Unit 5 Section Ⅴ Lesson 3（Word教参）-【精讲精练】2025-2026学年高中英语选择性必修第二册（北师大版）

Section Ⅴ　Lesson 3 [对应学生用书P73] Understanding Who questions much，shall learn much，and remember much. —Francis Bacon It seems obvious① now how we acquire knowledge and understanding.②To start with③，we need questions.Then，to find answers，we observe the world around us and study the facts.After that，we consider possible answers and test each to find the right ones.Although today we are more used to④ typing a few key words into a search engine⑤ and waiting for the Internet to give us an answer⑥，modern scientists and thinkers are still solving the world's problems with this type of analysis⑦—luckily for us. However，in the 17th century when Francis Bacon(1561—1626) suggested that this type of thinking was the way to gain knowledge⑧，he was going against⑨ the views of the day.Although Bacon held an important rank⑩ in King James' royal court of England，his true interest was not the day­to­day，slow and inefficient working style of the government，but the worthy⑪ search for knowledge.This was certainly not the interest of most people in his days.At that time，people believed more in the church⑫ than in facts，and people like Galileo Galilei(1564—1642)，who proved the idea that “the Earth is not the centre of the universe”⑬ ，were often punished by the church with no one coming to their defence.The church and many people tended to⑭ ignore the facts and didn't want to challenge what they had always comfortably believed.⑮In fact，when Galilei proved that the Earth was not the centre of the universe⑯，instead of believing him，people chose to believe views that were almost 2，000 years old! It is not surprising that people wanted to believe these primitive ideas as they had been put forward⑰ by the great philosopher Aristotle(384－322 BCE)．⑱He said that the Earth must be the centre of the universe⑲ because it felt like the Earth was standing still⑳.Galilei disagreed.At first，people approved of㉑ his studies and urged㉒ him to continue，but later when he proved Aristotle wrong㉓，they grew angry and put him in prison㉔.They didn't want to abandon㉕ what they'd always thought as true㉖.And this is still often true today. People make the assumption㉗ that if someone important and respected㉘ says that something is right㉙，then it must be so.But even though Aristotle was a great man who inspired many great scientists and philosophers after him，he was wrong at times.㉚ And Galilei also made mistakes.He is now known as the father of astronomy but he believed that the Earth moved round the sun in a perfect circle.He was wrong. Therefore，our understanding of the world around us is constantly growing and changing.In other words㉛，we learn more every day and none of us can ever sit back and say，“We know it all.” We need to thank the great men of the past for their wisdom㉜.They understood that we don't know everything and probably never will，as this would mean a world with questions. We owe so much of our knowledge and understanding of the world to㉝ people like Bacon and Galilei，who were brave enough to step out from the shadows㉞ of conventional㉟ thought㊱ in order to find the kingdom㊲ of knowledge that today's civilisation㊳ is built upon.These men knew that knowledge and understanding are things to fight for㊴； more vital㊵ to a man，and more beneficial㊶ to mankind，some might say，than all the money in the world. All truths are easy to understand once they are discovered; the point is to discover them. —Galileo Galilei ①obvious /'ɒbviəs/ adj.显然的；明显的；易理解的 obviously adv.明显地；显然地 ②句中It作形式主语，how引导的从句为真正的主语 ③to start with(＝to begin with)首先，第一 ④be used to 习惯于(to为介词) ⑤search engine 搜索引擎 ⑥Although引导让步状语从句 ⑦analysis /ə'næIəsIs/ n.分析；分解 analyse vt.分析；分解 ⑧句中when引导定语从句，修饰the 17th century；that引导的从句作suggested的宾语 ⑨go against违背(某人的希望、信念、期望等)；对(某人)不利 be against反对 be for赞成 ⑩rank /ræk/ n.等级 ⑪worthy /'wɜːði/ adj.值得的 be worthy ⑫church /tʃɜːtʃ/ n.教堂 ⑬本句中who引导定语从句；that引导同位语从句 ⑭tend to 往往会，倾向于 ⑮本句是一个复合句，第二个and连接的是并列谓语，what引导的从句作challenge的宾语 ⑯本句中when引导时间状语从句；that引导宾语从句 ⑰put forward提出 ⑱句中It作形式主语，真正的主语是that引导的从句；as引导原因状语从句 ⑲universe /'juːnIvɜːs/ n.宇宙 ⑳stand still 站着不动；静止不动 ㉑approve of赞成，赞许 approve /ə'pruːʊ/v.赞成；认可；同意 ㉒urge /ɜːdʒ/ vt.强烈要求；敦促 ㉓本句中but连接并列句；when引导时间状语从句 ㉔put sb in prison 把某人关入监狱 be in prison 坐牢 ㉕abandon /ə'bændən/ vt.放弃；抛弃 ㉖what引导宾语从句 ㉗assumption /ə'sʌmpʃən/ n.假定；设想 assume vi.& vt.设想；假定 ㉘respected /rI'spektId/ adj.受尊敬的，受敬重的 ㉙第一个that引导同位语从句；第二个that引导宾语从句 ㉚本句是一个主从复合句，even though引导让步状语从句；其中又有一个who引导的定语从句，修饰a great man；he was wrong at times是主句 ㉛in other words 换句话说 ㉜wisdom /'wIzdəm/ n.智慧，才智 wise adj.明智的；聪明的 ㉝owe...to...把……归功于…… ㉞shadow /'ʃædəʊ/ n.阴影 ㉟conventional /kən'venʃənəl/ adj.守旧的；传统的 ㊱who引导非限制性定语从句 ㊲kingdom /'kIdəm/ n.王国 ㊳civilisation /ˌsIvəlaI'zeIʃən/ n.文明 civilise vt.使文明 ㊴fight for 为……而斗争，努力争取 fight against同……进行斗争 ㊵vital /'vaItl/ adj.极其重要的；必不可少的 ㊶beneficial /ˌbenI'fIʃəl/ adj.有益的，有利的；有帮助的 be beneficial to对……有益 理解 “多问，多学，多得。” ——弗兰西斯·培根 今天，如何获取知识、认识世界，人人皆知。首先，我们需要问题。然后，为了寻找答案，我们观察周围的世界并研究相关事实。之后，我们思考可能的答案并逐个验证，以找到正确答案。尽管我们现在更习惯于在搜索引擎中敲几个关键词，等待互联网为我们提供答案，但当代科学家、思想家仍采用这种分析方式来解决问题——我们应该为此感到庆幸。 17世纪时，弗朗西斯·培根(1561—1626)提出用这种思考方式获取知识时，他的观点却与当时的观念背道而驰。尽管培根在英国国王詹姆斯的宫廷中位高权重，但他真正感兴趣的不是政府日复一日、拖拉、低效的工作作风，而是那些值得探索的知识。当然，探索知识并不是那个时代大多数人的兴趣所在。那时人们相信教会胜过相信事实，像伽利略·伽利莱(1564—1642)那样证明了“地球不是宇宙中心”的人物，往往会被教会惩罚，也没有人会为他们辩护。教会和多数人一样往往忽视事实，不愿意去挑战自己一直以来相信的东西。事实上，当伽利略证明地球不是宇宙的中心时，人们没有选择相信他，而宁愿相信2000年前的陈旧观点！ 人们愿意相信伟大哲学家亚里士多德(公元前384—公元前322)提出的那些陈旧的观点，这一点并不奇怪。亚里士多德坚信地球是宇宙的中心，因为人们感觉地球是静止不动的。但伽利略却不同意。起初人们认可他的研究成果，催促他继续研究，但是当他证实亚里士多德有错时，人们生气了，并把他送进监狱。他们并不想放弃自己一直认为正确的知识。如今这种现象也很常见。如果一个重要的、受人尊敬的人说某件事是对的，那么人们就会认为这件事一定是对的。但即使是亚里士多德这样曾鼓舞了无数科学家和哲学家的伟大人物，有时也会犯错误。伽利略自己也犯过错误。虽然他现在被称为天文学之父，但他认为地球绕太阳旋转的轨迹是一个正圆。他错了。 因此，我们对周围世界的认识在不断地增长、变化。换句话说，我们每天都在学习更多的知识，谁也不能停止学习并且说：“我什么都知道了。”我们需要感谢先辈伟人的智慧。他们早就知道，人不可能什么都懂，而且或许永远都不会知道所有的事情，也就是说世界总是充满问题的。 我们对世界的认识和理解，很大程度上要归功于培根和伽利略这样的人，正是他们勇敢地走出了传统思想的阴影，才帮我们找到了构建当今文明的知识王国。这些伟人懂得，知识和对世界的认识才是值得追求的；正如一些人所言，和全世界的金钱相比，这些对个人而言更重要，对全人类而言更有益。 “所有的真理一旦被发现，都很容易理解。最难的是发现真理。” ——伽利略·伽利莱 [对应学生用书P75] Ⅰ.重点词汇 ◎核心单词 1．obvious adj.显然的；易理解的 2．rank n.等级 3．royal adj.皇家的；王室的 4．worthy adj.有价值的 5．primitive adj.原始的 6．urge vt.强烈要求；敦促 7．owe vt.把……归功于 8．shadow n.阴影 9．church n.教会；教堂 10．vital adj.极其重要的，必不可少的 11．mankind n.人类 ◎拓展单词 12．analysis n.分析→analyse vt.分析 13．inefficient adj.效率低的→inefficiency n.效率低→efficient adj.有效率的→efficiency n.效率；效能 14．universe n.宇宙→universal adj.普遍的，通用的；宇宙的 15．approve vt.赞成；赞许；批准→approval n.批准；赞成；认可 16．prison n.监狱→prisoner n.犯人 17．abandon vt.放弃；抛弃→abandoned adj.被抛弃的→abandonment n.抛弃；遗弃 18．assumption n.假定，假设→assume vt.假定，假设 19．respected adj.受尊敬的，受敬重的→respect vt.尊敬，敬重 n.尊敬 20．wisdom n.智慧→wise adj.英明的，有智慧的 21．beneficial adj.有利的，有帮助的→benefit vt.&vi.有益，受益 n.利益，好处 22．conventional adj.守旧的；传统的→convention n.习惯；惯例；大会 Ⅱ.重点短语 1．start with 以……开始 2．be used to 习惯于 3．go against 违反 4．search for 寻找 5．at that time 在当时 6．come to the defence of 来保卫 7．approve of 赞成 8．in other words 换句话说 9．put forward 提出 10．owe...to... 把……归功于 Ⅲ.句式语境 1．with复合结构 At that time，people believed more in the church than in facts，and people like Galileo Galilei(1564—1642)，who proved the idea that“the Earth is not the centre of the universe”,were often punished by the church with no one coming to their defence． 那时人们相信教会胜过相信事实，像伽利略·伽利莱(1564—1642)那样证明了“地球不是宇宙中心”的人物，往往会被教会惩罚，也没有人会为他们辩护。 2．It is＋adj.＋that... It is not surprising that people wanted to believe these primitive ideas as they had been put forward by the great philosopher Aristotle. 这并不奇怪，人们乐意去相信这些最初的观点，因为这些观点是伟大的哲学家亚里士多德提出来的。 [对应学生用书P76] Ⅰ.Read for the main idea. The text mainly shows us ． A．how we acquire knowledge B．how we understand others C．why we believe in our forefathers D．why we pass on our knowledge 答案　A Ⅱ.Read the text carefully and choose the best answer. 1．What is the first step to acquire knowledge and understanding? A．To find answers. B．To study the facts. C．To test answers. D．To put forward questions. 2．People in the 17th century didn't believe Galileo Galilei because ． A．they believed more in religion B．the Earth was standing still C.Bacon put forward the view that the Earth must be the centre of the universe D．Galilei couldn't prove his view that the Earth was not the centre of the universe 3．What's the aim of the writer when Aristotle and Galilei are referred to in the fourth paragraph? A．Aristotle was wrong. B．It's unbelievable for great men to be wrong. C．Galilei was wrong. D．Everyone can be wrong at times. 4．What's the main idea of the sentence “All truths are easy to understand once they are discovered; the point is to discover them.”？ A．All truths are easy to discover. B．It's most important to discover truths. C．It's more important to understand truths than to discover them. D．If we want to discover truths，we should first understand them. 答案　1－4　DADB Ⅲ.Read the text and fill in the form. Understanding People try to solve the world's problems with analysis. To start with，we need questions.Then，to find answers，we 1.observe the world around us and study the facts.After that，we consider possible answers and test each to find the right ones. Luckily for us，modern scientists and thinkers are still solving the world's problems with this type of 2.analysis． People believed in religion in ancient times. Francis Bacon believed that the way to gain knowledge is this type of thinking.But more people in his days believed more in the 3.church than in facts. The church and many people tended to ignore the facts and didn't want to 4.challenge what they had always comfortably believed. Galilei proved that the Earth was not the centre of the 5.universe，but many people in his days chose to believe views that were almost 2，000 years old. People believed in what someone important and respected said. People make the 6.assumption that if someone important and respected says that something is right，then it must be so.But even though Aristotle was a great man who 7.inspired many great scientists and philosophers after him，he was wrong at times. People thanked the great men who studied in a scientific way. We 8.owe so much of our knowledge and understanding of the world to people like Bacon and Galilei，who were brave enough to step out from the 9.shadows of conventional thought in order to find the kingdom of knowledge that today's 10.civilisation is built upon. [对应学生用书P78] [重点词汇] 1．worthy adj.有价值的；值得尊敬的 表示“值得”的句型： be worth＋n.＝be worthy of＋n. be worth doing＝be worthy It's worthwhile doing/to do sth [经典佳句]　 No composer was considered worthy of the name until he had written an opera. 作曲家直到写出一部歌剧来才被认为是名副其实。 [即学活用]　单句语法填空/一句多译 ①Another aspect worthy of mention is that journalists may approach information they get from research or interviews differently.(译林选必二U1) ②我认为，这个音乐节的开幕式很值得观看。 a．Personally speaking，the opening ceremony of the music festival is well worth watching．(worth) b．As far as I'm concerned，the opening ceremony of the music festival is very worthy to be watched/of being watched．(worthy) c．From my point of view，it is very worthwhile watching/to watch the opening ceremony of the music festival.(worthwhile) 2．urge vt.强烈要求；极力主张；敦促 n.强烈的欲望；冲动 (1)urge sb to do/into doing sth　 力劝某人做某事 urge that sb (should) do sth　 强烈要求某人应做某事 urge sth on/upon sb　 向某人强调某事 (2)have an urge to do sth　 迫切想做某事 (3)urgent adj.　急迫的；极力主张的 urgency n.　紧迫；急迫 [经典佳句]　 The situation is dangerous，and the UN is urging caution. 局势岌岌可危，联合国力主谨慎行事。 [即学活用]　单句语法填空/完成句子 ①Hearing my words，he finally decided to run and I urged him to go (go) to the starting line. ②I urged that we (should) take (take) immediate measures to prevent such things happening again. ③(2023·新课标Ⅰ卷，满分作文)But learning that we'll be randomly paired to do the oral practice，I feel an urge to express (express) my different voice，hoping that this wouldn't offend you. ④我慢慢地挪到床的另一边，用平静的声音说了声“嗨”，忍住了想哭出来的冲动。(读后续写之动作＋情绪描写) I slowly moved to the other side of the bed and said “hi” in a calm voice，holding back my urge to cry out． 3．abandon vt.放弃；抛弃 [经典佳句]　 (1)abandon (doing) sth 放弃(做)某事 abandon oneself to...　沉湎于……；纵情于…… (2)with abandon　 放纵地；放任地 (3)abandoned adj.　无约束的；无度的；被遗弃的 I wish that sports day could be abandoned and replaced with some other less competitive event. 我希望可以取消那个运动日，用其他竞争性小的活动替代。 [即学活用]　单句语法填空/完成句子/句式转换 ①(2022·全国乙卷)The one in the new environment should be sympathetic (sympathy) to the fact that your friend may feel abandoned (abandon). ②(2023·浙江1月卷，读后续写)I still remembered my friends' promise so I went past the abandoned (abandon) milking house to see if they had fixed the broken window. ③We shouldn't be abandoned to playing (play) computer games，because it may ruin our life. ④这位父亲正尽最大努力阻止他的儿子沉湎于网络。 The father is trying his best to prevent his son from abandoning himself to the Internet. ⑤人们如此兴奋以至于尽情地跳着、喊着。 The people were so excited that they jumped and shouted with abandon． ⑥I abandoned myself to (沉迷于)computer games.I performed extremely badly in the end­of­term examination. →Abandoning myself to computer games，I performed extremely badly in the end­of­term examination.(现在分词短语作状语) →Abandoned to computer games，I performed extremely badly in the end­of­term examination.(过去分词短语作状语) 4．assumption n.假定，假设 (1)make an assumption　 认为，假定 on the assumption that...　假定……，假设…… (2)assume...to be...　认为……是…… assume (that)...　认为…… It is (generally) assumed that...　人们(普遍)认为…… (3)assuming (that)...　假定…… [经典佳句]　 It is generally assumed that stress is caused by too much work. 人们普遍认为，压力是工作过多所致。 [即学活用]　单句语法填空 ①(2024·浙江1月卷)For a few months after the “library” opened，I didn't bother taking a look，as I had assumed (assume)that it would be stuffed full of cheesy love stories. ②We must assume him to be (be) innocent until he is proved guilty. ③Assuming (assume) that you are right，what should we do next? ④(2024·浙江1月卷)It would have been easy to rely on my assumptions(assume)　about this highway builder who had never been more than a few hundred miles from home. 5．owe vt.有……是由于；把……归功于 owe sb sth＝owe sth to sb　欠某人某物 owe success/one's life to...　把成功归功于……/因……才保住性命 owe it to sb to do sth　 (为了感谢某人)应该做……，有义务做…… owing to　由于；因为 [经典佳句]　 She still owes her father ￡3，000. 她还欠她父亲3000英镑。 [即学活用]　单句语法填空 ①She owes her success to good luck rather than ability. ②I owe it to you that I can get so much progress. ③Owing (owe) to staff shortages，there was no restaurant car on the train. 6．vital adj.极其重要的，必不可少的 be vital for/to...　 对……极为重要 It is vital to do sth　 做某事很重要 be of vital importance　 至关重要的 It is vital that...(should) do　 ……是十分重要的 [经典佳句]　 (2024·新课标Ⅰ卷)If you want to be published，it's vital to submit a perfect，professionally presented manuscript. 如果你想发表，提交一份完美的、专业的手稿是至关重要的。 [即学活用]　单句语法填空/完成句子 ①(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷) If you want to be published，it's vital to submit(submit) a perfect，professionally presented manuscript (原稿). ②It's vital that the matter (should) be kept (keep) secret. ③Painful experiences are in fact vital for/to our development and how we face the unavoidable challenges ahead. ④It's also vital to look(look) back on the process to see what you did well and where improvements are still needed.(译林选必四U3) ⑤如果我们想要在生活中发挥作用，重要的是我们应该从小事开始。(读后续写之主旨升华) If we are to make a difference in life，it's vital that we should begin with small things． 7．beneficial adj.有利的，有帮助的 (1)be beneficial to...　对……有益 (2)benefit vt.　使……受益 　 vi.　受益于 　 n.　利益，好处，优势 benefit from/by...　从……受益，得益于 benefit sb/sth　 对某人/某物有益 for the benefit of sb＝for one's benefit　为了……的好处，得益于…… be of benefit to＝be beneficial to　 对……有益 to one's benefit　对某人有益的是 [经典佳句]　 Using computers has a beneficial effect on children's learning. 使用计算机对孩子们的学习有益。 [即学活用]　单句语法填空/一句多译 ①(2023·浙江1月卷，应用文)Ultimately，I was introduced to a brochure about trees we usually see in life，which benefited (benefit) me a lot. ②Sharing housework is beneficial (benefit)，which relieves our parents from housework burden and gives us mental relaxation from study.(倡议书) ③我们将会从海洋保护中受益颇多，所以我们现在就行动起来吧。 a．We will benefit a lot from protecting oceans，so let's take action right now.(benefit from) b．Protecting oceans will benefit us a lot，so let's take action right now.(benefit sb) c．Protecting oceans is of great benefit to us，so let's take action right now.(be of benefit) 8．approve of赞成；批准 (1)approve sth 　批准/同意某事 approve of sb/sth　 赞成/批准某人/某事 approve of one's doing sth　同意某人做某事 (2)approval n.　赞成；同意；批准，认可 give one's approval to sth　批准/同意某事 [经典佳句]　 Hopefully，you can approve of my ideas and perfect our library.(建议信) 希望你能同意我的想法并改造图书馆。 [即学活用]　单句语法填空/完成句子/一句多译 ①(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷)Volunteers under the age of 18 must have the parent/guardian approval(approve) section signed. ②You may not approve of their ideas but at least you will see where they are coming from，which means you can make adjustments to your own tone and choice of words accordingly.(译林选必四U2) ③如果您能批准我的申请，我将不胜感激。您的支持对我来说意义重大，将有助于我推进我的计划。(应用文之申请信) I'd appreciate it if you could approve of/give approval to my application．Your support would mean a great deal to me and would help me move forward with my plans. ④我成功地说服他同意我挨家挨户卖爆米花的计划。 a．I managed to persuade him to approve of my plan to sell popcorn from door to door. b．I managed to persuade him into approving of my plan to sell popcorn from door to door. [重点句型] 1．(教材原句)At that time，people believed more in the church than in facts，and people like Galileo Galilei(1564—1642)，who proved the idea that“the Earth is not the centre of the universe”,were often punished by the church with no one coming to their defence． 那时人们相信教会胜过相信事实，像伽利略·伽利莱(1564—1642)那样证明了“地球不是宇宙中心”的人物，往往会被教会惩罚，也没有人会为他们辩护。 在“with＋宾语＋宾语补足语”结构中，宾语补足语可以是分词、介词短语、副词、形容词和不定式。由with＋复合宾语构成的复合结构，常在句中作状语，表示谓语动作发生的伴随情况、时间、原因、方式等。 [句式分析]　句中with no one coming to their defence是with的复合结构在句中作状语。 [名师点津]　在with＋宾语＋to do结构中，不定式用主动形式表示被动意义。 [即学活用]　单句语法填空/完成句子 ①Human life on this planet has been transformed into a “global village”，with all the different countries linked(link) in the chain of common interests.(北师选必四U12) ②I had to go to bed with nothing to do (do). ③That can be dangerous work that could be avoided with drones assisting (assist) the crews' efforts. ④(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷，读后续写)冈特把出租车停在公共汽车后面，转过身来，脸上挂着大大的笑容看着我。 Gunter parked the taxi behind the bus，turned around，and looked at me with a big smile on his face． 2．(教材原句)It is not surprising that people wanted to believe these primitive ideas as they had been put forward by the great philosopher Aristotle (384—322 BCE). 人们愿意相信这些古老的观点并不奇怪，因为这些观点是伟大的哲学家亚里士多德(公元前384—公元前322)提出来的。 (1)It＋be＋过去分词＋that... 常见的过去分词有：said，reported，believed，supposed，ordered，(well) known，suggested等。 (2)It＋不及物动词(短语)＋that... 常见的不及物动词(短语)有：seem，appear，happen，turn out，occur to等。 (3)It＋be＋名词(短语)＋that... 常见的名词(短语)有：a pity，a fact，a wonder，a surprise，no wonder等。 [句式分析]　在“It is＋adj.＋that...”句型中，it是形式主语，真正的主语是that引导的主语从句。用于该句型的常见形容词有：necessary，strange，clear，possible，natural，important，likely，obvious等。 [经典佳句]　 It is strange that nobody knows where he has gone. 很奇怪没有人知道他去哪里了。 It is necessary that we meet every two weeks. 我们每两周见一次面是必要的。 [即学活用]　单句语法填空/完成句子 ①It is said that he won the first prize. ②It happened that we were all out that day. ③It is a pity that you didn't come in time. ④人似乎不可能是一座孤岛。 It seems that one cannot exist without the other. [对应学生用书P82] Ⅰ.教材语块必备 1．observe the world around us 观察周围的世界 2．a search engine 搜索引擎 3．in his days 在他的那个时代 4．constantly growing and changing 不断发展变化 5．the kingdom of knowledge 知识的王国 6．people in the past 过去的人们 Ⅱ.单词拼写/完成句子 1．Despite some difficulties，they're not going to abandon (放弃) the plan. 2．The theory is based on a series of wrong assumptions (假设). 3．Life went on primitively (原始) until the day when the telephone was brought into the village. 4．现在，我们如何获取知识和理解好像是显而易见的。 It seems obvious now how we acquire knowledge and understanding. 5．为了找到答案，我们观察周围的世界并研究客观事实。 To find answers，we observe the world around us and study the facts. 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $