Unit 3 Period 2 Grammar and usage-【优学精讲】2025-2026学年高中英语必修第一册教用word（译林版）

本高中英语讲义聚焦关系代词引导限制性定语从句核心知识点，系统梳理定语从句定义、分类、先行词及关系词作用，通过“感知经典”呈现教材例句，“明悉规则”详解that/which/who/whom/whose的指代功能与成分，再进阶至用that不用which的五种特殊情况，构建递进式学习支架。 资料亮点在于结合教材实例贴近学情，表格化归纳规则助结构化理解，培养思维品质。练习设计梯度分明，从课堂单句填空、合并句子到课后高考真题演练、语篇填空，提升语言能力与学习能力。课中即时检验强化理解，课后多维巩固有效查漏补缺。

Period 2 Grammar and usage 关系代词引导限制性定语从句 要义详析 探究语法 一、基本概念 在复合句中，修饰某一名词、代词或整个主句的从句叫作定语从句。定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫作先行词。限制性定语从句对被修饰的先行词有限定制约作用，使该词的含义更具体明确。 连接先行词和定语从句的词叫作关系词。关系词分为关系代词和关系副词，关系代词有that、which、who、whom、whose、as等；关系副词有when、where、why等。关系词通常有下列作用：引导定语从句；指代先行词；在定语从句中充当一定成分。 二、关系代词引导的限制性定语从句及用法 感知经典 （1）（教材P30）When I was an awkward primary school student, she was the popular girl who was willing to make friends with me. 当我还是一个笨拙的小学生时，她是一个很受欢迎的女孩，并且愿意和我交朋友。 （2）（人教必修一U4）There were deep cracks that appeared in the well walls. 井壁上出现了深深的裂缝。 （3）（人教必修一U4）The supplies which were provided to the disaster area were collected from around the country. 提供给灾区的补给品来自全国各地。 （4）（人教必修一U4）Workers built shelters for survivors whose homes had been destroyed. 工人们为那些家园被毁的幸存者建造避难所。 （5）Social media has enhanced the connection between us and the friends whom we love. 社交媒体已经加强了我们与所爱朋友之间的联系。 明悉规则 关系代词 指代功能 例 句 that在从 句中作主语或宾语 指物 *A plane is a machine that can fly.（作主语） 飞机是一个会飞的机器。 *The noodles （that） I cooked were delicious.（作宾语） 我做的面条非常美味。 指人 *Let's ask the man that is reading the book over there.（作主语） 让我们问问那边正在看书的那个人。 *The girl （that） we saw yesterday is Jim's sister.（作宾语） 我们昨天看到的那个女孩是吉姆的妹妹。 which在从句中作主语或宾语 指物 *They planted the trees which didn't need much water.（作主语） 他们种植了不需要很多水的树。 *The fish （which） we bought yesterday were not fresh.（作宾语） 我们昨天买的鱼不新鲜。 who在从 句中作主语或宾语 指人 *The foreigner who visited our school yesterday is from Canada.（作主语） 昨天来参观我们学校的那个外国人来自加拿大。 *The boy who I saw just now is called Wang Hua.（作宾语） 我刚刚看到的那个男孩叫王华。 whom在从句中作宾语 指人 *The professor （whom）you mentioned hasn't come yet. 你提到的那个教授还没有来。 *The person to whom you just talked is Mr. Li. 你刚刚交谈的那个人是李先生。 *Mrs. Brown is the professor to whom you should write. 布朗太太才是你应该写信的教授。 whose在从句中作定语 指人 *Henry is the boy whose mother is our English teacher. 亨利就是他的妈妈是我们英语老师的那个男孩。 指物 *The novel whose cover is broken belongs to me. 封面破损的那本小说是我的。 三、用that不用which引导限制性定语从句的情况 感知经典 （1）The first thing that you should do is call the police at once. 你应该做的第一件事就是立刻报警。 （2）This is the most delicious food that I have ever had. 这是我吃过的最美味的食物。 （3）All that can be done has been done. 能做的都做了。 （4）The only thing that I could do is study for my goal. 我唯一能做的就是为了我的目标而学习。 （5）This is the very novel that I have been searching for. 这正是我一直在寻找的那本小说。 （6）She took photos of the persons and things that she was interested in. 她把自己感兴趣的人和事都拍了下来。 （7）Who is the man that is standing by the gate? 站在门口的那个人是谁？ 明悉规则 用that不用which引导限制性定语从句的情况： 1.当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰或者先行词本身是序数词或最高级时； 2.当先行词是all、any、little、few、much、everything、anything、nothing、none等不定代词或被不定代词修饰时； 3.当先行词被the only、the very、the last等修饰时； 4.当先行词既包括人又包括物时； 5.当主句是以which或who开头的疑问词时。 课堂微练 即时检验 Ⅰ.单句语法填空 1．The Great Wall is one of the world-famous buildings _ _ _ _ draw lots of visitors. [答案]that 2．The flood destroyed all the books _ _ _ _ were put on the first floor. [答案]that 3．He talked happily about the things and persons _ _ _ _ he remembered in the school. [答案]that 4．I got in touch with Michael _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ I have been losing contact with for one year. [答案]who/whom/that 5．It is the most amazing building _ _ _ _ Daming has seen ever since he came here. [答案]that 6．Those _ _ _ _ stayed in the shelter were waiting for the helicopter to deliver supplies. [答案]who 7．Deeply affected by the story of the girl _ _ _ _ eyesight was affected by the disease, all the students were moved to tears. [答案]whose 8．We are going to learn some Chinese poems _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ were written in the Tang Dynasty. [答案]that/which 9．Which is the true story _ _ _ _ he told us? [答案]that 10．The only furniture _ _ _ _ he had in the room was a small bed. [答案]that Ⅱ.用关系代词引导限制性定语从句合并句子 1．I will remember the day forever. We spent it together in the city. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ [答案]I will remember the day that/which we spent together in the city forever. 2．My grandparents live in a house. The house is more than 100 years old. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ [答案]My grandparents live in a house that/which is more than 100 years old. 3．At the party we talked about the singers and the songs. We liked the singers and the songs. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ [答案]At the party we talked about the singers and the songs that we liked. 4．I live next door to a couple. The couple's children often make a lot of noise. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ [答案]I live next door to a couple whose children often make a lot of noise. 5．The female volunteer will remember the soldier. The female volunteer worked with the soldier during the quake. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ [答案]The female volunteer will remember the soldier whom/who/that she worked with during the quake. 课后巩固 多维提能 ［基础知识巩固练］ 维度一 单句语法填空 1．[（2023·全国乙卷）]But for all its ancient buildings, Beijing is also a place _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ welcomes the fast-paced development of modern life, with 21st-century architectural wonders standing side by side with historical buildings of the past. [答案]that/which 2．[（2022·浙江卷1月）]Kim Cobb, a professor at the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta, is one of a small but growing minority of academics _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ are cutting back on their air travel because of climate change. [答案]that/who 3．[（2022·新高考全国卷Ⅰ）]The GPNP is intended to provide stronger protection for all the species _ _ _ _ live within the Giant Panda Range and significantly improve the health of the ecosystem in the area. [答案]that 4．[（2024·浙江卷1月）]Of course, shops are not charities—they price goods in the way _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ will make them the most money. [答案]that/which 5．[（2023·全国乙卷）]The color she chose came in a box which had a picture of a woman _ _ _ _ hair color looked just perfect. [答案]whose 6．I'd really like to find a friend _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ I can trust completely. [答案]whom/who/that 7．This is the very hotel _ _ _ _ I stayed at when I was travelling here. [答案]that 8．Which is the bag _ _ _ _ belongs to me? [答案]that 9．This is the most beautiful park _ _ _ _ I have visited. [答案]that 10．We often talk about the persons and things _ _ _ _ we remember. [答案]that 11．I'm not interested in the story _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ is about the trip to the moon. [答案]that/which 12．I visited the couple last week _ _ _ _ daughter is studying abroad. [答案]whose 13．Those _ _ _ _ make most people happy are the happiest in the world. [答案]who 14．All the things _ _ _ _ he saw in the earthquake came as a shock to me. [答案]that 15．The person _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ the girl turned to for help was my neighbor. [答案]who/whom/that 16．They are talking about the school and the teachers _ _ _ _ they visited yesterday. [答案]that 17．One Hundred Years of Solitude is the most wonderful book _ _ _ _ I have read so far. [答案]that 18．The dictionary _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ I bought last week is very useful. [答案]that/which 19．We chose not to live in the house _ _ _ _ window was damaged by the hurricane. [答案]whose 20．The research finds that people _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ keep fit are more likely to be positive about life. [答案]who/that 维度二 将下列句子升级为含限制性定语从句的复合句 1．The girl is making a speech under the national flag. The girl is our monitor. →_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ [答案]The girl who/that is making a speech under the national flag is our monitor. 2．They visited the teacher. The teacher's leg was injured in a car accident. →_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ [答案]They visited the teacher whose leg was injured in a car accident. 3．The police are looking for the little girl. The little girl got lost yesterday. →_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ [答案]The police are looking for the little girl who/that got lost yesterday. 4．The washing machine is out of order. Mrs Green bought the washing machine a month ago. →_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ [答案]The washing machine （that/which） Mrs Green bought a month ago is out of order. 5．We are going to interview the writer. His new novel has been well received by the public. →_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ [答案]We are going to interview the writer whose new novel has been well received by the public. 维度三 语法与写作 1．我认识那个人，他的公司生产电脑。 I know the man _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . [答案]whose company produces computers 2．他们在桂林参观的第一个地方是象鼻山。 The first place _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ was Elephant Trunk Hill. [答案]that they visited in Guilin 3．中国是一个历史悠久的国家。 China is a country _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . [答案]that/which has a long history 4．他们来安慰那些陷入困境的人。 They came to comfort those _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . [答案]who were in trouble 5．罗斯是你应该照顾的人。 Rose is the person _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . [答案]who/whom/that you should look after 维度四 语篇填空 My father works in a hospital 1.   is very famous in our city. My mother teaches maths in the school 2.   I study in. She likes watching TV plays 3.   leading actors are very famous. I am a boy 4.   likes playing basketball. I have several good friends 5.   I often play basketball with. One day, I went out to the city stadium to play basketball with several of my friends 6.   homes are not far from mine. However, a terrible matter occurred when we were playing happily, which made one of my legs hurt. Fortunately, the stadium where we were playing is not far from a clinic, so I was treated by a doctor 7.   is skilled. Later, I was sent home by my friends 8.   help made me thank a lot. From this case, I know that the more attention I pay, the less pain I will get, which is really a life lesson. [答案] 1．that/which 2．that/which 3．whose 4．who/that 5．who/whom/that 6．whose 7．who/that 8．whose ［综合能力提升练］ Ⅰ.阅读理解 [（2025·大连期中）]A It's always exciting to receive a letter in the mail. Even today, when we tend to rely on social media, receiving an actual letter in your mailbox from a distant land is a great way for children to make new friends. The Peaceful Pen Pals Project is part of the nonprofit organization Kids for Peace, founded by Jill McManigal and Danielle Gram in California in 2006. It is open to all children between the ages of two and seventeen. To date, there are 1,500 children from 17 countries participating in the project according to the organization. Currently, all letters are written in English. When children sign up, they can select if they prefer to be matched with a USA Peaceful Pen Pal or an international one. Each child is then matched to a pen pal of similar age. This establishes a point of connection quickly for the children and facilitates（促进） a stronger bond. If the letter writers are in the same grade, they can chat about schools, their teachers, and what they are studying. They can also compare what different states or countries learn about and how the atmospheres of the classroom are, whether socially or academically. Children may also be more likely to write about problems they are having if they feel like they are speaking to a peer in a similar situation. Although pen pals may live in different countries, they may find common ground. The writer lists his or her favorite activities to do outside, plus what he or she like best and least about school. This gives the writer an opportunity to express himself or herself and receive comfort, advice or feedback （反馈） from the pen pal. “Hearing first-hand stories from an international pen pal can encourage teens to take someone else's viewpoint and to think outside of themselves,” writes Rebecca Fraser-Thill on Very Well Family. “Having a foreign pen pal can also encourage teens' interest in geography, history and culture.” 1．What can we know about the Peaceful Pen Pals Project? A. It helps strengthen links between kids. B. It is aimed at improving children's English. C. It encourages children to help people in need. D. It is created for teenagers to take online lessons. 2．What is paragraph 3 mainly talking about? A. The necessity of discussion in study. B. The approaches to making new friends. C. The purpose of the Peaceful Pen Pals Project. D. The benefits of having friends of similar ages. 3．What is Rebecca Fraser-Thill's attitude towards the project? A. Careful. B. Supportive. C. Uninterested. D. Disappointed. 4．What is the best title of this passage? A. Writing Enriches Kids' Life B. Friendship Teaches Kids a Lesson C. The Peaceful Pen Pals Project Connects Kids D. Communication Skills Benefit the World [答案] 1．A 2．D 3．B 4．C [解析] 1．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Each child is then matched ... facilitates a stronger bond.”可知，和平笔友项目有助于加强孩子们之间的联系。 2．段落大意题。根据第三段中的“If the letter writers are in the same grade...in a similar situation.”可知,本段主要介绍了拥有同龄朋友的好处。 3．观点态度题。根据最后一段内容可推知,丽贝卡·弗雷泽-希尔对于这个项目是支持的。 4．标题归纳题。通读全文可知,本文围绕和平笔友项目展开,这个项目把相似年龄的孩子们联系在一起。 【解题导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了和平笔友项目,这个项目把相似年龄的孩子们联结在一起。 [（2025·宁波高一检测）]B “I'll be there in a few minutes. I'm playing a game with a friend, a guy named Scuzzball,” my 15-year-old son shouted from his room.“Oh, what is Scuzzball's real name?” I asked.“I have no idea,” he said.“Where is he from?” I continued. He responded, “I think somewhere in Canada. Oh, wait, it doesn't even matter because Scuzzball just left and he has been replaced with a robot.” “Your friend is replaced by artificial intelligence?” “It doesn't matter, Dad. It happens all the time! The game continues.” My son doesn't mind playing with a person or a robot, which is typical of games these days. I wonder whether the face-to-face experience of friendship that I grew up with will be lost by our children. Aristotle, a great thinker and educator, has pointed out that shallow friendship is easily formed but also easily abandoned because such bonds are fragile. Deep friendship, by contrast, is when you care for your friend for his sake, not for any benefit you can get. This is selfless friendship. You can have only a couple of these friends because they require lots of time and effort. You must make sacrifices for each other. Presence in friendship requires “being with” and “doing for”.Perhaps the most defining feature of deep friendship is “doing for”, as my friend has my back in trouble or brings me soup when I'm sick. Only strong bonds have the power to motivate real sacrifices. But it is unclear why online “friends” would bother to do the hard work of friendship. When I asked my students whether they had people in their lives who would bring them soup when they were sick, they laughed at my Stone Age question and said they'd just order soup online themselves. Digital life fills and absorbs waking life time so that people do not join in an example case of friendship, like sports, collective arts, free range childhoods, etc. In this way, digital life produces false friendships. 5．How does the author lead in the topic of the passage? A. By quoting famous mottoes. B. By introducing an online game. C. By showing robots' irreplaceable role. D. By presenting a parent-child conversation. 6．What does the author mainly explain in paragraph 3? A. Impact of selfish friendship. B. The meaning of deep friendship. C. Selfless sacrifices in friendship. D. The formation of shallow friendship. 7．What can we infer from paragraph 4? A. Robots will have our back in trouble. B. Virtual friends won't make real sacrifices. C. The students thought highly of the teacher's question. D. Ordering food online for friends is an example of “being with”. 8．Which of the following can be a suitable title for the passage? A. Digitalized Friendship B. The Benefits of Digital Life C. Face-to-face Communication D. The Sacrifices of Online Friends [答案] 5．D 6．B 7．B 8．A [解析] 5．推理判断题。根据第一段内容可知,作者通过呈现一段亲子对话来引出文章的主题。 6．段落大意题。根据第三段中的“Deep friendship, by contrast...sacrifices for each other.”可知,作者在第三段主要解释了深厚友谊的意义。 7．推理判断题。根据第四段中的“Only strong bonds have the power ... just order soup online themselves.”可推知,虚拟朋友不会做出真正的牺牲。 8．标题归纳题。通读全文可知,文章对虚拟世界的友谊进行了探讨并得出结论——数字生活产生了虚假的友谊。 因此，A项适合作文章标题。 【解题导语】 本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章对虚拟世界的友谊进行了探讨并得出结论——数字生活产生了虚假的友谊。 [（2025·南平高级中学期中）]C “I feel unlikable, lonely and hopeless,” said Lisa, a confused teenager from a loving home. “It seems that nobody wants to become my friend. What's wrong with me?” Like Lisa, many of us experience loneliness. The truth is that all people, no matter what their ages or characters are—even the most outgoing, popular and wealthiest—experience loneliness at least sometimes. It's healthy and natural to want to be with people who care about us. After all, we've all heard “No man is an island.”Actually, we all need others in our lives. Solomon, the wisest man who ever lived, explained that if we want friends, we must be friendly and reach out to others. But it has risk. Because we are often afraid of rejection （拒绝）, many of us are unwilling to reach out to others. We adopt a safer way and prefer to wait for others to make friends with us. But if we want friends, we've got to get beyond this. If making friends is your goal as well, you need to consider taking some measures （措施）. Be willing to take the initiative （主动权）. If you see someone whom you would like to know, don't wait for her/him to make the first move. Get close to her/him and begin a conversation. Let her/him know in a non-aggressive （无攻击性的） way that you are interested in being friends with her/him. Reach out to those who are lonely. When you see someone sitting alone at school, go over and talk to her/him. And don't let popularity decide whom you reach out to. You'll often be surprised at the beautiful qualities behind a shy appearance. Ask questions. Start your first conversation by asking this possible friend what she/he likes to do or asking about her/his family. Be sure to ask questions that cannot be replied to with “yes” or “no”. For example, don't ask “Do you have a dog?” Instead, say, “So, tell me about your pets.” Avoiding asking yes-or-no questions obviously makes your possible friend not end your communication with a one-word answer. 9．Why does the author begin the passage with Lisa's worry? A. To set up a sad background. B. To introduce the topic. C. To share Lisa's pain. D. To teach readers a lesson. 10．What can be the risk caused by reaching out to others according to the passage? A. Being refused by others. B. Putting ourselves in danger. C. Being treated in a rude way. D. Losing interest in communication. 11．What can we know from paragraph 5? A. Popular people are often easy-going. B. Just waiting for chances will help you make friends. C. A proper manner is important in making friends. D. Shy people are hard to talk to. 12．Why does the author suggest not asking yes-or-no questions? A. It is considered unfriendly. B. It will make a bad first impression. C. It shows the poor quality of the speaker. D. It isn't good for keeping a conversation going. [答案] 9．B 10．A 11．C 12．D [解析] 9．推理判断题。根据前两段内容可推知，作者以丽萨的担忧开篇,主要是为了引出话题。 10．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“But it has risk...unwilling to reach out to others.”可知，风险是被他人拒绝。 11．推理判断题。根据第五段中的“Let her/him know in a non-aggressive way... being friends with her/him.”可推知,在交友时,恰当的方式是重要的。 12．细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“Avoiding asking yes-or-no questions...not end your communication with a one-word answer.”可知,原因是问这种问题不利于让谈话继续下去。 【解题导语】 本文是一篇说明文。人人都会感到孤单,想要交到朋友,你就要主动友好地伸出交友之手。 Ⅱ.七选五 [（2025·广州五中期中）]Defining what an ideal friend is like is not an easy task. 1.   However, generally speaking, there are certain qualities that most people would consider as characteristics of an ideal friend. The ideal friend knows how to show weakness. The ideal friends don't try to prove how successful they are. 2.   They tend to show how much they trust us by admitting failings and sorrows. They offer us the gift of their vulnerability （脆弱）. 3.   Many times, we don't quite know what we think until a proper friend gently asks us to expand on a thought, to explain why we're impressed by it and to find good answers to possible objections. They see the potential in what we're saying when we can't. The proper friend helps build our self-understanding. There are so many things we don't entirely comprehend about who we are. We find it hard to pin down our goals. 4.   We might have some strong opinions, but it can be difficult to explain why these ideas matter to us. The right friend listens and helps us piece together the best account of our fears and excitements. They help us to like ourselves. Normally we're intently alive to our own shortcomings; it's more obvious, from our point of view, what's disappointing us than what's attractive. We need a friend because we're likely to be so very unfriendly towards ourselves. 5.   A.A true friend helps us think. B.We get defensive and we don't really know why. C.Loyalty is a common quality given to ideal friends. D.The good friend likes us in ways we're not easily able to. E.Everyone has his own understanding of what an ideal friend is like. F.On the contrary, they let us know embarrassing things about themselves. G.They care for your well-being over any issues that may arise between you and them. [答案] 1．E 2．F 3．A 4．B 5．D [解析] 1．空前说明要定义一个理想的朋友并不容易，空后说明有些品质是大多数人会认为一个理想的朋友应具有的特征。空处应说明人们对理想的朋友的理解是不同的。E项承上启下，符合语境。 2．空前说明理想的朋友不会试图证明他们有多成功,空处应说明他们会怎么做，F项符合语境。 3．根据下文“a proper friend gently asks us to expand on a thought... find good answers to possible objections”可知,真正的朋友帮助我们思考。A项概括了本段的主旨,可作为主题句。 4．根据本段主题句“The proper friend helps build our self-understanding.”可知,真正的朋友有助于建立我们的自我理解。空前说明我们有很多事情不理解,空处应继续介绍我们不理解哪些事情。B项承接上文，符合语境。 5．根据本段主题句“They help us to like ourselves.”和空前一句可知,我们可能对自己不友好，所以需要朋友，这说明真正的朋友会喜欢我们。D项承接上文,符合语境。 【解题导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一个理想的朋友所拥有的特征。 Ⅲ.语法填空 [（2025·辽宁滨城高中联盟期中）]Friendship is both a source of pleasure and a part of a healthy life. People who have close friends 1.   （natural） enjoy good physical health. Of equal importance 2.   （be） the emotional benefits they get. When something 3.   （amaze） happens to us, sharing the happiness of the occasion with friends doubles our joy. On the other hand, in times when our spirits are low, 4.   （talk） about our worries with friends lightens the stress. Moreover, we may even get some good suggestions 5.   （solve） our problems. Throughout life, we depend on small groups of people for love, respect, support, 6.   admiration. Almost everyone has a “network” of friends: co-workers, neighbors, and schoolmates. However, some people tend to shy away from close relationships. By bottling up their emotions, they keep 7.   （they） away from a healthy outlet for their negative feelings. Actually, we ought to have more confidence in others and open our mind to those 8.   may give us support to get through tough times. Sometimes, life can be boring and lonely. Thanks 9.   friendship, we are blessed with a healthy and rewarding life and dividing walls between us 10.   （destroy）. [答案] 1．naturally 2．are 3．amazing 4．talking 5．to solve 6．and 7．themselves 8．who 9．to 10．are destroyed [解析] 1．考查副词。空处修饰动词enjoy,应用副词naturally，作状语,意为“自然地”。 2．考查动词的时态和主谓一致。本句阐述客观事实,应用一般现在时；且本句为表语置于句首的完全倒装,句子的主语为emotional benefits,谓语动词应用复数。 3．考查形容词。空处修饰代词something,应用形容词amazing,意为“令人惊奇的”。 4．考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知,“   about our worries with friends”作主句的主语,此处表示抽象概念,应用动名词形式。 5．考查非谓语动词。空处在句中作目的状语,应用动词不定式形式。 6．考查连词。根据句意可知,空处前后名词为并列关系,应用并列连词and。 7．考查代词。分析句子结构可知，空处作宾语,且和主语为同一人称,应用反身代词。 8．考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句。先行词为those,指人,空处应用关系代词who在从句中作主语。 9．考查介词。thanks to意为“多亏了、由于”,为固定搭配。 10．考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。分析句子结构可知，空处作谓语。本句阐述客观事实,应用一般现在时；主语dividing walls与动词destroy之间是被动关系,空处应用被动语态;主语为复数形式,谓语也应用复数形式。 【解题导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了友谊对健康和情感带来的双重益处。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $