development...providing a possible explanation for the observed selection of hatching success.”可知当前研究为之前观察 到的孵化成功率提供了解释。 辨析：A.前项研究”尝试新方法量化桡足类响应”与原文”previous study tracked reproductive fitness traits'”不符；C.”揭示基因组适应反应的复杂性”是当前研究的结论：D.当前研究测序 的是”generation0and25”而非25代，均排除。 6 2.B (include additional stressors in their experiments) 考点：推理判断 语境：文中提到"human-induced environmental changes are multifaceted..additional stressors are still needed to further mimic natural environmental changes”,说明为了更接近自然环境变 化，未来研究应加入更多压力因素。 辨析：A.”研究其他物种”未提及；C.”野外追踪基因组”是过去的困难方法，非改进方向：D. ”比较研究”非文中建议的核心改进措施，排除。 3.A (It integrates genomic information in the research.) 考点：细节理解 语境：Morgan Kelly评价该研究"the way the researchers integrate genomic information is the best of its kind in the world of marine experimental evolution”,强调其整合基因组信息的独特 性。 辨析：B.”多数物种易适应”与原文无关；C.”证实单一压力研究有效性”与原文”call into question the previous single stressor studies'”矛盾；D.”证明多重压力产生叠加效应”与”non- additive manner'”不符，排除。 4.C(Combining Climate Stressors Leads to Unique Genomic Changes) 考点：主旨归纳 语境：全文核心是Pespeni团队通过实验发现，多重气候压力（升温+酸化）会导致桡足类产 生非叠加性的独特基因组适应变化，区别于单一压力的影响。 辨析：A.”基因编辑”未提及；B.”消除气候变化担忧”与原文"maintain hope'”不符；D.”演 化重测序方法助力对抗气候变化”偏离”多重压力与基因组变化”的核心，排除。