阅读理解105-北京市部分地区近两年（2024-2025）高二英语期末真题汇编

1 阅读理解-阅读单选105 试题基本信息 。题型：阅读理解-阅读单选(3题，全文约480词) 核心知识点：科学技术、说明文 ·考查重点：细节理解、推理判断、科学突破 材料剖析 。文章结构：中国科学家实现二氧化碳合成糖的突破→传统制糖方法的局限性→人工糖 合成研究的必要性→中国科学家的实验方法与成果→实验效率与转化率→精准控制 合成→德国科学家的评价→绿色化学的意义 ·主要内容：介绍中国科学家在人工糖合成领域的重大突破，包括实验方法、效率提升和绿 色化学意义 阅读理解短文 Chinese scientists recently achieved precise total synthesis (of sugar from carbon dioxide in the laboratory,marking a crucial step in artificial sugar synthesis.The synthesis,which took more than two years to realize,was achieved by teams from the Chinese Academy of Sciences'Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology and the academy's Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics.Their research was published last week in a paper in Chinese Science Bulletin,a multidisciplinary academic journal. Sugar is a major source of energy for the human body and a key raw material for industrial production,and it is mainly obtained by extracting it from crops such as sugar cane.However, the traditional method of extraction is limited by the energy conversion efficiency of plant photo- synthesis.Moreover,the process of extracting sugar has been affected by uncertain raw material supplies due to land degradation and shortages,ecosystem degradation and extreme weather and natural disasters caused by global warming. As a result,artificial sugar synthesis has been continually studied by the scientific community in recent years,and scientists around the world have contributed to the effort.In their latest research, the Chinese scientists adjusted high-concentration carbon dioxide and other raw materials in the reaction solution.With the help of chemical catalysts and enzyme()catalysts,they obtained four kinds of sugars:glucose,allulose,tagatose and mannose. The experiment lasted about 17 hours,much shorter than the time required for traditional methods of sugar extraction,according to Yang Jiangang,lead author of the paper and associate researcher at the Tianjin institute.The efficiency of sugar synthesis in this study was 0.67 grams 2 per liter per hour,which was more than 10 times higher than the previous results achieved by scientists worldwide.Yang said that the carbon dioxide to sugar conversion rate of glucose reached 59.8 nanomoles of carbon per milligram of catalyst per minute.This is the highest level of artificial sugar production known domestically and internationally. The study also achieved precise control of artificial sugar synthesis."By controlling the varied catalytic effects of different enzymes,theoretically almost any type of sugar can be synthesized," Yang said.Regarding the study,Manfred Reetz,a member of the German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina,said it is a particularly challenging task to convert carbon dioxide into sugars. The achievement by Chinese scientists has provided a flexible,multifunctional and efficient sugar synthesis route,which opens a door for green chemistry,Reetz said.Green chemistry,similar to sustainable chemistry,is a rapidly developing field that focuses on how to fully utilize raw mate- rials and energy in the process of producing the intended product while minimizing or eliminating the use and generation of harmful substances. Carbon dioxide to sugar conversion is seen as an example of green chemistry,since it was conducted under normal temperature and pressure conditions and did not yield any harmful sub- stances. 题目选项列表 1.Why do scientists keep studying artificial sugar synthesis? A.Because sugar is an essential energy source for industrial production. B.Because the traditional extraction approach is not environmentally friendly. C.Because raw material supply is unreliable in the process of traditional sugar extraction. D.Because the traditional extraction approach is less productive than plant photosynthesis. 2.How is the Chinese study significant? A.It synthesized almost all types of sugar in the laboratory. B.It controlled varied catalytic effects of different enzymes. C.It converted high-concentration carbon dioxide into sugar. D.It lasted 17 hours,shorter than previous traditional methods. 3.What can we infer from the passage? A.Green chemistry helped use up all raw materials to generate more products. B.Carbon dioxide to sugar conversion will be used in industrial production soon C.Green chemistry is a new field where Chinese scientists will put more efforts on. D.Carbon dioxide to sugar conversion will take up all sugar production due to its efficiency. 3 核心词汇详解 1.synthesis 核心词性 名词(n,高频核心)：合成；综合（化学/科学领域） 常用搭配：total synthesis(全合成)、artificial synthesis(人工合成) 动词(v.,高中略考)：synthesize(合成；综合) 例：The team synthesized sugar from CO.(团队用二氧化碳合成了糖) 词性转换 形容词：synthetic(合成的；人造的)、名词：synthesizer(合成器) 例：synthetic materials（合成材料)、a sound synthesizer（音响合成器) 高频搭配 chemical synthesis(化学合成)、synthesis of A from B(用B合成A) 易混辨析 synthesis vs combination:synthesis侧重通过化学反应或深度整合形成 具有新属性的整体；combination侧重物理层面的混合或简单叠加 synthetic vs artificial:synthetic强调通过化学方法合成的；artificial侧 重模仿自然物的人造物 2.catalyst 核心词性 名词(n,高频核心)：催化剂；促进因素 常用搭配：enzyme catalyst(酶催化剂)、chemical catalyst(化学催化剂) 动词(v.,高中略考)：catalyze/catalyse(催化；促进) 例：Enzymes catalyze chemical reactions..(酶催化化学反应) 词性转换 形容词：catalytic(催化的；促进的) 例：catalytic effects（催化作用) 高频搭配 a catalyst for(…的催化剂/促进因素)、catalytic reaction(催化反应) 易混辨析 catalyst vs accelerator:catalyst特指化学反应中不消耗自身的催化剂； accelerator侧重加快速度的装置或因素 3.nanomole 核心词性 名词(n,高频核心)：纳摩尔（计量单位，10摩尔） 常用搭配：nanomoles of carbon(纳摩尔碳) 词性转换 名词：mole(摩尔，基础计量单位) 前缀：nano-(纳；十亿分之一) 例：nanosecond（纳秒)、nanometer(纳米) 高频搭配 conversion rate(转化率)、per milligram of catalyst(每毫克催化剂) 易混辨析 nanomole vs micromole:nanomole为10摩尔，micromole为10摩 尔，前者数量级更小(1 micromole=l000 nanomoles)