阅读理解4-北京市部分地区近两年（2024-2025）高二英语期末真题汇编

1 阅读理解-阅读单选4 试题基本信息 。题型：阅读理解-阅读单选（4题，全文约450词) 。 核心知识点：科普知识、环境保护、说明文 。考查重点：词义猜测、细节理解、原因分析、主旨归纳 材料剖析 。文章结构：第一段引出话题十提出反常现象：以“直觉与科学发现的差异”为引子，指 出北极湖泊“消失”这一与常识（气候变暖应使湖泊扩张）相悖的现象，并提及相关研究 证实过去20年北极湖泊广泛减少。第二段对比预期与现实+强调问题严重性：说明科 学家曾预测冻土融化初期湖泊会扩张、21-22世纪才会萎缩，但实际北极湖泊消失时间比 预测提前了一个多世纪，突出问题的紧迫性。第三段揭示湖泊消失的直接原因：解释冻土 解冻后地表变得可渗透，原本被冰层占据的空隙让湖水向下渗透，导致湖泊水量减少甚至 消失。第四段分析科学家预测失误的原因：指出气候模型仅考虑气温变暖对冻土的影响， 未纳入降雨携带热量加速冻土融化的过程，强调直接观察自然的必要性。第五段阐述湖 泊消失的连锁影响：说明北极湖泊是动植物关键淡水来源，其消失会导致湿地减少、野火 增多，进而加速冻土融化和温室气体释放，加剧全球变暖。第六段提出解决问题的根本途 径：明确拯救北极湖泊的关键是停止驱动气候变化的碳污染，给出应对策略。 ·感情发展线索：科学发现与直觉的冲突→对湖泊消失现象的惊讶对原因和影响的深 入分析→对解决途径的呼吁 阅读理解短文 Research sometimes proves,with data,what we more or less already know.Exercise is good for you,and polluted air isn't.Still,sometimes our intuitions are incorrect,and scientific findings surprised researchers,along with the rest of us.A recent example is the phenomenon of vanishing lakes in the Arctic region. You might think these lakes would be expanding,not vanishing.As climate change warms the Arctic region,melting surface snow and ice and thawing(解冻)permafrost(冻土)，there should be more surface water.Existing lakes should be growing.Recently,however,scientists have observed not just shrinking lakes,that is,lakes are becoming smaller,but lakes that have completely disap- peared.A paper published this year m Nature Climate Change,based on satellite imagery,found widespread lake loss across the Arctic over the past 20 years. Many scientists shared the commonsense expectation that as permafrost thawed,lakes would at first expand because of the increased meltwater flowing into them.Eventually,researchers projected, 2 progressive warming during the 21st and 22nd centuries would dry out the Arctic enough that lakes would begin to shrink.But now it looks as if Arctic lakes are disappearing a century or more sooner than they were predicted to. What is causing this to happen?Basically,the ground is becoming more permeable )We talk about "solid ground,"but its particles of rock,mineral and organic matter actually have spaces between them.In permafrost,the spaces are filled with solid ice,so liquid water cannot readily pass through them.But when the permafrost thaws,water can flow downward. Why did scientists miss this?One reason is that most climate models assume that permafrost thaw is driven only by warming air.New evidence suggests that rainfall is now contributing greatly to permafrost loss.The rainfall carries heat into the ground.Yet none of the models incorporated such processes.This is a good example of why-no matter how advanced our models are-we will still need to continue making direct observations of the natural world. The Arctic lakes provide crucial freshwater for critical habitats for a wide range of plants and animal life.The loss of wet areas that accompany these lakes can also lead to an increase in wildfires,which only serves to melt more permafrost.The permafrost thaw will lead to the release of some greenhouse gases,which will accelerate global warming. There is,of course,a clear path to saving Arctic lakes:stop the carbon pollution that is driving global climate change. 题目选项列表 31.What does the underlined word "vanishing"in Paragraph 1 probably mean? A.Disappearing.B.Existing.C.Growing.D.Flowing. 32.What is causing the lake loss to occur sooner than predicted in the Arctic? A.The permafrost thaw as a result of the progressive warming. B.The rapid evaporation of lake water due to the warming air. C.The release of greenhouse gases as a result of the permafrost thaw. D.The downward flow of surface water in lakes resulting from permafrost thaw. 33.Scientists failed to make the correct prediction about the Arctic lakes because A.they didn't employ advanced enough models B.they didn't anticipate the effect of the rainfall C.they didn't make use of the climate models properly D.they didn't make their predictions based on sufficient data 34.What would be the best title for this passage? A.The Effects of the Lake Loss B.The Measures against the Lake Loss C.The Puzzle of the Disappearing Lakes D.The Phenomenon of Permafrost Thaw 3 核心词汇详解 1.vanishing 核心词性 动词(v,高频核心)：核心含义一是“消失：不见”，强调从存在状态变为 不存在，例The Arctic lakes are vanishing faster than predicted.(北极湖 泊消失的速度比预测的快)；二是“突然不见；绝迹”，例Many species are vanishing due to climate change.(许多物种因气候变化而绝迹)。 形容词(adj,高中略考)：核心含义是“消失的；绝迹的”，作定语修饰名 词，例vanishing lakes(消失的湖泊)、vanishing species(濒危物种)。 词性转换 动词：vanish,核心含义是“消失；突然不见”，不及物动词，无被动语态， 例Smoke vanished into the air..(烟雾消失在空气中).。 名词：vanishment,核心含义是“消失；绝迹”，正式用语，例the vanishment of traditional customs(传统习俗的消失)。 高频搭配 动词vanish的搭配：vanish from(从…消失)、vanish into(消失在… 中)、vanish completely(完全消失)、vanish rapidly(迅速消失)。 形容词vanishing的搭配：vanishing resources(日益减少的资源)、vanishing cultures(濒临消失的文化)。 易混辨析 vanish vs disappear:vanish强调“突然、彻底地消失，不留痕迹”，常 指神秘或迅速的消失；disappear侧重“从视线中消失或不复存在”，可指逐 渐或突然消失，使用范围更广。 vanishing vs disappearing:二者均为形容词，vanishing更强调“正在消 失的；有绝迹趋势的”，带有动态和过程感；disappearing侧重“已经消失的 或正在消失的”，语气相对中性。 2.permafrost 核心词性 名词（，高频核心)：核心含义是“永久冻土；多年冻土”，指长期冻结的 土壤或岩石层，例The thawing permafrost is causing Arctic lakes to shrink. (冻土解冻导致北极湖泊缩小)。 词性转换 动词：thaw,核心含义是“（使）解冻；融化”，例The permafrost is thawing due to global warming.(由于全球变暖，冻土正在解冻)。 形容词：permafrost--related,核心含义是“与永久冻土相关的”，例 permafrost-related issues(永久冻土相关问题)。 高频搭配 名词permafrost的搭配：thawing permafrost(解冻的永久冻土)、permafrost region(永久冻土区)permafrost layer(永久冻土层)，permafrost degradation (永久冻土退化)。 易混辨析 permafrost vs frost:permafrost特指“长期冻结的土壤或岩石层”，是 地理学术语；rost指“霜；严寒天气”，是气象术语，例The ground was covered with frost.(地面上结了霜)。 3.permeable 核心词性 形容词(adj,高频核心)：核心含义是“可渗透的：能透过液体（或气体） 的”，例The thawed permafrost becomes more permeable..(解冻的冻土变 得更具渗透性)。 词性转换 动词：permeate,核心含义是“渗透；弥漫”，例Water permeated through the permeable soil..(水渗透过可渗透的土壤)。 名词：permeability,核心含义是“渗透性；渗透率”，例soil permeability (土壤渗透性)。 高频搭配 形容词permeable的搭配：permeable ground(可渗透的地面)、permeable membrane(渗透膜)、highly permeable(高度可渗透的)、less permeable (渗透性较差的)。 易混辨析 permeable vs porous:permeable侧重“允许液体或气体通过的性质”， 强调功能性：porous指“有孔的：多孔的”，侧重物体本身的结构特征，例 porous rocks(多孔岩石)。 4.habitats 核心词性 名词(，高频核心)：核心含义是“栖息地；生境”，指动植物生存的自然 环境，例Arctic lakes provide crucial habitats for wildlife.(北极湖泊为野生 动物提供了重要的栖息地)。 词性转换 动词：inhabit,核心含义是“居住于；栖息在”，例Many species inhabit the forest.(许多物种栖息在森林里)。 名词：habitation,核心含义是“居住；住所”，例human habitation(人类 居住地)。 形容词：habitable,核心含义是“适宜居住的”，例a habitable planet(适 宜居住的行星)。 高频搭配 名词habitats的搭配：natural habitats（自然栖息地)、critical habitats(关 键栖息地)、habitats loss(栖，息地丧失)、protect habitats(保护栖息地)。 易混辨析 habitat vs home:habitat指“动植物的自然栖息地”，侧重生态环境： home指“人的家；动物的巢穴”，侧重居住场所，使用范围更广。 5 5.greenhouse 核心词性 名词（，高频核心)：核心含义一是“温室；暖房”，用于培育植物，例 Plants are grown in a greenhouse in winter..(冬天植物在温室里种植)；二 是“温室效应”，常用搭配greenhouse effect(温室效应)。 形容词(adj,高中核心)：核心含义是“温室的：造成温室效应的”，例 greenhouse gases(温室气体)。 词性转换 名词：greenhouse effect,核心含义是“温室效应”，例The greenhouse effect leads to global warming.(温室效应导致全球变暖)。 名词：greenhouse gas,核心含义是“温室气体”，例Carbon dioxide is a major greenhouse gas..(二氧化碳是主要的温室气体)。 高频搭配 名词greenhouse的搭配：greenhouse gases(温室气体)、greenhouse effect (温室效应)、greenhouse emissions(温室气体排放)、greenhouse cultivation (温室栽培) 易混辨析 greenhouse vs hothouse:greenhouse指“用于种植植物的普通温室”， 应用广泛；hothouse侧重“高温温室”，用于培育热带植物或加速植物生长， 语气更正式。 6.imagery 核心词性 名词(n,高频核心)：核心含义一是“图像；影像”，尤指卫星、雷达等拍 摄的图像，例The study is based on satellite imagery.(这项研究基于卫星 图像)：二是“意象；比喻”，文学用语，例poetic imagery(诗歌意象)。 词性转换 动词：image,核心含义是“想象；描绘；成像”，例The satellite images the Earth's surface.(卫星拍摄地球表面的图像)。 名词：image,核心含义是“图像；影像；形象”，例digital images(数字 图像)、public image(公众形象)。 形容词：imagery-based,核心含义是“基于图像的”，例imagery-based research(基于图像的研究). 高频搭配 名词imagery的搭配：satellite imagery(卫星图像)、aerial imagery(航空 影像)、visual imagery(视觉意象)、medical imagery(医学影像)。 易混辨析 imagery vs image:imagery指“图像的总称或意象的集合”，不可数名 词；image指“单个的图像或形象”，可数名词，例a satellite image(一张 卫星图像)。 6 7.crucial 核心词性 形容词（adj,高频核心)：核心含义是“至关重要的：关键性的”，强调对 结果起决定性作用，例reshwater is crucial for Arctic habitats..(谈水对北 极栖息地至关重要)。 词性转换 副词：crucially,核心含义是“关键地；至关重要地”，例Crucially,we need to reduce carbon emissions.(关键是，我们需要减少碳排放)。 名词：cruciality,核心含义是“重要性；关键性”，正式用语，例the cruciality of environmental protection(环境保护的重要性)。 高频搭配 形容词crucial的搭配：crucial for/to(对…至关重要)、crucial factor(关 键因素)、crucial role(关键作用)、crucial decision（重大决定)。 易混辨析 crucial vs critical:二者均表示“关键的”，crucial强调对成功或失败的决 定性作用；critical侧重“危急的：批判性的”，例critical condition(危急状 况)。 答案与逐题解析 正确答案：31-34ADBC 3l.A(Disappearing） 考点：词义猜测 语境逻辑：第一段明确提到“scientists have observed not just shrinking lakes..but lakes that have completely disappeared”,与“vanishing lakes”形成同义替换，且后文多次出现“loss”“dis- appeared”等词呼应。 选项辨析：A.Disappearing(消失)符合语境：B.Existing(存在)与文意相反；C.Growing(增 长)是人们最初的错误直觉：D.Flowing(流动)未提及。只有A符合“完全消失”的语境。 32.D (The downward flow of surface water in lakes resulting from permafrost thaw) 考点：细节理解 语境逻辑：第三段解释原因时指出“when the permafrost thaws,.water can flow downward”,即 冻土解冻后地表水下渗导致湖泊消失。 选项辨析：A.仅提到冻土融化，未说明与湖水流失的直接关系；B.蒸发(evaporation)未在文 中提及：C.温室气体释放是湖泊消失的后果而非原因。D直接对应“水向下流动”这一核心机 制。 33.B (they didn't anticipate the effect of the rainfall) 考点：细节理解 语境逻辑：第四段明确说明“most climate models assume that permafrost thaw is driven only by warming air...rainfall is now contributing greatly...none of the models incorporated such processes”,即模型未考虑降雨带来的热量对冻土的影响。 选项辨析：A.文中强调“no matter how advanced our models are”,否定“模型不够先进”；C. 未提及“使用不当”；D.“数据不足”与“未纳入降雨因素”不符。B准确指出遗漏了降雨的影 响。 34.C (The Puzzle of the Disappearing Lakes) 考点：主旨归纳 语境逻辑：全文围绕“北极湖泊意外消失”这一现象展开，先提出与直觉相反的现象，再分析原 因、影响及解决办法，核心是解开“为何湖泊提前消失”的谜题。 选项辨析：A.“影响”仅为倒数第二段内容；B.“措施”仅最后一句提及；D.“冻土解冻”是 原因之一，非核心主题。C涵盖“现象十谜题”双重核心，最适合作标题。