题型08 阅读理解之议论文15篇（北京专用）（中考典例+热点话题练）-2026年中考英语总复习（北京专用）

题型08 阅读理解之议论文15篇 (北京专用) 【题型知识点细目表】 题号 难度 知识点 1 困难 信息技术,议论文 2 较难 自我管理,议论文,意见/建议 3 较难 哲理感悟,议论文 4 较难 哲理感悟,议论文,意见/建议 5 较难 志愿服务,议论文,意见/建议 6 适中 自我管理,青少年问题,议论文 7 较难 意见/建议,议论文 8 适中 意见/建议,议论文 9 适中 文化保护,议论文 10 适中 体育名人,议论文 11 较难 教育,青少年问题,议论文 12 较难 意见/建议,科普知识,议论文 13 较难 科普知识,议论文 14 较难 游戏,科普知识,议论文 15 较难 科普知识,议论文,意见/建议 【中考真题】 People are talking a lot about artificial intelligence (AI), viewing it as a force that could reshape how society works. But there is something important missing from this discussion. It isn’t enough to ask how it will change us. We also need to understand how we shape AI and what it can tell us about ourselves. Every AI model we develop mirrors our rules and expresses our beliefs. A few years ago, while looking for new workers, a famous company gave up an AI-powered tool after finding it unfavorable to women. The AI was not designed to behave this way, instead, it was influenced by the historical data (数据) favoring men. Similarly, a recent study found that lending algorithms (算法) often offer less favorable terms to colored people, worsening long-standing unfairness in money-lending business. In both cases, AI isn’t creating new biases (偏见), it is mirroring the ones that are already present. These reflections (反映) give us an important chance to take a close look at ourselves. By making these problems seen and more pressing, AI challenges us to recognize and address what causes algorithmic bias. As AI continues to develop, we must ask ourselves how we as average people want to shape its role in society. We should not only improve AI models, but also make sure that AI is developed and used responsibly. A number of companies are already taking action. They are judging the data, rules, and beliefs that shape the behavior of AI models. Still, we cannot expect the companies to do all the work. As long as AI is trained on human data, it will reflect human behavior. That means we have to think carefully about the footprints of ourselves we leave in the world. I may value privacy, but if I give it up in a heartbeat to visit a website, the algorithms may make a very different judgment of what I really want and what is good for me. If I want meaningful human connections yet spend more time on social media and less time in the physical company of my friends, I am indirectly training AI models about the true nature of humanity. As AI becomes more powerful, we need to take increasing care to read our principles (原则) into the record of our actions rather than allowing the two to diverge. Recognizing this allows us to make better decisions, but only when we are prepared to look closely and take responsibility for what we see. 1．Why does the writer introduce the two examples in Paragraph 2? A．To suggest a solution. B．To stress a difference. C．To challenge a practice. D．To support a viewpoint. 2．What does the word “diverge” in the last paragraph most probably mean? A．Improve. B．Appear. C．Separate. D．Repeat. 3．According to the passage, what is a good example of shaping AI responsibility? A．Guarding one’s privacy against AI models. B．Being mindful of our feeds into AI models. C．Training algorithms to favor the latest data. D．Designing algorithms to deal with unfairness. 4．Which of the following is the best title for this passage? A．AI Isn’t the Problem; We Are B．AI: A Tool to Reshape Our Society C．More Open algorithms for Better AI? D．Building Trust in Human-AI Relationships Almost everyone has experienced the feeling of discomfort when their actions do not agree with their inner values. A man, for example, values work-life balance yet works 80 hours every week, caring little about his own health and family. Another example is a boy who holds his parents’ love dear but gets angry at them in a moment of stress; or a woman who hopes to live healthily but gives in to the attraction of fast food during moments of weakness. This disagreement can lead to serious results, such as worsening relationships, limited personal growth, and self-doubt. The emotional effects of feeling out of control and unable to live up to our own standards can also be deeply harmful. The shame and upset that go along with these feelings often force us into silence, resulting in more self-doubt. One reason for this silence might be that admitting (承认) to these behaviors can feel like showing a weakness or mistake that society tells us should be kept hidden. What’s more, recognizing this disagreement requires coming face to face with uncomfortable truths about ourselves—a process that is as discouraging as it is necessary for growth. Recognizing and addressing these behaviors can provide a possibility of change. By looking into the causes of our behaviors, we can begin to understand our actions more easily and work toward sticking to our beliefs. Research supports the idea that recognizing this disagreement, together with mindfulness and open communication, can help with this process. These methods help us slow down, reflect (反思), and choose behaviors that follow our values more closely, even in the face of old habits or immediate needs. The key to dealing with this disagreement lies in compassion (同情) for ourselves and others. By developing a culture of openness and by understanding the challenges of aligning behaviors with beliefs, we can begin to break down what prevents us from having conversation and change. Admitting that this disagreement is a shared part of the human experience can enable us to speak openly, find support, and take necessary steps toward the agreement between our inner world and our actions. While the disagreement between our inner values and actions may be common, through reflection, understanding and purposeful practice, we can bridge the divide and set out on a journey of self-discovery. 1．Why does the writer use the examples in Paragraph 1? A．To stress an unavoidable need. B．To show a result of the wrong values. C．To describe a common human experience. D．To introduce a change in people’s relationships. 2．What does the word “aligning” in Paragraph 4 most probably mean? A．Matching. B．Comparing. C．Mixing. D．Confusing. 3．Which of the following would the writer most probably agree with? A．Discomfort forces us to give up our beliefs. B．Our behaviors weaken our understandings of life. C．Open communication makes it possible for us to change. D．Keeping silent allows us time to live up to our standards. 4．What is the writer’s main purpose in writing this passage? A．To encourage people to stay true to their beliefs. B．To prove the importance of having the right values. C．To compare different ways to deal with discomfort. D．To discuss the influence of people’s improper actions. A Pathway (路径) to Meaning in Life When it comes to a meaningful life, we might think of love, happiness and health. A life filled with meaning is what most of us want for ourselves. Then, what makes a meaningful life? Many researchers agree that a meaningful life comes down to three factors (因素): having long-term goals, believing that one’s life matters, and feeling that one’s life fits together and “makes sense”. But we believe there is more to consider. Sometimes life enables us to experience small moments of beauty. When people are open to appreciating (欣赏) such experiences, these moments may improve how they see their own life. We call this experiential appreciation (EA). EA is about the person feeling connected to events and being able to appreciate the value within the connection. It shows the discovery of and admiration for life’s beauty. We recently set out to better understand EA in studies. We were interested in whether EA was also tied to general judgment of meaning in life. If so, it could be a factor for meaningfulness. In the first study, we had people rate (评估) their support for different methods of reducing stress. We found that people who managed stress by focusing on their appreciation for life’s beauty also reported experiencing life as highly meaningful. In the next study, we asked people to rate the degree to which they agreed with various statements, such as “I appreciate the beauty of life” and “I appreciate little things in life,” as well as other statements that related to the three factors and a general sense of meaning in life. Our results showed that the more people reported that they were “appreciating life” and its many experiences, the more they felt their life was valuable. In the following studies, we further looked at the connection between EA and meaningfulness. For example, we found that people who were asked to look back on the most meaningful event of the past week generally reported high EA in those moments. All the results proved our theory (假设) true. But putting it into practice can be difficult. Our fast-paced lifestyles fill the day with goals. We try to get the highest output both at work and in spare time. This focus on future outcomes makes it all too easy to miss what is happening right now. We should slow down and let life surprise us. 1．You were most probably in the EA condition when _________. A．you made a travel plan for the coming holiday B．you hurried to serve the customers in the store C．you practiced hard to become the best violinist D．you stopped to admire the roses by the roadside 2．What can we learn from the studies mentioned in the passage? A．Thinking back to the past weakens our sense of meaning. B．Enjoying small things can influence our attitude toward life. C．Proper stress management is the key to living a satisfying life. D．Good judgment on beauty improves connections among people. 3．What does the last paragraph mainly tell us? A．It is easier for results-driven people to achieve success. B．We often turn a blind eye to the present moment. C．A fast-paced lifestyle helps us reach our goals. D．Future life will bring us many more surprises. 4．What is the writer’s main purpose in writing this passage? A．To explain how to discover beauty in life. B．To discuss what the true meaning of life is. C．To introduce a new factor for a meaningful life. D．To compare different factors for meaningfulness. 【热点话题练习】 Once, I asked the famous artist Elizabeth Murray how she felt about her early work. She told me that some paintings didn’t meet her standards. There was one she didn’t like at all and she even left it in the trash inside her studio. However, her neighbor saw the painting, thought it was valuable, and took it away. At that moment, my view of success and creativity changed. I realized that success is a moment, but what we are always celebrating is the lifelong effort to master (精通) a skill—that is, true creativity and mastery. I started to understand this when I watched an archer (弓箭手). She hit a seven, a nine, then two tens—yet her next arrow missed completely. I saw that this failure gave her more tenacity (韧性), and she practised it again and again. For three hours this went on. So, success is hitting that ten-ring, but mastery is knowing that it means nothing if you can’t do it consistently. Mastery is not just the same as excellence, though. It’s not the same as success, which I see as an event, a moment in time, and a title the world awards you. Mastery is not a commitment (投入) to a goal but to a continuous journey. What pushes us forward is valuing a near win. The near win is part of mastery because the better we get, the more we realize how much we still don’t know. It’s called the “Dunning-Kruger effect”. The Paris Review got it out of James Baldwin when they asked him, “What do you think increases with knowledge?” and he said, “You learn how little you know.” Success motivates us, but a near win can push us forward on an ongoing journey. One of the most vivid examples of this comes when we look at the difference between Olympic silver medalists and bronze medalists after a competition. Thomas Gilovich and his team from Cornell University studied this and found that while bronze medalists are often happier just to have made the podium (领奖台), the frustration (沮丧) silver medalists feel gives them greater focus for future competitions. The near win always drives us forward because it makes a far-away goal feel closer, like a distant mountain suddenly seeming nearer. Then, it acts like a signpost, making us focus on the very next step we need to take. We become, and continue to be, successful, strong and healthy not when we’ve done it all, but when we still have more to do. We grow by improving our unfinished work, just like building with blocks (积木). We also improve ourselves. This is how we master a skill. When you almost reach a goal, it can help you achieve even bigger things later. Completion is a goal, but we hope it is never the end. 1．Why does the writer use the example in Paragraph 1? A．To prove the value of creativity in art. B．To show the result of a wrong judgement. C．To introduce a change in the opinion. D．To stress the importance of a good neighbor. 2．What can we learn about success and mastery from the passage? A．Knowing how little we know sets us on the path to mastery. B．Success means going after excellence over and over again. C．Most successes are driven by the Dunning-Kruger effect. D．Mastery is all about making every effort to win in our life. 3．Which of the following shows the effect of a near win? A．A teacher, who kept encouraging students, received an honor. B．A boxer, who lost in a close match, trained harder than before. C．A writer wrote a book and became famous overnight. D．A scientist changed the research area after careful planning. 4．What is the writer’s main purpose in writing this passage? A．To encourage people to be successful. B．To introduce the benefits of having the right goal. C．To compare different ways to deal with a near win. D．To explain the true meaning of mastery. What was the best gift I ever received? Well, I’m a music lover, so I’d have to say it was either a Spotify subscription or my top-of-the-range Sony MDR-7506 headphones. Together they’ve provided me with countless hours of high-quality audio accompaniment. Growing up in a loving, well-off family in one of the richest countries in the world, what more could I want? Giving gifts to loved ones is great: it’s a rewarding way to spread joy and strengthen friendships and family ties. But at this time of year I’m always reminded of how many people not only get no presents but also lack the basics to allow them to live healthy lives. For me, luxury headphones were the perfect gift; for the world’s poorest, it would be nutritious food, clean water and health care. The poorest 10% of the world’s population, some 700 million people, live on less than $1.90 per day. And that’s adjusting for local purchasing power: they live on what $1.90 would buy in the U.S. Faced with this kind of budget, and often geographically isolated, they are forced to eat whatever they can find and drink and wash in unsafe water. They can only pray that they don’t succumb to malnutrition, malaria or any number of other diseases that, while perfectly curable in rich countries, frequently ruin or end lives in the developing world. I don’t seek to make anyone feel guilty for exchanging luxury goods with the people they love. But it seems to me that there’s another type of giving that is, if anything, even more profound: giving the basics of life to those most in need. Sure, you might not get a thank-you letter (who does these days?), but you’ll have done something extraordinary. However, I’m not just interested in people giving more to charity (although that is important). I’m also passionate about people giving smarter, because where you give can make a huge difference on the impact you’ll have. What do I mean by that? Well, to start with, there’s a reason I’ve been talking about the developing world. Even average earners in the West are incredibly rich compared with the global poor, so a sum of money considered moderate for some could make a huge difference in the poorest countries. That’s not to say that all developing world poverty-relief charities are good at making a difference—that’s certainly not the case. Plenty of money donated in good faith is lost to local corruption, poor administration or programs of intervention that sound great in theory but don’t achieve much in practice. As a result, it’s crucial to look at the effectiveness of the work a charity does before committing your money. How much good does it achieve for each dollar donated? Is there robust evidence for the impact of its programs? It’s not always easy for people to find the answers, but they are vital questions to ask. That’s why there are now organizations devoted to finding and promoting the best charities. As part of the effective-altruism (利他主义) movements, they are dedicated to helping people make the biggest possible difference with their donations. I love my music, and I love my headphones. But this year, the best gift I could get is to see as many people as possible giving generously to the most effective charities in the world. 1．What does the phrase “succumb to” (paragraph 3, line 5) mean? A．be unaffected by B．cease opposition to C．be unconnected with D．help to cause 2．Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage? A．The author thinks that people giving luxury gifts to the ones they love should feel guilty. B．The author believes that there is nothing more he wants because he grows up in very rich family. C．The author argues that compared with those poor, an ordinary worker in the West doesn’t earn much. D．The author says that some diseases which might be deadly in poor countries can be cured in developed countries. 3．Which of the following statements can you possibly infer from the passage? A．People used to receive a letter of compliment from the receiver after they donated money to charities. B．Giving smarter means that those who donate should know clearly how the charity works with the government. C．Some charity programs fail to achieve much and seem to be less effective because they are not very practical. D．The organizations devoted to finding the best charities aim to appeal to people to donate more money. 4．Which of the following is the best title of the passage? A．Giving the basics of life to those in need B．Giving best gifts to your beloved ones C．Making the best gift count D．The effective-altruism movement “Do not get the idea that you’re anything special, because you’re not.” This is what English teacher David McCullough told graduates at Wellesley High School. Mothers and fathers present at the ceremony (典礼) disagreed with McCullough’s words. But in all that anger and disagreement, we missed something we really should keep in mind: our young people actually have no idea whether they’re really talented or not. In our hope to build their confidence, we forgot to teach them how to correctly evaluate (评估) their own abilities. In fact, it’s not just these high-school students: we all tend to view ourselves as above-average. Therefore, it is of great importance for us to learn and teach our kids how to evaluate ourselves (themselves) objectively (客观地). Inflated (膨胀的) self-judgments have been found in study after study. Usually, when we perform worst at a given task, we feel most satisfied with our performance. In a 2020 study published in the journal Medical Education, for example, medical students who scored the lowest on a test were the most sympathetic in their self-evaluations, while high-scoring students judged themselves much more strictly. Poor learners, the authors say, cannot realize their own inability. Why should this be? Another study offers an explanation. People who have a low level of ability suffer from a “dual burden”: they’re not good at what they do, and their inability prevents them from recognizing how bad they are. In Dunning’s study, participants scoring at the bottom on tests of logic, grammar and humor “extremely overestimated (高估)” their talents. Although their test scores put them in the 624th, they guessed they were in the 12th. What these individuals didn’t have was “meta cognitive skill” (元认知技巧) : the ability to monitor how well (or badly) they’re performing. Without that ability, the participants arrived at an overly hopeful view of their own abilities. Luckily, there are a couple of ways to deal with it. First, we can learn to make honest comparisons with others. Train yourself to recognize excellence, even when you don’t have it. Then compare what you can do with what excellent people are able to do. Second, often ask others for opinions and try to make sure they are correct and specific. Find someone who will tell you not only how poorly you’re doing, but also what you’re doing wrong. If we use these ways—and most importantly, teach them to our children—they won’t need parents, or a graduation ceremony speaker, to tell them whether they’re special or not. If they are, they’ll already know that they are. Or they’ll have a plan to get that way. 1．Why does the writer mention David McCullough’s speech at the beginning of the passage? A．To introduce the problem of wrong self-view. B．To show the anger of parents at the ceremony. C．To discuss what makes a person truly special. D．To criticize the wrong ideas of an English teacher. 2．The underlined word “sympathetic” in Paragraph 2 probably means “________”. A．serious B．negative C．honest D．kind 3．What can we learn from the passage? A．The test of logic itself can tell if participants have “meta-cognitive skill”. B．We make honest comparisons with others in order to do better than them. C．The opinions of others may help us better understand our actual performance. D．The medical students in the 2020 study couldn’t recognize excellence in others. 4．What is the writer’s main purpose in writing this passage? A．To explain what “meta-cognitive skill” is and how to develop it. B．To stress the need for objective self-evaluation and offer solutions. C．To introduce studies on self-judgment and ways to accept ourselves. D．To discuss why we view ourselves as below-average and offer advice. On weekends, some people rush to select photos from a marathon and write like “pushing my limits” right after crossing the finish line, eager to post them on social media. Others spend vacation evenings stressed about perfecting travel videos, carefully choosing background music, worried they might miss a chance to show off a “perfect holiday” to others. We live in such an “achievement society” where leisure (休闲) has lost its true purpose. Instead of being a break from tiredness, it has become a new stage for branding and selling ourselves. We fill our free time with self-promotion, turning relaxation into a competitive and tiring performance that finally leads to burnout, and then we easily get distracted (分心的) by the desire to gain others’ praise. To escape this trap, we can turn to the wisdom of the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle, who lived from 384 to 322 B．C． In his famous Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle starts by saying that we are all searching for happiness, but he argues we are often confused about how to achieve it. He points out that pleasure, wealth, honor, and power do not bring lasting happiness. True happiness comes from our choices of habits, which are not just about action, but also motives (动机) and character, he says. Good habits are the result of moving constantly in the right direction through practice. In Aristotle’s view, the true meaning of such self-development differs sharply from self-promotion. In an achievement society, we are often forced to respond to outside pressures to self-promote. We may instead look to pleasure, wealth, honor and power for happiness. This can sidetrack our self-development needed for true happiness. For Aristotle, leisure is very important for self-development. The true purpose of leisure is not tied to the need to achieve—it is time we can reflect on our real needs, develop friendships, think for ourselves, and step back and decide what kind of life we truly want to live. Without such leisure, happiness stays out of reach. In today’s achievement-focused society, we must rethink leisure: not as a tool for self-promotion, but as a space to grow. The choices we make during our free time can either bring us closer to happiness or lead us toward burnout. After all, true happiness comes from becoming the best of ourselves, not meeting others’ standards. Aristotle told us that we can control the most important things in a good life: what kind of person we will become. And leisure is the time when we can decide what habits to develop and what kind of person to be. Will we give in to the achievement-focused society? Or will we use our free time to develop ourselves as individuals? 1．Why does the writer mention two examples in Paragraph 1? A．To introduce the negative influence that social media has on people. B．To compare different kinds of activities in leisure time. C．To show what leisure in an achievement society is like. D．To explain why leisure is important for personal growth. 2．What does the word “sidetrack” in Paragraph 4 most probably mean? A．Distract. B．Direct. C．Decide. D．Discover. 3．Which of the following would the writer most probably agree with? A．Self-promotion in leisure blocks true happiness. B．True happiness comes from pleasure and honor. C．Shared standards are connected with true happiness. D．Leisure should be used for self-promotion. 4．According to the passage, what is a good example of spending free time for its true purpose? A．Following others to spend evenings watching popular TV shows. B．Posting photos on social media and collecting one hundred likes. C．Reading a favorite book in the park and relating it to real life. D．Buying expensive new-style sports shoes and showing them off. Nature and culture are often seen as opposite ideas. What belongs to nature cannot be the result of human activities and, on the other hand, cultural development is achieved against nature. However, this is not the only opinion on the relationship between nature and culture. Studies in the development of humans suggest that culture, whether taken as an effort against nature or a natural effort, is part of the development of the human species (物种). Several modern writers saw the process of education as a struggle (斗争) against human nature. We are born with wild natures, such as eating and behaving in a disorganized way or acting selfishly. Education uses culture as a way to get us out of our wildest natures; it is thanks to culture that the human species could learn to adapt, progress and raise itself above and beyond other species. Over the past century and a half, however, studies in the history of human development have shown that the formation of culture is part of the biological adaptation. Consider, for example, hunting. It seems to be an adaptation, which allowed humans to move into new and different areas, opening up the opportunity to change living habits. At the same time, the development of weapons (武器) is related to that adaptation—from rocks and stones to a set of hunting tools, and from hunting tools to rules relating to the proper use of weapons. Hunting also seems to be responsible for a whole set of bodily abilities, such as balancing on one foot. Just think of how this very simple thing is closely related to dance, a key expression of human culture. It is then clear that biological development and cultural development are closely tied. The transmission of culture seems to be directly related to what’s in our blood. Just as snails carry their shell, so do we bring along our culture. However, culture is also passed on among people of the same time or among people belonging to different populations. We can learn how to make jiaozi even if we were born from Russian parents in Paris just as we can learn how to speak English even if none of our family or friends speaks that language. 1．What is Paragraph 2 mainly about? A．Culture belongs to human nature. B．Nature teaches humans how to adapt. C．Humans are supposed to be well organized. D．Education pushes the human species to progress. 2．Why does the writer talk about hunting in Paragraph 3? A．To suggest some possible ways of changing living habits. B．To stress the importance of tools in humans’ struggle for life. C．To show how culture develops as humans adapt to the environment. D．To explain why there is a need to call for the proper use of weapons. 3．What does the word “transmission” in Paragraph 4 probably mean? A．system B．spread C．start D．spirit 4．What is the writer’s opinion on the nature-culture relationship? A．Culture and nature are separate yet balanced. B．Culture depends much on nature to progress. C．Nature and culture are different but connected. D．Nature follows the unwritten rules set by culture. Think about the last time you went to an art or history museum. Which pieces of artifacts (artworks) stood out to you? Did you read the introduction next to them? Did it tell you where the artifacts were from and how the museums got them? Today, many museums around the world own art and artifacts that were stolen or looted (掠夺) from their original countries during war or colonial rule (殖民统治). You may see ancient Chinese paintings shown in the British Museum, or sculptures from Africa that date back to the 19th century on display in the Louvre Museum. Many countries have asked European museums to repatriate the artifacts. The debate (争论) over whether and how museums should return artifacts to their original countries has been going on for many years. Those who suggest returning all foreign artifacts to their homes insist that it is morally (道义上) the right thing to do. Furthermore, the country owning the objects will receive an important part of their heritage (遗产) back, and these artifacts will be given a chance to be truly valued in homeland. Yet there are different voices. Those against the return point out that some foreign artifacts were not stolen but bought a long time ago. Also, it is sometimes hard to identify (确认) the true owners of certain artifacts—should they be returned to the country, a group or an individual? There is also a view that culture is a shared treasure and the artifacts are in fact“cultural ambassadors (大使)” that improve understanding. They believe that while taking them away from their countries of origin was wrong, history is full of “good” and “bad” actors. Moreover, they feel that keeping the cultural objects in the current museums has kept millions of artifacts safe from damage. On the matter of return, some governments have made the move. In 2018, French President Emmanuel Macron told officially that France would give back 26 looted treasures to the African state of Benin. “I cannot accept that a large part of cultural heritage from several African countries is in France,” said Macron. It’s said to be part of France’s long-promised plans to return artifacts taken from Africa during the colonial rule. Museums all across Europe began reconsidering their previous policies (之前的政策) on colonial treasures. In France, twenty-seven artifacts had been identified for return, but only one has been returned. Then, on October 6, 2020, France’s National Assembly officially passed a bill (法案) promising the return of these heritage artifacts, but didn’t fix a certain date. It seems that there is still a long way to go for the return of foreign heritage treasures. 1．People who consider foreign artifacts as “cultural ambassadors” may agree that________. A．mistakes in history need correcting in time B．heritage artifacts belong to all the human beings C．artifacts will be better protected in their homeland D．history museum tours will be popular in the future 2．The underlined word “repatriate” in paragraph 2 probably means________. A．protect B．display C．return D．borrow 3．What can we learn from the passage? A．French museums refused to identify all the colonial treasures. B．Policies and bills have no use in protecting foreign heritage treasures. C．The treasures stolen or looted can hardly be back to their homeland soon. D．Governments have the duty to keep foreign treasures in good protection. 4．By writing this passage, the writer wants to________. A．explain how and why many foreign treasures were stolen or looted B．advise governments to take actions in returning foreign treasures C．encourage us to take part in the debate over stolen or looted treasures D．show different views and present situation on the return of treasures A character in one of Shakespeare’s plays once said, “Some are born great, some achieve greatness, and some have greatness thrust upon them.” Any of these could apply to the modern day sportsmen. Many still argue about the nature of their talent. Some say that people are born to be sportsmen, while others say it is only through hard work that they achieve their abilities. Regardless of the opinions, true greatness for them is only realized when their talents are acknowledged (承认) by the public. With this acknowledgement of their “greatness” come money, power, influence and responsibility. For better or for worse, like it or hate it, modern sportsmen are the role models of children worldwide. These children will grow up admiring their heroes, copying their every move, and wanting to be like them. With the influence of the media, this becomes even more common. So it is more important than ever for these sportsmen to recognize their responsibility. In the past few months, there have been many examples of questionable behaviors from sports stars. Present-day sports stars often mirror the less admirable aspects of society, which is often quickly pointed out by the self-righteous (自以为是的) media. It would be wrong for us to expect sportsmen to be perfect. It would also be wrong for us to think that their behavior is greatly worse than the sportsmen in the past. But with the all-seeing eye of modern media, it is a different world. So different standards must be expected. Of course there is no duty for sportsmen to be good role models. It’s totally their choice whether they consider their behavior appropriate (恰当的), as long as it complies with (遵守) the law. Furthermore, measuring the true influence their decisions have on their followers is absolutely impossible. Some will rise against their idols, seeing them in a new light and criticizing their actions. Others may copy their heroes’ actions, using them as a shield (挡箭牌) when making the same mistakes. It is certain that the actions of sportsmen will influence the lives of those who admire them. Present-day sportsmen are like role models in today’s world, and their actions are watched carefully by millions over the world. Some may complain against it, denying (否认) their influence on these children’s lives. Others may realize it but not respect it, while many may both realize it and respect it. In a word, you do not choose whether you are a role model. All you can do is to decide how to act when greatness is thrust upon you. 1．In Paragraph 1, the author tries to stress ________. A．sportsmen achieve success and greatness through their efforts B．there are two ways for people to achieve success and greatness C．the important qualities for the sportsmen to become great nowadays D．sportsmen become great when their gifts are recognized by people 2．Which of the following statements is true according to the passage? A．Most fans copy their heroes’ wrong actions when they don’t realize it. B．Sportsmen are self-righteous because the media makes them famous. C．The media sometimes overstresses the misbehavior of the sportsmen. D．Sportsmen have the right to behave as they wish when facing their fans. 3．The underlined phrase “thrust upon” most probably means ________. A．pulled off B．forced on C．related to D．removed from 4．What is the main purpose of the passage? A．To remind the sportsmen of their social responsibilities. B．To advise the media to choose proper sport events to report C．To argue that sportsmen should be respected more as heroes. D．To inform the public that sportsmen are not suitable role models. Being Authoritative (权威的) Parents Phrases like “tiger mom” and “helicopter parent” have made their way into everyday language. Many of us find ourselves drawn to the idea that with just a bit more parental hard work and effort, we might turn out children with bright futures. But is there anything wrong with a kind of “overparenting style”? Parental involvement has a long history of being studied. Many of the studies, carried out by Diana Baumrind, a famous psychologist at the University of California, Berkeley, have found that a good parent is the one who is involved and reacts to her child in a positive way, who sets high expectations but gives her child independence. These “authoritative parents” appear to hit the sweet spot of parental involvement and generally raise children who do better academically, psychologically and socially than children whose parents are not strict and less involved, or controlling and more involved. Why is this parenting style so successful? Authoritative parents actually help improve motivation in their children. Carol Dweck, a social psychologist at Stanford University, has done research that shows why authoritative parents raise more motivated children. In a typical experiment, Dr. Dweck takes young children into a room and asks them to solve a simple puzzle. Most do so with little difficulty. But then Dr. Dweck tells some, but not all, of the kids how clever they are. As it turns out, the children who are not told they’re smart are more motivated to solve increasingly difficult puzzles. They also show higher levels of confidence and show greater progress in puzzle-solving. As the experiment suggests, praising children’s talents and abilities seems to shake their confidence. Dealing with more difficult puzzles carries the risk of losing one’s status as “smart”. Dr. Dweck’s work strongly supports that of Dr. Baumrind, who also found that reasonably supporting a child’s independence and limiting interference (干涉) causes better academic (学术的) and emotional results. The central task of growing up is to develop a sense of self that is independent and confident. If you treat your young child who is just learning to walk as if she can’t walk, you reduce her confidence. Allowing children to make mistakes is one of the greatest challenges of parenting. It is easier when they are young. The potential mistakes carry greater risks, and part of being a parent is reducing risk for our children. 1．According to the passage, a “tiger mom” ______. A．helps her children realize their dreams B．pays close attention to her children’s experiences C．places reasonable expectations on her children D．speaks her children’s everyday language 2．The example of the children doing the puzzles suggests that ______. A．a good game plays a big role in training young minds B．bright children usually show less confidence in difficult games C．puzzle-solving can give children the motivation they need D．overpraising makes children less motivated and confident 3．The last paragraph tells us that ______. A．children should not be given much freedom B．parents should not increase the risk of challenging C．children should correct mistakes with the help of their parents D．parents should allow their children to learn from mistakes In recent years, self-care has become a popular topic across social media. However, many people find it difficult to truly receive the benefits. Why? Because we’ve lost touch with what it really means to take care of ourselves. Self-care is often seen as something grand and expensive only for special times or when life gets very stressful. Real self-care, however, doesn’t require a lot of money or time. It’s about finding simple, meaningful ways to check in with yourself regularly (定期地), even among your daily responsibilities. It could be taking five minutes to breathe deeply or having a cup of tea quietly. One of the most important aspects of self-care is the ability to be fully present in the moment. Imagine lying on the beach while checking emails or social media. The purpose might be to relax, but the reality is that your mind is still taking in information, leaving you feeling just as tired as before. Presence requires mindfulness—fully getting involved in the activity rather than focusing on what’s next on your to-do list. When you’re present, even simple acts of self-care become powerful tools for refreshment. The most effective self-care practices are often the simplest ones—those that can easily fit into your daily routine (日常事务). What matters most is consistency because it strengthens the habit of checking in with yourself and satisfying your needs in time. Consider the influence of just a few minutes each day on something that makes you feel good, such as enjoying a moment of silence during your lunch break or going for a short walk. These small acts, when practiced repeatedly, can have an increasing effect on your well-being. Practicing self-care, however, can be difficult. For some people, there’s always a voice that says, “There’s too much to do to waste time on self-care.” This inner voice makes us think that taking time for ourselves is selfish. Others may feel regretful for stepping away from their responsibilities, even for a short time. These inner blocks are an important reason why self-care can feel stressful. You should clear them and allow yourself to care for your physical and mental health without self-judgement. As you deal with the challenges of daily life, remember that self-care is a necessity. By focusing on presence and consistency and by dealing with the inner blocks that hold you back, you can unlock the true benefits of self-care. 1．Why does the writer use the example in Paragraph 3? A．To explain the purpose of self-care. B．To stress the importance of mindfulness. C．To introduce a common way of relaxation. D．To show the difficulty in fitting self-care into life. 2．What does the word “consistency” in Paragraph 4 most probably mean? A．Enjoying what you are doing. B．Finding out what you really need. C．Keeping a regular practice of an activity. D．Doing different things for your well-being. 3．Which of the following would the writer most probably agree with? A．We should put our responsibilities before self-care. B．We should avoid self-judgement while caring for ourselves. C．The more time we spend on self-care, the more effective it is. D．Practicing self-care when feeling stressed requires a lot of money. 4．Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? A．What Is Real Self-Care? B．Why Is Self-Care So Difficult? C．Self-Care: Common Practices in Daily Life. D．Self-Care: The Key to a Healthy and Happy Life. “You’ll get square eyes!” my mother used to say as I sat for hour after hour glued to the TV. I didn’t pay any attention. Past-forward many years and now I’m the parent. My 5-year-old lives in a world where screens aren’t fixed pieces of furniture. You can’t even avoid them by going outside. Screens are not only in our pockets; they’ re everywhere. The concerns have grown with the screens. In the past ten years, we have heard that they will damage our mental health. Many of us feel more distracted (分心的) by them, feeling guiltier and more tired as a result. The apps and websites we can use on our phones have also caused widespread concern. Big tech companies are also good at making use of our need for social acceptance, catching us on likes and follower counts. Social media has created a culture of mass narcissism (自恋), which has led many to worry about the emotional stresses on teenagers. A quick online search brings up lots of papers linking screen use or social media with harmful effects on mental health, including anxiety and depression. Such statements are alarming. They are also widely believed, thanks to popular books like iGen by Jean Twenge, which claims that digital technology has destroyed a generation. Yet, Amy Orben at the University of Oxford, who studies the influence of digital technology and social media in particular on mental health, holds different views. She claims that the studying data can be used to tell different stories. She also pointed out the weakness in several large studies that showed correlations (相关性) between the use of devices with screens and depression in users. Twenge stands by her own finding, pointing in turn to what she considers downsides in Orben’s research methods. For David Max, at Royal College of Child Health in London, the effect of screen time and social media use on mental health remains speculative. “We cannot regard social media completely as good or bad,” says Davie. “We don’t know whether in many cases social media is not responsible,” he says. The growth of mobile phone use has changed our lives. I can download movies, write articles, communicate with my family and broadcast to the world all at the push of a button. Rather than place limits, we should take a look at our use of screens and ask how they fit with the activities and lifestyle. Every new technology with widespread influence has given rise to new fears. So, the best way may simply be to ask yourself what level of screen use makes you and those around you happy and try to stick to it. If you find you are unable to stop, don’t be anxious — and certainly don’t feel guilty. Nobody knows anything worth getting scared about. 1．According to the passage, people give likes and count followers to ________. A．share one’s lifestyles B．show respect for others C．search for social acceptance D．reduce emotional stresses 2．The underlined word “speculative” probably means “________”. A．questionable B．negative C．important D．deep 3．What can be learned from the passage? A．Teenagers are more influenced by screen use both physically and mentally. B．Big tech companies help to produce many research papers on mental health. C．Twenge mainly introduces the overall benefits of digital technology in her books. D．Orben believes it is too early to think screen use responsible for hurting a generation. 4．The passage is written to ________. A．encourage readers to reduce the time of screen use B．share different opinions on the effects of screen use C．lessen people’s concerns and worries about the use of screens D．explain why screen use may have some negative effects on people Have you ever played brain games? Do you know there is even a National Puzzle Day celebrated every year on January 29 in the United States? In addition to being entertaining and fun, puzzles have health and social benefits, especially in early childhood. Studies have shown that doing puzzles can help enhance(增强) brain activity in adults. It also improves creativity, concentration and memory. You’ve probably seen ads for apps promising to make you smarter in just a few minutes a day. Hundreds of so-called “brain training” programs can be bought for downloading. These simple games are designed to challenge mental abilities, with the final goal of improving the performance of everyday tasks. But can these simple games really help you improve the way your brain functions? Two large groups, scientists group and mental health practitioners(从业者) group, published some statements on the effectiveness of these kinds of brain games. Both groups included people with years of research experience in cognition(认知), learning, skill acquisition, etc. Both groups carefully considered the same evidence available(可得的) at the time. Yet, they gave exactly opposite results. One concluded that “there is little evidence that playing puzzle games improves cognitive abilities, or that it enables one to better deal with a complex field of everyday life.” The other argued that “a growing evidence shows that certain cognitive training can greatly improve cognitive function, including ways related to everyday life.” In my opinion, although the brain training program seems an attracting shortcut, improving or maintaining cognition is not going to be quick and easy. Instead, it may require a lifetime — or at least an extended period — of cognitive challenge and learning. If you’re worried about your cognition, what should you do? If you do play brain games, and you enjoy them, please continue to play. But don’t expect too much. If you’re playing only to gain cognitive benefits, consider other activities instead, which might be cognitively exciting, or at least more satisfying and rewarding. 1．How did the two groups get their results? A．By collecting data from research. B．By considering available evidence. C．By recording cognitive changes. D．By comparing the differences. 2．The word “extended” in Paragraph 5 probably means “________”. A．early B．hard C．long D．same 3．What does the writer think of the effect of puzzle games on cognition? A．It is not so valuable. B．It is very practical. C．It is hardly acceptable. D．It is completely useless. 4．Which of the following would be the best title of the passage? A．Can Brain Games be Improved? B．Can Brain Games Make a Difference? C．Can Cognitive Function be Trained? D．Can Cognitive Function be Studied? Do you know the proverb “no pains, no gains”? It gives the impression that we ought to be suffering while we study. It seems that the only way to know if we’re putting in enough work is how much hardship we bear. We are totally taken up with study, shutting ourselves away for a big exam. Is that necessarily true? When we haven’t taken the time to come up with another idea, we just shut ourselves in a room with a book. It’s no surprise that we find revision boring and difficult. Just as children learn from playing, we can learn from doing, or at least from study techniques that interest us, rather than make us switch off. Shutting ourselves away can make us learn to hate studying, leading to a situation where, instead of being able to concentrate on our work, we are troubled by how unfair it is that we must study. This can be part of a vicious(恶性的) cycle that traps us into ineffective revision, or poor progress fueling(增加) further annoyance. Thankfully, working in the company of other people really helps fight against that. We just need to learn how to deal with distractions(分心). It’s not necessary to avoid all company, just lazy company. They constantly try to keep others in conversation. While studying in the same room with someone who is ironing or working out is perfectly possible. Of course, it’s also a good idea to avoid the company of people involved in activities where you would rather be playing than studying. Working while sitting next to someone playing video games is most likely to end with a new high score game rather than productive revision. If being around others means working in a noisy environment, a pair of headphones and some background music can block out noises. They also act as a psychological barrier, so that people think twice before interrupting you. Besides, we should know friends and family can lessen feelings of isolation. And connecting with other people makes us happy, so it’s important not to give that up and to make sure that we take the time to socialize. 1．What can we learn from Paragraph 2? A．Good ideas are needed in terms of progress. B．Ways that interest us can lead to effective revision. C．Shutting ourselves away can help concentrate on work. D．Revision is interesting and easy with study techniques for certain. 2．According to Paragraph 3, the writer probably agrees that ________. A．one should learn from certain activities that interest us B．playing video games is helpful for an effective study C．one shouldn’t study with the company of a video player D．the more time one spends in playing games, the higher test scores one will get 3．In the writer’s opinion, if you study in a noisy environment, you should ________. A．spend no time socializing B．give up others’ company at once C．give signs of not wanting to be interrupted D．force yourself to be used to the environment 4．What is the writer’s main purpose in writing this passage? A．To introduce an effective studying means. B．To encourage us to work as hard as possible. C．To remind us to balance activities and study. D．To discuss the importance of family company. 试卷第1页，共3页 试卷第1页，共3页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 题型08 阅读理解之议论文15篇 (北京专用) 【题型知识点细目表】 题号 难度 知识点 1 困难 信息技术,议论文 2 较难 自我管理,议论文,意见/建议 3 较难 哲理感悟,议论文 4 较难 哲理感悟,议论文,意见/建议 5 较难 志愿服务,议论文,意见/建议 6 适中 自我管理,青少年问题,议论文 7 较难 意见/建议,议论文 8 适中 意见/建议,议论文 9 适中 文化保护,议论文 10 适中 体育名人,议论文 11 较难 教育,青少年问题,议论文 12 较难 意见/建议,科普知识,议论文 13 较难 科普知识,议论文 14 较难 游戏,科普知识,议论文 15 较难 科普知识,议论文,意见/建议 【中考真题】 People are talking a lot about artificial intelligence (AI), viewing it as a force that could reshape how society works. But there is something important missing from this discussion. It isn’t enough to ask how it will change us. We also need to understand how we shape AI and what it can tell us about ourselves. Every AI model we develop mirrors our rules and expresses our beliefs. A few years ago, while looking for new workers, a famous company gave up an AI-powered tool after finding it unfavorable to women. The AI was not designed to behave this way, instead, it was influenced by the historical data (数据) favoring men. Similarly, a recent study found that lending algorithms (算法) often offer less favorable terms to colored people, worsening long-standing unfairness in money-lending business. In both cases, AI isn’t creating new biases (偏见), it is mirroring the ones that are already present. These reflections (反映) give us an important chance to take a close look at ourselves. By making these problems seen and more pressing, AI challenges us to recognize and address what causes algorithmic bias. As AI continues to develop, we must ask ourselves how we as average people want to shape its role in society. We should not only improve AI models, but also make sure that AI is developed and used responsibly. A number of companies are already taking action. They are judging the data, rules, and beliefs that shape the behavior of AI models. Still, we cannot expect the companies to do all the work. As long as AI is trained on human data, it will reflect human behavior. That means we have to think carefully about the footprints of ourselves we leave in the world. I may value privacy, but if I give it up in a heartbeat to visit a website, the algorithms may make a very different judgment of what I really want and what is good for me. If I want meaningful human connections yet spend more time on social media and less time in the physical company of my friends, I am indirectly training AI models about the true nature of humanity. As AI becomes more powerful, we need to take increasing care to read our principles (原则) into the record of our actions rather than allowing the two to diverge. Recognizing this allows us to make better decisions, but only when we are prepared to look closely and take responsibility for what we see. 1．Why does the writer introduce the two examples in Paragraph 2? A．To suggest a solution. B．To stress a difference. C．To challenge a practice. D．To support a viewpoint. 2．What does the word “diverge” in the last paragraph most probably mean? A．Improve. B．Appear. C．Separate. D．Repeat. 3．According to the passage, what is a good example of shaping AI responsibility? A．Guarding one’s privacy against AI models. B．Being mindful of our feeds into AI models. C．Training algorithms to favor the latest data. D．Designing algorithms to deal with unfairness. 4．Which of the following is the best title for this passage? A．AI Isn’t the Problem; We Are B．AI: A Tool to Reshape Our Society C．More Open algorithms for Better AI? D．Building Trust in Human-AI Relationships 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．B 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇议论文，主要讨论了人工智能如何反映人类社会中的偏见和不公平现象，并强调人类在塑造AI时需要承担的责任。文章通过具体案例说明AI并非独立产生偏见，而是反映了人类社会已有的问题，并呼吁人们通过自身行为来影响AI的发展方向。 1．推理判断题。根据第二段“In both cases, AI isn’t creating new biases (偏见), it is mirroring the ones that are already present.”可知，作者认为AI并没有创造新的偏见，而是反映了已经存在的偏见。第二段中提到的招聘时由AI驱动的工具对女性更不利，贷款算法对有色人种更为不利，这两个例子印证了作者的观点，是为了支持“AI反映人类社会偏见”这一观点。故选D。 2．词句猜测题。根据“we need to take increasing care to read our principles (原则) into the record of our actions rather than allowing the two to diverge.”可知，在人工智能发展的过程中，我们需要将我们的原则融入到我们的行动记录中，而不是让两者背道而驰。划线部分diverge意为“分歧，背离”，与Separate表达的意思相近。故选C。 3．推理判断题。根据“As long as AI is trained on human data, it will reflect human behavior. That means we have to think carefully about the footprints of ourselves we leave in the world.”可知，只要AI是基于人类数据训练的，它就会反映人类行为。这意味着我们必须认真思考我们在世界上留下的足迹。作者认为人类应谨慎对待自身行为对AI的影响，即“注意我们对AI模型的输入”。故选B。 4．最佳标题题。通读全文可知，文章核心观点是AI并非问题的根源，而是人类社会偏见的反映，因此人类需要为AI的发展负责。选项A“AI Isn’t the Problem; We Are”最贴合主旨。故选A。 Almost everyone has experienced the feeling of discomfort when their actions do not agree with their inner values. A man, for example, values work-life balance yet works 80 hours every week, caring little about his own health and family. Another example is a boy who holds his parents’ love dear but gets angry at them in a moment of stress; or a woman who hopes to live healthily but gives in to the attraction of fast food during moments of weakness. This disagreement can lead to serious results, such as worsening relationships, limited personal growth, and self-doubt. The emotional effects of feeling out of control and unable to live up to our own standards can also be deeply harmful. The shame and upset that go along with these feelings often force us into silence, resulting in more self-doubt. One reason for this silence might be that admitting (承认) to these behaviors can feel like showing a weakness or mistake that society tells us should be kept hidden. What’s more, recognizing this disagreement requires coming face to face with uncomfortable truths about ourselves—a process that is as discouraging as it is necessary for growth. Recognizing and addressing these behaviors can provide a possibility of change. By looking into the causes of our behaviors, we can begin to understand our actions more easily and work toward sticking to our beliefs. Research supports the idea that recognizing this disagreement, together with mindfulness and open communication, can help with this process. These methods help us slow down, reflect (反思), and choose behaviors that follow our values more closely, even in the face of old habits or immediate needs. The key to dealing with this disagreement lies in compassion (同情) for ourselves and others. By developing a culture of openness and by understanding the challenges of aligning behaviors with beliefs, we can begin to break down what prevents us from having conversation and change. Admitting that this disagreement is a shared part of the human experience can enable us to speak openly, find support, and take necessary steps toward the agreement between our inner world and our actions. While the disagreement between our inner values and actions may be common, through reflection, understanding and purposeful practice, we can bridge the divide and set out on a journey of self-discovery. 1．Why does the writer use the examples in Paragraph 1? A．To stress an unavoidable need. B．To show a result of the wrong values. C．To describe a common human experience. D．To introduce a change in people’s relationships. 2．What does the word “aligning” in Paragraph 4 most probably mean? A．Matching. B．Comparing. C．Mixing. D．Confusing. 3．Which of the following would the writer most probably agree with? A．Discomfort forces us to give up our beliefs. B．Our behaviors weaken our understandings of life. C．Open communication makes it possible for us to change. D．Keeping silent allows us time to live up to our standards. 4．What is the writer’s main purpose in writing this passage? A．To encourage people to stay true to their beliefs. B．To prove the importance of having the right values. C．To compare different ways to deal with discomfort. D．To discuss the influence of people’s improper actions. 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．C 4．A 【导语】本文介绍了人们在生活中会遇到很多实际行动违背自己内心价值观的情况，这会让我们感到不舒服，甚至带来严重后果，但只要通过反思、理解和有目的的实践，我们就可以弥合这种分歧，踏上自我发现之旅。 1．推理判断题。通读第一段可知，本段第一句提出了一个观点：几乎每个人都会经历实际行动违背内心价值观带来的不适感，下文列举了三个具体的例子。由此可推知，作者在第一段中举例子是为了具体描述这种普遍的人类经历。故选C。 2．词义猜测题。根据画线词所在句中的“By developing a culture of openness and by understanding the challenges of aligning behaviors with beliefs, we can begin to break down what prevents us from having conversation and change.”可知，这里指通过发展一种开放的文化，通过理解使行为与信念保持一致的挑战，人们能够开始突破那些不利于我们进行对话和改变的障碍。上文一直在说行为与信念的“不一致”，由此可推知，此处的“挑战”应指使行为与信念保持一致。画线词应意为“使一致”，与A项意思相近。故选A。 3．推理判断题。通读第三段尤其是第三句“Research supports the idea that recognizing this disagreement, together with mindfulness and open communication, can help with this process.”可知，作者认为意识到这种分歧，再加上保持警觉，进行坦诚的沟通，可以使人们发生改变。故选C。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章主要介绍了人们在生活中会遇到很多实际行动违背内心价值观的情况，这会让我们感到不舒服，甚至带来严重后果，但只要通过反思、理解和有目的的实践，我们就可以弥合这种分歧，踏上自我发现之旅。由此可推知，作者写本文的目的是鼓励人们忠于自己的信仰，坚守本心。故选A。 A Pathway (路径) to Meaning in Life When it comes to a meaningful life, we might think of love, happiness and health. A life filled with meaning is what most of us want for ourselves. Then, what makes a meaningful life? Many researchers agree that a meaningful life comes down to three factors (因素): having long-term goals, believing that one’s life matters, and feeling that one’s life fits together and “makes sense”. But we believe there is more to consider. Sometimes life enables us to experience small moments of beauty. When people are open to appreciating (欣赏) such experiences, these moments may improve how they see their own life. We call this experiential appreciation (EA). EA is about the person feeling connected to events and being able to appreciate the value within the connection. It shows the discovery of and admiration for life’s beauty. We recently set out to better understand EA in studies. We were interested in whether EA was also tied to general judgment of meaning in life. If so, it could be a factor for meaningfulness. In the first study, we had people rate (评估) their support for different methods of reducing stress. We found that people who managed stress by focusing on their appreciation for life’s beauty also reported experiencing life as highly meaningful. In the next study, we asked people to rate the degree to which they agreed with various statements, such as “I appreciate the beauty of life” and “I appreciate little things in life,” as well as other statements that related to the three factors and a general sense of meaning in life. Our results showed that the more people reported that they were “appreciating life” and its many experiences, the more they felt their life was valuable. In the following studies, we further looked at the connection between EA and meaningfulness. For example, we found that people who were asked to look back on the most meaningful event of the past week generally reported high EA in those moments. All the results proved our theory (假设) true. But putting it into practice can be difficult. Our fast-paced lifestyles fill the day with goals. We try to get the highest output both at work and in spare time. This focus on future outcomes makes it all too easy to miss what is happening right now. We should slow down and let life surprise us. 1．You were most probably in the EA condition when _________. A．you made a travel plan for the coming holiday B．you hurried to serve the customers in the store C．you practiced hard to become the best violinist D．you stopped to admire the roses by the roadside 2．What can we learn from the studies mentioned in the passage? A．Thinking back to the past weakens our sense of meaning. B．Enjoying small things can influence our attitude toward life. C．Proper stress management is the key to living a satisfying life. D．Good judgment on beauty improves connections among people. 3．What does the last paragraph mainly tell us? A．It is easier for results-driven people to achieve success. B．We often turn a blind eye to the present moment. C．A fast-paced lifestyle helps us reach our goals. D．Future life will bring us many more surprises. 4．What is the writer’s main purpose in writing this passage? A．To explain how to discover beauty in life. B．To discuss what the true meaning of life is. C．To introduce a new factor for a meaningful life. D．To compare different factors for meaningfulness. 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．B 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇议论文，讨论是什么让生活变得有意义。 1．推理判断题。根据“When people are open to appreciating (欣赏) such experiences, these moments may improve how they see their own life. We call this experiential appreciation (EA).”可知，当人们乐于欣赏这样的经历时，这些时刻可能会改善他们对自己生活的看法，我们称之为体验欣赏。选项D“你停下来欣赏路边的玫瑰”符合，故选D。 2．推理判断题。根据“Sometimes life enables us to experience small moments of beauty. When people are open to appreciating (欣赏) such experiences, these moments may improve how they see their own life.”可知，生活让我们体验到美丽的小瞬间，当人们乐于欣赏这样的经历时，这些时刻可能会改善他们对自己生活的看法。故选B。 3．段落大意题。根据“This focus on future outcomes makes it all too easy to miss what is happening right now. ”可知，我们经常忽略当下正在发生的一切。故选B。 4．主旨大意题。根据第三段“But we believe there is more to consider.”本文主要讨论有意义的生活的一个新的要素，故选C。 【热点话题练习】 Once, I asked the famous artist Elizabeth Murray how she felt about her early work. She told me that some paintings didn’t meet her standards. There was one she didn’t like at all and she even left it in the trash inside her studio. However, her neighbor saw the painting, thought it was valuable, and took it away. At that moment, my view of success and creativity changed. I realized that success is a moment, but what we are always celebrating is the lifelong effort to master (精通) a skill—that is, true creativity and mastery. I started to understand this when I watched an archer (弓箭手). She hit a seven, a nine, then two tens—yet her next arrow missed completely. I saw that this failure gave her more tenacity (韧性), and she practised it again and again. For three hours this went on. So, success is hitting that ten-ring, but mastery is knowing that it means nothing if you can’t do it consistently. Mastery is not just the same as excellence, though. It’s not the same as success, which I see as an event, a moment in time, and a title the world awards you. Mastery is not a commitment (投入) to a goal but to a continuous journey. What pushes us forward is valuing a near win. The near win is part of mastery because the better we get, the more we realize how much we still don’t know. It’s called the “Dunning-Kruger effect”. The Paris Review got it out of James Baldwin when they asked him, “What do you think increases with knowledge?” and he said, “You learn how little you know.” Success motivates us, but a near win can push us forward on an ongoing journey. One of the most vivid examples of this comes when we look at the difference between Olympic silver medalists and bronze medalists after a competition. Thomas Gilovich and his team from Cornell University studied this and found that while bronze medalists are often happier just to have made the podium (领奖台), the frustration (沮丧) silver medalists feel gives them greater focus for future competitions. The near win always drives us forward because it makes a far-away goal feel closer, like a distant mountain suddenly seeming nearer. Then, it acts like a signpost, making us focus on the very next step we need to take. We become, and continue to be, successful, strong and healthy not when we’ve done it all, but when we still have more to do. We grow by improving our unfinished work, just like building with blocks (积木). We also improve ourselves. This is how we master a skill. When you almost reach a goal, it can help you achieve even bigger things later. Completion is a goal, but we hope it is never the end. 1．Why does the writer use the example in Paragraph 1? A．To prove the value of creativity in art. B．To show the result of a wrong judgement. C．To introduce a change in the opinion. D．To stress the importance of a good neighbor. 2．What can we learn about success and mastery from the passage? A．Knowing how little we know sets us on the path to mastery. B．Success means going after excellence over and over again. C．Most successes are driven by the Dunning-Kruger effect. D．Mastery is all about making every effort to win in our life. 3．Which of the following shows the effect of a near win? A．A teacher, who kept encouraging students, received an honor. B．A boxer, who lost in a close match, trained harder than before. C．A writer wrote a book and became famous overnight. D．A scientist changed the research area after careful planning. 4．What is the writer’s main purpose in writing this passage? A．To encourage people to be successful. B．To introduce the benefits of having the right goal. C．To compare different ways to deal with a near win. D．To explain the true meaning of mastery. 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．B 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇议论文，通过艺术家对早期作品的看法、弓箭手的练习、奥运奖牌获得者的心态等例子，阐述了关于成功和精通（mastery）的观点，指出成功是瞬间的，而精通是一个持续的过程，接近成功（near win）能推动我们不断前进，最后强调精通的真正含义在于持续努力和不断进步。 1．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“At that moment, my view of success and creativity changed. I realized that success is a moment, but what we are always celebrating is the lifelong effort to master (精通) a skill—that is, true creativity and mastery.”可知，作者在听到艺术家Elizabeth Murray讲述她早期作品的事情后，对成功和创造力的看法发生了改变，所以第一段的例子是为了引出作者观点的改变。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“The better we get, the more we realize how much we still don’t know. It’s called the ‘Dunning - Kruger effect’. The Paris Review got it out of James Baldwin when they asked him, ‘What do you think increases with knowledge?’ and he said, ‘You learn how little you know.’”可知，我们越精通，就越意识到自己不知道的还有很多，了解自己知道得很少能让我们走上精通之路，即知道我们知道的很少能让我们走上精通之路。故选A。 3．推理判断题。根据文章第五段“The near win always drives us forward because it makes a far - away goal feel closer, like a distant mountain suddenly seeming nearer. Then, it acts like a signpost, making us focus on the very next step we need to take.”以及第四段“while bronze medalists are often happier just to have made the podium (领奖台), the frustration (沮丧) silver medalists feel gives them greater focus for future competitions.”可知，接近成功能推动我们前进，让我们更专注于下一步，银牌获得者的沮丧会让他们更专注于未来的比赛，也就是会训练得更努力。B选项“一个拳击手在一场势均力敌的比赛中输了，但比以前训练得更刻苦了”体现了接近成功带来的影响。故选B。 4．主旨大意题。文章开篇通过艺术家的事例引出对成功和精通的看法改变，接着通过弓箭手、奥运奖牌获得者等例子进一步阐述成功和精通的关系，强调接近成功的作用，最后总结指出精通的真正含义在于持续努力和不断进步，所以作者写这篇文章的主要目的是解释精通的真正含义。故选D。 What was the best gift I ever received? Well, I’m a music lover, so I’d have to say it was either a Spotify subscription or my top-of-the-range Sony MDR-7506 headphones. Together they’ve provided me with countless hours of high-quality audio accompaniment. Growing up in a loving, well-off family in one of the richest countries in the world, what more could I want? Giving gifts to loved ones is great: it’s a rewarding way to spread joy and strengthen friendships and family ties. But at this time of year I’m always reminded of how many people not only get no presents but also lack the basics to allow them to live healthy lives. For me, luxury headphones were the perfect gift; for the world’s poorest, it would be nutritious food, clean water and health care. The poorest 10% of the world’s population, some 700 million people, live on less than $1.90 per day. And that’s adjusting for local purchasing power: they live on what $1.90 would buy in the U.S. Faced with this kind of budget, and often geographically isolated, they are forced to eat whatever they can find and drink and wash in unsafe water. They can only pray that they don’t succumb to malnutrition, malaria or any number of other diseases that, while perfectly curable in rich countries, frequently ruin or end lives in the developing world. I don’t seek to make anyone feel guilty for exchanging luxury goods with the people they love. But it seems to me that there’s another type of giving that is, if anything, even more profound: giving the basics of life to those most in need. Sure, you might not get a thank-you letter (who does these days?), but you’ll have done something extraordinary. However, I’m not just interested in people giving more to charity (although that is important). I’m also passionate about people giving smarter, because where you give can make a huge difference on the impact you’ll have. What do I mean by that? Well, to start with, there’s a reason I’ve been talking about the developing world. Even average earners in the West are incredibly rich compared with the global poor, so a sum of money considered moderate for some could make a huge difference in the poorest countries. That’s not to say that all developing world poverty-relief charities are good at making a difference—that’s certainly not the case. Plenty of money donated in good faith is lost to local corruption, poor administration or programs of intervention that sound great in theory but don’t achieve much in practice. As a result, it’s crucial to look at the effectiveness of the work a charity does before committing your money. How much good does it achieve for each dollar donated? Is there robust evidence for the impact of its programs? It’s not always easy for people to find the answers, but they are vital questions to ask. That’s why there are now organizations devoted to finding and promoting the best charities. As part of the effective-altruism (利他主义) movements, they are dedicated to helping people make the biggest possible difference with their donations. I love my music, and I love my headphones. But this year, the best gift I could get is to see as many people as possible giving generously to the most effective charities in the world. 1．What does the phrase “succumb to” (paragraph 3, line 5) mean? A．be unaffected by B．cease opposition to C．be unconnected with D．help to cause 2．Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage? A．The author thinks that people giving luxury gifts to the ones they love should feel guilty. B．The author believes that there is nothing more he wants because he grows up in very rich family. C．The author argues that compared with those poor, an ordinary worker in the West doesn’t earn much. D．The author says that some diseases which might be deadly in poor countries can be cured in developed countries. 3．Which of the following statements can you possibly infer from the passage? A．People used to receive a letter of compliment from the receiver after they donated money to charities. B．Giving smarter means that those who donate should know clearly how the charity works with the government. C．Some charity programs fail to achieve much and seem to be less effective because they are not very practical. D．The organizations devoted to finding the best charities aim to appeal to people to donate more money. 4．Which of the following is the best title of the passage? A．Giving the basics of life to those in need B．Giving best gifts to your beloved ones C．Making the best gift count D．The effective-altruism movement 【答案】1．D 2．D 3．C 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇议论文，作者先以自己收到的最好的礼物引出话题，接着指出在给所爱之人送礼物的同时，也应关注世界上许多贫困人群的基本生活需求，还强调了捐赠要明智，要关注慈善工作的有效性，最后表明自己希望看到人们慷慨捐赠给最有效的慈善机构。 1．词句猜测题。根据文章第三段“They can only pray that they don’t succumb to malnutrition, malaria or any number of other diseases that, while perfectly curable in rich countries, frequently ruin or end lives in the developing world.”可知，他们只能祈祷自己不会患上营养不良、疟疾或许多其他疾病，这些疾病在富裕国家完全可以治愈，但在发展中国家却常常毁掉或终结生命。由此可推测出“succumb to”意为“导致（某种不好的结果），帮助促成”，与“help to cause”意思相近。故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“They can only pray that they don’t succumb to malnutrition, malaria or any number of other diseases that, while perfectly curable in rich countries, frequently ruin or end lives in the developing world.”可知，一些在贫穷国家可能致命的疾病在发达国家是可以治愈的。故选D。 3．推理判断题。根据文章第七段“That’s not to say that all developing world poverty-relief charities are good at making a difference—that’s certainly not the case. Plenty of money donated in good faith is lost to local corruption, poor administration or programs of intervention that sound great in theory but don’t achieve much in practice.”可知，这并不是说所有发展中国家的扶贫慈善机构都善于发挥作用，事实并非如此，许多怀着善意捐赠的钱都因当地腐败、管理不善或理论上听起来很棒但实际效果不佳的干预项目而损失了。由此可推断出，一些慈善项目效果不佳是因为它们不太实际。故选C。 4．最佳标题题。文章开篇作者以自己收到的最好的礼物引出话题，接着论述了在给所爱之人送礼物的同时，也要关注贫困人群的基本生活需求，还强调了捐赠要明智，要关注慈善工作的有效性，最后表明自己希望看到人们慷慨捐赠给最有效的慈善机构，即让礼物发挥最大的作用。所以“Making the best gift count”（让最好的礼物发挥作用）作为标题最合适。故选C。 “Do not get the idea that you’re anything special, because you’re not.” This is what English teacher David McCullough told graduates at Wellesley High School. Mothers and fathers present at the ceremony (典礼) disagreed with McCullough’s words. But in all that anger and disagreement, we missed something we really should keep in mind: our young people actually have no idea whether they’re really talented or not. In our hope to build their confidence, we forgot to teach them how to correctly evaluate (评估) their own abilities. In fact, it’s not just these high-school students: we all tend to view ourselves as above-average. Therefore, it is of great importance for us to learn and teach our kids how to evaluate ourselves (themselves) objectively (客观地). Inflated (膨胀的) self-judgments have been found in study after study. Usually, when we perform worst at a given task, we feel most satisfied with our performance. In a 2020 study published in the journal Medical Education, for example, medical students who scored the lowest on a test were the most sympathetic in their self-evaluations, while high-scoring students judged themselves much more strictly. Poor learners, the authors say, cannot realize their own inability. Why should this be? Another study offers an explanation. People who have a low level of ability suffer from a “dual burden”: they’re not good at what they do, and their inability prevents them from recognizing how bad they are. In Dunning’s study, participants scoring at the bottom on tests of logic, grammar and humor “extremely overestimated (高估)” their talents. Although their test scores put them in the 624th, they guessed they were in the 12th. What these individuals didn’t have was “meta cognitive skill” (元认知技巧) : the ability to monitor how well (or badly) they’re performing. Without that ability, the participants arrived at an overly hopeful view of their own abilities. Luckily, there are a couple of ways to deal with it. First, we can learn to make honest comparisons with others. Train yourself to recognize excellence, even when you don’t have it. Then compare what you can do with what excellent people are able to do. Second, often ask others for opinions and try to make sure they are correct and specific. Find someone who will tell you not only how poorly you’re doing, but also what you’re doing wrong. If we use these ways—and most importantly, teach them to our children—they won’t need parents, or a graduation ceremony speaker, to tell them whether they’re special or not. If they are, they’ll already know that they are. Or they’ll have a plan to get that way. 1．Why does the writer mention David McCullough’s speech at the beginning of the passage? A．To introduce the problem of wrong self-view. B．To show the anger of parents at the ceremony. C．To discuss what makes a person truly special. D．To criticize the wrong ideas of an English teacher. 2．The underlined word “sympathetic” in Paragraph 2 probably means “________”. A．serious B．negative C．honest D．kind 3．What can we learn from the passage? A．The test of logic itself can tell if participants have “meta-cognitive skill”. B．We make honest comparisons with others in order to do better than them. C．The opinions of others may help us better understand our actual performance. D．The medical students in the 2020 study couldn’t recognize excellence in others. 4．What is the writer’s main purpose in writing this passage? A．To explain what “meta-cognitive skill” is and how to develop it. B．To stress the need for objective self-evaluation and offer solutions. C．To introduce studies on self-judgment and ways to accept ourselves. D．To discuss why we view ourselves as below-average and offer advice. 【答案】1．A 2．D 3．C 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇议论文，通过引用David McCullough在毕业典礼上的演讲引出人们自我认知偏差的问题，指出人们往往高估自己的能力，尤其是能力较低者由于缺乏元认知技巧而无法正确评估自己。文章进一步分析了这一现象的原因，并提出了应对方法，强调客观自我评价的重要性。 1．推理判断题。文章开篇引用David McCullough的演讲“不要认为自己很特别，因为你并不特别”，随后指出家长对此感到愤怒，但真正值得关注的是年轻人无法正确评估自己的能力。由此可知，作者提及演讲是为了引出人们自我认知偏差的问题。故选A。 2．词句猜测题。根据第二段“medical students who scored the lowest on a test were the most sympathetic in their self-evaluations, while high-scoring students judged themselves much more strictly.”可知，得分最低的学生在自我评价中更为“sympathetic”，而高分学生则更严格。结合语境可推断，“sympathetic”在此意为“宽容的、和善的”，与“kind”意思相近。故选D。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段“often ask others for opinions and try to make sure they are correct and specific. Find someone who will tell you not only how poorly you’re doing, but also what you’re doing wrong.”可知，他人的意见能帮助我们更准确地了解自己的实际表现。故选C。 4．主旨大意题。文章首先指出人们普遍存在自我认知偏差的问题，随后分析了原因，并在第四段提出应对方法（如与他人诚实比较、寻求他人意见），最后强调教会孩子客观自我评价的重要性。由此可知，作者的主要目的是强调客观自我评价的必要性并提供解决方案。故选B。 On weekends, some people rush to select photos from a marathon and write like “pushing my limits” right after crossing the finish line, eager to post them on social media. Others spend vacation evenings stressed about perfecting travel videos, carefully choosing background music, worried they might miss a chance to show off a “perfect holiday” to others. We live in such an “achievement society” where leisure (休闲) has lost its true purpose. Instead of being a break from tiredness, it has become a new stage for branding and selling ourselves. We fill our free time with self-promotion, turning relaxation into a competitive and tiring performance that finally leads to burnout, and then we easily get distracted (分心的) by the desire to gain others’ praise. To escape this trap, we can turn to the wisdom of the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle, who lived from 384 to 322 B．C． In his famous Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle starts by saying that we are all searching for happiness, but he argues we are often confused about how to achieve it. He points out that pleasure, wealth, honor, and power do not bring lasting happiness. True happiness comes from our choices of habits, which are not just about action, but also motives (动机) and character, he says. Good habits are the result of moving constantly in the right direction through practice. In Aristotle’s view, the true meaning of such self-development differs sharply from self-promotion. In an achievement society, we are often forced to respond to outside pressures to self-promote. We may instead look to pleasure, wealth, honor and power for happiness. This can sidetrack our self-development needed for true happiness. For Aristotle, leisure is very important for self-development. The true purpose of leisure is not tied to the need to achieve—it is time we can reflect on our real needs, develop friendships, think for ourselves, and step back and decide what kind of life we truly want to live. Without such leisure, happiness stays out of reach. In today’s achievement-focused society, we must rethink leisure: not as a tool for self-promotion, but as a space to grow. The choices we make during our free time can either bring us closer to happiness or lead us toward burnout. After all, true happiness comes from becoming the best of ourselves, not meeting others’ standards. Aristotle told us that we can control the most important things in a good life: what kind of person we will become. And leisure is the time when we can decide what habits to develop and what kind of person to be. Will we give in to the achievement-focused society? Or will we use our free time to develop ourselves as individuals? 1．Why does the writer mention two examples in Paragraph 1? A．To introduce the negative influence that social media has on people. B．To compare different kinds of activities in leisure time. C．To show what leisure in an achievement society is like. D．To explain why leisure is important for personal growth. 2．What does the word “sidetrack” in Paragraph 4 most probably mean? A．Distract. B．Direct. C．Decide. D．Discover. 3．Which of the following would the writer most probably agree with? A．Self-promotion in leisure blocks true happiness. B．True happiness comes from pleasure and honor. C．Shared standards are connected with true happiness. D．Leisure should be used for self-promotion. 4．According to the passage, what is a good example of spending free time for its true purpose? A．Following others to spend evenings watching popular TV shows. B．Posting photos on social media and collecting one hundred likes. C．Reading a favorite book in the park and relating it to real life. D．Buying expensive new-style sports shoes and showing them off. 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．A 4．C 【导语】本文探讨现代社会将休闲异化为自我推销工具的现象，借用亚里士多德的观点指出：真正幸福源于自我发展，而非外在成就或他人认可。 1．推理判断题。根据“…eager to post them on social media.”以及“…carefully choosing background music, worried they might miss a chance to show off a ‘perfect holiday’ to others.”可知，第一段通过“跑马拉松后发帖”和“熬夜修旅行视频”两个例子，具体说明现代人如何将休闲时间用于自我推销，第二段“We live in such an “achievement society” where leisure (休闲) has lost its true purpose.”紧接着总结：“我们生活在‘成就社会’，休闲已失去真正目的，变成自我营销的舞台”，例子直接服务于说明“成就社会中的休闲现状”。故选C。 2．词句猜测题。根据“In an achievement society, we are often forced to respond to outside pressures to self-promote. We may instead look to pleasure, wealth, honor and power for happiness.”以及“This can sidetrack our self-development needed for true happiness.”可知，我们被迫自我营销，转而追求快乐、财富、荣誉和权力，这可能“sidetrack”真正的自我发展，划线词后接“自我发展”，且导致“真正幸福难以实现”，因此词义需为“使偏离正轨”，因此划线词是与“Distract”同义。故选A。 3．推理判断题。通读全文可知，全文核心观点是“自我推销式休闲阻碍真正幸福”，第二段“We fill our free time with self-promotion, turning relaxation into a competitive and tiring performance that finally leads to burnout, and then we easily get distracted (分心的) by the desire to gain others’ praise.”明确说自我推销“最终导致倦怠”；第三段“the true meaning of such self-development differs sharply from self-promotion.”强调真正幸福需通过内在成长实现，末段“After all, true happiness comes from becoming the best ourselves, not meeting others’ standards.”更直接指出“真正的幸福源于成为最好的自己，而非满足他人标准”。因此作者可能认为“休闲中的自我营销是‘成就社会’的陷阱，阻碍真正幸福，真正幸福需通过内在成长实现”。故选A。 4．推理判断题。根据“The true purpose of leisure is not tied to the need to achieve—it is time we can reflect on our real needs, develop friendships, think for ourselves, and step back and decide what kind of life we truly want to live.”可知，休闲真正目的“反思真实需求、发展友谊、独立思考、决定理想生活”，C选项“阅读并联系生活”，符合“独立思考”和“自我成长”。故选C。 Nature and culture are often seen as opposite ideas. What belongs to nature cannot be the result of human activities and, on the other hand, cultural development is achieved against nature. However, this is not the only opinion on the relationship between nature and culture. Studies in the development of humans suggest that culture, whether taken as an effort against nature or a natural effort, is part of the development of the human species (物种). Several modern writers saw the process of education as a struggle (斗争) against human nature. We are born with wild natures, such as eating and behaving in a disorganized way or acting selfishly. Education uses culture as a way to get us out of our wildest natures; it is thanks to culture that the human species could learn to adapt, progress and raise itself above and beyond other species. Over the past century and a half, however, studies in the history of human development have shown that the formation of culture is part of the biological adaptation. Consider, for example, hunting. It seems to be an adaptation, which allowed humans to move into new and different areas, opening up the opportunity to change living habits. At the same time, the development of weapons (武器) is related to that adaptation—from rocks and stones to a set of hunting tools, and from hunting tools to rules relating to the proper use of weapons. Hunting also seems to be responsible for a whole set of bodily abilities, such as balancing on one foot. Just think of how this very simple thing is closely related to dance, a key expression of human culture. It is then clear that biological development and cultural development are closely tied. The transmission of culture seems to be directly related to what’s in our blood. Just as snails carry their shell, so do we bring along our culture. However, culture is also passed on among people of the same time or among people belonging to different populations. We can learn how to make jiaozi even if we were born from Russian parents in Paris just as we can learn how to speak English even if none of our family or friends speaks that language. 1．What is Paragraph 2 mainly about? A．Culture belongs to human nature. B．Nature teaches humans how to adapt. C．Humans are supposed to be well organized. D．Education pushes the human species to progress. 2．Why does the writer talk about hunting in Paragraph 3? A．To suggest some possible ways of changing living habits. B．To stress the importance of tools in humans’ struggle for life. C．To show how culture develops as humans adapt to the environment. D．To explain why there is a need to call for the proper use of weapons. 3．What does the word “transmission” in Paragraph 4 probably mean? A．system B．spread C．start D．spirit 4．What is the writer’s opinion on the nature-culture relationship? A．Culture and nature are separate yet balanced. B．Culture depends much on nature to progress. C．Nature and culture are different but connected. D．Nature follows the unwritten rules set by culture. 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．B 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇议论文，探讨了自然与文化的关系。传统观点认为自然与文化是对立的，但研究表明文化是人类物种发展的一部分，生物发展与文化发展密切相关。 1．主旨大意题。根据“Education uses culture as a way to get us out of our wildest natures; it is thanks to culture that the human species could learn to adapt, progress and raise itself above and beyond other species.”可知，本段核心围绕“教育”展开，强调教育以文化为载体，帮助人类摆脱野性、实现适应与进步，所以本段主要讲教育通过文化推动人类进步。故选D。 2．推理判断题。根据“Hunting also seems to be responsible for a whole set of bodily abilities, such as balancing on one foot. Just think of how this very simple thing is closely related to dance, a key expression of human culture. It is then clear that biological development and cultural development are closely tied.”可知，作者提及打猎是为了具体说明“文化的形成是人类适应环境的一部分”，即文化随人类适应环境而发展，故选C。 3．词句猜测题。根据“culture is also passed on among people of the same time or among people belonging to different populations.”可知，文化也在同时代的人或不同群体的人之间传递，可推知，“transmission”意为“传播”。故选B。 4．观点态度题。根据“Studies in the development of humans suggest that culture, whether taken as an effort against nature or a natural effort, is part of the development of the human species (物种).”以及“It is then clear that biological development and cultural development are closely tied.”可推知，作者认为自然与文化不同但相互关联。故选C。 Think about the last time you went to an art or history museum. Which pieces of artifacts (artworks) stood out to you? Did you read the introduction next to them? Did it tell you where the artifacts were from and how the museums got them? Today, many museums around the world own art and artifacts that were stolen or looted (掠夺) from their original countries during war or colonial rule (殖民统治). You may see ancient Chinese paintings shown in the British Museum, or sculptures from Africa that date back to the 19th century on display in the Louvre Museum. Many countries have asked European museums to repatriate the artifacts. The debate (争论) over whether and how museums should return artifacts to their original countries has been going on for many years. Those who suggest returning all foreign artifacts to their homes insist that it is morally (道义上) the right thing to do. Furthermore, the country owning the objects will receive an important part of their heritage (遗产) back, and these artifacts will be given a chance to be truly valued in homeland. Yet there are different voices. Those against the return point out that some foreign artifacts were not stolen but bought a long time ago. Also, it is sometimes hard to identify (确认) the true owners of certain artifacts—should they be returned to the country, a group or an individual? There is also a view that culture is a shared treasure and the artifacts are in fact“cultural ambassadors (大使)” that improve understanding. They believe that while taking them away from their countries of origin was wrong, history is full of “good” and “bad” actors. Moreover, they feel that keeping the cultural objects in the current museums has kept millions of artifacts safe from damage. On the matter of return, some governments have made the move. In 2018, French President Emmanuel Macron told officially that France would give back 26 looted treasures to the African state of Benin. “I cannot accept that a large part of cultural heritage from several African countries is in France,” said Macron. It’s said to be part of France’s long-promised plans to return artifacts taken from Africa during the colonial rule. Museums all across Europe began reconsidering their previous policies (之前的政策) on colonial treasures. In France, twenty-seven artifacts had been identified for return, but only one has been returned. Then, on October 6, 2020, France’s National Assembly officially passed a bill (法案) promising the return of these heritage artifacts, but didn’t fix a certain date. It seems that there is still a long way to go for the return of foreign heritage treasures. 1．People who consider foreign artifacts as “cultural ambassadors” may agree that________. A．mistakes in history need correcting in time B．heritage artifacts belong to all the human beings C．artifacts will be better protected in their homeland D．history museum tours will be popular in the future 2．The underlined word “repatriate” in paragraph 2 probably means________. A．protect B．display C．return D．borrow 3．What can we learn from the passage? A．French museums refused to identify all the colonial treasures. B．Policies and bills have no use in protecting foreign heritage treasures. C．The treasures stolen or looted can hardly be back to their homeland soon. D．Governments have the duty to keep foreign treasures in good protection. 4．By writing this passage, the writer wants to________. A．explain how and why many foreign treasures were stolen or looted B．advise governments to take actions in returning foreign treasures C．encourage us to take part in the debate over stolen or looted treasures D．show different views and present situation on the return of treasures 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．C 4．D 【导语】本文主要探讨了博物馆是否应将在战争或殖民统治时期掠夺的文物归还原属国这一问题，呈现了不同观点以及相关的现实情况。 1．细节理解题。根据“There is also a view that culture is a shared treasure and the artifacts are in fact ‘cultural ambassadors’ that improve understanding.”可知，认为文物是“文化大使”的人，会认同文物属于全人类这一观点，因为文化是共享的财富。故选B。 2．词句猜测题。根据“Today, many museums around the world own art and artifacts that were stolen or looted from their original countries ... Many countries have asked European museums to repatriate the artifacts.”以及后文围绕文物归还的争论，可推测“repatriate”意思是“归还”。故选C。 3．细节理解题。根据“Museums all across Europe began reconsidering their previous policies on colonial treasures ... but didn’t fix a certain date. It seems that there is still a long way to go for the return of foreign heritage treasures.”可知，被偷窃或掠夺的文物很难很快回到祖国。故选C。 4．主旨大意题。文章既阐述了支持文物归还和反对文物归还的不同观点，又介绍了文物归还的现实进展情况，所以作者写这篇文章是为了展示关于文物归还的不同观点和当前状况。故选D。 A character in one of Shakespeare’s plays once said, “Some are born great, some achieve greatness, and some have greatness thrust upon them.” Any of these could apply to the modern day sportsmen. Many still argue about the nature of their talent. Some say that people are born to be sportsmen, while others say it is only through hard work that they achieve their abilities. Regardless of the opinions, true greatness for them is only realized when their talents are acknowledged (承认) by the public. With this acknowledgement of their “greatness” come money, power, influence and responsibility. For better or for worse, like it or hate it, modern sportsmen are the role models of children worldwide. These children will grow up admiring their heroes, copying their every move, and wanting to be like them. With the influence of the media, this becomes even more common. So it is more important than ever for these sportsmen to recognize their responsibility. In the past few months, there have been many examples of questionable behaviors from sports stars. Present-day sports stars often mirror the less admirable aspects of society, which is often quickly pointed out by the self-righteous (自以为是的) media. It would be wrong for us to expect sportsmen to be perfect. It would also be wrong for us to think that their behavior is greatly worse than the sportsmen in the past. But with the all-seeing eye of modern media, it is a different world. So different standards must be expected. Of course there is no duty for sportsmen to be good role models. It’s totally their choice whether they consider their behavior appropriate (恰当的), as long as it complies with (遵守) the law. Furthermore, measuring the true influence their decisions have on their followers is absolutely impossible. Some will rise against their idols, seeing them in a new light and criticizing their actions. Others may copy their heroes’ actions, using them as a shield (挡箭牌) when making the same mistakes. It is certain that the actions of sportsmen will influence the lives of those who admire them. Present-day sportsmen are like role models in today’s world, and their actions are watched carefully by millions over the world. Some may complain against it, denying (否认) their influence on these children’s lives. Others may realize it but not respect it, while many may both realize it and respect it. In a word, you do not choose whether you are a role model. All you can do is to decide how to act when greatness is thrust upon you. 1．In Paragraph 1, the author tries to stress ________. A．sportsmen achieve success and greatness through their efforts B．there are two ways for people to achieve success and greatness C．the important qualities for the sportsmen to become great nowadays D．sportsmen become great when their gifts are recognized by people 2．Which of the following statements is true according to the passage? A．Most fans copy their heroes’ wrong actions when they don’t realize it. B．Sportsmen are self-righteous because the media makes them famous. C．The media sometimes overstresses the misbehavior of the sportsmen. D．Sportsmen have the right to behave as they wish when facing their fans. 3．The underlined phrase “thrust upon” most probably means ________. A．pulled off B．forced on C．related to D．removed from 4．What is the main purpose of the passage? A．To remind the sportsmen of their social responsibilities. B．To advise the media to choose proper sport events to report C．To argue that sportsmen should be respected more as heroes. D．To inform the public that sportsmen are not suitable role models. 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．B 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇议论文，主要讨论了现代运动员作为公众人物的责任和影响力，以及媒体对他们的行为进行监督的现象。 1．细节理解题。根据文章第1段“true greatness for them is only realized when their talents are acknowledged by the public”可知，作者强调运动员的伟大在于公众对其天赋的认可。故选D。 2．推理判断题。根据文章第3段“Present-day sports stars often mirror the less admirable aspects of society, which is often quickly pointed out by the self-righteous media”可知，媒体有时会过度强调运动员的不良行为。故选C。 3．词句猜测题。根据文章第1段“some have greatness thrust upon them”可知，有些人被强加伟大，“thrust upon”意为“强加于”。故选B。 4．主旨大意题。全文围绕运动员的社会责任展开，尤其是最后一段“All you can do is to decide how to act when greatness is thrust upon you”点明主旨，提醒运动员认识到自己的责任。故选A。 Being Authoritative (权威的) Parents Phrases like “tiger mom” and “helicopter parent” have made their way into everyday language. Many of us find ourselves drawn to the idea that with just a bit more parental hard work and effort, we might turn out children with bright futures. But is there anything wrong with a kind of “overparenting style”? Parental involvement has a long history of being studied. Many of the studies, carried out by Diana Baumrind, a famous psychologist at the University of California, Berkeley, have found that a good parent is the one who is involved and reacts to her child in a positive way, who sets high expectations but gives her child independence. These “authoritative parents” appear to hit the sweet spot of parental involvement and generally raise children who do better academically, psychologically and socially than children whose parents are not strict and less involved, or controlling and more involved. Why is this parenting style so successful? Authoritative parents actually help improve motivation in their children. Carol Dweck, a social psychologist at Stanford University, has done research that shows why authoritative parents raise more motivated children. In a typical experiment, Dr. Dweck takes young children into a room and asks them to solve a simple puzzle. Most do so with little difficulty. But then Dr. Dweck tells some, but not all, of the kids how clever they are. As it turns out, the children who are not told they’re smart are more motivated to solve increasingly difficult puzzles. They also show higher levels of confidence and show greater progress in puzzle-solving. As the experiment suggests, praising children’s talents and abilities seems to shake their confidence. Dealing with more difficult puzzles carries the risk of losing one’s status as “smart”. Dr. Dweck’s work strongly supports that of Dr. Baumrind, who also found that reasonably supporting a child’s independence and limiting interference (干涉) causes better academic (学术的) and emotional results. The central task of growing up is to develop a sense of self that is independent and confident. If you treat your young child who is just learning to walk as if she can’t walk, you reduce her confidence. Allowing children to make mistakes is one of the greatest challenges of parenting. It is easier when they are young. The potential mistakes carry greater risks, and part of being a parent is reducing risk for our children. 1．According to the passage, a “tiger mom” ______. A．helps her children realize their dreams B．pays close attention to her children’s experiences C．places reasonable expectations on her children D．speaks her children’s everyday language 2．The example of the children doing the puzzles suggests that ______. A．a good game plays a big role in training young minds B．bright children usually show less confidence in difficult games C．puzzle-solving can give children the motivation they need D．overpraising makes children less motivated and confident 3．The last paragraph tells us that ______. A．children should not be given much freedom B．parents should not increase the risk of challenging C．children should correct mistakes with the help of their parents D．parents should allow their children to learn from mistakes 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．D 【导语】本文主要探讨了“权威型父母”的教育方式及其对孩子成长的积极影响，并通过心理学实验论证了过度表扬和干预的弊端。 1．细节理解题。根据“...have found that a good parent is the one who is involved and reacts to her child in a positive way, who sets high expectations but gives her child independence.”可知，优秀的父母善于参与孩子的成长，以积极的态度回应孩子；他们会对孩子抱有较高期望，但同时也会给予孩子自主空间。由此可知“虎妈”密切关注孩子们的经历。故选B。 2．推理判断题。根据“As it turns out, the children who are not told they’re smart are more motivated to solve increasingly difficult puzzles...As the experiment suggests, praising children’s talents and abilities seems to shake their confidence...found that reasonably supporting a child’s independence and limiting interference (干涉) causes better academic (学术的) and emotional results.”可知，未被表扬“聪明”的孩子更有动力解决难题，而过度表扬会削弱孩子的信心和动力。故选D。 3．段落大意题。根据最后一段“Allowing children to make mistakes is one of the greatest challenges of parenting. It is easier when they are young. The potential mistakes carry greater risks, and part of being a parent is reducing risk for our children.”可知，允许孩子犯错，是为人父母面临的最大挑战之一。孩子年幼时，这件事尚且容易做到；随着孩子长大，他们可能犯下的错误会伴随更高的风险，而为人父母的责任之一，就是为孩子降低这些风险。所以本段告诉了我们“家长应该允许孩子在错误中学习成长”。故选D。 In recent years, self-care has become a popular topic across social media. However, many people find it difficult to truly receive the benefits. Why? Because we’ve lost touch with what it really means to take care of ourselves. Self-care is often seen as something grand and expensive only for special times or when life gets very stressful. Real self-care, however, doesn’t require a lot of money or time. It’s about finding simple, meaningful ways to check in with yourself regularly (定期地), even among your daily responsibilities. It could be taking five minutes to breathe deeply or having a cup of tea quietly. One of the most important aspects of self-care is the ability to be fully present in the moment. Imagine lying on the beach while checking emails or social media. The purpose might be to relax, but the reality is that your mind is still taking in information, leaving you feeling just as tired as before. Presence requires mindfulness—fully getting involved in the activity rather than focusing on what’s next on your to-do list. When you’re present, even simple acts of self-care become powerful tools for refreshment. The most effective self-care practices are often the simplest ones—those that can easily fit into your daily routine (日常事务). What matters most is consistency because it strengthens the habit of checking in with yourself and satisfying your needs in time. Consider the influence of just a few minutes each day on something that makes you feel good, such as enjoying a moment of silence during your lunch break or going for a short walk. These small acts, when practiced repeatedly, can have an increasing effect on your well-being. Practicing self-care, however, can be difficult. For some people, there’s always a voice that says, “There’s too much to do to waste time on self-care.” This inner voice makes us think that taking time for ourselves is selfish. Others may feel regretful for stepping away from their responsibilities, even for a short time. These inner blocks are an important reason why self-care can feel stressful. You should clear them and allow yourself to care for your physical and mental health without self-judgement. As you deal with the challenges of daily life, remember that self-care is a necessity. By focusing on presence and consistency and by dealing with the inner blocks that hold you back, you can unlock the true benefits of self-care. 1．Why does the writer use the example in Paragraph 3? A．To explain the purpose of self-care. B．To stress the importance of mindfulness. C．To introduce a common way of relaxation. D．To show the difficulty in fitting self-care into life. 2．What does the word “consistency” in Paragraph 4 most probably mean? A．Enjoying what you are doing. B．Finding out what you really need. C．Keeping a regular practice of an activity. D．Doing different things for your well-being. 3．Which of the following would the writer most probably agree with? A．We should put our responsibilities before self-care. B．We should avoid self-judgement while caring for ourselves. C．The more time we spend on self-care, the more effective it is. D．Practicing self-care when feeling stressed requires a lot of money. 4．Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? A．What Is Real Self-Care? B．Why Is Self-Care So Difficult? C．Self-Care: Common Practices in Daily Life. D．Self-Care: The Key to a Healthy and Happy Life. 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．B 4．A 【导语】本文探讨了近年来流行的自我关怀话题，指出真正的自我关怀无需大量金钱和时间，强调了专注当下和保持规律性的重要性，还提及了人们在实践自我关怀时面临的内心阻碍及应对方法，旨在让人们理解并解锁自我关怀的真正益处。 1．推理判断题。根据第三段“One of the most important aspects of self-care is the ability to be fully present in the moment.”可知，作者举了在海滩上查看邮件或社交媒体的例子，是为了说明真正的自我关怀需要全身心投入当下，即强调专注当下的重要性，故选B。 2．词义猜测题。根据第四段“because it strengthens the habit of checking in with yourself and satisfying your needs in time” 可知，“consistency” 能加强自我审视和及时满足自身需求的习惯，也就是保持一种活动的规律性，故选 C。 3．细节理解题。根据最后一段“As you deal with the challenges of daily life, remember that self-care is a necessity. By focusing on presence and consistency and by dealing with the inner blocks that hold you back, you can unlock the true benefits of self-care.”可知，作者认为在照顾自己时应该避免自我评判，故选B。 4．主旨大意题。文章主要讲述了什么是真正的自我关怀，包括其含义、重要方面以及如何克服困难等，故选A。 “You’ll get square eyes!” my mother used to say as I sat for hour after hour glued to the TV. I didn’t pay any attention. Past-forward many years and now I’m the parent. My 5-year-old lives in a world where screens aren’t fixed pieces of furniture. You can’t even avoid them by going outside. Screens are not only in our pockets; they’ re everywhere. The concerns have grown with the screens. In the past ten years, we have heard that they will damage our mental health. Many of us feel more distracted (分心的) by them, feeling guiltier and more tired as a result. The apps and websites we can use on our phones have also caused widespread concern. Big tech companies are also good at making use of our need for social acceptance, catching us on likes and follower counts. Social media has created a culture of mass narcissism (自恋), which has led many to worry about the emotional stresses on teenagers. A quick online search brings up lots of papers linking screen use or social media with harmful effects on mental health, including anxiety and depression. Such statements are alarming. They are also widely believed, thanks to popular books like iGen by Jean Twenge, which claims that digital technology has destroyed a generation. Yet, Amy Orben at the University of Oxford, who studies the influence of digital technology and social media in particular on mental health, holds different views. She claims that the studying data can be used to tell different stories. She also pointed out the weakness in several large studies that showed correlations (相关性) between the use of devices with screens and depression in users. Twenge stands by her own finding, pointing in turn to what she considers downsides in Orben’s research methods. For David Max, at Royal College of Child Health in London, the effect of screen time and social media use on mental health remains speculative. “We cannot regard social media completely as good or bad,” says Davie. “We don’t know whether in many cases social media is not responsible,” he says. The growth of mobile phone use has changed our lives. I can download movies, write articles, communicate with my family and broadcast to the world all at the push of a button. Rather than place limits, we should take a look at our use of screens and ask how they fit with the activities and lifestyle. Every new technology with widespread influence has given rise to new fears. So, the best way may simply be to ask yourself what level of screen use makes you and those around you happy and try to stick to it. If you find you are unable to stop, don’t be anxious — and certainly don’t feel guilty. Nobody knows anything worth getting scared about. 1．According to the passage, people give likes and count followers to ________. A．share one’s lifestyles B．show respect for others C．search for social acceptance D．reduce emotional stresses 2．The underlined word “speculative” probably means “________”. A．questionable B．negative C．important D．deep 3．What can be learned from the passage? A．Teenagers are more influenced by screen use both physically and mentally. B．Big tech companies help to produce many research papers on mental health. C．Twenge mainly introduces the overall benefits of digital technology in her books. D．Orben believes it is too early to think screen use responsible for hurting a generation. 4．The passage is written to ________. A．encourage readers to reduce the time of screen use B．share different opinions on the effects of screen use C．lessen people’s concerns and worries about the use of screens D．explain why screen use may have some negative effects on people 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．D 4．C 【导语】本文探讨了屏幕使用对心理健康的影响，特别是社交媒体的影响，并缓解人们对屏幕使用的担忧。 1． 细节理解题。根据“Big tech companies are also good at making use of our need for social acceptance, catching us on likes and follower counts.”可知，人们给点赞和计算粉丝数是为了寻求社会认同。故选C。 2．词义猜测题。根据“We cannot regard social media completely as good or bad,”和“Rather than place limits, we should take a look at our use of screens and ask how they fit with the activities and lifestyle.”可知，目前对于屏幕时间和社交媒体使用对心理健康的影响仍是有疑问的，所以speculative在此处指的是“值得怀疑的”。故选A。 3．推理判断题。根据“which claims that digital technology has destroyed a generation...Amy Orben...holds different views. She claims that the studying data can be used to tell different stories.”可知，Orben认为目前的数据不足以证明屏幕使用对一代人造成了伤害。故选D。 4．主旨大意题。根据“Every new technology with widespread influence has given rise to new fears. So, the best way may simply be to ask yourself what level of screen use makes you and those around you happy and try to stick to it. If you find you are unable to stop, don’t be anxious — and certainly don’t feel guilty. Nobody knows anything worth getting scared about.”可知，每一项具有广泛影响力的新技术都引发了新的担忧。所以，最好的方法可能就是问问自己，什么程度的屏幕使用会让你和周围的人感到快乐，并努力坚持下去。如果你发现自己无法停止，不要焦虑，当然也不要感到内疚。没有人知道有什么值得害怕的。所以这篇文章的目的是缓解人们对屏幕使用的担忧，故选C。 Have you ever played brain games? Do you know there is even a National Puzzle Day celebrated every year on January 29 in the United States? In addition to being entertaining and fun, puzzles have health and social benefits, especially in early childhood. Studies have shown that doing puzzles can help enhance(增强) brain activity in adults. It also improves creativity, concentration and memory. You’ve probably seen ads for apps promising to make you smarter in just a few minutes a day. Hundreds of so-called “brain training” programs can be bought for downloading. These simple games are designed to challenge mental abilities, with the final goal of improving the performance of everyday tasks. But can these simple games really help you improve the way your brain functions? Two large groups, scientists group and mental health practitioners(从业者) group, published some statements on the effectiveness of these kinds of brain games. Both groups included people with years of research experience in cognition(认知), learning, skill acquisition, etc. Both groups carefully considered the same evidence available(可得的) at the time. Yet, they gave exactly opposite results. One concluded that “there is little evidence that playing puzzle games improves cognitive abilities, or that it enables one to better deal with a complex field of everyday life.” The other argued that “a growing evidence shows that certain cognitive training can greatly improve cognitive function, including ways related to everyday life.” In my opinion, although the brain training program seems an attracting shortcut, improving or maintaining cognition is not going to be quick and easy. Instead, it may require a lifetime — or at least an extended period — of cognitive challenge and learning. If you’re worried about your cognition, what should you do? If you do play brain games, and you enjoy them, please continue to play. But don’t expect too much. If you’re playing only to gain cognitive benefits, consider other activities instead, which might be cognitively exciting, or at least more satisfying and rewarding. 1．How did the two groups get their results? A．By collecting data from research. B．By considering available evidence. C．By recording cognitive changes. D．By comparing the differences. 2．The word “extended” in Paragraph 5 probably means “________”. A．early B．hard C．long D．same 3．What does the writer think of the effect of puzzle games on cognition? A．It is not so valuable. B．It is very practical. C．It is hardly acceptable. D．It is completely useless. 4．Which of the following would be the best title of the passage? A．Can Brain Games be Improved? B．Can Brain Games Make a Difference? C．Can Cognitive Function be Trained? D．Can Cognitive Function be Studied? 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．A 4．B 【导语】本文主要针对益智游戏对大脑开发是否有帮助展开了讨论，一项研究认为几乎没有证据表明玩益智游戏能提高认知能力，而另一项研究认为某些认知训练可以极大地改善认知功能，包括与日常生活有关的方式，作者对此发表了自己的看法。 1．细节理解题。根据“Both groups carefully considered the same evidence available(可得的) at the time”可知，两组人都仔细考虑了当时可用的相同证据，故选B。 2．词义猜测题。根据“Instead, it may require a lifetime — or at least an extended period — of cognitive challenge and learning”可知，需要一生的认知挑战和学习，这是一个长期的工作，所以extended与long同义，故选C。 3．推理判断题。根据“If you’re worried about your cognition, what should you do? If you do play brain games, and you enjoy them, please continue to play. But don’t expect too much.”可知，如果你喜欢玩益智游戏，请继续玩下去，但不要抱有太大期望，由此可推断作者认为这并没有那么有价值，故选A。 4．最佳标题题。通读全文可知，本文主要针对益智游戏对大脑开发是否有帮助展开了讨论，所以B选项“益智游戏能带来改变吗”符合本文标题，故选B。 Do you know the proverb “no pains, no gains”? It gives the impression that we ought to be suffering while we study. It seems that the only way to know if we’re putting in enough work is how much hardship we bear. We are totally taken up with study, shutting ourselves away for a big exam. Is that necessarily true? When we haven’t taken the time to come up with another idea, we just shut ourselves in a room with a book. It’s no surprise that we find revision boring and difficult. Just as children learn from playing, we can learn from doing, or at least from study techniques that interest us, rather than make us switch off. Shutting ourselves away can make us learn to hate studying, leading to a situation where, instead of being able to concentrate on our work, we are troubled by how unfair it is that we must study. This can be part of a vicious(恶性的) cycle that traps us into ineffective revision, or poor progress fueling(增加) further annoyance. Thankfully, working in the company of other people really helps fight against that. We just need to learn how to deal with distractions(分心). It’s not necessary to avoid all company, just lazy company. They constantly try to keep others in conversation. While studying in the same room with someone who is ironing or working out is perfectly possible. Of course, it’s also a good idea to avoid the company of people involved in activities where you would rather be playing than studying. Working while sitting next to someone playing video games is most likely to end with a new high score game rather than productive revision. If being around others means working in a noisy environment, a pair of headphones and some background music can block out noises. They also act as a psychological barrier, so that people think twice before interrupting you. Besides, we should know friends and family can lessen feelings of isolation. And connecting with other people makes us happy, so it’s important not to give that up and to make sure that we take the time to socialize. 1．What can we learn from Paragraph 2? A．Good ideas are needed in terms of progress. B．Ways that interest us can lead to effective revision. C．Shutting ourselves away can help concentrate on work. D．Revision is interesting and easy with study techniques for certain. 2．According to Paragraph 3, the writer probably agrees that ________. A．one should learn from certain activities that interest us B．playing video games is helpful for an effective study C．one shouldn’t study with the company of a video player D．the more time one spends in playing games, the higher test scores one will get 3．In the writer’s opinion, if you study in a noisy environment, you should ________. A．spend no time socializing B．give up others’ company at once C．give signs of not wanting to be interrupted D．force yourself to be used to the environment 4．What is the writer’s main purpose in writing this passage? A．To introduce an effective studying means. B．To encourage us to work as hard as possible. C．To remind us to balance activities and study. D．To discuss the importance of family company. 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．C 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章对习语“no pains, no gains”提出质疑，并认为积极的话语和积极的行为会给人们带来积极的影响，从而产生良好的学习效果。 1．推理判断题。根据“Just as children learn from playing, we can learn from doing, or at least from study techniques that interest us, rather than make us switch off.”可知，就像孩子们从玩耍中学习一样，我们也可以从实践中学习，或者至少从我们感兴趣的学习技巧中学习，而不是让我们停止学习。由此推知让我们感兴趣的方法可以导致有效的复习，故选B。 2．推理判断题。根据“Working while sitting next to someone playing video games is most likely to end with a new high score game rather than productive revision.”可知，坐在玩电子游戏的人旁边工作时，最有可能以一个新的高分游戏而不是富有成效的复习结束。所以作者不建议在游戏等令人分心的事情的陪伴下学习，故选C。 3．推理判断题。根据“If being around others means working in a noisy environment, a pair of headphones and some background music can block out noises. They also act as a psychological barrier, so that people think twice before interrupting you.”可知，如果和其他人在一起意味着在嘈杂的环境中工作，一副耳机和一些背景音乐可以屏蔽噪音。 它们也起到了心理障碍的作用，所以人们在打断你之前会三思。所以在作者看来，如果你在一个嘈杂的环境中学习，你应该表现出不希望被打扰的迹象，故选C。 4．主旨大意题。本文对习语“no pains, no gains”提出质疑，并认为积极的话语和积极的行为会给人们带来积极的影响，从而产生良好的学习效果。选项A“介绍一种有效的学习手段”符合主题，故选A。 试卷第1页，共3页 试卷第1页，共3页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $