题型04 阅读理解之说明文15篇（北京专用）（中考典例+热点话题练）-2026年中考英语总复习（北京专用）

题型04 阅读理解之说明文15篇 (北京专用) 【题型知识点细目表】 题号 难度 知识点 1 适中 发明与创造,说明文 2 适中 科普知识,说明文 3 较难 情绪,哲理感悟,说明文 4 较难 合作与交流,说明文 5 较难 科学技术,说明文 6 适中 意见/建议,家庭生活,说明文 7 较难 健康与运动,说明文 8 适中 青少年问题,说明文,家庭关系 9 适中 学习策略,说明文 10 较难 科普知识,说明文 11 较易 语言与文化,科普知识,说明文 12 适中 发明与创造,环境保护,说明文 13 适中 常见动物,人与动植物,说明文 14 适中 自我管理,说明文 15 适中 科普知识,说明文 【中考真题】 Imagine a robot. What comes to your mind first? A machine stronger than the human body? However, this same quality is now causing a big problem—it’s creating tons of long-lasting e-waste that could flood our planet. What if, instead, the machines we use were designed to break down and disappear—just as living things do? For a study published in Science Advances, researchers made a robotic arm and a controller using materials from animals and plants. These materials are strong enough to work but can easily break down in a natural environment. After testing, both parts were gone in soil within weeks. Biodegradable (可生物降解的) robotics often falls under the umbrella of soft robotics, which takes ideas from nature. “This field started in materials science and chemistry rather than traditional robots that come from mechanical (机械的) engineering.” says Florian Hartmann, a materials scientist from Germany. However, many early soft robotics models still used man-made materials that cause pollution. Wei, a scientist who studies natural materials in Hangzhou, worked together with his friend Zhang, a robotics engineer in Shanghai, to build robots for the new study. They started with cellulose (纤维素) taken from cotton. Then, they added glycerol (甘油) to make a new material that is soft and easy to change shapes. After that they allowed it to dry so it became strong, “Cellulose is cheap and easy to work with,” says Wei. They found that the controller and the robotic arm stood up to both heavy use and a week of inactivity. Finally, they buried (埋) them both in a hole. Within eight weeks these two parts were almost completely gone. Wei and Zhang expect that robots like these can be used to deal with dangerous waste and then disappear naturally. They also hope that such robots can aid doctors in operations and then safely break down inside the body. However, it’s important to note that the technology is still in very early stages. “If we truly want to have a biodegradable robot,” Hartmann says, “we also need to make sure its electronics and power parts are biodegradable.” 1．What is special about the robotic arm and the controller in Paragraph 2? A．They are green.B．They are hard. C．They are intelligent. D．They are affordable. 2．What is mentioned in Paragraph 5 about soft robots? A．Their operation.B．Their applications. C．Their challenges. D．Their performance. 3．What can we learn from the passage? A．Soft robots are widely used to clean up e-waste. B．Soft robots have to rest for a week after heavy use. C．The designing of soft robots borrows ideas from nature. D．Mechanical engineering offers new ways to run soft robots. Sam Hill is really bad at finding his way from place to place. The world is full of people like Hill—and their opposites, who always seem to know exactly where they are and how to get where they want to go. It has proved hard to explain why. However, with the development of technology, there’s new excitement happening in the research world. An experiment was carried out in 2022 to find out what might influence way finding ability. Researchers developed an online game in which players travel by boat to find where a lot of checkpoints lie. The game asked players to provide basic background information , and nearly four million people worldwide did so. Through the game, the researchers were able to judge navigational (辨识方向的) ability by looking at how far each person traveled to reach all the checkpoints. Then they compared players’ performance with their background information. The researchers found that Northern Europeans seemed to be better navigations, perhaps because they love orienteering (定向越野), a sport which involves cross- country running and navigation. And those from cities with more disorganized street networks (网状系统) did better than those from cities with orderly ones. Perhaps people of planned cities don’t need to build complex (复杂的) maps in their minds. Research results like these suggest that people’s life experience decides how well they find their way. In fact, experience may even explain a popular belief that men are more likely to perform better than women. It turns out that this difference is more a question of culture and experience than of in born ability. Northern Europeans, for example, show almost no gender (性别) difference in navigation. However, men do much better than women in places where women face cultural limits on exploring their environment on their own. That finding is also supported by studies on the Tsimane, a community living in a forest in South America. Researchers put GPS units on 305 Tsimane people to check their daily movements over a three-day period, and found no difference between men and women in navigational ability. Even children performed very well—a result, researchers think, of growing up in an environment that encourages children to explore the forest. 1．Why was an experiment carried out in 2022? A．To develop an online way finding game. B．To improve the players’ way finding ability. C．To pick out people who are weak in way finding. D．To find out why people are different in way finding ability. 2．According to the passage, who is probably the best at finding their way? A．A woman who often explores nature. B．A girl who studies South American culture. C．A man who runs on a sports ground every morning. D．A boy who lives in a city with an orderly street network. 3．What can we learn from the passage? A．Good navigators are mostly made, not born. B．Navigation skills differ between the genders. C．Navigation skills are passed down, never lost. D．Good navigators bring developments in technology. When considering the kind of experience that makes life better, most people first think that happiness depends on experiencing pleasure: good food, good jobs, all the comforts that money can buy. If we couldn’t have these, we might as well sit in front of the television on a quiet evening. Pleasure is an important part of the quality of life, but by itself it doesn’t bring happiness. When people think further about what makes a worthy life, they tend (倾向于) to move beyond pleasant memories and begin to remember other events, other experiences that overlap (有重叠) pleasurable ones but fall into a group with a separate name: enjoyment. Enjoyable events take place when people have not only satisfied a need or met some earlier expectation, but also achieved something unexpected. Enjoyment is characterized by a sense of curiosity, of achievement. Playing a tennis game that improves one’s ability is enjoyable, as is reading a book that shows things in a new light, as is having a conversation that leads us to express ideas we didn’t know we had. None of these experiences may be especially pleasurable when they are taking place, but when we think back on them afterwards, we would say, “That really was fun” and wish they would happen again. After an enjoyable event we know that we have changed, and grown. Experiences that give pleasure can also give enjoyment, but the two feelings are quite different. For example, everybody takes pleasure in eating. However, to enjoys food is more difficult — you have to pay enough attention to a meal, so as to sense and tell its various tastes. As this example suggests, we can experience pleasure without any psychic energy, while enjoyment happens only as a result of full attention. A person can feel pleasure without any effort, as long as certain parts in his brain are stimulated (刺激). But it’s impossible to enjoy a tennis game or a book without full attention. It’s for this reason that pleasure does not last long, nor does it make us grow. Growth requires full attention to goals that are new, that are relatively challenging. Without enjoyment, life will go on, and it can even be pleasant. But it depends heavily on luck and the external (外部的) environment. To achieve personal control over the quality of experience, however, we need to learn how to build enjoyment into what happens day in, day out. 1．You will most probably experience enjoyment when you ________. A．buy expensive shoes B．order a delicious meal C．talk with friends for new ideas D．sit quietly in front of a television 2．What do you know about pleasure and enjoyment from the passage? A．Enjoyment grows out of pleasure. B．Pleasure and enjoyment come hand in hand. C．Pleasurable experiences are part of enjoyable ones. D．Some experiences provide both pleasure and enjoyment. 3．The words “psychic energy” in Paragraph 4 are closest in meaning to ________. A．attention B．interest C．ability D．knowledge 4．The writer probably agrees that ________. A．feeling pleasure stops people from achieving growth B．feeling enjoyment comes with achieving growth C．a worthy life depends on luck and environment D．pleasure is the key to a happy and worthy life 【热点话题练习】 Have you ever wondered why some teams work so well together while others struggle (努力争取) to reach agreements? A recent study led by researchers from Keio University in Japan might hold the key to this question. It shows that when people work closely together on a shared task, their brains actually “sync up”. This fascinating discovery belongs to the field of second-person neuroscience, a new area focusing on how two people’s brains work together during social activities. To carry out this research, scientists used a technology called hyper-scanning (超扫描技术), which records the brain activity of multiple people at the same time and compares their brain reactions. The experiment involved 78 participants, divided into 39 pairs. Each pair faced a creative challenge: designing and furnishing a unique digital room within a specially developed computer game. They could work together without strict time limits and were asked to use minimal verbal (最低限度的言语) communication, allowing researchers to focus on non-verbal interactions. Additionally, each participant completed the same task alone on a separate occasion, helping researchers compare and study brain activity differences between solo and group work. During the experiment, researchers not only videotaped each pair’s work process but also had every participant wear special headgear. This headgear is a special tool for the research, which helps researchers to get correct results and to monitor their brain neurons (神经元). The brain neurons are basic cells that transmit and process information in the human brain. The headgear continuously tracked how neurons reacted when participants discussed ideas or made decisions, while the videos recorded how often and how long each pair made eye contact. After collecting all data, researchers presented their findings in a detailed chart, showing a clear correlation (相关性) between eye contact duration (时长) and brain synchronization levels. The results were surprising. When working in pairs, specific groups of neurons in one person’s brain would activate, and almost the same group would become active in their partner’s brain. Yasuyo Minagawa, the lead researcher, described this rare coupling as “two brains functioning as a single, coordinated system.” This special neural coupling, called “between-brain synchronization,” became significantly stronger when both participants looked directly at each other, leading the team to conclude that mutual (相互的) eye contact plays a key role in improving understanding of each other’s hidden intentions and true emotions. Minagawa also noted that this finding fits with the well-known “we mode” (“我们模式”) phenomenon, where two people working together seem to “share a mind” and react to situations similarly. Looking ahead, the research team plans to further explore how other common social interactions, such as face-to-face conversations and small facial expressions, influence brain function. They hope future studies will uncover more secrets about how human connections shape and even change our neural activity patterns. 1．Why did the research team ask participants not to talk too much during the experiment? A．To study how unspoken signals help people work as a team successfully. B．To prevent different languages from getting in the way of their work. C．To challenge the participants’ ability to solve problems under great pressure. D．To prove that not speaking is a better way to communicate than talking. 2．What can we infer about “second-person neuroscience” from the passage? A．It has replaced traditional brain research methods. B．It studies the communication between people instead of single brains. C．It is a new field with no practical uses now. D．It can only be carried out by hyper-scanning technology. 3．What does the underlined word “synchronization” in Paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Separation. B．Difference. C．Independence. D．Connection. 4．Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? A．How a Brain Experiment Helps Improve Teamwork B．Eye contact Alone makes Teams More successful C．A Study: Team Understanding Improves When People Really Look at Each Other D．Second-person Neuroscience Explains How Team Brains Work Together Quantum (量子) computers have been on my mind a lot lately. A friend has been sending me articles on how quantum computers might help solve some of the biggest challenges we face as humans. I’ve also had exchanges with two quantum-computing experts. One is computer scientist Chris Johnson who I see as someone who helps keep the field honest. The other is physicist Philip Taylor. For decades, quantum computing has been little more than a laboratory curiosity. Now, big tech companies have invested in quantum computing, as have many smaller ones. According to Business Weekly, quantum machines could help us “cure cancer, and even take steps to turn climate change in the opposite direction.” This is the sort of hype (炒作) that annoys Johnson. He worries that researchers are making promises they can’t keep. “What’s new,” Johnson wrote, “is that millions of dollars are now potentially available to quantum computing researchers.” As quantum computing attracts more attention and funding, researchers may mislead investors, journalists, the public, and worst of all, themselves about their work’s potential. If researchers can’t keep their promises, excitement might give way to doubt, disappointment, and anger, Johnson warns. Lots of other technologies have gone through stages of excitement. But something about quantum computing makes it especially prone to hype, Johnson suggests, perhaps because “‘quantum’ stands for something cool you shouldn’t be able to understand.” And that brings me back to Taylor, who suggested that I read his book Q for Quantum. After I read the book, Taylor patiently answered my questions about it. He also answered my questions about PyQuantum, the firm he co-founded in 2016. Taylor shares Johnson’s concerns about hype, but he says those concerns do not apply to PyQuantum. The company, he says, is closer than any other firm “by a very large margin (幅度)” to building a “useful” quantum computer, one that “solves an impactful problem that we would not have been able to solve otherwise.” He adds, “People will naturally discount my opinions, but I have spent a lot of time quantitatively comparing what we are doing with others.” Could PyQuantum really be leading all the competition “by a wide margin”, as Taylor claims? I don’t know. I’m certainly not going to advise my friend or anyone else to invest in quantum computers. But I trust Taylor, just as I trust Johnson. 1．Considering Johnson’s worry, the author is ________. A．supportive B．unconcerned C．unsure D．excited 2．What leads to Taylor’s optimism about quantum computing? A．His influence in physics. B．The competition in the field. C．His confidence in PyQuantum. D．The investment of tech companies. 3．What does the underlined word “prone” in Paragraph 3 most probably mean? A．Open B．Cool. C．Useful. D．Resistant. 4．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．Is Johnson More Competent Than Taylor? B．Is Quantum Computing Redefining Technology? C．Will Quantum Computers Ever Come into Being? D．Will Quantum Computing Ever Live Up to Its Hype? Not too long ago, on a cold winter night, there was a teenager who wanted more screen time and a parent who said no. The teenager was advocating for her right to scroll (翻屏) for an extra 30 minutes. The parent argued that none of her friends’ parents let them have screens after 9 o’clock. “I thought, in this family, we don’t compare ourselves with other people, Dad?” the teenager replied. The parent who was me, by the way, just got served. Since they were young, I have told my kids not to compare themselves with other people. I have argued countless times that comparisons are the “thief of joy”. Although my daughter didn’t win, she did help expose one of the worst pieces of advice I have ever given. In my defence, I did what we’ve all done before, which is repeat received wisdom without exploring the nuances. But now is the time to set the record straight, which starts with questioning the idea that all social comparison is unhealthy. Social comparisons do, of course, often get us into emotional trouble. But they can be harnessed (利用) for our betterment if we understand how they work. The social comparisons we make—ones that lead us to feel good or bad about ourselves—are vital to our ability to thrive (成长). Science provides a guide we can use to harness the way we perform these comparisons to reduce their negative emotional impacts. Comparing yourself with someone who is outperforming you could result in feelings of envy if you focus on the things they have and you don’t, or it can be energizing and inspiring if you use these comparisons as a source of motivation, for example, “If they can achieve that, so can I.” Comparing yourself with someone who is doing worse than you could result in fear and worry if you think about how you could fall into similar circumstances, or it can draw out feelings of gratitude and appreciation if you use that comparison to broaden your views—for example, “Wow, things could be much worse; I’m doing great.” What I wish I taught my daughter earlier are these nuances. How we feel about ourselves rests not just on whom we compare ourselves with but also on how we think about that comparison. That’s something we all have control over. 1．How did the author feel about the author’s daughter’s argument? A．Excited. B．Inspired. C．Energized. D．Relieved. 2．What does the word “nuances” underlined in Paragraph 2 most probably mean? A．Major achievements. B．Complex feelings. C．Significant impacts. D．Fine differences. 3．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．Comparing Ourselves with Others Can Become a Healthy Habit B．Comparing Ourselves with Others Can Strengthen Family Ties C．Social Comparisons Can Get Us into Emotional Trouble D．Social Comparisons Can Be Controlled by Science Nowadays, most of the world’s population lives in the city, where poor air quality and noise pollution are common, and there is little chance to connect with nature. People may prefer going outdoors and enjoying the health benefits of being in nature. So, don’t be surprised that your doctor gives you a prescription (处方) for parks instead of pills. Nature prescribing, gaining its popularity recently, involves a doctor encouraging patients to spend time in nature as a health activity. The nature-based activities have developed as an effective healthcare treatment to improve people’s well-being. What are the nature prescriptions like? Well, doctors may give patients a variety of choices. Patients may choose direct exposure (接触) to nature, by using a natural space for running, walking, open-water swimming, or other physical activities. Other times, the exposure to nature might not be that obvious, such as biking along a path near a river on the way to work. Patients may also be encouraged to participate in environmental protection projects. For example, they can help build birdhouses in forests, which provide a safe space for birds to live in and raise their young. Research into nature prescribing activities has found that participants experience both physical and mental health benefits. For example, nature-based activities can result in a reduction of blood pressure and better heart health. Besides, spending time in nature has been linked to lower levels of stress and anxiety. Not only that, an outdoor program in nature involving a group of people can also reduce feelings of loneliness among participants. Nature prescribing has been carried out successfully throughout the world. For example, in England, the Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust runs the Blue Prescribing Project. The project provides opportunities for people with poor mental health in London to enjoy the wetland environment. This has led to great improvement of their situation. However, there are still several challenges when nature prescribing is adapted to different settings. One major difficulty is the need to train qualified health providers who can organize effective activities, which takes time and requires money. Moreover, since some patients may not find certain nature-based activities interesting, more activities need to be designed to meet various needs. 1．If patients want to take part in nature prescribing activities, they can ________. A．swim for hours in an indoor swimming pool B．paint birds and flowers at community libraries C．plant trees in the local park near their houses D．watch environmental protection programs on TV 2．What do you know about nature prescribing from the passage? A．It can never take the place of having medicine. B．It fails to benefit patients when carried out in London. C．It works much better for physical health. D．It requires further development to meet different needs other than mental health. 3．Which might be the best title for the passage? A．From pills to parks: the influence of nature on health B．A step into the wild: the time to protect our planet C．A trip through forests: a chance to enjoy the beauty D．From indoors to outdoors: an active way to relax For a long time, people thought that when children became teenagers, parents should step back. But new studies show something different. The teenage years are not a time for parents to be less involved. Instead, they are a time to stay connected, just in new ways. From Boss to Guide Parents often act like “managers”. They tell their teens what to do and make all the decisions. However, research now suggests a better role: be a “guide”. A guide does not give orders. A guide offers advice when the teen asks for it. A guide respects that the teenager is becoming more independent but is still there to help. This way, parents use their influence through a strong relationship, not through strict control. The Growing Teen Brain Why do teenagers sometimes act unreasonably or have strong mood swings (起伏)? Brain science gives us an answer. The part of the brain that controls good judgment and decision-making is still developing in the teen years. This means that a teen’s sometimes risky or emotional behavior is not just them being difficult—it is a normal part of brain development. Knowing this can help parents be more patient. They can focus on helping their teens learn to make good choices while the brain is still learning how. What Teenagers Need to Do Experts say that all teenagers are working on four important tasks as they grow up: • Be Their Own Person: They want to make their own choices. • Discover Who They Are: They try out different ideas to find their identity (身份). • Become More Independent: They naturally create some distance from their parents. • Make Close Friends: They build strong friendships outside the family. When parents understand these tasks, they can see their teen’s behavior differently. Arguing about a small rule might really be about the teen’s need for more independence. This new view can reduce fights and help parents support their child’s growth. One of the most powerful findings is about empathy—the ability to understand and share the feelings of another. Studies show that when teenagers feel understood and listened to by their parents, they are more likely to be understanding and kind to others. Simply listening to a teen’s feelings without immediately judging or solving the problem can build great trust. This kind of connection makes the teenage years easier and helps build a strong, positive relationship for the future. In summary, these new ideas give parents a more hopeful way to see the teenage years. By being a guide instead of a boss, understanding the teen brain, supporting their growth tasks, and listening with empathy, parents can turn these years into a time of positive growth and a closer bond (联结). 1．According to the passage, which of the following actions best shows the parent’s role as a “guide”? A．Making a strict daily schedule for the teen to follow. B．Giving clear instructions on how to solve a problem step by step. C．Offering advice when the teen needs help with a friendship problem. D．Telling the teen that his new interest won’t last long and will pass. 2．According to brain science, why do teenagers sometimes have strong mood swings? A．Because they want to make their parents angry. B．Because they lack communication with their parents. C．Because they spend too much time with emotional friends. D．Because their brain’s area for good judgement is still developing. 3．What is the best heading for Paragraph 6? A．The Importance of Understanding B．The Power of Listening C．The Benefit of Connecting D．The Ways of Sharing 4．Which of the following may the writer most likely agree with? A．Parents should strictly manage their teenagers’ lives to keep them safe. B．A teenager’s need to make their own choices is a natural part of growth. C．The main goal of the teenage years is to get good grades for the future. D．It is hard to build a close bond with teenagers because of their brain. Technology is becoming more and more common in the classroom and, as a result, students favor typed (打字的) notes over handwritten ones. Electronic note-taking attracts students with its speed, digital storage, and sharing convenience. But questions remain: Are typed notes actually helping students learn? And how do they compare to handwritten note-taking? Each method has its advantages and challenges. Recent research has examined these two methods and tried to find out which method truly improves learning and memory. An interesting research looked at 24 studies to see how note-taking methods affected (影响) the volume (数量) of notes taken and test performance. Across all of the studies included in the research, typed notes led to students taking a greater amount of notes. Specifically, electronic notes contained (包含) many more words and ideas from the lesson than handwritten notes. This is most likely due to the fact that writing by hand is much slower than typing. As a result, students often can’t keep up with the lesson when they are writing and may end up summarizing the content or even cutting parts out. However, it was handwritten notes that actually led to better test outcomes. As previously stated, students can usually type faster than they write, which makes them more likely to take down notes word-for-word. Conversely (相反), handwritten notes are usually paraphrased (改述) and catch the personal style of the student. This may let them directly put their heart into the material and only take down the most important points. As a result, connections are made between lesson content and students’ existing (存在的) knowledge, leading to deep learning. We’ve seen that handwritten notes lead to better exam scores, but what other practices can students use in their note-taking to achieve the best test outcomes overall? Handwritten notes may lead to better outcomes because students would think carefully about what they hear and write it down in their own words. So don’t take down notes verbatim. Instead of mindlessly copying down what the teacher says, students should paraphrase material, which may result in deeper learning. Research also suggests that the benefits of pen and paper notes extend (延伸) even further after a review. If students have an opportunity to look over their notes before an exam, they are likely to score higher. The best learning methods encourage direct engagement (连接) with material. While typed notes allow for greater volume, they often lead to passive, verbatim recording. For better test performance, handwritten notes are preferable, as they improve deeper learning by helping students to paraphrase content in their own words. 1．According to the passage, people do the research to ________. A．find out who can type fastest B．prove typing is faster than writing by hand C．introduce a new way of taking notes D．explain how note-taking methods affect learning 2．What can we learn from the passage? A．Handwritten notes contained more words and ideas. B．Handwritten notes can help make deep learning happen. C．People take down notes in their own words when they are typing. D．People can take more passive notes when writing by hand. 3．What does the underlined word “verbatim” in Paragraph 7 mean? A．Little by little. B．Hand in hand. C．Word for word. D．Side by side. 4．What is the writer’s main purpose in writing this passage? A．To describe the importance of technology in the learning process. B．To prove typed notes are better than handwritten notes in many ways. C．To explain why students choose to use different note-taking methods D．To encourage students to take handwritten notes for better learning. Close your eyes and imagine a white teapot. Most people can easily “see” its shape, shine, and even small details (细节). But for 1 in 50 to 100 people worldwide, this simple task is impossible—their minds stay completely blank, like a screen that never turns on. Scientists call this condition “aphantasia”, the inability to actively make mental images (心理意象). Aphantasia might sound like it stops people from being good at visual (视觉的) things. But many people with this condition have done very well in jobs that use vision. One famous example is Ed Catmull, co-founder of Pixar Animation Studios, the well-known animation studio behind movies like Toy Story and Finding Nemo. He didn’t know he had aphantasia until he was in his 60s, when someone asked him to imagine a burning candle, and he suddenly realized he had never “seen” a real picture in his mind. Curious about his unusual experience, Ed asked his workmates some questions at Pixar. The results were surprising: about 3% of them reported having little or no mental imagery, while another 3% described having extremely vivid images—so clear and detailed that some said it was like “watching a movie on a big screen”. Most shocking of all, some of Pixar’s best artists and animators were in the “no mental images” group. This finding raised a key question: Do you really need mental images to be creative in visual jobs? To answer this question, scientists needed real proof. In 2023, a team at the University of New South Wales designed a clever experiment to solve this problem. They looked at and recorded participants’ pupil (瞳孔) sizes while showing them bright and dark triangles, carefully watching how their eyes naturally reacted to light changes. Normally, pupils get smaller by themselves in bright light and expand (扩大) in soft light— and this happens even when people just imagine bright or dark objects. However, when people with aphantasia tried to imagine the triangles, their pupils showed no reaction at all. This physical fact provided clear proof that their minds truly don’t create mental images in the same way as other people. This difference makes them find other ways to understand visual things—like using words to describe something, or thinking about space. As Ed Catmull said: “A problem would go somewhere in my brain, and I could work on it even without conscious (有意识的) pictures.” Just like computers process data without “seeing” it, our brains can also understand and create things—even without mental images. Those pictures in our minds might just be a “side effect” of how the brain works. They aren’t the only way we understand the world, or the only way we create things. 1．Which of the following best shows someone with aphantasia? A．A person who designs buildings without imagining them first. B．A person who depends on mental imagery to take good photos. C．A person who can’t remember stories without picturing them. D．A person who uses drawings to explain difficult ideas clearly. 2．What can we learn about people with aphantasia from Ed’s example? A．They develop stronger other senses. B．They may not notice their difference. C．They prefer using words over pictures. D．Their brains process images more slowly. 3．What is the writer’s main purpose in writing this passage? A．To explain how the human brain forms mental images. B．To describe what aphantasia is and its influence on jobs. C．To argue that mental images are not necessary for creativity. D．To introduce how mental images affect people’s creative work. Does life sometimes seem to be full of impossible problems? How many times, for example, do you find yourself saying things like “I really don’t understand this maths problem”, or “I can’t get into the school team.” Well, maybe it’s time to introduce yourself to the power of “yet”. By adding this simple word, you can change everything. “I really don’t understand this maths problem yet,” “I can’t get into the school team yet.” Suddenly, the impossible becomes possible. You can start to imagine those things happening in the future. The word “yet” can open your mind to the possibility of improvement and growth. A good example comes from a school that changed the way it marks exams. The school found out that the old pass/fail system wasn’t helping students’ motivation (积极性). If you passed, then great, but those students who didn’t pass often felt like failures. Now, students who don’t pass the exams will not see a big red F on their papers; they see a “not yet” instead. This small change sends a powerful message that learning is a process (过程). Students feel they are on a journey. They haven’t reached the final goal, but they know that they are going the right way and just need more time and effort. This kind of thinking is part of what experts call “having a growth mindset”. People with a growth mindset don’t concentrate on failure. They aren’t worried about not getting things right the first time and are happy to keep trying until they do. They enjoy the challenge and believe they can change. However, people who just focus on failure have what the experts call “a fixed mindset”. They don’t think that they are able to change. Clearly, it is better to have a growth mindset than a fixed mindset. But don’t worry if you think that you have a fixed mindset. The good news is that mindsets don’t go on forever; they can be changed. Remember that it all starts with questioning the things you believe about yourself. Stop believing that you can’t or you haven’t done it before. It’s one small but very powerful word that can reshape your attitude towards life’s challenges. 1．Why does the writer introduce an example in Paragraph 2? A．To express a feeling. B．To describe a problem. C．To show the result. D．To support the idea. 2．What do the words “concentrate on” in Paragraph 3 most probably mean? A．Get used to. B．Look forward to. C．Pay attention to. D．Make a difference to. 3．According to the passage, what is important in developing a growth mindset? A．Realizing that we should set a final goal. B．Accepting that there are things we cannot do. C．Knowing that we can avoid failures with effort. D．Believing that our abilities can be improved over time. 4．Which of the following is the best title for this passage? A．The Power of “yet”. B．Two Different Mindsets. C．The Challenge of Growth. D．On the Way to Success. If you’ve ever had to cut short a backyard dinner because of buzzing mosquitoes (蚊子) or worried about yourself getting bitten while playing at the community park, you know how annoying these little insects can be. Worse than that, mosquitoes carry diseases like dengue fever (登革热). This problem has become a bigger problem in parts of China lately, especially as cities grow and the weather changes. For years, we’ve used chemical sprays (喷雾) to kill them, but those often do more harm than good. They pollute the water in the park’s small pond, and what’s worse, they make bees sick, which is a problem because we need bees to help flowers and vegetables grow. That’s why scientists came up with the smart “mosquito vs mosquito” plan. It worked and kept our neighborhoods safe for everyone while building a greener living environment. The start of this plan is a special “mosquito factory” in Guangzhou’s Huangpu district. When it’s running at its busiest, it can produce 5 million male mosquitoes every week, all of which have a small but important change to their genes. Each of these males has a type of bacteria called Wolbachia (沃尔巴克氏菌), and here’s the good part: they’re totally harmless to us. Unlike female mosquitoes (the ones that bite you for blood), males don’t need blood at all. So how do they help? When these lab-raised males mate with wild females that don’t have Wolbachia, a biological mismatch causes the eggs they lay to fail to develop into baby mosquitoes. But the plan doesn’t stop there. Scientists also use another helper, which is a type of big, pretty mosquitoes called Toxorhynchites splendens (华丽巨蚊). Not long ago, researchers from Sun Yat-sen University let 75 of these mosquitoes be freed in Foshan’s community parks, the same places where families might walk the dog or kids might chase butterflies. These big mosquitoes are natural enemies of the Aedes albopictus mosquitoes (the ones that spread diseases). Their larvae can control harmful mosquitoes because their babies live in the same small pools of water that harmful mosquitoes love. So people should empty the water from flower pots or old plastic bottles left in the grass. As there’s less water for harmful mosquitoes to lay eggs in, the harmful mosquito larvae (幼虫) get crowded into the few pools that remain. This makes it easy for the giant mosquito larvae to eat 80-100 of them as they grow. Best of all, adult giant mosquitoes only feed on plant sap and flower nectar and they won’t trouble people or pets at all. Early results are promising. In one small village in Guangzhou, using just the lab-raised males kept dengue fever away for seven years straight. However, getting this to work in big cities isn’t easy. For one thing, the factory costs a lot to run. For another, some people in neighborhoods don’t fully understand the plan. Once, a few residents poured out the water from their flower pots (where the big mosquito babies were living), which killed the big mosquito babies, because they didn’t know those babies were actually helping control the bad mosquitoes. Those baby mosquitoes are a small but important part of protecting the community environment. Even with these small problems, scientists think this “mosquito vs mosquito” plan is the way to go. They say we should use both methods together to keep mosquito numbers down for a long time without messing up the environment. “We’re not fighting nature here,” a lead researcher said, “We’re working with it to make the places we live, work, and play safer.” The goal is to solve problems not just for now, but in a way that keeps our neighborhoods green and healthy for years to come. This is exactly what we need to do to build a better living space for everyone. 1．What can we learn about the lab-raised male mosquitoes from Paragraph 2? A．They have passed safety tests and are safe to release in communities. B．They are the same as wild mosquitoes except for carrying Wolbachia. C．They are raised in large numbers to bite and kill wild female mosquitoes. D．They will die after mating with wild female mosquitoes. 2．What can we infer about the “mosquito vs mosquito” plan from Paragraph 4? A．It is not as effective as using chemical sprays. B．It needs a lot of money and help from local people. C．It is only suitable for large cities like Foshan. D．It will be widely used in China in the near future. 3．What can we learn from the passage? A．The “mosquito vs mosquito” plan is now being widely used in Foshan. B．The big, pretty mosquitoes can eat 80 to 100 harmful larvae in their whole life. C．The “mosquito vs mosquito” plan is a greener way to control mosquitoes than chemical sprays. D．The lab-raised mosquitoes will finally reduce the number of wild mosquitoes in Foshan. How old is your dog? Maybe it was born four years ago. At that age, a human would still be a kid. Your dog, however, acts like an adult. You might have heard that to get a dog’s “biological” age, you just multiply (乘) its age in years by seven. That would make your dog equal to a 28-year-old human. But as a new study shows, that simple calculation (计算) is probably wrong. At first glance, multiplying by seven seems to make sense. On average, people live about seven times longer than dogs. However, there are clear problems with this method. For example, a one-year-old baby is just learning to walk, while a one-year-old dog is already mature enough to have puppies of its own. This is because different species develop at very different rates. Interestingly, both dogs and humans experience similar stages of development: we’re babies (or puppies), then kids (or still puppies), then juveniles (少年), then adolescents (青少年), and finally adults. As we pass through these stages, our DNA also undergoes changes. These changes are marked by chemical “tags” called methyl (甲基) marks, and the pattern of these marks on DNA is known as a methylome (甲基化组). As an animal ages, its methylome changes too. Scientists thought that by comparing the methylomes of humans and dogs at different ages, they might be able to match those of 320 people ranging from one to 103 years old. The results were surprising. Puppies grow much faster than people in the early years. But as dogs get older, the rate at which they age begins to slow down. The scientists used these findings to create a special mathematical formula (公式) to calculate a dog’s “human” age. The new formula uses natural logarithms (自然对数): take the natural logarithm of a dog’s age, multiply it by 16, and then add 31. With this new formula, an eight-week-old puppy is about the same as a one-year-old baby. A one-year-old dog is like a 31-year-old person, and a four-year-old dog is about the same as a 53-year-old human. Are you ready to calculate your dog’s age? By understanding your dog’s true age, you can give it the right care, nutrition, and attention it needs at every stage of life. 1．What does the new study say about the “multiply by seven” rule? A．It compares dog and human ages. B．It oversimplifies how dogs age. C．It is just a simple math formula. D．It is mainly used for adult dogs. 2．Ostrander’s team calculated the actual age of a dog by comparing ________. A．the methylomes of different Labrador retrievers B．the DNA of dogs and people aged from 1 to 103 C．the methylomes of dogs and people at different ages D．the methylomes of dogs to those of same-aged people 3．What does the graph (图表) show about aging in dogs and humans? A．Dogs and humans age nearly at the same speed. B．Dogs become mature later than humans do. C．Dogs age very slowly when they are young. D．Dogs age quickly at first, then more slowly later. 4．What is the main purpose of this passage? A．To question the old rule for judging dog and human ages. B．To show differences in aging between dogs and people. C．To introduce a new way to compare dog and human ages. D．To advise people to care for their dogs at every stage. You hit snooze (再睡一会儿) again. You avoid the hard task, calling it “self-care.” Maybe you order your favorite comfort food or spend hours watching online. For a moment, it feels good. But later? You’re behind, still stressed, and a little disappointed in yourself. We’ve all been there. The popular idea of self-care tells us it’s okay to skip (不参加) workouts or scroll on our phones (刷手机) because “you deserve (值得) it.” But comfort isn’t the same thing as care. Psychologist Todd Kashdan has a name for this—avoidance. It helps you feel better in the moment but leaves you further from your goals and less confident in yourself. Real self-care means doing the things that build you up, even when they’re hard in the moment. It might mean getting up when the alarm goes off instead of hitting snooze, or doing the most meaningful task first especially when it is hard. This kind of self-care builds not just self-control, but self-respect. And over time, that grows into self-love. Research backs this up. Psychologist Hal Hershfield has shown that when we feel connected to our future selves, we make smarter choices today. Edward Deci and Richard Ryan found that we do well when our goals match our deeper values. And Albert Bandura proved that confidence doesn’t come from avoiding challenges—it comes from mastering them. However, self-care isn’t all about doing hard things. Rest is also important but the key is being intentional (有目的的): taking a break because it refreshes you, not because you’re avoiding something difficult. Rest doesn’t have to mean lying on the couch. It might look like having dinner with your family, making time for a yoga class that leaves you centered, or setting aside a tech-free Sunday. Real self-care takes courage. Sometimes it means doing the hard thing. Other times, it means having the wisdom to pause. Next time, before making a choice, ask yourself—what will I be proud I did today? What will I wish I had done this week? These small questions move you from short-term comfort to long-term well-being. It connects today’s choices to the person you want to become tomorrow. Do the hard thing today so tomorrow you can look in the mirror with pride. 1．What can we learn about self-care? A．It means doing hard things to enjoy comfort later. B．It’s about doing what feels good at the moment. C．It means putting off difficult tasks to avoid stress. D．It includes effort and proper rest with a clear purpose. 2．Why does the writer mention three findings in Paragraph 4? A．To question the benefits of self-care. B．To support the idea of real self-care. C．To explain how to practice self-care. D．To show different opinions about self-care. 3．What does the word “pause” in Paragraph 6 most probably mean? A．Stop for a short time. B．Begin something new. C．Focus on one task. D．Keep trying. 4．Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? A．The Easy Path to Pride B．Self-Care or Avoidance? C．Beyond Comfort: What Real Self-Care Is D．Why Comfort Feels Good but Doesn’t Help When I write, knowing someone will read it, something changes. Having readers forces me to think harder about what I’m trying to say. That’s the audience effect at play. The presence of others changes what we choose to do and who we choose to be, and we become different people when we know we’re being watched. Our brains evolved (进化) to care deeply about social standing. When we sense we’re being observed, our neural (神经的) networks change into “performance mode.” In our brains, the areas connected with inner drive quiet down while areas processing social feedback (反馈) light up. This neurological change explains why an audience changes our decision-making. Once you know about the audience effect, you’ll notice how it plays out everywhere. In creative work, for example, an audience can give you the focus you need to turn ideas into great work. But it can also push you to just “be average” to please others—instead of being truly creative. Similar effects appear in career decisions. Worrying about our audience, even if that audience is just your parents, can make you choose paths (小路) that look impressive on the outside but do not bring real satisfaction. The audience effect is hard to deal with because of feedback. When we receive praise or likes for audience-focused choices, we slowly start to value what pleases others more than what pleases ourselves. Over time, we forget what we wanted before we started performing for others. However, you can’t eliminate (消除) the influence of having an audience, and you actually wouldn’t want to. In fact, it can be useful if we learn how to manage it. One way is to be careful about whose opinions we care about. Instead of trying to please everyone, we should focus on the people whose opinions actually matter. Another way is to keep both audience-focused and audience-free creative spaces. Share your progress, but also work on projects no one will see. When you make a choice—like what to write, share, or study—stop and ask yourself: “Am I doing this for me, or just to please others?” When you recognize the audience effect, you can use it to gain focus and energy without losing your true self. 1．What is Paragraph 2 mainly about? A．The reason for the audience effect. B．The downsides of the audience effect. C．The examples of the audience effect. D．The importance of the audience effect. 2．Which of the following situations best shows the audience effect? A．Sharing photos online to record life. B．Jogging in the park to enjoy the fresh air. C．Playing hard in the game because of others’ cheers. D．Preparing the speech carefully to understand it better. 3．What is the writer’s main purpose in writing this passage? A．To explain why people care so much about social standing. B．To show that the audience effect is harmful and should be avoided. C．To give examples of how the audience effect influences our daily life. D．To remind readers to manage the audience effect without losing their true selves. 试卷第1页，共3页 试卷第1页，共3页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 题型04 阅读理解之说明文15篇 (北京专用) 【题型知识点细目表】 题号 难度 知识点 1 适中 发明与创造,说明文 2 适中 科普知识,说明文 3 较难 情绪,哲理感悟,说明文 4 较难 合作与交流,说明文 5 较难 科学技术,说明文 6 适中 意见/建议,家庭生活,说明文 7 较难 健康与运动,说明文 8 适中 青少年问题,说明文,家庭关系 9 适中 学习策略,说明文 10 较难 科普知识,说明文 11 较易 语言与文化,科普知识,说明文 12 适中 发明与创造,环境保护,说明文 13 适中 常见动物,人与动植物,说明文 14 适中 自我管理,说明文 15 适中 科普知识,说明文 【中考真题】 Imagine a robot. What comes to your mind first? A machine stronger than the human body? However, this same quality is now causing a big problem—it’s creating tons of long-lasting e-waste that could flood our planet. What if, instead, the machines we use were designed to break down and disappear—just as living things do? For a study published in Science Advances, researchers made a robotic arm and a controller using materials from animals and plants. These materials are strong enough to work but can easily break down in a natural environment. After testing, both parts were gone in soil within weeks. Biodegradable (可生物降解的) robotics often falls under the umbrella of soft robotics, which takes ideas from nature. “This field started in materials science and chemistry rather than traditional robots that come from mechanical (机械的) engineering.” says Florian Hartmann, a materials scientist from Germany. However, many early soft robotics models still used man-made materials that cause pollution. Wei, a scientist who studies natural materials in Hangzhou, worked together with his friend Zhang, a robotics engineer in Shanghai, to build robots for the new study. They started with cellulose (纤维素) taken from cotton. Then, they added glycerol (甘油) to make a new material that is soft and easy to change shapes. After that they allowed it to dry so it became strong, “Cellulose is cheap and easy to work with,” says Wei. They found that the controller and the robotic arm stood up to both heavy use and a week of inactivity. Finally, they buried (埋) them both in a hole. Within eight weeks these two parts were almost completely gone. Wei and Zhang expect that robots like these can be used to deal with dangerous waste and then disappear naturally. They also hope that such robots can aid doctors in operations and then safely break down inside the body. However, it’s important to note that the technology is still in very early stages. “If we truly want to have a biodegradable robot,” Hartmann says, “we also need to make sure its electronics and power parts are biodegradable.” 1．What is special about the robotic arm and the controller in Paragraph 2? A．They are green.B．They are hard. C．They are intelligent. D．They are affordable. 2．What is mentioned in Paragraph 5 about soft robots? A．Their operation.B．Their applications. C．Their challenges. D．Their performance. 3．What can we learn from the passage? A．Soft robots are widely used to clean up e-waste. B．Soft robots have to rest for a week after heavy use. C．The designing of soft robots borrows ideas from nature. D．Mechanical engineering offers new ways to run soft robots. 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．C 【导语】本文主要介绍了可生物降解机器人的研究进展及其潜在应用，同时指出该技术仍处于早期阶段。 1．推理判断题。根据第二段“...researchers made a robotic arm and a controller using materials from animals and plants. These materials are strong enough to work but can easily break down in a natural environment. After testing, both parts were gone in soil within weeks.”可知，研究人员用动植物材料制作了机械臂和控制器，这些材料足够坚固，但可以在自然环境中轻松分解。由此可推知这些机械臂和控制器的特点是环保。故选A。 2．主旨大意题。根据第五段“Wei and Zhang expect that robots like these can be used to deal with dangerous waste and then disappear naturally. They also hope that such robots can aid doctors in operations and then safely break down inside the body.”可知，段主要讨论软体机器人的应用。故选B。 3．细节理解题。根据“Biodegradable (可生物降解的) robotics often falls under the umbrella of soft robotics, which takes ideas from nature.”可知，可生物降解机器人通常属于软体机器人范畴，其灵感来自自然。故选C。 Sam Hill is really bad at finding his way from place to place. The world is full of people like Hill—and their opposites, who always seem to know exactly where they are and how to get where they want to go. It has proved hard to explain why. However, with the development of technology, there’s new excitement happening in the research world. An experiment was carried out in 2022 to find out what might influence way finding ability. Researchers developed an online game in which players travel by boat to find where a lot of checkpoints lie. The game asked players to provide basic background information , and nearly four million people worldwide did so. Through the game, the researchers were able to judge navigational (辨识方向的) ability by looking at how far each person traveled to reach all the checkpoints. Then they compared players’ performance with their background information. The researchers found that Northern Europeans seemed to be better navigations, perhaps because they love orienteering (定向越野), a sport which involves cross- country running and navigation. And those from cities with more disorganized street networks (网状系统) did better than those from cities with orderly ones. Perhaps people of planned cities don’t need to build complex (复杂的) maps in their minds. Research results like these suggest that people’s life experience decides how well they find their way. In fact, experience may even explain a popular belief that men are more likely to perform better than women. It turns out that this difference is more a question of culture and experience than of in born ability. Northern Europeans, for example, show almost no gender (性别) difference in navigation. However, men do much better than women in places where women face cultural limits on exploring their environment on their own. That finding is also supported by studies on the Tsimane, a community living in a forest in South America. Researchers put GPS units on 305 Tsimane people to check their daily movements over a three-day period, and found no difference between men and women in navigational ability. Even children performed very well—a result, researchers think, of growing up in an environment that encourages children to explore the forest. 1．Why was an experiment carried out in 2022? A．To develop an online way finding game. B．To improve the players’ way finding ability. C．To pick out people who are weak in way finding. D．To find out why people are different in way finding ability. 2．According to the passage, who is probably the best at finding their way? A．A woman who often explores nature. B．A girl who studies South American culture. C．A man who runs on a sports ground every morning. D．A boy who lives in a city with an orderly street network. 3．What can we learn from the passage? A．Good navigators are mostly made, not born. B．Navigation skills differ between the genders. C．Navigation skills are passed down, never lost. D．Good navigators bring developments in technology. 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．A 【导语】本文主要探讨了人们在辨识方向能力上的差异及其原因。研究表明，生活经验决定了人们的辨识方向能力，文化和经验比天生能力更重要。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段第一句“An experiment was carried out in 2022 to find out what might influence way finding ability.”可知，2022年进行实验的目的是找出人们认路能力不同的原因。故选D。 2．推理判断题。根据第四段第一句“Research results like these suggest that people’s life experience decides how well they find their way.”可知，人们的生活经历决定了他们在认路方面的表现，结合最后一段最后一句“Even children performed very well—a result, researchers think, of growing up in an environment that encourages children to explore the forest.”可知，A选项“一个经常探索自然的女性”最为符合。故选A。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段“In fact, experience may even explain a popular belief that men are more likely to perform better than women. It turns out that this difference is more a question of culture and experience than of in born ability. ”可知，事实上，经验甚至可以解释一种普遍的观点——男性比女性更有可能表现得更好。事实证明，这种差异与其说是天生的能力问题，不如说是文化和经验的问题。由此推知，好的领航员大多是培养出来的，而不是天生的。故选A。 When considering the kind of experience that makes life better, most people first think that happiness depends on experiencing pleasure: good food, good jobs, all the comforts that money can buy. If we couldn’t have these, we might as well sit in front of the television on a quiet evening. Pleasure is an important part of the quality of life, but by itself it doesn’t bring happiness. When people think further about what makes a worthy life, they tend (倾向于) to move beyond pleasant memories and begin to remember other events, other experiences that overlap (有重叠) pleasurable ones but fall into a group with a separate name: enjoyment. Enjoyable events take place when people have not only satisfied a need or met some earlier expectation, but also achieved something unexpected. Enjoyment is characterized by a sense of curiosity, of achievement. Playing a tennis game that improves one’s ability is enjoyable, as is reading a book that shows things in a new light, as is having a conversation that leads us to express ideas we didn’t know we had. None of these experiences may be especially pleasurable when they are taking place, but when we think back on them afterwards, we would say, “That really was fun” and wish they would happen again. After an enjoyable event we know that we have changed, and grown. Experiences that give pleasure can also give enjoyment, but the two feelings are quite different. For example, everybody takes pleasure in eating. However, to enjoys food is more difficult — you have to pay enough attention to a meal, so as to sense and tell its various tastes. As this example suggests, we can experience pleasure without any psychic energy, while enjoyment happens only as a result of full attention. A person can feel pleasure without any effort, as long as certain parts in his brain are stimulated (刺激). But it’s impossible to enjoy a tennis game or a book without full attention. It’s for this reason that pleasure does not last long, nor does it make us grow. Growth requires full attention to goals that are new, that are relatively challenging. Without enjoyment, life will go on, and it can even be pleasant. But it depends heavily on luck and the external (外部的) environment. To achieve personal control over the quality of experience, however, we need to learn how to build enjoyment into what happens day in, day out. 1．You will most probably experience enjoyment when you ________. A．buy expensive shoes B．order a delicious meal C．talk with friends for new ideas D．sit quietly in front of a television 2．What do you know about pleasure and enjoyment from the passage? A．Enjoyment grows out of pleasure. B．Pleasure and enjoyment come hand in hand. C．Pleasurable experiences are part of enjoyable ones. D．Some experiences provide both pleasure and enjoyment. 3．The words “psychic energy” in Paragraph 4 are closest in meaning to ________. A．attention B．interest C．ability D．knowledge 4．The writer probably agrees that ________. A．feeling pleasure stops people from achieving growth B．feeling enjoyment comes with achieving growth C．a worthy life depends on luck and environment D．pleasure is the key to a happy and worthy life 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．A 4．B 【导语】本文主要讲述了快乐和享受的联系和对比。 1．推理判断题。根据“Playing a tennis game that improves one’s ability is enjoyable, as is reading a book that shows things in a new light, as is having a conversation that leads us to express ideas we didn’t know we had.”可知打一场能提高一个人能力的网球是令人愉快的，就像读一本从新的角度看待事物的书一样，就像进行一场能让我们表达自己不知道自己拥有的想法的谈话一样。由此推出当你和朋友谈论新想法时，你很可能会体验到乐趣。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据“Experiences that give pleasure can also give enjoyment, but the two feelings are quite different.”可知有些经历既能带来愉悦，又能带来享受。故选D。 3．词义猜测题。根据“As this example suggests, we can experience pleasure without any psychic energy, while enjoyment happens only as a result of full attention.”可知正如这个例子所表明的，我们可以在没有任何精神能量的情况下体验快乐，而享受只有在全神贯注的情况下才会发生。psychic energy与attention意思相近。故选A。 4．观点态度题。根据“Enjoyment is characterized by a sense of curiosity, of achievement.”以及“Growth requires full attention to goals that are new, that are relatively challenging.”可知作者会赞成“感到快乐与得到成长是相辅相成的”这一观点。故选B。 【热点话题练习】 Have you ever wondered why some teams work so well together while others struggle (努力争取) to reach agreements? A recent study led by researchers from Keio University in Japan might hold the key to this question. It shows that when people work closely together on a shared task, their brains actually “sync up”. This fascinating discovery belongs to the field of second-person neuroscience, a new area focusing on how two people’s brains work together during social activities. To carry out this research, scientists used a technology called hyper-scanning (超扫描技术), which records the brain activity of multiple people at the same time and compares their brain reactions. The experiment involved 78 participants, divided into 39 pairs. Each pair faced a creative challenge: designing and furnishing a unique digital room within a specially developed computer game. They could work together without strict time limits and were asked to use minimal verbal (最低限度的言语) communication, allowing researchers to focus on non-verbal interactions. Additionally, each participant completed the same task alone on a separate occasion, helping researchers compare and study brain activity differences between solo and group work. During the experiment, researchers not only videotaped each pair’s work process but also had every participant wear special headgear. This headgear is a special tool for the research, which helps researchers to get correct results and to monitor their brain neurons (神经元). The brain neurons are basic cells that transmit and process information in the human brain. The headgear continuously tracked how neurons reacted when participants discussed ideas or made decisions, while the videos recorded how often and how long each pair made eye contact. After collecting all data, researchers presented their findings in a detailed chart, showing a clear correlation (相关性) between eye contact duration (时长) and brain synchronization levels. The results were surprising. When working in pairs, specific groups of neurons in one person’s brain would activate, and almost the same group would become active in their partner’s brain. Yasuyo Minagawa, the lead researcher, described this rare coupling as “two brains functioning as a single, coordinated system.” This special neural coupling, called “between-brain synchronization,” became significantly stronger when both participants looked directly at each other, leading the team to conclude that mutual (相互的) eye contact plays a key role in improving understanding of each other’s hidden intentions and true emotions. Minagawa also noted that this finding fits with the well-known “we mode” (“我们模式”) phenomenon, where two people working together seem to “share a mind” and react to situations similarly. Looking ahead, the research team plans to further explore how other common social interactions, such as face-to-face conversations and small facial expressions, influence brain function. They hope future studies will uncover more secrets about how human connections shape and even change our neural activity patterns. 1．Why did the research team ask participants not to talk too much during the experiment? A．To study how unspoken signals help people work as a team successfully. B．To prevent different languages from getting in the way of their work. C．To challenge the participants’ ability to solve problems under great pressure. D．To prove that not speaking is a better way to communicate than talking. 2．What can we infer about “second-person neuroscience” from the passage? A．It has replaced traditional brain research methods. B．It studies the communication between people instead of single brains. C．It is a new field with no practical uses now. D．It can only be carried out by hyper-scanning technology. 3．What does the underlined word “synchronization” in Paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Separation. B．Difference. C．Independence. D．Connection. 4．Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? A．How a Brain Experiment Helps Improve Teamwork B．Eye contact Alone makes Teams More successful C．A Study: Team Understanding Improves When People Really Look at Each Other D．Second-person Neuroscience Explains How Team Brains Work Together 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．D 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了日本庆应大学的一项研究，揭示了团队合作中大脑同步的现象，并探讨了眼神接触在促进这种同步中的作用。 1．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“They could work together without strict time limits and were asked to use minimal verbal communication, allowing researchers to focus on non-verbal interactions.”可知，他们可以在没有严格时间限制的情况下一起工作，并被要求使用最低限度的言语交流，让研究人员专注于非语言互动。由此可知，研究小组要求参与者在实验过程中不要说太多话是为了研究无言的信号如何帮助人们成功地作为一个团队工作。故选A。 2．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“This fascinating discovery belongs to the field of second-person neuroscience, a new area focusing on how two people’s brains work together during social activities.”可知，这一发现属于第二人称神经科学领域，这是一个研究两人大脑在社交活动中如何协同工作的新领域。由此可推断，该领域研究的是人际互动而非单一大脑活动。故选B。 3．词句猜测题。根据文章第三段“When working in pairs, specific groups of neurons in one person’s brain would activate, and almost the same group would become active in their partner’s brain.”可知，两人合作时，一方大脑中特定的神经元群会被激活，另一方大脑中几乎相同的神经元群也会被激活。结合“a clear correlation between eye contact duration and brain synchronization levels”并结合选项可知，眼神接触持续时间和大脑同步水平之间存在明显的相关性，因此“synchronization”指大脑活动的同步性，即“连接”。故选D。 4．最佳标题题。文章核心是日本研究人员的实验发现 —— 团队合作中，相互的眼神交流能增强大脑同步，进而提升彼此理解。选项C“一项研究：当人们真正地看着彼此时，团队的理解就会提高”准确概括了这一主题，且突出实验结论。故选C。 Quantum (量子) computers have been on my mind a lot lately. A friend has been sending me articles on how quantum computers might help solve some of the biggest challenges we face as humans. I’ve also had exchanges with two quantum-computing experts. One is computer scientist Chris Johnson who I see as someone who helps keep the field honest. The other is physicist Philip Taylor. For decades, quantum computing has been little more than a laboratory curiosity. Now, big tech companies have invested in quantum computing, as have many smaller ones. According to Business Weekly, quantum machines could help us “cure cancer, and even take steps to turn climate change in the opposite direction.” This is the sort of hype (炒作) that annoys Johnson. He worries that researchers are making promises they can’t keep. “What’s new,” Johnson wrote, “is that millions of dollars are now potentially available to quantum computing researchers.” As quantum computing attracts more attention and funding, researchers may mislead investors, journalists, the public, and worst of all, themselves about their work’s potential. If researchers can’t keep their promises, excitement might give way to doubt, disappointment, and anger, Johnson warns. Lots of other technologies have gone through stages of excitement. But something about quantum computing makes it especially prone to hype, Johnson suggests, perhaps because “‘quantum’ stands for something cool you shouldn’t be able to understand.” And that brings me back to Taylor, who suggested that I read his book Q for Quantum. After I read the book, Taylor patiently answered my questions about it. He also answered my questions about PyQuantum, the firm he co-founded in 2016. Taylor shares Johnson’s concerns about hype, but he says those concerns do not apply to PyQuantum. The company, he says, is closer than any other firm “by a very large margin (幅度)” to building a “useful” quantum computer, one that “solves an impactful problem that we would not have been able to solve otherwise.” He adds, “People will naturally discount my opinions, but I have spent a lot of time quantitatively comparing what we are doing with others.” Could PyQuantum really be leading all the competition “by a wide margin”, as Taylor claims? I don’t know. I’m certainly not going to advise my friend or anyone else to invest in quantum computers. But I trust Taylor, just as I trust Johnson. 1．Considering Johnson’s worry, the author is ________. A．supportive B．unconcerned C．unsure D．excited 2．What leads to Taylor’s optimism about quantum computing? A．His influence in physics. B．The competition in the field. C．His confidence in PyQuantum. D．The investment of tech companies. 3．What does the underlined word “prone” in Paragraph 3 most probably mean? A．Open B．Cool. C．Useful. D．Resistant. 4．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．Is Johnson More Competent Than Taylor? B．Is Quantum Computing Redefining Technology? C．Will Quantum Computers Ever Come into Being? D．Will Quantum Computing Ever Live Up to Its Hype? 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．A 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章围绕量子计算展开，通过介绍两位专家的不同观点，探讨了量子计算是否能实现其被炒作的潜力。 1．推理判断题。根据第三段“As quantum computing attracts more attention and funding, researchers may mislead ... Johnson warns.”以及最后一段“But I trust Taylor, just as I trust Johnson.”可知，作者认可约翰逊的担忧，对其观点持支持态度。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据第五段“The company, he says, is closer than any other firm ... to building a ‘useful’ quantum computer”和“People will naturally discount my opinions, but I have spent a lot of time quantitatively comparing what we are doing with others.”可知，泰勒对PyQuantum公司的技术实力充满信心，这是他对量子计算持乐观态度的原因。故选C。 3．词句猜测题。根据第三段“perhaps because ‘quantum’ stands for something cool you shouldn’t be able to understand.”可知，量子代表着难以理解的酷炫事物，这使得量子计算特别容易被炒作。prone在此处意为“容易的、倾向于的”，与open“易受……影响的”含义相近。故选A。 4．主旨大意题。文章开篇提到量子计算被炒作的潜力，接着通过约翰逊的担忧和泰勒的自信展开讨论，核心围绕“量子计算是否能实现其被炒作的预期”展开。选项D“量子计算能否不负众望？”最能概括文章主旨。故选D。 Not too long ago, on a cold winter night, there was a teenager who wanted more screen time and a parent who said no. The teenager was advocating for her right to scroll (翻屏) for an extra 30 minutes. The parent argued that none of her friends’ parents let them have screens after 9 o’clock. “I thought, in this family, we don’t compare ourselves with other people, Dad?” the teenager replied. The parent who was me, by the way, just got served. Since they were young, I have told my kids not to compare themselves with other people. I have argued countless times that comparisons are the “thief of joy”. Although my daughter didn’t win, she did help expose one of the worst pieces of advice I have ever given. In my defence, I did what we’ve all done before, which is repeat received wisdom without exploring the nuances. But now is the time to set the record straight, which starts with questioning the idea that all social comparison is unhealthy. Social comparisons do, of course, often get us into emotional trouble. But they can be harnessed (利用) for our betterment if we understand how they work. The social comparisons we make—ones that lead us to feel good or bad about ourselves—are vital to our ability to thrive (成长). Science provides a guide we can use to harness the way we perform these comparisons to reduce their negative emotional impacts. Comparing yourself with someone who is outperforming you could result in feelings of envy if you focus on the things they have and you don’t, or it can be energizing and inspiring if you use these comparisons as a source of motivation, for example, “If they can achieve that, so can I.” Comparing yourself with someone who is doing worse than you could result in fear and worry if you think about how you could fall into similar circumstances, or it can draw out feelings of gratitude and appreciation if you use that comparison to broaden your views—for example, “Wow, things could be much worse; I’m doing great.” What I wish I taught my daughter earlier are these nuances. How we feel about ourselves rests not just on whom we compare ourselves with but also on how we think about that comparison. That’s something we all have control over. 1．How did the author feel about the author’s daughter’s argument? A．Excited. B．Inspired. C．Energized. D．Relieved. 2．What does the word “nuances” underlined in Paragraph 2 most probably mean? A．Major achievements. B．Complex feelings. C．Significant impacts. D．Fine differences. 3．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．Comparing Ourselves with Others Can Become a Healthy Habit B．Comparing Ourselves with Others Can Strengthen Family Ties C．Social Comparisons Can Get Us into Emotional Trouble D．Social Comparisons Can Be Controlled by Science 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，文章讲述了作者与女儿关于是否延长屏幕使用时间的争论，引发作者对以往所给建议的反思，进而探讨社交比较并非完全不健康，若能理解其运作方式，社交比较也可被利用来促进个人成长，关键在于如何看待这些比较。 1．推理判断题。根据文章第二段“Although my daughter didn’t win, she did help expose one of the worst pieces of advice I have ever given.”以及后文作者开始反思并重新审视社交比较这一观点，可知作者从女儿的争论中得到了启发，开始重新思考自己以往的观点。B选项“受到启发的”，B选项符合语境。故选B。 2．词句猜测题。根据文章第二段“In my defence, I did what we’ve all done before, which is repeat received wisdom without exploring the nuances.”以及后文作者开始深入探讨社交比较的不同情况，可知“nuances”指的是之前没有深入探索的细微差别。故选D。 3．主旨大意题。文章先讲述作者与女儿的争论，引出作者对以往建议的反思，接着重点探讨社交比较并非完全不健康，若能正确看待和利用，社交比较可成为促进个人成长的健康习惯。A选项“与他人比较可以成为一种健康的习惯”符合文章主旨。故选A。 Nowadays, most of the world’s population lives in the city, where poor air quality and noise pollution are common, and there is little chance to connect with nature. People may prefer going outdoors and enjoying the health benefits of being in nature. So, don’t be surprised that your doctor gives you a prescription (处方) for parks instead of pills. Nature prescribing, gaining its popularity recently, involves a doctor encouraging patients to spend time in nature as a health activity. The nature-based activities have developed as an effective healthcare treatment to improve people’s well-being. What are the nature prescriptions like? Well, doctors may give patients a variety of choices. Patients may choose direct exposure (接触) to nature, by using a natural space for running, walking, open-water swimming, or other physical activities. Other times, the exposure to nature might not be that obvious, such as biking along a path near a river on the way to work. Patients may also be encouraged to participate in environmental protection projects. For example, they can help build birdhouses in forests, which provide a safe space for birds to live in and raise their young. Research into nature prescribing activities has found that participants experience both physical and mental health benefits. For example, nature-based activities can result in a reduction of blood pressure and better heart health. Besides, spending time in nature has been linked to lower levels of stress and anxiety. Not only that, an outdoor program in nature involving a group of people can also reduce feelings of loneliness among participants. Nature prescribing has been carried out successfully throughout the world. For example, in England, the Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust runs the Blue Prescribing Project. The project provides opportunities for people with poor mental health in London to enjoy the wetland environment. This has led to great improvement of their situation. However, there are still several challenges when nature prescribing is adapted to different settings. One major difficulty is the need to train qualified health providers who can organize effective activities, which takes time and requires money. Moreover, since some patients may not find certain nature-based activities interesting, more activities need to be designed to meet various needs. 1．If patients want to take part in nature prescribing activities, they can ________. A．swim for hours in an indoor swimming pool B．paint birds and flowers at community libraries C．plant trees in the local park near their houses D．watch environmental protection programs on TV 2．What do you know about nature prescribing from the passage? A．It can never take the place of having medicine. B．It fails to benefit patients when carried out in London. C．It works much better for physical health. D．It requires further development to meet different needs other than mental health. 3．Which might be the best title for the passage? A．From pills to parks: the influence of nature on health B．A step into the wild: the time to protect our planet C．A trip through forests: a chance to enjoy the beauty D．From indoors to outdoors: an active way to relax 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了自然处方这一新兴的健康活动，包括其定义、活动形式、对健康的益处以及在全球范围内的实施情况和面临的挑战。 1．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“Patients may also be encouraged to participate in environmental protection projects. For example, they can help build birdhouses in forests, which provide a safe space for birds to live in and raise their young.”可知，患者可以参与环保项目，如在森林里建造鸟舍，由此可推断，患者可以在当地公园种树。故选C。 2．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“However, there are still several challenges when nature prescribing is adapted to different settings. One major difficulty is the need to train qualified health providers who can organize effective activities, which takes time and requires money. Moreover, since some patients may not find certain nature-based activities interesting, more activities need to be designed to meet various needs.”可知，自然处方在适应不同环境时仍面临挑战，如需要培训合格的健康提供者，以及需要设计更多活动来满足患者的不同需求，由此可推断，与心理健康相比，自然处方需要进一步发展以满足不同的需求。故选D。 3．最佳标题题。通读全文可知，本文主要介绍了自然处方这一新兴的健康活动，包括其定义、活动形式、对健康的益处以及在全球范围内的实施情况和面临的挑战，结合第一段“So, don’t be surprised that your doctor gives you a prescription (处方) for parks instead of pills.”可知，文章主要围绕自然处方对健康的影响展开，因此A选项“从药片到公园：自然对健康的影响”最符合文章主旨。故选A。 For a long time, people thought that when children became teenagers, parents should step back. But new studies show something different. The teenage years are not a time for parents to be less involved. Instead, they are a time to stay connected, just in new ways. From Boss to Guide Parents often act like “managers”. They tell their teens what to do and make all the decisions. However, research now suggests a better role: be a “guide”. A guide does not give orders. A guide offers advice when the teen asks for it. A guide respects that the teenager is becoming more independent but is still there to help. This way, parents use their influence through a strong relationship, not through strict control. The Growing Teen Brain Why do teenagers sometimes act unreasonably or have strong mood swings (起伏)? Brain science gives us an answer. The part of the brain that controls good judgment and decision-making is still developing in the teen years. This means that a teen’s sometimes risky or emotional behavior is not just them being difficult—it is a normal part of brain development. Knowing this can help parents be more patient. They can focus on helping their teens learn to make good choices while the brain is still learning how. What Teenagers Need to Do Experts say that all teenagers are working on four important tasks as they grow up: • Be Their Own Person: They want to make their own choices. • Discover Who They Are: They try out different ideas to find their identity (身份). • Become More Independent: They naturally create some distance from their parents. • Make Close Friends: They build strong friendships outside the family. When parents understand these tasks, they can see their teen’s behavior differently. Arguing about a small rule might really be about the teen’s need for more independence. This new view can reduce fights and help parents support their child’s growth. One of the most powerful findings is about empathy—the ability to understand and share the feelings of another. Studies show that when teenagers feel understood and listened to by their parents, they are more likely to be understanding and kind to others. Simply listening to a teen’s feelings without immediately judging or solving the problem can build great trust. This kind of connection makes the teenage years easier and helps build a strong, positive relationship for the future. In summary, these new ideas give parents a more hopeful way to see the teenage years. By being a guide instead of a boss, understanding the teen brain, supporting their growth tasks, and listening with empathy, parents can turn these years into a time of positive growth and a closer bond (联结). 1．According to the passage, which of the following actions best shows the parent’s role as a “guide”? A．Making a strict daily schedule for the teen to follow. B．Giving clear instructions on how to solve a problem step by step. C．Offering advice when the teen needs help with a friendship problem. D．Telling the teen that his new interest won’t last long and will pass. 2．According to brain science, why do teenagers sometimes have strong mood swings? A．Because they want to make their parents angry. B．Because they lack communication with their parents. C．Because they spend too much time with emotional friends. D．Because their brain’s area for good judgement is still developing. 3．What is the best heading for Paragraph 6? A．The Importance of Understanding B．The Power of Listening C．The Benefit of Connecting D．The Ways of Sharing 4．Which of the following may the writer most likely agree with? A．Parents should strictly manage their teenagers’ lives to keep them safe. B．A teenager’s need to make their own choices is a natural part of growth. C．The main goal of the teenage years is to get good grades for the future. D．It is hard to build a close bond with teenagers because of their brain. 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．B 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了父母在青少年时期应扮演的角色、青少年情绪波动的原因、青少年成长的任务以及共情倾听的重要性等内容。 1．细节理解题。根据“A guide offers advice when the teen asks for it.”可知，当青少年在友谊问题上需要帮助时提供建议最能体现父母作为“引导者”的角色，故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据“The part of the brain that controls good judgment and decision-making is still developing in the teen years. This means that a teen’s sometimes risky or emotional behavior is not just them being difficult—it is a normal part of brain development.”可知，青少年有时情绪波动大是因为他们大脑中控制良好判断力的区域仍在发育，故选D。 3．最佳标题题。根据“Studies show that when teenagers feel understood and listened to by their parents, they are more likely to be understanding and kind to others. Simply listening to a teen’s feelings without immediately judging or solving the problem can build great trust.”可知，第六段主要讲倾听的力量，故“The Power of Listening”作为标题最合适，故选B。 4．推理判断题。根据“Be Their Own Person: They want to make their own choices.”可知，青少年需要自己做选择是成长的自然部分，故选B。 Technology is becoming more and more common in the classroom and, as a result, students favor typed (打字的) notes over handwritten ones. Electronic note-taking attracts students with its speed, digital storage, and sharing convenience. But questions remain: Are typed notes actually helping students learn? And how do they compare to handwritten note-taking? Each method has its advantages and challenges. Recent research has examined these two methods and tried to find out which method truly improves learning and memory. An interesting research looked at 24 studies to see how note-taking methods affected (影响) the volume (数量) of notes taken and test performance. Across all of the studies included in the research, typed notes led to students taking a greater amount of notes. Specifically, electronic notes contained (包含) many more words and ideas from the lesson than handwritten notes. This is most likely due to the fact that writing by hand is much slower than typing. As a result, students often can’t keep up with the lesson when they are writing and may end up summarizing the content or even cutting parts out. However, it was handwritten notes that actually led to better test outcomes. As previously stated, students can usually type faster than they write, which makes them more likely to take down notes word-for-word. Conversely (相反), handwritten notes are usually paraphrased (改述) and catch the personal style of the student. This may let them directly put their heart into the material and only take down the most important points. As a result, connections are made between lesson content and students’ existing (存在的) knowledge, leading to deep learning. We’ve seen that handwritten notes lead to better exam scores, but what other practices can students use in their note-taking to achieve the best test outcomes overall? Handwritten notes may lead to better outcomes because students would think carefully about what they hear and write it down in their own words. So don’t take down notes verbatim. Instead of mindlessly copying down what the teacher says, students should paraphrase material, which may result in deeper learning. Research also suggests that the benefits of pen and paper notes extend (延伸) even further after a review. If students have an opportunity to look over their notes before an exam, they are likely to score higher. The best learning methods encourage direct engagement (连接) with material. While typed notes allow for greater volume, they often lead to passive, verbatim recording. For better test performance, handwritten notes are preferable, as they improve deeper learning by helping students to paraphrase content in their own words. 1．According to the passage, people do the research to ________. A．find out who can type fastest B．prove typing is faster than writing by hand C．introduce a new way of taking notes D．explain how note-taking methods affect learning 2．What can we learn from the passage? A．Handwritten notes contained more words and ideas. B．Handwritten notes can help make deep learning happen. C．People take down notes in their own words when they are typing. D．People can take more passive notes when writing by hand. 3．What does the underlined word “verbatim” in Paragraph 7 mean? A．Little by little. B．Hand in hand. C．Word for word. D．Side by side. 4．What is the writer’s main purpose in writing this passage? A．To describe the importance of technology in the learning process. B．To prove typed notes are better than handwritten notes in many ways. C．To explain why students choose to use different note-taking methods D．To encourage students to take handwritten notes for better learning. 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．C 4．D 【导语】本文通过对比研究，分析了电子笔记和手写笔记对学习效果的影响，指出手写笔记更有助于深度学习和记忆。 1．细节理解题。根据“Recent research has examined these two methods and tried to find out which method truly improves learning and memory.”可知，研究目的是探究不同笔记方法如何影响学习。故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据“connections are made between lesson content and students’ existing knowledge, leading to deep learning”可知，手写笔记有助于实现深度学习。B项表述正确。A项与电子笔记内容更多矛盾；C项与手写笔记通常为改述矛盾；D项与电子笔记更被动矛盾。故选B。 3．词句猜测题。根据“Instead of mindlessly copying down what the teacher says, students should paraphrase material”可知，“verbatim”与“paraphrase”相反，意为“逐字逐句地”。故选C。 4．主旨大意题。根据“For better test performance, handwritten notes are preferable, as they improve deeper learning by helping students to paraphrase content in their own words.”以及全文内容可知，作者写这篇文章的主要目的是鼓励学生为了更好的学习而做手写笔记。故选D。 Close your eyes and imagine a white teapot. Most people can easily “see” its shape, shine, and even small details (细节). But for 1 in 50 to 100 people worldwide, this simple task is impossible—their minds stay completely blank, like a screen that never turns on. Scientists call this condition “aphantasia”, the inability to actively make mental images (心理意象). Aphantasia might sound like it stops people from being good at visual (视觉的) things. But many people with this condition have done very well in jobs that use vision. One famous example is Ed Catmull, co-founder of Pixar Animation Studios, the well-known animation studio behind movies like Toy Story and Finding Nemo. He didn’t know he had aphantasia until he was in his 60s, when someone asked him to imagine a burning candle, and he suddenly realized he had never “seen” a real picture in his mind. Curious about his unusual experience, Ed asked his workmates some questions at Pixar. The results were surprising: about 3% of them reported having little or no mental imagery, while another 3% described having extremely vivid images—so clear and detailed that some said it was like “watching a movie on a big screen”. Most shocking of all, some of Pixar’s best artists and animators were in the “no mental images” group. This finding raised a key question: Do you really need mental images to be creative in visual jobs? To answer this question, scientists needed real proof. In 2023, a team at the University of New South Wales designed a clever experiment to solve this problem. They looked at and recorded participants’ pupil (瞳孔) sizes while showing them bright and dark triangles, carefully watching how their eyes naturally reacted to light changes. Normally, pupils get smaller by themselves in bright light and expand (扩大) in soft light— and this happens even when people just imagine bright or dark objects. However, when people with aphantasia tried to imagine the triangles, their pupils showed no reaction at all. This physical fact provided clear proof that their minds truly don’t create mental images in the same way as other people. This difference makes them find other ways to understand visual things—like using words to describe something, or thinking about space. As Ed Catmull said: “A problem would go somewhere in my brain, and I could work on it even without conscious (有意识的) pictures.” Just like computers process data without “seeing” it, our brains can also understand and create things—even without mental images. Those pictures in our minds might just be a “side effect” of how the brain works. They aren’t the only way we understand the world, or the only way we create things. 1．Which of the following best shows someone with aphantasia? A．A person who designs buildings without imagining them first. B．A person who depends on mental imagery to take good photos. C．A person who can’t remember stories without picturing them. D．A person who uses drawings to explain difficult ideas clearly. 2．What can we learn about people with aphantasia from Ed’s example? A．They develop stronger other senses. B．They may not notice their difference. C．They prefer using words over pictures. D．Their brains process images more slowly. 3．What is the writer’s main purpose in writing this passage? A．To explain how the human brain forms mental images. B．To describe what aphantasia is and its influence on jobs. C．To argue that mental images are not necessary for creativity. D．To introduce how mental images affect people’s creative work. 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．C 【导语】本文是一篇科普说明文。文章主要介绍了一种名为“心盲症”的现象，即部分人群无法在脑海中主动生成心理意象。文章通过具体案例和科学实验，探讨了心盲症的特点，并指出缺乏心理意象并不妨碍人们在视觉创意领域取得成功。 1．细节理解题。根据文章第1段“Scientists call this condition ‘aphantasia’, the inability to actively make mental images”可知，心盲症患者的核心特征是无法在脑海中主动形成画面。因此，一个不需要事先想象就能设计建筑的人，其行为模式最符合心盲症患者依靠非视觉化思维工作的特点。故选A。 2．推理判断题。根据文章第2段“He didn’t know he had aphantasia until he was in his 60s”可知，Ed Catmull作为心盲症患者，在很长一段时间里并未意识到自己与常人的不同，这说明心盲症患者可能并未察觉到自身的这一差异。故选B。 3．主旨大意题。通览全文，文章在介绍了心盲症之后，核心论据——从Ed Catmull的成功到皮克斯艺术家的案例，再到科学实验的证实——都旨在说明“缺乏心理意象同样可以拥有卓越的创造力”。根据文章第3段“This finding raised a key question: Do you really need mental images to be creative in visual jobs?”以及最后一段的总结“They aren’t the only way we understand the world, or the only way we create things”可知，作者的写作目的主要是为了论证心理意象并非创造力的必要条件。故选C。 Does life sometimes seem to be full of impossible problems? How many times, for example, do you find yourself saying things like “I really don’t understand this maths problem”, or “I can’t get into the school team.” Well, maybe it’s time to introduce yourself to the power of “yet”. By adding this simple word, you can change everything. “I really don’t understand this maths problem yet,” “I can’t get into the school team yet.” Suddenly, the impossible becomes possible. You can start to imagine those things happening in the future. The word “yet” can open your mind to the possibility of improvement and growth. A good example comes from a school that changed the way it marks exams. The school found out that the old pass/fail system wasn’t helping students’ motivation (积极性). If you passed, then great, but those students who didn’t pass often felt like failures. Now, students who don’t pass the exams will not see a big red F on their papers; they see a “not yet” instead. This small change sends a powerful message that learning is a process (过程). Students feel they are on a journey. They haven’t reached the final goal, but they know that they are going the right way and just need more time and effort. This kind of thinking is part of what experts call “having a growth mindset”. People with a growth mindset don’t concentrate on failure. They aren’t worried about not getting things right the first time and are happy to keep trying until they do. They enjoy the challenge and believe they can change. However, people who just focus on failure have what the experts call “a fixed mindset”. They don’t think that they are able to change. Clearly, it is better to have a growth mindset than a fixed mindset. But don’t worry if you think that you have a fixed mindset. The good news is that mindsets don’t go on forever; they can be changed. Remember that it all starts with questioning the things you believe about yourself. Stop believing that you can’t or you haven’t done it before. It’s one small but very powerful word that can reshape your attitude towards life’s challenges. 1．Why does the writer introduce an example in Paragraph 2? A．To express a feeling. B．To describe a problem. C．To show the result. D．To support the idea. 2．What do the words “concentrate on” in Paragraph 3 most probably mean? A．Get used to. B．Look forward to. C．Pay attention to. D．Make a difference to. 3．According to the passage, what is important in developing a growth mindset? A．Realizing that we should set a final goal. B．Accepting that there are things we cannot do. C．Knowing that we can avoid failures with effort. D．Believing that our abilities can be improved over time. 4．Which of the following is the best title for this passage? A．The Power of “yet”. B．Two Different Mindsets. C．The Challenge of Growth. D．On the Way to Success. 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．D 4．A 【导语】本文主要讲述了“yet”这个词的力量，以及成长型思维模式的重要性。文章通过举例说明，使用“yet”可以改变我们对问题的看法，将不可能变为可能，并鼓励持续学习和成长。 1．细节理解题。根据第2段“The word ‘yet’ can open your mind to the possibility of improvement and growth. A good example comes from a school that changed the way it marks exams.”可知，作者举学校改变评分方式的例子是为了支持“yet”这个词能带来改变和成长的观点。故选D。 2．词句猜测题。根据第3段“People with a growth mindset don’t concentrate on failure. They aren’t worried about not getting things right the first time and are happy to keep trying until they do.”可知，他们不担心第一次没有把事情做好，并且乐于继续尝试，直到他们做到为止，所以拥有成长心态的人不会专注于失败。“concentrate on”在此处的意思是不把注意力集中在失败上，与“pay attention to”意思相近。故选C。 3．推理判断题。根据第3段“This kind of thinking is part of what experts call ‘having a growth mindset’"和第4段“The good news is that mindsets don’t go on forever; they can be changed”可知，发展成长型思维最重要的是相信能力可以随时间提升。故选D。 4．最佳标题题。全文围绕“yet”这个词的力量展开，讲述了它如何改变我们的思维方式，帮助形成成长型思维。因此“The Power of ‘yet’”最能概括全文主旨。故选A。 If you’ve ever had to cut short a backyard dinner because of buzzing mosquitoes (蚊子) or worried about yourself getting bitten while playing at the community park, you know how annoying these little insects can be. Worse than that, mosquitoes carry diseases like dengue fever (登革热). This problem has become a bigger problem in parts of China lately, especially as cities grow and the weather changes. For years, we’ve used chemical sprays (喷雾) to kill them, but those often do more harm than good. They pollute the water in the park’s small pond, and what’s worse, they make bees sick, which is a problem because we need bees to help flowers and vegetables grow. That’s why scientists came up with the smart “mosquito vs mosquito” plan. It worked and kept our neighborhoods safe for everyone while building a greener living environment. The start of this plan is a special “mosquito factory” in Guangzhou’s Huangpu district. When it’s running at its busiest, it can produce 5 million male mosquitoes every week, all of which have a small but important change to their genes. Each of these males has a type of bacteria called Wolbachia (沃尔巴克氏菌), and here’s the good part: they’re totally harmless to us. Unlike female mosquitoes (the ones that bite you for blood), males don’t need blood at all. So how do they help? When these lab-raised males mate with wild females that don’t have Wolbachia, a biological mismatch causes the eggs they lay to fail to develop into baby mosquitoes. But the plan doesn’t stop there. Scientists also use another helper, which is a type of big, pretty mosquitoes called Toxorhynchites splendens (华丽巨蚊). Not long ago, researchers from Sun Yat-sen University let 75 of these mosquitoes be freed in Foshan’s community parks, the same places where families might walk the dog or kids might chase butterflies. These big mosquitoes are natural enemies of the Aedes albopictus mosquitoes (the ones that spread diseases). Their larvae can control harmful mosquitoes because their babies live in the same small pools of water that harmful mosquitoes love. So people should empty the water from flower pots or old plastic bottles left in the grass. As there’s less water for harmful mosquitoes to lay eggs in, the harmful mosquito larvae (幼虫) get crowded into the few pools that remain. This makes it easy for the giant mosquito larvae to eat 80-100 of them as they grow. Best of all, adult giant mosquitoes only feed on plant sap and flower nectar and they won’t trouble people or pets at all. Early results are promising. In one small village in Guangzhou, using just the lab-raised males kept dengue fever away for seven years straight. However, getting this to work in big cities isn’t easy. For one thing, the factory costs a lot to run. For another, some people in neighborhoods don’t fully understand the plan. Once, a few residents poured out the water from their flower pots (where the big mosquito babies were living), which killed the big mosquito babies, because they didn’t know those babies were actually helping control the bad mosquitoes. Those baby mosquitoes are a small but important part of protecting the community environment. Even with these small problems, scientists think this “mosquito vs mosquito” plan is the way to go. They say we should use both methods together to keep mosquito numbers down for a long time without messing up the environment. “We’re not fighting nature here,” a lead researcher said, “We’re working with it to make the places we live, work, and play safer.” The goal is to solve problems not just for now, but in a way that keeps our neighborhoods green and healthy for years to come. This is exactly what we need to do to build a better living space for everyone. 1．What can we learn about the lab-raised male mosquitoes from Paragraph 2? A．They have passed safety tests and are safe to release in communities. B．They are the same as wild mosquitoes except for carrying Wolbachia. C．They are raised in large numbers to bite and kill wild female mosquitoes. D．They will die after mating with wild female mosquitoes. 2．What can we infer about the “mosquito vs mosquito” plan from Paragraph 4? A．It is not as effective as using chemical sprays. B．It needs a lot of money and help from local people. C．It is only suitable for large cities like Foshan. D．It will be widely used in China in the near future. 3．What can we learn from the passage? A．The “mosquito vs mosquito” plan is now being widely used in Foshan. B．The big, pretty mosquitoes can eat 80 to 100 harmful larvae in their whole life. C．The “mosquito vs mosquito” plan is a greener way to control mosquitoes than chemical sprays. D．The lab-raised mosquitoes will finally reduce the number of wild mosquitoes in Foshan. 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，文章主要介绍了科学家提出的“蚊子对抗蚊子”计划，该计划旨在通过培育携带沃尔巴克氏菌的雄性蚊子以及利用华丽巨蚊来控制有害蚊子数量，从而减少蚊子传播的疾病，同时保护环境。 1．细节理解题。根据文章第二段第2段提到“they’re totally harmless to us”，说明实验室培育的雄蚊子对人类无害，可安全投放到社区，符合选项A的描述。故选A。 2．推理判断题。根据文章第四段“However, getting this to work in big cities isn’t easy. For one thing, the factory costs a lot to run. For another, some people in neighborhoods don’t fully understand the plan.”可知，“蚊子对抗蚊子”计划需要大量的资金投入，并且需要当地居民的理解和配合。故选B。 3．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“For years, we’ve used chemical sprays (喷雾) to kill them, but those often do more harm than good. They pollute the water in the park’s small pond, and what’s worse, they make bees sick, which is a problem because we need bees to help flowers and vegetables grow. That’s why scientists came up with the smart “mosquito vs mosquito” plan. It worked and kept our neighborhoods safe for everyone while building a greener living environment.”可知，与化学喷雾相比，“蚊子对抗蚊子”计划是一种更环保的控制蚊子的方法。故选C。 How old is your dog? Maybe it was born four years ago. At that age, a human would still be a kid. Your dog, however, acts like an adult. You might have heard that to get a dog’s “biological” age, you just multiply (乘) its age in years by seven. That would make your dog equal to a 28-year-old human. But as a new study shows, that simple calculation (计算) is probably wrong. At first glance, multiplying by seven seems to make sense. On average, people live about seven times longer than dogs. However, there are clear problems with this method. For example, a one-year-old baby is just learning to walk, while a one-year-old dog is already mature enough to have puppies of its own. This is because different species develop at very different rates. Interestingly, both dogs and humans experience similar stages of development: we’re babies (or puppies), then kids (or still puppies), then juveniles (少年), then adolescents (青少年), and finally adults. As we pass through these stages, our DNA also undergoes changes. These changes are marked by chemical “tags” called methyl (甲基) marks, and the pattern of these marks on DNA is known as a methylome (甲基化组). As an animal ages, its methylome changes too. Scientists thought that by comparing the methylomes of humans and dogs at different ages, they might be able to match those of 320 people ranging from one to 103 years old. The results were surprising. Puppies grow much faster than people in the early years. But as dogs get older, the rate at which they age begins to slow down. The scientists used these findings to create a special mathematical formula (公式) to calculate a dog’s “human” age. The new formula uses natural logarithms (自然对数): take the natural logarithm of a dog’s age, multiply it by 16, and then add 31. With this new formula, an eight-week-old puppy is about the same as a one-year-old baby. A one-year-old dog is like a 31-year-old person, and a four-year-old dog is about the same as a 53-year-old human. Are you ready to calculate your dog’s age? By understanding your dog’s true age, you can give it the right care, nutrition, and attention it needs at every stage of life. 1．What does the new study say about the “multiply by seven” rule? A．It compares dog and human ages. B．It oversimplifies how dogs age. C．It is just a simple math formula. D．It is mainly used for adult dogs. 2．Ostrander’s team calculated the actual age of a dog by comparing ________. A．the methylomes of different Labrador retrievers B．the DNA of dogs and people aged from 1 to 103 C．the methylomes of dogs and people at different ages D．the methylomes of dogs to those of same-aged people 3．What does the graph (图表) show about aging in dogs and humans? A．Dogs and humans age nearly at the same speed. B．Dogs become mature later than humans do. C．Dogs age very slowly when they are young. D．Dogs age quickly at first, then more slowly later. 4．What is the main purpose of this passage? A．To question the old rule for judging dog and human ages. B．To show differences in aging between dogs and people. C．To introduce a new way to compare dog and human ages. D．To advise people to care for their dogs at every stage. 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．D 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要围绕如何计算狗的“人类年龄”展开。文章先指出传统“乘以七”的计算方法可能不准确，接着说明不同物种发展速度不同，然后介绍科学家通过比较狗和人类不同年龄的甲基化组来计算狗的“人类年龄”，最后给出新的计算公式及意义。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“But as a new study shows, that simple calculation (计算) is probably wrong.”以及第二段“However, there are clear problems with this method.”可知，新的研究表明“乘以七”这个规则过于简化了狗的年龄计算方式，存在明显问题。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据第四段“Scientists thought that by comparing the methylomes of humans and dogs at different ages, they might be able to...”可知，Ostrander的团队通过比较狗和人类在不同年龄的甲基化组来计算狗的实际年龄。故选C。 3．推理判断题。根据第五段“Puppies grow much faster than people in the early years. But as dogs get older, the rate at which they age begins to slow down.”可知，狗在幼年时生长速度比人快，随着年龄增长，衰老速度开始变慢，即狗一开始衰老得很快，后来更慢。故选D。 4．主旨大意题。文章先指出传统计算狗年龄的方法不准确，然后介绍科学家通过研究找到新的计算狗“人类年龄”的方法，最后给出新公式及意义，所以文章主要目的是介绍一种新的比较狗和人类年龄的方法。故选C。 You hit snooze (再睡一会儿) again. You avoid the hard task, calling it “self-care.” Maybe you order your favorite comfort food or spend hours watching online. For a moment, it feels good. But later? You’re behind, still stressed, and a little disappointed in yourself. We’ve all been there. The popular idea of self-care tells us it’s okay to skip (不参加) workouts or scroll on our phones (刷手机) because “you deserve (值得) it.” But comfort isn’t the same thing as care. Psychologist Todd Kashdan has a name for this—avoidance. It helps you feel better in the moment but leaves you further from your goals and less confident in yourself. Real self-care means doing the things that build you up, even when they’re hard in the moment. It might mean getting up when the alarm goes off instead of hitting snooze, or doing the most meaningful task first especially when it is hard. This kind of self-care builds not just self-control, but self-respect. And over time, that grows into self-love. Research backs this up. Psychologist Hal Hershfield has shown that when we feel connected to our future selves, we make smarter choices today. Edward Deci and Richard Ryan found that we do well when our goals match our deeper values. And Albert Bandura proved that confidence doesn’t come from avoiding challenges—it comes from mastering them. However, self-care isn’t all about doing hard things. Rest is also important but the key is being intentional (有目的的): taking a break because it refreshes you, not because you’re avoiding something difficult. Rest doesn’t have to mean lying on the couch. It might look like having dinner with your family, making time for a yoga class that leaves you centered, or setting aside a tech-free Sunday. Real self-care takes courage. Sometimes it means doing the hard thing. Other times, it means having the wisdom to pause. Next time, before making a choice, ask yourself—what will I be proud I did today? What will I wish I had done this week? These small questions move you from short-term comfort to long-term well-being. It connects today’s choices to the person you want to become tomorrow. Do the hard thing today so tomorrow you can look in the mirror with pride. 1．What can we learn about self-care? A．It means doing hard things to enjoy comfort later. B．It’s about doing what feels good at the moment. C．It means putting off difficult tasks to avoid stress. D．It includes effort and proper rest with a clear purpose. 2．Why does the writer mention three findings in Paragraph 4? A．To question the benefits of self-care. B．To support the idea of real self-care. C．To explain how to practice self-care. D．To show different opinions about self-care. 3．What does the word “pause” in Paragraph 6 most probably mean? A．Stop for a short time. B．Begin something new. C．Focus on one task. D．Keep trying. 4．Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? A．The Easy Path to Pride B．Self-Care or Avoidance? C．Beyond Comfort: What Real Self-Care Is D．Why Comfort Feels Good but Doesn’t Help 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．A 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章指出真正的自我照顾包含有目的的努力和适当的休息，鼓励读者选择对自己长期有益的行为。 1．细节理解题。根据“Real self-care means doing the things that build you up, even when they’re hard in the moment.”以及“However, self-care isn’t all about doing hard things. Rest is also important but the key is being intentional (有目的的)”可知，真正的自我照顾包括有明确目的的努力和适当的休息。故选D。 2．推理判断题。根据“Research backs this up.”以及第四段中提到的三位心理学家的研究发现，可知作者提到这些研究结果是为了支持真正的自我照顾这一观点。故选B。 3．词句猜测题。根据“Real self-care takes courage. Sometimes it means doing the hard thing. Other times, it means having the wisdom to pause.”可知，真正的自我照顾需要勇气，有时意味着做困难的事，有时意味着有智慧去“pause”，结合选项可推测出“pause”在此处意为“短暂停止”。故选A。 4．最佳标题题。根据全文内容，尤其是“Real self-care means doing the things that build you up, even when they’re hard in the moment.”以及“These small questions move you from short-term comfort to long-term well-being.”可知，文章主要讨论了真正的自我照顾是什么，它超越了短暂的舒适，强调了有目的的努力和适当的休息。选项C“超越舒适：真正的自我照顾是什么”最符合文章主旨。故选C。 When I write, knowing someone will read it, something changes. Having readers forces me to think harder about what I’m trying to say. That’s the audience effect at play. The presence of others changes what we choose to do and who we choose to be, and we become different people when we know we’re being watched. Our brains evolved (进化) to care deeply about social standing. When we sense we’re being observed, our neural (神经的) networks change into “performance mode.” In our brains, the areas connected with inner drive quiet down while areas processing social feedback (反馈) light up. This neurological change explains why an audience changes our decision-making. Once you know about the audience effect, you’ll notice how it plays out everywhere. In creative work, for example, an audience can give you the focus you need to turn ideas into great work. But it can also push you to just “be average” to please others—instead of being truly creative. Similar effects appear in career decisions. Worrying about our audience, even if that audience is just your parents, can make you choose paths (小路) that look impressive on the outside but do not bring real satisfaction. The audience effect is hard to deal with because of feedback. When we receive praise or likes for audience-focused choices, we slowly start to value what pleases others more than what pleases ourselves. Over time, we forget what we wanted before we started performing for others. However, you can’t eliminate (消除) the influence of having an audience, and you actually wouldn’t want to. In fact, it can be useful if we learn how to manage it. One way is to be careful about whose opinions we care about. Instead of trying to please everyone, we should focus on the people whose opinions actually matter. Another way is to keep both audience-focused and audience-free creative spaces. Share your progress, but also work on projects no one will see. When you make a choice—like what to write, share, or study—stop and ask yourself: “Am I doing this for me, or just to please others?” When you recognize the audience effect, you can use it to gain focus and energy without losing your true self. 1．What is Paragraph 2 mainly about? A．The reason for the audience effect. B．The downsides of the audience effect. C．The examples of the audience effect. D．The importance of the audience effect. 2．Which of the following situations best shows the audience effect? A．Sharing photos online to record life. B．Jogging in the park to enjoy the fresh air. C．Playing hard in the game because of others’ cheers. D．Preparing the speech carefully to understand it better. 3．What is the writer’s main purpose in writing this passage? A．To explain why people care so much about social standing. B．To show that the audience effect is harmful and should be avoided. C．To give examples of how the audience effect influences our daily life. D．To remind readers to manage the audience effect without losing their true selves. 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要探讨了“观众效应”如何影响人们的行为和决策，并提出了管理这种效应的建议。 1．主旨大意题。通读第二段并根据“This neurological change explains why an audience changes our decision-making.”可知，神经变化解释了为什么观众会改变我们的决策。由此可知，本段主要解释了观众效应的神经科学原因。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据“In creative work, for example, an audience can give you the focus you need to turn ideas into great work. But it can also push you to just ‘be average’ to please others”和“When we receive praise or likes for audience-focused choices, we slowly start to value what pleases others more than what pleases ourselves.”可知，观众效应的典型表现是行为因他人反馈而改变。选项C“因他人的欢呼而在比赛中拼命表现”符合这一特征。故选C。 3．主旨大意题。根据“When you recognize the audience effect, you can use it to gain focus and energy without losing your true self.”可知，当你意识到观众效应时，你可以利用它获得专注和能量，而不失去真实的自我。由此可知，作者的主要目的是提醒读者在不失去真实自我的前提下，管理好观众效应。故选D。 试卷第1页，共3页 试卷第1页，共3页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $