阅读理解84-北京市部分地区近两年（2024-2025）高二英语期末真题汇编

1 阅读理解-阅读单选84 试题基本信息 。题型：阅读理解-阅读单选（约390词) 。 核心知识点：发明与创造、新闻报道、其他著名人物 。考查重点：细节理解、推理判断、词义理解、主旨大意 材料剖析 ·第一段：引出人物及发明成果，介绍l2岁女孩Shanya在科学展获奖，其发明是新型火 灾探测系统，具备更快探测热源、更便宜可靠的特点。 ·第二段：阐述发明契机，因2022年家附近餐馆火灾事件，Shanya受启发，旨在帮助人们 减少火灾损失，从而开始研发新系统。 ·第三段：说明系统研发思路与核心功能，Shanya利用热像仪连接小型电脑，编程区分人 体与热源，并能在检测到火灾且10分钟无人时发送短信。 ·第四段：描述为提升系统准确性所做的工作，Shanya通过在不同时段、不同方向进行多 次试验，最终实现高准确率，并确定探测器的最佳安装位置。 ·第五段：提及获奖后的改进计划，Shanya希望将设备与智能手机应用结合，让用户接收 短信后能切换摄像头确认警报是否正确，进一步完善装置。 阅读理解短文 A 12-year-old girl from Miller Middle School in San Jose has won the top prize with $25,000 in a science fair.Her invention is a new fire detection system that can faster detect the heat sources. It's also cheaper and more reliable than smoke detectors. In the summer of 2022,a restaurant behind Shanya's house was burned to the ground.Since then,Shanya's mother became increasingly cautious about the stove in the kitchen.It wasn't that the restaurant didn't have smoke detectors,but they require there is a significant amount of smoke first,which can sometimes mean a fire has already started and gotten out of control.This incident inspired her to create a fire detection system to help people suffer less loss from fires. One day,Shanya discovered that thermal cameras can detect heat loss in homes during winter months.She wondered if these cameras could also spot house fires more quickly than traditional smoke detectors.Shanya connected an affordable thermal camera to a tiny computer.She pro- grammed her system to differentiate between people-which were identified as warm moving objects -and heat sources,such as a turned-on gas burner,which were identified as hot objects that re- mained still.The system can send a text message when it detects a fire but no human presence for a continuous 10-minute period. 2 Shanya conducted multiple trials at various times of day and with people entering the camera's view from different directions.In the end,Shanya's system accurately detected human presence 98%of the time and heat sources 97%of the time.Shanya determined that the best place for the detector would be on the wall above the stove but under the stove range-this allowed its sensors to have clear access to the most likely locations where a fire might start in a kitchen. After her victory,the 12-year-old has said she wants to refine the device by combining it with a smartphone app.The app will allow users to quickly switch over to a camera after receiving a text message so they can see if the alert is correct. 题目列表 1.Why did Shanya invent the new fire detection system? A.To compete in the science fair. B.To relieve her anxiety about fire. C.To help reduce people's fire loss. D.To market it for mass production. 2.When the kitchen is on fire,Shanya's fire detection system can A.find out heat sources B.give a fire alarm C.record the burning process D.identify different people 3.To make the detection system more accurate,Shanya A.tested all kinds of sensors B.placed it on the ceiling C.conducted some experiments D.combined it with an app 4.According to the passage,which can best describe Shanya? A.Outgoing and smart. B.Helpful and generous. C.Modest and determined. D.Creative and hardworking. 3 核心词汇详解 1.detection 核心词性 名词(，高频核心)：核心含义一是”探测；侦查”（科技、安全场景），常 用搭配fire detection system(火灾探测系统)：二是”察觉；发现”（抽象概 念)，例early detection of diseases(疾病的早期发现). 动词(v.,高中核心)：detect,核心含义是”探测；察觉”，强调通过技术 或感官发现不易察觉的事物，例detect heat sources(探测热源)、detect a change(察觉到变化)。 词性转换 形容词：detective,核心含义是”侦探的；探测的”，例a detective story(侦 探故事)、detective equipment(探测设备)。 名词：detector,核心含义是”探测器”，具体指用于探测的装置，例smoke detector(烟雾探测器)、metal detector(金属探测器)。 高频搭配 名词detection的搭配：detection system(探测系统)、heat detection(热 源探测)、early detection(早期发现)、detection accuracy(探测精度)。 动词detect的搭配：detect signals(探测信号)、detect errors(发现错误)、 detect the presence of(探测到…的存在)。 易混辨析 detection vs discovery:detection侧重通过技术手段或细致观察”探测 到隐蔽的事物”，如辐射、热量等；discovery侧重首次”发现原本存在但未 被认知的事物”，如发现新物种、新规律。 detector vs sensor:detector是”探测器”，完整装置，用于特定目标探测 (如烟雾、金属)：sensor是”传感器”，装置内部的敏感元件，负责将物理信 号转化为电信号，例a temperature sensor(温度传感器)是detector的组 成部分。 2.reliable 核心词性 形容词(adj.,高频核心)：核心含义是”可靠的；可信赖的”，强调性能稳定 或人值得信任，例a reliable system(可靠的系统)、a reliable friend(可信 赖的朋友)。 副词（adv,高中核心)：reliably,核心含义是”可靠地；稳定地”，修饰动 词或形容词，例work reliably(稳定运行)、predict reliably(可靠预测)。 词性转换 动词：rely,核心含义是”依靠；依赖”，不及物动词，搭配rely on/upon, 例rely on technology(依靠技术)、rely on oneself(依靠自己)。 名词：reliability,核心含义是”可靠性”，抽象名词，指性能稳定的特性，例 the reliability of the equipment(设备的可靠性)。 高频搭配 形容词reliable的搭配：reliable data(可靠数据)、reliable source(可靠来 源)、reliable performance(稳定性能)、reliable evidence(可信证据)。 动词rely的搭配：rely heavily on(严重依赖)、rely on sb.todo(依靠某 人做某事)、rely on luck(靠运气)。 易混辨析 reliable vs dependable:两者均含”可靠”，reliable侧重”性能稳定、结 果可预期”（如机器、数据）；dependable侧重”人或组织在需要时可依赖”， 情感色彩更强，例a dependable teammate(可信赖的队友)。 reliable vs trustful:reliable指”被信赖的”（事物/人自身属性)；trustful 指”轻信的：信任他人的”（人的态度)，例a trustful child(轻信的孩子)。 5 3.significant 核心词性 形容词(adj,高频核心)：核心含义一是”重要的；显著的”（强调影响或程 度)，例a significant change(显著变化)、a significant event(重要事件)； 二是”相当数量的”（修饰数字或程度），例a significant amount of smoke (大量烟雾)。 名词(n.,高中低频)：significance,核心含义是”重要性；意义”，抽象名 词，例the significance of education(教育的重要性)、historical significance (历史意义)。 词性转换 副词：significantly,核心含义是”显著地；大大地”，修饰动词或形容词，例 prices increased significantly(价格大幅上涨)、improve significantly(显著 改善)。 动词：signify,核心含义是”表示；意味着”，正式用语，例a red light signifies danger(红灯表示危险)。 高频搭配 形容词significant的搭配：significant impact(重大影响)、significant dif- ference(显著差异)、significant number(相当数量)、significant progress (重要进展)。 名词significance的搭配：of great significance(意义重大)、attach significance to(重视)、significance level(显著性水平)。 易混辨析 significant vs important:significant强调”影响深远或数据上显著”，更 客观；important侧重”主观认为重要”，使用范围更广，例an important meeting(重要会议)可替换，a significant drop in sales(销量显著下滑)更 精准。 significant vs considerable:两者均表”数量大”，significant强调”重要 性”（如significant funds暗示资金用途重要）；considerable仅强调”规模 大”（如considerable time仅指时间长）。 6 4.thermal 核心词性 形容词(adj,高频核心)：核心含义是”热的：热量的：保暖的”，科技/物 理领域常用，例thermal energy(热能)、thermal camera(热成像相机)、 thermal underwear(保暖内衣)。 名词(n.,高中低频)：thermals,核心含义是”上升热气流”（气象学）或” 保暖衣”（复数），例birds use thermals to fly(鸟类利用热气流飞翔)。 词性转换 名词：thermometer,核心含义是”温度计”，测量温度的仪器，例digital thermometer(电子温度计)。 名词：thermodynamics,核心含义是”热力学”，物理学科名，例laws of thermodynamics(热力学定律)。 高频搭配 形容词thermal的搭配：thermal camera(热成像相机)、thermal detection (热探测)、thermal insulation(隔热)、thermal radiation(热辐射)。 名词搭配：thermal power(热能)、thermal spring(温泉)thermal efficiency (热效率)。 易混辨析 thermal vs hot:thermal是科技/专业术语，指”与热相关的属性”（如 thermal conductivity导热性)：hot是日常用词，指”温度高的”，例ahot stove(热炉子)，不可替换为thermal。. thermal vs heated:thermal侧重”热量本身”，例thermal energy;heated 侧重”被加热的；激烈的”，例heated argument(激烈争论)、heated water (热水)。 7 5.differentiate 核心词性 动词（v.,高频核心)：核心含义一是”区分；辨别”，常与between…and 搭配，例differentiate between right and wrong(区分对错)；二是”使不同； 使有差异”，例species differentiate over time(物种随时间进化分化)。 形容词(ad山j,高中核心)：different,核心含义是”不同的”，基础词汇，例 different opinions(不同观点)。 词性转换 名词：difference,核心含义是”差异；不同”，例the difference between A andB(A与B的差异)、make a difference(有影响)。 名词：differentiation,核心含义是”区分；分化”，抽象名词，例differentiation of species(物种分化)、product differentiation(产品差异化)。 副词：differently,核心含义是”不同地”，例think differently(不同地思 考)。 高频搭配 动词differentiate的搭配：differentiate A from B(区分A和B)、differentiate between two things(区分两件事物)、differentiate oneself(脱颖而出)。 名词differentiation的搭配：market differentiation(市场差异化)、cell dif- ferentiation(细胞分化)、differentiation strategy（差异化战略)。 易混辨析 differentiate vs distinguish:两者均可表”区分”，differentiate更正式， 侧重”通过细节或特征辨别”，例differentiate between identical twins(区分 同卵双胞胎)；distinguish更常用，可接by(通过…区分)，例distinguish by color(通过颜色区分)。 differentiate vs vary:differentiate强调”主动使不同”（如differentiate products产品差异化)：vary侧重”自然变化”（如prices vary价格不同）。 答案与逐题解析 正确答案：24-27CBCD 1.C (To help reduce people's fire loss.) 考点：细节理解题 语境逻辑：文中明确提到This incident inspired her to create a fire detection system to help people suffer less loss from fires..”,其中”suffer less loss'”与选项C”reduce people's fire loss”为 同义替换。 选项辨析：A选项To compete in the science fair”并非发明初衷，科学展是成果展示平台；B 选项'"relieve her anxiety”文中未提及，焦虑的是母亲；D选项”market for mass production”属 于后续可能的计划，非发明动机。 2.B (give a fire alarm) 考点：细节理解题 语境逻辑：根据The system can send a text message when it detects a fire but no human presence for a continuous 10-minute period.”可知，系统在检测到火灾时会发送短信，即发出火 警警报。 8 选项辨析：A选项”find out heat sources”是系统的基础功能，但题目强调”when the kitchen is on fire'”的核心作用；C选项”record the burning process'”文中未提及；D选项"identify different people'”是系统区分人与热源的技术细节，并非火灾时的主要功能。 3.C (conducted some experiments) 考点：细节理解题 语境逻辑：文中提到"Shanya conducted multiple trials..In the end,Shanya's system accurately detected..98%.97%of the time”,通过多次试验(experiments)提升了系统的准确性。 选项辨析：A选项"tested all kinds of sensors”文中未提及传感器测试；B选项”placed it on the ceiling”与原文”on the wall above the stove but under the stove range”不符；D选项”combined it with an app”是获胜后的改进计划，并非提升准确性的措施。 4.D (Creative and hardworking.) 考点：人物性格推断题 语境逻辑：Shanya从生活事件中获得灵感，将热像仪与微型电脑结合发明新系统，体现Creative”; 通过”conducted multiple trials”反复试验优化系统，体现”hardworking”。 选项辨析：A选项”Outgoing”文中未体现；B选项"”generous”无相关信息；C选项”Modest” 未提及，”determined”虽有体现，但"Creative'”更贴合发明过程的核心特质；D选项最全面概 括其创新与努力的特点。