阅读理解42-北京市部分地区近两年（2024-2025）高二英语期末真题汇编

1 阅读理解-阅读单选42 试题基本信息 ·题型：阅读理解（阅读单选/选择4题，全文约490词） ·核心知识点：交通与运输、社会问题与社会现象、说明文 。考查重点：写作目的、词义猜测、细节理解、推理判断 材料剖析 。文章结构：荷兰交通改革案例引入→美国交通现状问题→问题成因分析→解决方案 提出→反驳反对意见→改革挑战与措施→总结改革原则与意义 。主旨脉络：通过对比荷兰与美国交通状况，指出美国交通问题严重性，提出减少汽车依 赖、改善街道设计、加强公共交通等解决方案，强调这些改革能提升道路安全 阅读理解短文 In the 1970s,a nation confronted a crisis of traffic deaths.Protesters took to the streets to fight a rooted culture of drivers who considered roads theirs alone.But this wasn't the US-it was the Netherlands.In 1975,the rate of traffic deaths there was 20%higher than in the US,but by the mid-2000s it had fallen to 60%lower than in the US.Thanks to a Dutch movement,traffic deaths fell and streets were restored for people,not for cars.Today the country is a haven for cyclists and pedestrians(行人). The US has the highest number of traffic deaths among wealthy countries.And the death rate is more than double the average rate in other wealthy countries. Many US cities have abundant space for parking and wide,multilane(多车道的)”stroads'”, a mix between a street (where cars move slowly and people can walk safely)and a road (where cars move fast).Stroads are optimized for moving many vehicles through an area at high speed. Yet widening or expanding the number of streets only incentivizes more people to drive,which results in more traffic.At the same time,cars have gotten bigger and deadlier-SUVs and trucks now represent more than 80%of car sales in the US.If we want to give more space to pedestrians and cyclists,we need to separate them from high-speed vehicles by building more well-maintained sidewalks and protected bike lanes,and by implementing traffic-calming measures such as speed bumps and narrower streets. We can redesign streets to make people drive more slowly or to discourage driving altogether. And we can invest in better public transit to make it an inviting alternative to cars.Buses need reliable schedules and dedicated lanes so they don't get stuck in the traffic we're trying to reduce. However,efforts to reduce car dependence are often met with fierce opposition by people who dismiss them as a"war on cars".But drivers also benefit from many of these changes,which 2 would reduce traffic and make driving safer.Others argue that these changes will harm disabled people,yet the opposite may be true-reduced car dependence,if paired with disability-centered infrastructure(基础设施)，could make cities more accessible..And emergency vehicles aren'tmuch help to anyone if they're stuck in traffic. Coming up with better road designs and public transit will require significant up-front invest- ment,and the effects may not be seen for years.But we could subsidize (the cost,get rid of free parking,and add more bike lanes. Of course,the same solutions won't work everywhere,and change won't happen all at once. Each city has its own unique considerations and challenges.And such an ambitious project will require rethinking many of our assumptions about our car culture.But the benefits could make everyone safer. 题目选项列表 1.Why does the author mention the Netherlands in Paragraph 1? A.To make a contrast.B.To clarify a concept.C.To justify an argument. D.To present an assumption. 2.What does the underlined word "incentivize"in Paragraph 3 probably mean? A.Order.B.Remind.C.Challenge.D.Encourage. 3.Which of the following practices may the author support? A.Widening streets.B.Establishing free parking areas.C.Constructing bus-only lanes. D.Producing large and secure cars. 4.What can we learn from the passage? A.More stroads result in fewer traffic deaths. B.Decreased reliance on cars contributes to road safety. C.Improving public transportation will bring an instant impact. D.Other wealthy countries should copy the Netherlands'example. 3 核心词汇详解 1.crisis 核心词性 名词(，高频核心)：危机；危急关头（指严重困难或危险的局面） 常用搭配：economic crisis(经济危机) (疾病的)危险期：the crisis of a fever(发烧的危险期) 转折点：a crisis in one's career(职业生涯的转折点) 词性转换 形容词：critical(关键的；危急的) 例：a critical situation(危急情况) 高频搭配 名词：financial crisis(金融危机)、energy crisis(能源危机) 动词：face a crisis(面临危机)、overcome a crisis(克服危机) 易混辨析 crisis vs emergency:前者”全面危机”，后者”紧急情况” crisis vs disaster:前者”转折点危机”，后者”灾难” 2.incentivize 核心词性 动词(V,高频核心)：激励；刺激；鼓励（通过提供奖励或好处促使某人做 某事) 例：The policy incentivizes people to use public transport..(这项政策鼓励人 们使用公共交通) 词性转换 名词：incentive(激励；动机) 例：financial incentives(经济激励) 高频搭配 动词：incentivize sb.to do sth.(激励某人做某事) 名词：provide incentives(提供激励) 易混辨析 incentivize vs motivate:前者侧重”外部激励”，后者侧重”内部动机” incentivize vs encourage:前者更正式，强调”物质激励” 3.infrastructure 核心词性 名词(，高频核心)：基础设施：基础建设（指社会运转所必需的基本设施） 常用搭配：transportation infrastructure(交通基础设施) public infrastructure（公共基础设施) 词性转换 形容词：infrastructural(基础设施的) 例：infrastructural development(基础设施建设) 高频搭配 名词：urban infrastructure(城市基础设施)、digital infrastructure（数字基 础设施) 动词：improve infrastructure(改善基础设施) 易混辨析 infrastructure vs facilities:前者”基础建设”，后者”设施” infrastructure vs superstructure:前者”基础设施”，后者”上层建筑” 4.subsidize 核心词性 动词(v,高频核心)：补贴：资助：给…发津贴（政府或机构为降低成本 等对某人或某物提供资金支持) 例：The government subsidizes farmers to grow organic crops..(政府补贴农 民种植有机作物) 词性转换 名词：subsidy(补贴；津贴) 例：receive a government subsidy(获得政府补贴) 高频搭配 动词：subsidize education(补贴教育)、subsidize renewable energy(补贴 可再生能源) 名词：government subsidies(政府补贴) 易混辨析 subsidize vs finance:前者”补贴”，后者”融资” subsidize vs support:前者特指”经济补贴”，后者泛指”支持” 5.accessibility 核心词性 名词(.，高频核心)：可进入性：可使用性；易接近性（指某物或某地能够 被到达、使用或理解的程度) 常用搭配：accessibility to education(受教育的机会) physical accessibility(身体可接近性) 词性转换 形容词：accessible（可接近的；易使用的) 例：The museum is accessible to wheelchair users.(博物馆对轮椅使用者开 放) 高频搭配 名词：improve accessibility(提高可及性)、digital accessibility(数字可及 性) 动词：ensure accessibility(确保可及性) 易混辨析 accessibility vs availability:前者”可接近性”，后者”可获得性” accessibility vs convenience:前者”可及性”，后者”便利性” 5 6.dependence 核心词性 名词(，高频核心)：依赖；依靠；依赖性（指对某人或某物的依赖关系） 常用搭配：dependence on sth.(对某物的依赖) drug dependence(药物依赖) 词性转换 动词：depend(依赖；依靠) 形容词：dependent(依赖的) 例：Children are dependent on their parents.(孩子依懒父母) 高频搭配 名词：economic dependence(经济依赖)、reduce dependence(减少依赖) 动词：become dependent on(变得依赖) 易混辨析 dependence vs independence:前者”依赖”，后者”独立” dependence vs addiction:前者”依赖”，后者”上瘾” 7.opposition 核心词性 名词(n.,高频核心)：反对；反抗；异议（常用搭配：face opposition) 对立；敌对：the opposition between good and evil(善与恶的对立) 反对党；在野党（首字母常大写）：the Opposition(反对党) 词性转换 动词：oppose(反对；对抗) 形容词：opposed(反对的) 例：I am opposed to the plan..(我反对这个计划) 高频搭配 名词：in opposition to(反对)、strong opposition(强烈反对) 动词：oppose sth.(反对某事) 易混辨析 opposition vs resistance:前者”反对意见”，后者”抵抗” opposition vs objection:前者”全面反对”，后者”具体异议” 8.ambitious 核心词性 形容词(adj,高频核心)：有雄心的：有抱负的；有野心的（指人有远大目 标) 例：an ambitious student(有抱负的学生) 宏大的；艰巨的；有挑战性的（指计划、项目等规模大或难度高） 例：an ambitious project(一项宏大的工程) 词性转换 副词：ambitiously(雄心勃勃地) 例：She ambitiously pursued her career.(她雄心勃勃地追求事业) 高频搭配 形容词：ambitious goals(宏伟目标)、ambitious plans(宏大的计划) 动词：be ambitious to do sth.(渴望做某事) 易混辨析 ambitious vs aspiring:前者”有野心的”，后者”有抱负的” ambitious vs determined:前者”有雄心的”，后者”坚定的” 6 9.assumption 核心词性 名词(.，高频核心)：假定；假设；设想（基于某种想法的推测，不一定有 事实依据) 常用搭配：make an assumption(做出假设) 承担；担任（正式用词，指承担责任、职位等） 例：the assumption of power(掌权) 词性转换 动词：assume(假定；假设；承担) 例：I assume that he is coming.(我假定他会来) 高频搭配 名词：on the assumption that(假定)、false assumption(错误假设) 动词：assume responsibility(承担责任) 易混辨析 assumption vs presumption:前者”假设”，后者”推定” assumption vs supposition:前者”基本假设”，后者”推测” 10.transit 核心词性 名词(n,高频核心)：运输；运送；公共交通（常用搭配：public transit) mass transit(大运量公共交通) 中转；过境：in transit(在运输中；在途中) 词性转换 动词：transfer(转运；转乘) 形容词：transit(转运的) 例：transit visa(过境签证) 高频搭配 名词：public transit system(公共交通系统)、transit hub(交通枢纽) 动词：transit goods(转运货物) 易混辨析 transit vs transportation:前者”运输过程”，后者”运输方式” transit vs transition:前者”运输”，后者”过渡” 答案与逐题解析 正确答案：23-26ADCD 1.A (To make a contrast.) 考点：写作目的题 语境：第一段先描述荷兰20世纪70年代交通死亡危机及后续改善，对比美国当前交通死亡问 题。荷兰从比美国高20%到低60%，美国却是富裕国家中交通死亡人数最高的，形成鲜明对比。 辨析：A.对比（符合荷兰与美国现状的对比逻辑）；B.澄清概念（未涉及概念解释）；C.证明 论点（段落未先提出论点再用荷兰证明）：D.呈现假设（荷兰是真实案例，非假设）。 2.D(Encourage.） 考点：词义猜测题 语境：第三段提到”拓宽街道或增加街道数量只会incentivizes更多人开车，导致更多交通拥堵”， 7 ”更多人开车”是拓宽街道的结果，结合逻辑，拓宽道路会”鼓励”驾驶行为。 辨析：A.命令（语气强硬，不符合语境）；B.提醒（无”提醒”含义）；C.挑战（与”更多人开 车”逻辑相反)：D.鼓励（符合”拓宽道路→更多人开车”的因果关系）。 3.C (Constructing bus-only lanes.) 考点：细节理解题 语境：第四段明确指出"Buses need reliable schedules and dedicated lanes so they don't get stuck in the traff伍c”,即需要公交专用道，这是作者支持的做法。 辨析：A.拓宽街道（第三段提到会导致更多交通拥堵，作者反对）；B.建立免费停车场（最 后一段提到”get rid of free parking”,即取消免费停车，反对)：C.修建公交专用道（符合第四 段”dedicated lanes”的建议)；D.生产大型安全汽车（第三段指出”cars have gotten bigger and deadlier”,作者认为大车更危险，反对)。 4.D (Other wealthy countries should copy the Netherlands'example. 考点：推理判断题 语境：全文通过荷兰案例引出美国交通问题，提出改善建议，但未提及其他富裕国家应复制荷 兰模式，反而强调the same solutions won't work everywhere'”(解决方案需因地制宜)。 辨析：A.更多stroads减少交通死亡（第三段指出stroads优化高速通行，未提减少死亡，且美 国stroads多但死亡率高，矛盾)；B.减少汽车依赖促进道路安全（倒数第二段提到'the benefits could make everyone safer'”,符合逻辑)；C.改善公共交通立竿见影（最后一段提到"effects may not be seen for years'”,即效果需多年显现，错误)：D.其他富裕国家应复制荷兰模式（作者强 调各地情况不同，解决方案需因地制宜，错误)。 (注：原答案中26题选项B为正确答案，此处根据解析逻辑修正选项对应字母，原答案格式 中26题选项D应为B,可能存在排版误差，正确解析指向B选项"Decreased reliance on cars contributes to road safety.")