阅读理解18-北京市部分地区近两年（2024-2025）高二英语期末真题汇编

1 阅读理解-阅读单选18 试题基本信息 。题型：阅读理解-阅读单选（约510词) 。核心知识点：哲理感悟、说明文 ·考查重点：写作意图推断、细节推断、主旨归纳 材料剖析 。文章结构：以“21点游戏”比喻人生决策→提出“最大化者(maximisers)”与“满足 者(satisficers)”的对比→分析最大化者的局限性→引入“心理距离法”作为解决方案 →阐述心理距离法的作用机制→总结观点 ·核心论点：通过心理距离法（长远视角）可以做出更好决策，享受过程而非仅关注结果 阅读理解短文 Life,it could be argued,is like a long game of blackjack.In one common version of this,each person is dealt with two playing cards.The aim is for your hand to add to 21,or as close to this as you can get.Player can either“stick”with their existing hand or“twist”-asking to be dealt another card to add to their total.The risk,of course,is that you exceed 21 and are eliminated. This may sound far removed from everyday choices,but many of our most important life decisions boil down to such dilemmas.Should I stay put or take the leap and move house?Should I remain in my job or start my own business?The inherent uncertainty leaves many of us ending up staying in the status quo,never giving ourselves the chance to win big. Perhaps we can learn a trick from "maximisers":individuals with a strong urge to find the optimal(最佳的)outcome for every situation.They would be more willing to”twist'”if their current options aren't working.And this approach to life certainly has some advantages.For example, among a sample of students looking for work,maximisers ended up getting a 20%higher salary compared with "satisficers",people who tend to choose the first acceptable option. Nevertheless,in reality there are simply too many options to weigh up the pros and cons of every choice.Natural maximisers can feel so overwhelmed with the options,and they are troubled by the doubt that a superior option might be among those they did not evaluate.Perhaps as a consequence,they tend to suffer badly from feelings of regret and"fear of missing out",which affects their overall life satisfaction. Fortunately,a technique appears to tackle the problem.The strategy is known as psychological distancing,which is akin to taking a fly-on-the-wall view of things.There are many ways to apply it.You might imagine you are advising a close friend in a similar dilemma,for example,or you 2 could try to predict how you would view the decision and its consequences at some time in the mid-to-distant future. Previous research has shown that psychological distancing techniques contribute to greater in- tellectual humility,which encourages people to consider more sources of information before coming to a judgement.This approach can also help us deal with the consequences of our big decisions. When using psychological distancing techniques,people are better able to regulate their emotions -which we must do to process the choices we have made.In addition,discussing life's dis- appointments from such a distanced perspective helps us extract meaning from our experiences. That should prevent you becoming immersed in the feelings of regret that can follow stick-or-twist decisions. As everyone knows,Lady Luck won't work in your favour all the time,no matter how smart your decision making has been.Nevertheless,by applying this psychological research,you can make the most of your hand-and take greater pleasure in the thrill of the game. 题目选项列表 32.The author mentions "maximisers"mainly to. A.highlight the advantages of maximisers B.bring out a sound way of making choices C.illustrate the difficulty of decision making D.emphasize the value of informed decisions 33.What can be inferred about psychological distancing? A.Intellectual humble people can optimize psychological distancing. B.The increased psychological distance may expose people to a feeling of regret. C.Increasing psychological distance assists in forming a proper view of negative moods. D.Emotional regulation is crucial in the application of psychological distancing techniques. 34.What can we learn from the passage? A.The first choice should be prioritized. B.Resolving a dilemma ensures the chance to win big. C.Stick-or-twist decisions are vital in reshaping people's future. D.Looking at the bigger picture results in better decision making. 3 核心词汇详解 1.maximiser 核心词性 名词(，高频核心)：追求最优者：最大化者（指在各种情况下都强烈渴望 找到最佳结果的人) 常用搭配：natural maximisers(天生的追求最优者)、among maximisers(在 追求最优者中) 动词(v.,延伸)：maximise(使最大化；充分利用) 例：They aim to ma.rimise efficienc.(他们旨在最大化效率) 词性转换 动词：maximise(核心)、名词：maximization(最大化；极大化) 例：the ma.cimization of resources(资源的最大化利用) 高频搭配 动词：maximise the outcome(使结果最优化)、maximise opportunities(充 分利用机会) 易混辨析 maximiser vs satisficer:前者“追求最优”，后者“满足于足够好” 2.satisficer 核心词性 名词(，高频核心)：满足者；满意即可者（指倾向于选择第一个可接受选 项而非追求最优选项的人) 常用搭配：compared with satisficers(与满足者相比)、tend to be a satisficer (倾向于是一个满足者) 动词(v.,延伸)：satisfice(在决策中)满足于足够好的选择；将就) 例：He decided to satisfice with the first offer.(他决定接受第一个报价) 词性转换 动词：satisfice(核心)、名词：satisficing(满意决策；满足策略) 例：the strategy of satisficing(满意决策策略) 高频搭配 名词：satisficer behavior(满足者行为)、satisficer approach(满足者方式) 易混辨析 satisficer vs maximiser: 前者“接受足够好”，后者“追求最好” 3.dilemma 核心词性 名词(n,高频核心)：（进退两难的）困境：窘境；两难抉择 常用搭配：be in a dilemma(处于困境中)、face a dilemma(面临两难抉择) 词性转换 形容词：dilemmatic(进退两难的；左右为难的) 例：a dilemmatic situation(进退两难的局面) 高频搭配 moral dilemma(道德困境)、solve a dilemma(解决困境)、escape from the dilemma(摆脱困境) 易混辨析 dilemma vs problem:前者“两难选择”，后者“泛指问题” 4.inherent 核心词性 形容词(ad山j.,高频核心)：内在的；固有的：生来就有的 常用搭配：inherent uncertainty(内在的不确定性)、inherent characteristics (固有特征) 词性转换 名词：inherence(内在；固有；天赋)、副词：inherently(内在地：固有地) 例：inherently difficult(本质上困难的) 高频搭配 inherent risk(固有风险)、inherent in sth.(某事物固有的) 易混辨析 inherent vs intrinsic: 前者“天生固有”，后者“本质内在” 5.status quo 核心词性 名词(，高频核心)：现状：原来的状况（注意为不可数名词，无复数形式） 常用搭配：maintain the status quo(维持现状)、change the status quo（改 变现状) 高频搭配 remain in the status quo(保持现状)、the desire to preserve the status quo (维持现状的愿望) 易混辨析 status quo vs current situation:前者“正式用语”，后者“通用表达” 6.overwhelmed 核心词性 形容词(adj.,高频核心)：（情感上）被压倒的：不知所措的；（数量上）被 淹没的 常用搭配：be overwhelmed with sth.(被某事压垮)、feel overwhelmed(感 到不知所措) 动词过去分词(v.-ed,高频核心)：overwhelm(使不知所措；淹没；征服) 例：The task overwhelmed him.(这项任务让他不知所措) 词性转换 动词：overwhelm(核心)、名词：overwhelm(压倒性优势；泛滥)、副词： overwhelmingly(压倒性地) 例：overwhelmingly successful(取得压倒性成功) 高频搭配 overwhelmed by choices(被选择淹没)、overwhelmed with emotions(被情 绪淹没) 易混辨析 overwhelmed vs stressed:前者“情感上被压倒”，后者“压力大” 6 7.regret 核心词性 名词(n,高频核心)：懊悔；遗憾 常用搭配：feel regret(感到懊悔)、have no regret(没有遗憾) 动词(v,高频核心)：regret(懊悔：遗憾；后悔) 例：I regret doing that.(我后悔做了那件事》 词性转换 形容词：regretful(懊悔的；遗憾的)、副词：regretfully(遗憾地) 例：be regretful for sth.(为某事感到懊悔) 高频搭配 feelings of regret(懊悔感)、suffer from regret(遭受懊悔之苦)、regret the decision(后悔这个决定) 易混辨析 regret vs remorse:前者“一般后悔”，后者“深刻悔恨” 8.humility 核心词性 名词(.，高频核心)：谦逊；谦卑（指对自己能力或成就持谦虚态度的品质） 常用搭配：intellectual humility(理智的谦逊)、show humility(表现出谦逊) 词性转换 形容词：humble(谦逊的；谦虚的；卑微的)、副词：humbly(谦逊地) 例：a humble person(谦逊的人) 高频搭配 greater intellectual humility(更强的理智谦逊)、lack of humility(缺乏谦 逊) 易混辨析 humility vs modesty:前者“内在谦卑”，后者“外在谦虚” 9.immersed 核心词性 形容词（adj,高频核心)：沉浸的；专注的 常用搭配：be immersed in sth.(沉浸在某事中；专注于某事) 动词过去分词(v.-ed,高频核心)：immerse(使沉浸；使陷入) 例：Immersed in his work,he forgot the time.(他沉浸在工作中，忘了时间) 词性转换 动词：immerse(核心)、名词：immersion(沉浸；浸没) 例：language immersion(语言沉浸) 高频搭配 become immersed in(陷入；沉浸于)、immersed in feelings(沉浸在情绪中) 易混辨析 immersed vs absorbed:前者“完全沉浸”，后者“全神贯注” 6 10.optimal 核心词性 形容词(adj.,高频核心)：最佳的；最优的（指最理想或最有利的） 常用搭配：optimal outcome（最佳结果)、optimal solution(最优解) 词性转换 名词：optimality(最优性；最佳状态)、副词：optimally(最佳地) 例：function optimally(最佳地发挥作用) 高频搭配 optimal situation(最佳情境)、achieve optimal results(取得最佳结果) 易混辨析 optimal vs ideal:前者“实际最优”，后者“理想化” 答案与逐题解析 正确答案：32-34BCD 32.B (bring out a sound way of making choices) 考点：写作意图推断 语境逻辑：第三段先介绍“maximisers'”愿意在现有选择不佳时“twist'”(冒险尝试)，并举例说 明其优势（薪资更高），但第四段随即转折指出其弊端（选项过多导致后悔和错失恐惧）。第五段 以“Fortunately,.a technique appears to tackle the problem”引出“psychological distancing” 这一解决方法。可见提及“maximisers”是为了通过其局限性引出更合理的决策方式。 选项辨析：A仅强调优势，忽略转折后的弊端；C“决策困难”是maximisers面临的问题，非 作者主要目的：D“知情决策的价值”未体现。B“引出合理的选择方式”符合“提出问题→引 出解决方案”的逻辑。 33.C(Increasing psychological distance assists in forming a proper view of negative moods) 考点：细节推断 语境逻辑：第六段提到“psychological distancing techniques..help us deal with the conse quences...better able to regulate their emotions...prevent you becoming immersed in the feelings of regret'”,说明该方法能帮助调节情绪，避免沉浸在负面情绪中，即形成对负面情绪的 正确看待。 选项辨析：A颠倒逻辑，原文是“psychological distancing contributes to greater intellectual humility”,而非“谦逊的人优化该方法”；B与原文“prevent..…regret”矛盾；D“情绪调节是 关键”曲解原文，原文说该方法“有助于情绪调节”，而非情绪调节对方法应用至关重要。C符 合“处理后果、调节情绪、避免后悔”的描述。 34.D(Looking at the bigger picture results in better decision making) 考点：主旨归纳 语境逻辑：全文以“blackjack”比喻人生决策，指出“maximisers”和“satisficers'”的局限后， 提出“psychological distancing”方法，强调“taking a fly-on-the-wall view”“predict how you would view..in the mid-to-distant future'”(长远视角)，并说明其能促进全面信息考虑、情绪 调节和意义提取，最终帮助做出更好决策。 选项辨析：A与第三段“satisficers choose the first acceptable option”的描述矛盾，作者未肯定 优先第一选择”；B“解决困境确保赢”过于绝对，原文说“never giving ourselves the chance 7 to win big”,但解决困境不必然“确保”成功；C“stick-or-twist决策对重塑未来至关重要”未 提及，原文强调的是决策方法：D“着眼大局（长远视角）带来更好决策”符合“psychological distancing”的核心（如长远视角、全面信息）及效果。