阅读理解57-北京市部分地区近两年（2024-2025）高二英语期末真题汇编

2 阅读理解-阅读单选57 【知识点】科普知识说明文 试题基本信息 。题型：阅读理解-阅读单选 ·文章长度：约430词 。 核心知识点：科普知识、说明文 。考查重点：细节理解、推理判断、主旨大意 材料剖析 ·文章主题：通过研究珠鸡(vulturine guineafowl)的社会行为，挑战“复杂社会结构需要 高脑力”的传统假设。 ·结构线索：引入现象→研究背景与方法→研究发现→意义与延伸。 。核心论点：多层级社会结构可能不需要大的大脑，小脑动物也能形成复杂社会。 阅读理解短文 A group of blue-faced birds step through the grass shoulder to shoulder,red eyes looking around.They look like middle schoolers seeking a cafeteria table at lunchtime.Perhaps they' re not so different.A new study,led by Damien Farine,an ornithologist who studies collective behaviour,shows that the vulturine guineafowl of eastern Africa,like humans,have multilevel societies.In the past,scientists assumed such social structures required a lot of brainpower.But the pea-brained guineafowl are revealing the faults in that assumption. These large birds wander across the landscape in packs,often walking so closely that their bodies touch.,They may fight each other to maintain their strict hierarchies(等级制度)，but at other times they engage in friendly behaviours like sharing food.Suspecting the guineafowl might have a social structure,Dr.Farine and his colleagues began a thorough study of their society.For a whole year,they made daily observations of 441 birds.Coloured leg bands in unique combinations let researchers tell the black-and-blue birds apart.They also attached GPS devices to the backs of 58 birds,which let them see exactly where every group went,24 hours a day. The findings of the research suggest that the vulturine guineafowl have a multilevel society. There are groups within groups within the population as a whole.There even seem to be groups of friends within the small groups.This is the first time anyone has observed such a society in a bird. And Dr.Farine emphasizes this particular bird's tiny brain size:"They don't only have small brains relative to mammals(哺乳动物)，they also have quite small brains relative to other 3 birds,"he said.According to him,living in this kind of society might actually make it easier to keep track of the social order.For example,if groups are stable and a bird can identify just one or two individuals within a group,it knows which group it's looking at-no need for a brain that can recognize every single animal.Multilevel societies also let animals adjust their group sizes based on whatever challenges they're facing.Depending on what enemies or resources are around,it might make sense to travel in a combined group rather than a smaller one."Having a multilevel structure may not require having a large brain,"Dr.Farine said.There may be more birds and other animals out there that,although small-brained,have societies as many-leveled as our own. 题目列表 28.According to the passage,what inspired Dr.Farine to carry out the study? A.The guineafowl's social behaviour. B.Previous assumptions about birds. C.His interest in animal brainpower. D.The faults in earlier research. 29.What can be learned from the passage? A.Complex social systems can be a disadvantage to the guineafowl. B.The guineafowl are good at recognizing individuals in a group. C.Birds maintain social order by travelling in combined groups D.Small-brained animals can form multilevel societies. 30.What is the main purpose of the passage? A.To present the findings of a study of the guineafowl B.To explain the interaction patterns in multilevel societies. C.To introduce a new approach to observing the guineafowl. D.To uncover clues about how complex societies are formed 核心词汇详解 1.ornithologist 核心词性 名词（.，高频核心)：鸟类学家；鸟类研究者（专门研究鸟类的科学家) 例：Damien Farine,,an ornithologist who studies collective behaviour（研究 集体行为的鸟类学家达米安·法林) 词性转换 名词：ornithology(鸟类学)、形容词：ornithological(鸟类学的) 例：He has a deep interest in ornithology.(他对鸟类学有浓厚兴趣) 高频搭配 无特殊高频搭配，通常用于介绍研究者身份，如an ornithologist specializing in…(专门研究…的鸟类学家) 易混辨析 ornithologist vs zoologist:前者特指研究“鸟类”的专家；后者指研究 “动物学”的专家，范围涵盖所有动物。 2.hierarchy 核心词性 名词(.，高频核心)：等级制度；等级体系（社会、组织等中的权力或地位 层级) 常用搭配：social hierarchy(社会等级制度)、strict hierarchy(严格的等级 制度) 例：They may fight each other to maintain their strict hierarchies..(它们可 能互相争斗以维持严格的等级制度) 词性转换 形容词：hierarchical(等级制度的；有层级的)、副词：hierarchically(按 等级地) 例：a hierarchical organization(等级森严的组织) 高频搭配 名词：hierarchy of power(权力层级)、hierarchy system(等级体系) 易混辨析 hierarchy vs ranking:前者强调“系统性的层级结构”，包含权力、地位 等的高低秩序；后者侧重“排名；名次”，通常指具体的顺序排列。 3.multilevel 核心词性 形容词（dj,高频核心)：多层次的；多级的（用于描述具有多个层级或级 别的事物) 常用搭配：multilevel society(多层次社会)、multilevel structure(多层次结 构) 例：The vulturine guineafowl have a multilevel society.(秃珠鸡具有多层级 社会) 词性转换 名词：multilevelness(多层次性) 例：the multilevelness of the social system(社会系统的多层次性) 高频搭配 multilevel management(多级管理)、multilevel approach(多层次方法) 易混辨析 multilevel vs multiple:前者强调“层级上的多”，指事物包含不同级别或 层次；后者强调“数量上的多”，指多个同类事物。 4.mammal 核心词性 名词(，高频核心)：哺乳动物（用乳汁哺育幼崽的脊椎动物） 例：They have small brains relative to mammals.(相对于哺乳动物，它们 的大脑较小) 词性转换 形容词：mammalian(哺乳动物的) 例：mammalian characteristics(哺乳动物特征) 高频搭配 marine mammals(海洋哺乳动物)、terrestrial mammals(陆地哺乳动物) 易混辨析 mammal vs reptile:前者是“哺乳动物”，特点是胎生（少数卵生）、哺乳、 体表有毛：后者是“爬行动物”，特点是卵生、体表有鳞或甲、变温。 5 5.stable 核心词性 形容词(adj,高频核心)：稳定的；稳固的（状态、关系等不变化、不摇晃） 常用搭配：stable society(稳定的社会)、stable relationship(稳定的关系) 例：If groups are stable,a bird can identify just one or two individuals.（如 果群体稳定，一只鸟可以识别仅一两个个体) 词性转换 名词：stability(稳定性；稳固性)、副词：stably(稳定地) 例：political stability(政治稳定) 高频搭配 stable condition(稳定状态)、stable price(稳定的价格) 易混辨析 stable vs steady:前者侧重“状态持久不变，不受千扰”；后者侧重“连 续、均匀，不摇晃、不中断”。 6.identify 核心词性 动词(v,高频核心)：识别：认出（确认某人或某物的身份）；确定；发现 (找出问题、原因等) 常用搭配：identify sb./sth.(识别某人/某物)、identify the cause(确定原 因) 例：A bird can identify just one or two individuals within a group.(一只鸟 可以识别群体中仅一两个个体) 词性转换 名词：identification(识别；身份证明)、形容词：identifiable(可识别的) 例：fingerprint identification(指纹识别) 高频搭配 identify with（认同；与…有共鸣)、identify.…as..（把…确定为…) 易混辨析 identify vs recognize:前者强调“通过特征、细节等确认身份或性质”，过 程可能更主动、需要分析：后者强调“再次认出曾见过的人或物”，侧重记忆 中的熟悉感。 7.adjust 核心词性 动词(v,高频核心)：调整；调节（改变以适应新情况）：校准；校正（使 准确、合适) 常用搭配：adjust to(适应…)、adjust sth.(调整某物) Animals adjust their group sizes based on whatever challenges they're facing..(动物根据面临的挑战调整群体大小) 词性转换 名词：adjustment(调整；适应)、形容词：adjustable(可调整的) 例：make an adjustment(做出调整) 高频搭配 adjust to life(适应生活)、adjust the temperature(调节温度) 易混辨析 adjust vs adapt:前者侧重“通过改变细节或方式来适应”；后者侧重“改 变自身以适应新环境、新条件”，也可指“改编”（作品等）。 6 8.resource 核心词性 名词(，高频核心)：资源（自然资源、人力资源等）：资料；财力 常用搭配：natural resources(自然资源)、human resources（人力资源) 例：Depending on what enemies or resources are around..(根据周围有什 么敌人或资源…) 词性转换 形容词：resourceful(资源丰富的；足智多谋的) 例：a resour℃eful person(足智多谋的人) 高频搭配 learning resources(学习资源)、resource management(资源管理) 易混辨析 resource vs source:前者指“可利用的资源”，如自然资源、人力资源；后 者指“来源、源头”，如信息源、水源。 答案与逐题解析 正确答案：28-30ADD 28.A (The guineafowl's social behaviour) 考点：细节理解题 语境逻辑：文章第二段提到“Suspecting the guineafowl might have a social structure,.Dr.Farine and his colleagues began a thorough study of their society.”,前文具体描述了珍珠鸡的社会行 为，如“walk so closely that their bodies touch”“fight to maintain hierarchies'”“share food” 等。 选项辨析：这些具体的社会行为让Dr.Farine怀疑它们可能存在社会结构，从而开展研究。B选 项“Previous assumptions about birds”(关于鸟类的先前假设)、C选项“His interest in animal brainpower”(他对动物脑力的兴趣)、D选项“The faults in earlier research”(早期研究的错 误)均未在文中明确作为研究的直接诱因，A选项符合语境。 29.D(Small-brained animals can form multilevel societies) 考点：推理判断题 语境逻辑：文章开头提到“the pea-brained guineafowl are revealing the faults in that assumption (that multilevel societies required a lot of brainpower)”,结尾Dr.Farine总结“Having a multilevel structure may not require having a large brain”,，且指出“there may be more birds and other animals...although small-brained,have societies as many-leveled as our own". 选项辨析：A选项“Complex social systems can be a disadvantage”(复杂社会系统可能是劣 势)文中未提及；B选项“good at recognizing individuals'”与文中“no need for a brain that can recognize every single animal'”相悖；C选项“maintain social order by travelling in combined groups”(通过群体联合维持社会秩序)曲解文意，文中说的是根据挑战调整群体大小，联合群 体是应对挑战的方式而非维持秩序的方式；D选项“Small-brained animals can form multilevel societies'”(小脑动物能形成多层级社会)符合全文主旨，即珍珠鸡作为小脑动物却有多层级社 会，推翻了先前假设。 30.A (To present the findings of a study of the guineafowl) 考点：主旨大意题 7 语境逻辑：文章以珍珠鸡的社会行为引入，详细介绍了Dr.Farine团队的研究过程（观察441 只鸟、给8只鸟装GPS等)和核心发现（珍珠鸡具有多层级社会，且这种结构不需要大的大 脑)，最后基于研究结果进行推测。 选项辨析：B选项“explain the interaction patterns in multilevel societies”(解释多层级社 会的互动模式)并非重点，文中未详细解释互动模式；C选项“introduce a new approach to observing”(介绍观察新方法)文中仅提及观察手段，并非主旨；D选项“uncover clues about how complex societies are formed”(揭示复杂社会形成的线索)文中未深入探讨形成机制；A 选项“To present the findings of a study of the guineafowl”(呈现关于珍珠鸡的研究发现)符 合文章核心内容，全文围绕该研究展开，呈现其发现。