2025-2026学年高一上学期秋季班第03讲 定语从句强化专题 导学案

该高中英语定语从句专题导学案以“介词＋关系代词”及非限制性定语从句为核心，通过“知识梳理—强化练习”的递进设计，构建从规则理解到语境应用的完整学习路径，帮助学生系统掌握定语从句的语法逻辑与实用技巧。 亮点在于运用对比表格（如限制性与非限制性定语从句的功能、引导词差异对比）和分层任务（如“介词+关系代词”语法填空、含which指代主句的单选题），培养学生的思维品质（分析与比较）和语言能力（规则应用与语境表达）。例如，表格直观呈现两种从句的差异，语法填空任务要求结合先行词搭配选择介词，为教师提供精准复习框架，助力学生夯实基础并提升综合运用能力。

高一秋季班 第03讲 定语从句专题总结+强化（解析版） 一、知识梳理： “介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句 1．“介词＋关系代词”引导定语从句时，介词的宾语只能用which或whom，且不能省略。 Some experts think reading is the fundamental skill upon which school education depends. 一些专家认为阅读是学校教育所依赖的基本技能。 Wu Dong, with whom I went to the concert, enjoyed it very much. 　和我一起去听音乐会的吴东，非常喜欢这次音乐会。 注：在这种结构中，介词与先行词组成短语，在从句中充当句子成分，因此介词的选用时受到一定限制的，仍然根据先行词与介词的搭配关系而定。 关系代词前介词的确定依据： (1).根据先行词的习惯搭配 They’ll never forget July 1 on which Hong Kong returned to its motherland. 1992 is the year in which you were born. (2).根据定语从句中动词所需习惯搭配（介词提前） The school to which I was sent was very large. Hong Kong is the city from which he comes. (3).根据定语从句的意义 The air, without which we can’t live. 注意： 1.含有介词的短语动词一般不拆开，介词仍放在短语动词的后面。如：look for, look after, take care of 等。 This is the watch (which/that) I am looking for. (正) This is the watch for which I am looking. (误) 2.介词后的关系代词不可用that和who，若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时只可用whom，指物时只可用which；关系代词是所有格时用whose。 The man with whom you talked just now is my neighbour. (正) The man with that/who you talked just now is my neighbour. (误) 3．“不定代词/数词/形容词比较级或最高级＋of which/whom”引导的定语从句，表示部分与整体关系。如：some, any, none, all, both, neither, many, most, each, few等代词或者数词或分数，百分比加上of which或of whom来修饰或限定先行词。 He loves his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him. In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad. Scientists have advanced many theories about why human beings cry tears，none of which has been proved. 科学家们提出了很多关于人类为什么哭泣时流泪的理论，这些理论尚未得到证实。 Many young people，most of whom were well­educated，headed for remote regions to chase their dreams. 很多年轻人都去了偏远地区追求自己的梦想，他们中大部分都受过良好的教育。 4．在定语从句中，whose修饰物时可以换为“the＋名词＋of which”；修饰人时，可以换为“the＋名词＋of whom”。 The newly­built café, whose walls (＝the walls of which) are painted light green，is really a peaceful place for us，especially after hard work. 这家新建成的咖啡馆，墙被刷成了浅绿色，对我们来说，真是一个安静的地方，特别是在辛苦工作后。 I live next door to a couple whose children (＝the children of whom) often make a lot of noise. 我住在一对夫妻的隔壁，他们的孩子经常制造噪音。 二、非限制性定语从句 考纲解读 1. 逗号的使用：非限制性定语从句前后需要用逗号隔开。 · My uncle, who is a famous writer, lives in the countryside.（我的叔叔，他是一位著名的作家，住在乡下。） 2. 先行词的识别：先行词可以是人、物、事件或整个主句。 · The plan, which we had discussed for months, was finally approved.（我们讨论了好几个月的计划最终被批准了。） 3. 关系代词和关系副词的使用：正确使用 "who"、"whom"、"which"、"as" 以及 "where"、"when"、"why" 等。 · The house, which we bought last year, is very spacious.（我们去年买的房子非常宽敞。） · She won the championship, which made her parents very proud.（她赢得了冠军，这让她的父母非常骄傲。） · The city, where I was born, has changed a lot over the years.（我出生的这座城市多年来变化很大。） · The reason, why he decided to leave, was never fully explained.（他决定离开的原因从未被完全解释清楚。） · My brother, who is an engineer, lives in Canada.（我的哥哥是一位工程师，他住在加拿大。） 考点清单 一．比较：限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句 ▲形式不同 限制性定语从句与其先行词之间不用逗号隔开，非限制性定语从句与其先行词之间一般用逗号隔开。 例：Many schools provide courses which assist new students to develop their study skills． 许多学校提供帮助新生培养学习技能的课程。(限制性定语从句) She heard a lovely song，which reminded her of her hometown． 她听到一首动听的歌曲，让她想起了家乡。(非限制性定语从句) ▲功能不同 限制性定语从句与其先行词关系十分密切，它限制了先行词的意义。如果去掉该从句，剩余部分的意思往往不完整，甚至失去意义；而非限制性定语从句只是其先行词的附加说明，如果去掉，句子剩余部分的意思仍然完整。 例：I was the only person in our office that was invited． 我是办公室里唯一受到邀请的人。(去掉从句后，句子剩余部分意思就不完整) Tom’s father，who is over seventy，is still energetic． 汤姆的父亲已年逾七旬，却仍然精神矍铄。(去掉从句后，句子剩余部分意思仍然完整) ▲关系词不同 that不能用来引导非限制性定语从句。请比较： 例：He failed to attend the meeting，that made us very disappointed．(×) He failed to attend the meeting，which made us very disappointed．(√) 他没有出席这次会议，这让我们很失望。 He failed to attend the meeting that／which was held last Sunday． 他没有出席上周日举行的会议。 我们用表格可以更加直观地进行比较： 类别 对先行词的作用 位置 翻译方法 引导词 限制性定语从句 对先行词进行修饰限定 紧跟在先行词后，无逗号 翻译在先行词前 作宾语时可以省略，可用who代替whom 非限制性定语从句 对先行词或主句进行补充说明 和主句之间用逗号隔开 翻译成主句的并列句 不能省略，不可以用that，不可以用who代替whom 二．用which来修饰整个句子的非限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句不仅可以修饰名词或代词，也可以修饰整个句子，这时关系代词用 which。 例：The result of the experiment was very good，which we hadn’t expected． 实验的结果非常好，这一点出乎我们的意料。 Tom was elected Chairman of the Students’ Union．which made his family very proud． 汤姆被选为学生会主席，这件事让全家都感到骄傲。 【拓展】如果非限制性定语从句放在主句之前，关系代词只能用as，不能用which。 例：As we all know，Taiwan has been part of China since ancient times． 众所周知，台湾自古以来就是中国的一部分。 As had been expected，he put forward his idea at the meeting．  as有“正如”之意，而which则意为“这（件事，一点）”，可用and this/that/it来代替。 She heard a terrible noise, which brought her heart into her mouth.她听到可怕地声音，这让她把心都提到嗓子眼了。 As is planned, we got there before eight. 正如计划，我们八点前到达了那儿。  as多用于固定搭配中：as is often the case(这是常有的事)，as was expected(不出所料)，as often happens(正如经常发生的那样)，as is known to all(众所周知)，as has been said before(如上所述)，as is mentioned above(正如上面所提到的)等。 Li Ming is late, as is often the case. 李明迟到了，这事是经常发生的。(不可用which) 三．用“介词+关系代词” 或“one of whom、some of which”等引导的非限制性定语从句 可以用数词或不定代词(如all／both／each／some／most／none等)+of whom或of which来修饰或限定先行词。 例：We interviewed 1 5 applicants for the post，none of whom we thought qualified． 我们面试了15名求职者，但没有一人合格。 Seven passengers were injured in the car accident，two of whom were foreigners． 在车祸中有七人受伤，其中两名是外国人。 The engine consists of hundreds of parts，each of which has its importance． 这个引擎由数百个零件组成，每个零件都有其重要的作用。 【语法填空】 1．I had my car parked in a car park, I could get my car battery charged. (用适当的词填空) 【答案】where 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：我把车停在停车场，在那里我可以给汽车电池充电。非限制性定语从句修饰先行词park，在从句作地点状语，故填where。 2．I won the first prize in the English speaking contest, surprised my classmates. (用适当的词填空) 【答案】which 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：在英语演讲比赛中我获得了第一名，这让同学们很惊讶。　　 surprised my classmates是非限制性定语从句，修饰前边的整个句子，从句中缺少主语，关系词代替整个主句的内容，应用关系代词which引导从句。故填which。 3．I’ll be talking to Dr Richard, new book The New Age of Invention has just been published. (用适当的词填空) 【答案】whose 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：我将与理查德博士交谈，他的新书《新发明时代》刚刚出版。先行词为 Dr Richard，作定语从句的定语，关系代词为whose。故填whose。 4．Children, is always the case, love their mother. (用适当的词填空) 【答案】as 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：孩子们一向这样爱他们的妈妈。空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是整个主句，在定语从句中作主语，关系词表示“正如”，需用关系代词as引导。故填as。 5． is reported, Apple company will be launching a new tablet this time next month. (用适当的词填空) 【答案】As 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：据报道，苹果公司将在下个月的这个时候推出一款新的平板电脑。根据is reported及后面句子内容可知，空处表示“正如”，引导非限制性定语从句，用as引导，放在句首，首字母大写。As is reported,为固定句型，意思为：据报道。故填As。 6．Over 120, 000 people in Norway, of 40% are college students, use the app. （用适当的词填空） 【答案】whom 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：挪威有超过12万人使用这款应用，其中40%是大学生。分析句子，设空与前面的of构成“介词+关系代词”引导的非限制性定语从句，关系词指代前文的120, 000 people，为人，用whom。故填whom。 7．The old man has two daughters, both of work as doctors. （用适当的词填空） 【答案】whom 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：这位老人有两个女儿，都是医生。分析可知，逗号后的全部内容在句中为非限制性定语从句，设空处指代先行词two daughters，作介词of的宾语，所以要用关系代词whom引导。故填whom。 8．There are about 50 foreign students studying Chinese in that school, most of are from Europe. (用适当的词填空) 【答案】whom 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：大约有50名外国学生在那所学校学习汉语，他们中的大多数 都来自欧洲。此处为介词+关系代词结构非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词students，作介词的宾语，指人，应用whom。故填whom。 9． the chart shows, technology has transformed the way people get news during the past years. (用适当的词填空) 【答案】As 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：如图所示，在过去的几年里，科技已经改变了人们获取新闻的方式。引导非限制性定语从句，表示“正如”应用as，首字母大写。故填As。 10．The traditional clothing of the Han people is called Hanfu, beauty is being appreciated by younger generations. (用适当的词填空) 【答案】whose 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：汉族的传统服装被称为汉服，其美丽正受到年轻一代的欣赏。 分析句子可知，空格处单词引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词Hanfu，关系词代替先行词在定语从句中作beauty的定语，意思是“汉服的美丽”，应使用具有所属关系的关系代词whose引导该定语从句。故填whose。 11．Here are agents from America, some of are our old friends. (用适当的词填空) 【答案】whom 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：这是来自美国的代理人，其中一些是我们的老朋友。逗号后的部分是非限制性定语从句，对先行词agents进行限定说明，先行词指人，关系代词作介词of的宾语，用whom。故填whom。 12．I would like to choose the student, I think is the best, to be our monitor. (用适当的词填空) 【答案】who 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：我想选我认为最优秀的学生做我们的班长。分析可知，设空处引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词the student，关系词在从句中作主语，指人，故填who。 13．Football as we know it today started in Great Britain, the game was given new rules. (用适当的词填空) 【答案】where 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：我们今天所知道的足球始于英国，在那里比赛被赋予了新的规则。根据空前主句谓语动词started及空后谓语动词was given可知，空处应为非限制性定语从句引导词，修饰先行词“Great Britain”，从句中缺少地点状语，应用关系副词where。故填where。 14．We’ll put off the meeting till next week, we won’t be so occupied with our work. (用适当的词填空) 【答案】when 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：我们将把会议推迟到下周，那时我们的工作就不会那么忙了。空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词next week，在定语从句中作时间状语，需用关系副词when引导。故填when。 15．He is good at creating a lovely atmosphere his students learn actively. (用适当的词填空) 【答案】where 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：他善于创造一个融洽的氛围，在这种氛围中学生积极地学习。空处引导限制性定语从句，代替先行词atmosphere在从句中作抽象的地点状语，应用关系副词where作引导词。故填where。 16．My best friend Julia will come to see me next July, she won’t be so busy. (用适当的词填空) 【答案】when 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：我最好的朋友朱莉娅明年七月会来看我，那时她不会那么忙。空处引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词next July，且关系词在从句中作时间状语，应用关系副词when引导定语从句，故填when。 17．I like to go to the amusement park, there are many activities to enjoy. (用适当的词填空) 【答案】where 【详解】考查引导非限制性定语从句的关系副词。句意：我喜欢去游乐园，在那里可以享受很多活动。设空处无提示词，且前面有逗号，逗号前面是一个完整的句子，所以设空处引导的是非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词the amusement park，先行词在从句中作地点状语，故填where。 18．We will postpone the picnic in the park until next week, the weather may be better. (用适当的词填空) 【答案】when 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：我们将把公园野餐推迟到下周，那时天气可能会好一些。在非限制性定语从句中不缺少主语、宾语或表语，且先行词为next week，所以应用关系副词when。故填when。 【单选题】 21．Do you still remember the days ____we spent together in America? A．when B．during which C．which D．on which 22．He must be from Africa, ____ can be seen from his skin. A．that B．which C．it D．what 23．We also lose heat by transporting the blood to the surface of the skin ________ it can lose heat out into the external environment. A．when B．so C．where D．unless 24．Some people wear masks only in crowds, ________ they expect to come into contact with lots of germs. A．where B．when C．even if D．as if 25．Try to avoid such things _____ will do harm to your reputation, unless you don’t care about the rumors from all directions. A．as B．that C．whatever D．whether 26．In the dark street, there wasn’t a single person ______ she could turn for help. A．that B．who C．from whom D．to whom 27．The Song dynasty is considered as the peak of Chinese traditional culture, __________ the makeup and clothing of females are simple and elegant. A．when B．whose C．which D．what 28．At least 20 people lost their lives in the air crash and, according to the hospital, ___________was the pilot, who died soon after he was sent to the hospital. A．among which B．among whom C．among them D．among what 29．Grass skiing is a rising form of entertainment, popular with young people, ___________focus is on the adventurous and enjoyable form of a sports activity. A．who B．when C．where D．whose 30．The post-pandemic job market is no longer the market ________ the general public thinks it is, as profit margins shrink. A．which B．as C．where D．that 31．The new class rules in ________ design most classmates have participated is so innovative that other classes also want to follow suit. A．which B．where C．whose D．what 32．To my delight, there was my purse in the back seat of the taxi, ________ the driver couldn’t possibly have seen it before. A．that B．which C．where D．when 33．Dominating the list are high-income countries, ________ the average ecological footprint is now five times that of poor nations. A．of which B．what C．in which D．whose 34．Regulations often meet resistance in the rigid system, ________ bossy employers maybe challenged by employees. A．which B．where C．whose D．that 35．I will briefly explain to you the way ________ we use to simplify the communication process within the team. A．that B．in which C．through which D．by which 36．In high school, students will experience various emotions, challenges, and friendships, ________ shape their memorable journey. A．all of that B．all of what C．all of which D．all 37．The first time ________ she led small groups of people on guided hunts, she taught them how to kill the insect, ________ has spread to much of Florida. A．when; that B．/;who C．when; which D．/; which 38．The beach near the sea is a place ________ I have been familiar since childhood. A．in which B．on which C．with which D．to which 39．Language learners are encouraged to do ________ they are instructed to do, ________ will enhance their understanding of the language. A．what; that B．all what; which C．all that; that D．what; which 40．It was in 2014 ________ a team at the University of Kent showed ________ Christmas turkeys kept more of their original dinosaur DNA than any other birds, but the reasons remain unclear. A．when; that B．that; that C．when; why D．that; why 21．C 【知识点】关系代词which引导限制性定语从句 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：你还记得我们在美国一起度过的日子吗?先行词为the days ，作定语从句中spent的宾语，关系代词为which。故选C项。 22．B 【知识点】which引导非限制性定语从句 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：他一定来自非洲，可以从他的皮肤判断出来。分析句子可知，这个句子是个非限定性定语从句，空格处在从句中充当主语，指代整个主句，应该使用which引导从句，故答案是B。 23．C 【知识点】关系副词where引导限制性定语从句 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：我们还通过将血液输送到皮肤表面而失去热量，在那里它可以将热量散发到外部环境中。先行词为 the surface of the skin，在定语从句中作地点状语，关系副词为where。故选C项。 24．A 【知识点】as if、where引导的非限制性定语从句、从属连词、even if、where 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：有些人只在他们预计会接触大量细菌的人群中戴口罩。A. where在某地；B. when当……时候；C. even if即使；D. as if仿佛。空格处引导定语从句，crowds是先行词，为抽象意义的地点，从句缺少状语，因此使用where引导定语从句，故选A项。 25．A 【知识点】as引导限制性定语从句、such as 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：尽量避免会损害你的声誉的事情，除非你不在乎来自四面八方的谣言。空格处引导定语从句，先行词为things，从句中缺少主语，再由such可知，应使用关系代词as，构成“such...as...”，表示“像……一样的”或“诸如……之类”的意思，故选A项。 26．D 【知识点】“介词+关系代词”引导限制性定语从句 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：在黑暗的街道上，没有一个她可以求助的人。此处为介词+关系代词结构定语从句修饰先行词person，且根据短语turn to sb. for help，可知应用介词to，作介词的宾语，指人应用whom。故选D。 27．A 【知识点】when引导的非限制性定语从句 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：宋代被认为是中国传统文化的顶峰，当时女性的化妆和服装都是简单而优雅的。空格处引导定语从句，先行词是“The Song dynasty”指物，从句中缺少时间状语，因此使用关系副词when引导定语从句。故选A。 28．B 【知识点】“介词+关系代词”引导的非限制性定语从句 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：据医院称，至少有20人在这次空难中丧生，其中包括飞行员，他在被送往医院后不久就死亡了。此处为介词+关系代词结构非限制性定语从句修饰先行词20 people，作介词的宾语，指人，应用whom。故选B。 29．D 【知识点】whose引导非限制性定语从句 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：草地滑雪是一种新兴的娱乐形式，受到年轻人的欢迎，他们的关注点是一种体育活动即惊险又好玩。分析句子结构可知，空格处引导非限定性定语从句，先行词people与从句中的名词focus有所属关系，即“人们的关注点”，应用关系代词whose引导定语从句。故选D。 30．D 【知识点】关系代词that引导限制性定语从句 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：随着利润率的下降，疫情后的就业市场不再是公众认为的市场。分析句子结构可知，本空引导限制性定语从句，先行词是the market，指物，关系词代替先行词在从句中作表语，且先行词也在主句中作表语，应用关系代词that引导。故选D。 31．C 【知识点】关系代词whose引导限制性定语从句 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：大多数同学参与设计的新班级规则是如此创新，以至于其他班级也想效仿。分析可知，设空处引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词The new class rules，关系词在从句中作定语，应用whose，故选C。 32．C 【知识点】where引导的非限制性定语从句 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：令我高兴的是，我的钱包在出租车后座上，在这个地方司机之前根本不可能看见我的钱包。分析句子结构，空处引导一个非限制性定语从句，指代先行词the back seat of the taxi，表示地点，且空处在从句中作地点状语，所以应用where引导。故选C。 33．A 【知识点】“介词+关系代词”引导限制性定语从句 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：在榜单上占主导地位的是高收入国家，它们的平均生态足迹现在是贫穷国家的五倍。先行词为high-income countries，表示高收入国家的平均生态足迹，介词为of，所以本句为of which 引导的定语从句。故选A项。 34．B 【知识点】where引导的非限制性定语从句 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：在僵化的制度中，监管往往会遇到阻力，专横的雇主可能会受到员工的挑战。分析句子结构可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词the rigid system，先行词表示抽象地点，关系词在从句中作地点状语，应用关系副词where引导从句。故选B项。 35．A 【知识点】关系代词that引导限制性定语从句 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：我将简要地向你们解释我们用来简化团队内部沟通过程的方法。此处是限定性定语从句，先行词是the way，指物，关系词替代先行词在从句中作use的宾语，应用关系代词that/which引导，或省略关系代词。故选A。 36．C 【知识点】“介词+关系代词”引导的非限制性定语从句 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：在高中，学生们将经历各种情绪、挑战和友谊，所有这些都塑造了他们难忘的旅程。分析句子结构，“________ shape their memorable journey”是一个非限制性定语从句，关系词指代先行词“various emotions, challenges, and friendships”，再结合选项可知，这里表示“所有这些”，应用all of which引导该非限制性定语从句。故选C。 37．D 【知识点】which引导非限制性定语从句、时间状语从句、(for) the first time 【详解】考查时间状语从句和定语从句。句意：她第一次带领一小群人进行有向导的狩猎时，她教他们如何杀死这种昆虫，这种昆虫已经蔓延到佛罗里达州的大部分地区。分析可知，第一个逗号前部分为the first time“第一次”引导的时间状语从句，第一空不再需要连词；第二空引导非限制性定语从句，代替先行词the insect在从句中作主语，应用关系代词which。故选D。 38．C 【知识点】“介词+关系代词”引导限制性定语从句 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：海边的海滩是我从小就熟悉的地方。分析句子结构并结合选项，这里是“介词+which”引导的限制性定语从句，which指代先行词a place。be familiar with意为“对……熟悉”，为固定搭配，所以介词应用with。故选C。 39．D 【知识点】连接代词what引导宾语从句 、which引导非限制性定语从句 【详解】考查宾语从句和定语从句。句意：语言学习者被鼓励按照指示去做，这将增强他们对语言的理解。分析句子结构，第一个空引导宾语从句，且连接词在从句中作do的宾语，指“做的事情”，应用连接代词what引导；第二个空引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是前面的主句，且关系词在从句中作主语，应用关系代词which引导。故选D。 40．B 【知识点】It be…that/who强调句型、关系副词when引导限制性定语从句、连接词that引导宾语从句 【详解】考查强调句和宾语从句。句意：正是在2014年，肯特大学的一个研究小组发现，圣诞火鸡比其他鸟类保留了更多的原始恐龙DNA，但原因尚不清楚。去掉it was和第一空句子依然完整，由此可知此处考查强调句型：it is/was+强调部分+that（强调人可用who）+其他，句中强调时间应用that；第二空引导宾语从句，从句成份和意义都完整，应用连接词that作引导词。故选B。 题目来源：24-25学年上海市育才中学高一上第一次月考 短文填空 A. alive B. ashamed C. clip D. living E. keen F. matters G. object H. recording I. reflection J. routine K. typical In today’s digital era, the act of clipping and recording moments from our lives has become a ____1____ . It’s not just about preserving memories; it’s a way to keep those moments ____2____. What truly ____3____ is the ability to reflect on these recordings later, revisiting those ____4____ days filled with joy or sorrow. Many are ____5____ on capturing every ____6____ and view that catches their eye, whether it is a sunset’s colors or a child’s innocent laughter. Such practices not only enrich our personal archives but also serve as reminders of the beauty and complexity of life. Occasionally, when we run across an old ____7____ in the phone or computer, it can stimulate emotions we thought were long forgotten. It’s in these moments that we realize how ____8____ we might have been to let certain experiences go unnoticed. ____9____ , therefore, becomes a powerful tool for self- ______10______ and appreciation of the present, ensuring that our stories remain vivid and our memories forever fresh. 【答案】1. J 2. A 3. F 4. K 5. E 6. G 7. C 8. B 9. H 10. I 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了在当今数字时代，剪辑和记录生活瞬间已成为常态，这有助于保持记忆的鲜活。因此，记录生活成为自我反思和珍惜当下的重要工具，保持记忆鲜活。 【1题详解】 考查名词。句意：在当今的数字时代，剪辑和记录我们生活中的瞬间已经成为一种常态。根据句意“常规”可知，此处为名词routine，作表语，不定冠词a修饰单数可数名词，需填routine。故选J。 【2题详解】 考查形容词。句意：这不仅仅是为了保存记忆；这是让那些瞬间保持鲜活的一种方式。根据句意“鲜活的”可知，此处为形容词alive，作宾语补足语。故选A。 【3题详解】 考查动词。句意：真正重要的是之后能够反思这些记录，重新体验那些充满快乐或悲伤的典型日子。根据句意“重要”可知，此处为动词matter，陈述客观事实，使用一般现在时，主语为what，谓语动词使用第三人称单数形式。故选F。 【4题详解】 考查形容词。句意同上。根据句意“典型的”可知，此处为形容词typical，作定语，修饰名词days。故选K。 【5题详解】 考查形容词。句意：许多人热衷于捕捉每一个吸引他们眼球的物体和景象，无论是夕阳的颜色还是孩子纯真的笑声。根据句意“热衷的”可知，此处为形容词keen，作表语。故选E。 【6题详解】 考查名词。句意同上。根据句意“物体”可知，此处为名词object，作宾语，every修饰单数可数名词。故选G。 【7题详解】 考查名词。句意：偶尔，当我们在手机或电脑上翻到旧视频片段时，它会激起我们以为早已遗忘的情感。根据句意“剪辑片段”可知，此处为名词clip，作宾语，不定冠词an修饰单数可数名词。故选C。 【8题详解】 考查形容词。句意：正是在这些时刻，我们才意识到我们可能是多么羞愧于让某些经历被忽视。根据句意“羞愧的”可知，此处为形容词ashamed，“how+adj.+主语+谓语”是感叹句的基本句型，此处为how引导的感叹句作宾语从句。故选B。 【9题详解】 考查名词。句意：因此，记录成为了自我反思和珍惜当下的强大工具，确保我们的故事保持生动，我们的记忆永远新鲜。根据句意“记录”可知，此处为名词recording，作主语。故选H。 【10题详解】 考查名词。句意同上。根据句意“自我反思”可知，此处为名词self-reflection，作宾语。故选I。 完形填空： The United Nations is an international organization founded in 1945 and committed to maintaining international peace and security, developing friendly relations among nations; promoting social progress, better living standards and human rights. Due to its unique international ____11____ , the Organization takes action on a wide range of issues, and provides a forum for its 193 Member States to express their views, through the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council and other bodies and committees. The work of the United Nations ____12____ every comer of the globe and focuses on a broad range of fundamental issues, like sustainable development, protection of the environment and refugees and disaster relief. In September 2015, world leaders gathered at the United Nations Headquarters in New York and adopted the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, a new universal standard for development that will ____13____ no one is left behind. 17 Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs)____14____ the cornerstone of the historic Agenda. Building on the success of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), the SDGs aim to go further to end all forms of poverty. Universal and indivisible, the SDGs call for action by all countries - developed, developing and middle-income - to promote ____15____ while protecting the planet over the next fifteen years. The SDGs officially came into ____16____ on 1 January 2016. Governments, businesses and civil society have started to make efforts to achieve the goals, by adopting plans to achieve them. If you are ____17____ to take concrete action for global peace and development, take a look at the United Nations Volunteers (UNV)programme. Every year, up to 8,000 qualified and experienced women and men of some 160 different nationalities volunteer at least six months of their lives to help others. These UN Volunteers work in about 130 countries promoting peace, ____18____ to disasters, empowering communities and helping to build sustainable livelihoods and lasting development. UN Volunteers come from ____19____ professional backgrounds but all of them are pushing for the positive changes. They are _____20_____ to be creative and entrepreneurial, and foster volunteer is m for peace and development both within and beyond their assignments. They work at the heart of communities in _____21_____ with governments, United Nations entities ad civil society. Being a UN Volunteer is not a career, but it is rich with opportunities and experience and offers huge personal _____22_____ .As a UN Volunteer, you receive a Volunteer Living Allowance(津贴)(VLA), which _____23_____ basic needs, housing and utilities. _____24_____, UNV will provide a settling-in-grant, life, health, and permanent disability _____25_____, return airfares and a nominal resettlement allowance. 11. A. character B. quantity C. cooperation D. celebrity 12. A. moves B. reveals C. touches D. passes 13. A. assure B. set C. measure D. ensure 14. A. undergo B. sign C. represent D. reduce 15 A. poverty B. prosperity C. property D. popularity 16. A. force B. time C. usage D. attention 17 A. delivered B. organized C. challenged D. inspired 18. A. progressing B. responding C. applying D. serving 19. A. similar B. unique C. typical D. various 20. A. encouraged B. developed C. entitled D. made 21. A. partnership B. citizenship C. relationship D. hardship 22. A. awards B. presents C. rewards D. supplies 23. A. takes B. covers C. engages D. respects 24. A. However B. Therefore C. Nonetheless D. Furthermore 25. A. insurance B. guarantee C. maintenance D. assurance 【答案】11. A 12. C 13. D 14. C 15. B 16. A 17. D 18. B 19. D 20. A 21. A 22. C 23. B 24. D 25. A 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了联合国作为一个国际组织的使命、结构及其在全球和平与发展方面的作用。文章还特别提到了2015年通过的《2030年可持续发展议程》和相关的17个可持续发展目标（SDGs），强调了这些目标对于结束贫困、促进繁荣以及保护地球的重要性。此外，文章也描述了联合国志愿者计划（UNV）的相关信息，包括成为联合国志愿者的好处和个人成长的机会。 【11题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：由于其独特的国际性质，该组织在一系列问题上采取行动，并为其193个会员国提供一个论坛，通过大会、安全理事会、经济及社会理事会及其他机构和委员会来表达它们的观点。A. character性质；B. quantity数量；C. cooperation合作；D. celebrity名人。根据下文“the Organization takes action on a wide range of issues, and provides a forum for its 193 Member States to express their views”可知，联合国组织具有其独特的性质，使其能够在众多问题上采取行动，并为其会员国提供表达观点的论坛，可推理出此处上下文谈的是联合国组织的性质，故选A项。 【12题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：联合国的工作触及全球每个角落，重点关注广泛的基本问题，如可持续发展、环境保护以及难民和救灾。A. moves移动；B. reveals揭示；C. touches触及；D. passes通过。根据下文“every comer of the globe”可知下文说的是全球每个角落，可推理出此处说的是联合国的工作范围广泛，触及全球每个角落，故选C项。 【13题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：2015年9月，世界各国领导人齐聚纽约联合国总部，通过了《2030年可持续发展议程》，这是一项新的普遍发展标准，将确保没有人被落下。A. assure保证；B. set设置；C. measure测量；D. ensure确保。根据下文“no one is left behind”可知，《2030年可持续发展议程》旨在确保没有人被落下，可推理出空白处应填表示“确保”含义的表达，故选D项。 【14题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：17个可持续发展目标(SDGs)代表了这一历史性议程的基石。A. undergo经历；B. sign签署；C. represent代表；D. reduce减少。根据下文“the cornerstone of the historic Agenda”可知此处说的是17个可持续发展目标代表了这一历史性议程的基石，可推理出空白处应填表示“代表”含义的表达，故选C项。 【15题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：普遍且不可分割的可持续发展目标呼吁所有国家——发达、发展和中等收入国家——在未来十五年内采取行动促进繁荣，同时保护地球。A. poverty贫困；B. prosperity繁荣；C. property财产；D. popularity受欢迎。根据下文“while protecting the planet over the next fifteen years”可知，可持续发展目标是在保护地球的同时促进国家的繁荣。可推理出空白处应填表示“繁荣”含义的表达，故选B项。 【16题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：可持续发展目标于2016年1月1日正式生效。A. force效力；B. time时间；C. usage用法；D. attention注意力。根据下文“on 1 January 2016”可知，此处指可持续发展目标自2016年1月1日起正式生效，come into force为固定短语，意为“开始生效”，故选A项。 【17题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：如果你受到启发，愿意为全球和平与发展采取具体行动，请查看联合国志愿者(UNV)计划。A. delivered递送；B. organized组织；C. challenged挑战；D. inspired启发。根据上文“Governments, businesses and civil society have started to make efforts to achieve the goals, by adopting plans to achieve them”可知上文说的是政府、企业和民间社会已开始努力实现目标，通过采纳计划来达成它们，可推理出此处说的是如果受到了政府、企业和民间社会已开始努力实现目标的启发，那就查看联合国志愿者(UNV)计划。故选D项。 【18题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：这些联合国志愿者在大约130个国家工作，促进和平，应对灾害，赋予社区权力，并帮助建立可持续的生计和持久的发展。A. progressing进步；B. responding应对；C. applying应用；D. serving服务。根据下文“to disasters”可知，此处指应对灾害，可推理出空白处应填表示“应对”含义的表达，故选B项。 【19题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：联合国志愿者来自不同专业背景，但他们都在推动积极的变革。A. similar相似的；B. unique独特的；C. typical典型的；D. various不同的。根据上文“some 160 different nationalities”可知，志愿者来自不同的国家和专业背景，可推理出空白处应填表示“不同的”含义的表达，故选D项。 【20题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：他们被鼓励发挥创造力和创业精神，并在任务内外促进和平与发展的志愿精神。A. encouraged鼓励；B. developed发展；C. entitled使享有权利；D. made制作。根据下文“to be creative and entrepreneurial”可知，此处指他们被鼓励发挥创造力和创业精神，空白处应填表示“鼓励”含义的表达，故选A项。 【21题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：他们在社区中心工作，与政府、联合国实体和民间社会合作。A. partnership合伙；B. citizenship公民身份；C. relationship关系；D. hardship困难。根据下文“with governments, United Nations entities ad civil society”可知，此处指与这些实体进行合作，in partnership with为固定短语，意为“与……合作”，符合语境，故选A项。 22题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：成为联合国志愿者不是一种职业，但它充满了机会和经验，并提供了巨大的个人回报。A. awards奖项；B. presents礼物；C. rewards回报；D. supplies供应品。根据上文“rich with opportunities and experience”可知，成为联合国志愿者可以带来巨大的个人回报，可推理出空白处应填表示“回报”含义的表达，故选C项。 【23题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：作为联合国志愿者，您将获得志愿者生活津贴(VLA)，该津贴涵盖基本需求、住房和公用事业。A. takes带走；B. covers涵盖；C. engages从事；D. respects尊重。根据下文“basic needs, housing and utilities”可知，此处指志愿者生活津贴涵盖这些基本需求，可推理出空白处应填表示“涵盖”含义的表达，故选B项。 【24题详解】 考查副词词义辨析。句意：此外，联合国志愿人员将提供安置补助金、生活、健康和永久残疾保险、回程机票和象征性的重新安置津贴。A. However然而；B. Therefore因此；C. Nonetheless尽管如此；D. Furthermore此外。根据下文“UNV will provide a settling-in-grant, life, health, and permanent disability”可知，下文进一步说明联合国志愿者所能获得的福利，可推理出空白处应填表示“此外”含义的表达，故选D项。 【25题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：同第14题。A. insurance保险；B. guarantee保证；C. maintenance维护；D. assurance保证。根据“life, health, and permanent disability”可知，这里指的是提供的保险。故选A。 阅读理解： ’A cannon(大炮) sounded as Jonny Fry took off on his horse through the streets of St. Joseph, Missouri. Crowds lined the streets, cheering and waving. Fry rode west for 90 miles at full speed. He then passed a leather bag full of letters to another rider. Eventually a chain of riders carried the letters across nearly 2,000 miles of wilderness, and the Pony Express was born. Between California and the rest of the U.S. lay a vast wilderness. Mail service was slow and often delayed. As war among the states seemed likely, people wanted news more quickly. In December 1859, William Russell, owner of a transport company, decided to meet that need. He and partners William Waddell and Alexander Majors worked constantly for months. They selected a route from St. Joseph, Missouri, to Sacramento, California. Then they purchased 400 horses, hired workers and set up relay stations (导站) every 10 to 15 miles. Riders would change horses at these stations, and every 90 to 120 miles a new rider would take over. Shortly before Jonny Fry set out, another Pony Express rider set off from Sacramento for St. Joseph. These first deliveries reached their destinations in close to the 10 days Russell had promised. But the route was far from safe. On April 18, 1860, a rider’s horse stumbled (绊倒)and fell on the rider, killing him. Riders faced rivers, mountains, extreme temperatures-and very unfriendly natives.In May 1860,tensions between the settlers and Native Americans turned into fighting. Native Americans attacked several Pony Express stations, forcing some of them to close temporarily. Despite the risks, the Pony Express lost only one delivery during its one and a half years in operation. And when Abraham Lincoln was elected president, the Pony Express carried the news to California in only five days. It also spread news of the beginning of America’s Civil War. The Pony Express service ended in October 1861 after a telegraph line across the U.S. was completed.Yet the riders’ courage and accomplishments still hold a place in legend(传奇). 26. The passage is mainly about the _____ of the Pony Express. A. function B. influence C. history D. operation 27. To _____, William Russell decided to set up the Pony Express. A. shorten the time of sending mail B. deliver mail farther and more safely C. meet people’s different needs D. help people keep in contact in war 28. What might Russell have promised about the first deliveries? A. To make the destinations closer. B. To make the deliveries within 10 days. C. To ensure the deliveries with two riders. D. To complete the deliveries before the war. 29. What can be learned from the passage? A. The Pony Express had an insignificant position in the development of mail service. B. The fighting between the settlers and Native Americans ended the Pony Express. C. The Pony Express became successful as a result of the dangers on the route. D. The Pony Express not only delivered mail but spread news as well. 【答案】26. C 27. A 28. B 29. D 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇记叙文，主要讲述了Pony Express（驿马快信）诞生的背景、创建过程、运营中的困难与成就以及最终结束的历史过程。 【26题详解】 主旨大意题。根据第一段“A cannon(大炮) sounded as Jonny Fry took off on his horse through the streets of St. Joseph, Missouri. Crowds lined the streets, cheering and waving. Fry rode west for 90 miles at full speed. He then passed a leather bag full of letters to another rider. Eventually a chain of riders carried the letters across nearly 2,000 miles of wilderness, and the Pony Express was born.( 当Jonny Fry骑马穿过密苏里州圣约瑟夫的街道时，大炮声响起。人群在街道两旁欢呼和挥手致意。Fry以全速向西骑行了90英里。然后他交给另一位骑士一个装满信件的皮革袋。最终，一队骑士将信件传递了近2000英里的荒野，于是Pony Express诞生了)”、倒数第二段“Despite the risks, the Pony Express lost only one delivery during its one and a half years in operation. And when Abraham Lincoln was elected president, the Pony Express carried the news to California in only five days. It also spread news of the beginning of America’s Civil War.( 尽管存在风险，但Pony Express在其运营的一年半时间里只丢失过一次快递。当亚伯拉罕·林肯当选总统时，Pony Express仅用五天就将消息传到了加利福尼亚。它还传播了美国内战开始的消息)”以及最后一段“The Pony Express service ended in October 1861 after a telegraph line across the U.S. was completed. Yet the riders’ courage and accomplishments still hold a place in legend(Pony Express服务在1861年10月结束，当时美国横贯大陆的电报线路已经建成。然而，骑手们的勇气和成就依然在传说中占有一席之地)”可知，文章按照时间顺序讲述了 Pony Express 从诞生到结束的整个过程，包括它如何建立、运营期间的情况以及最终为何结束，所以这篇文章主要是关于 Pony Express 的历史。故选C项。 【27题详解】 细节理解题。根据文章第二段 “Mail service was slow and often delayed. As war among the states seemed likely, people wanted news more quickly.(邮件服务很慢而且经常延迟。由于各州之间可能发生战争，人们希望更快地得到消息。)”可知，William Russell 建立 Pony Express 是为了缩短邮件的寄送时间。故选A项。 【28题详解】 细节理解题。根据文章第四段 “These first deliveries reached their destinations in close to the 10 days Russell had promised.(这些首次投递在接近 Russell 承诺的 10 天内到达目的地。)”可知，Russell 承诺首次投递在 10 天内完成。故选B项。 【29题详解】 细节理解题。根据文章倒数第二段“And when Abraham Lincoln was elected president, the Pony Express carried the news to California in only five days. It also spread news of the beginning of America’s Civil War.(当亚伯拉罕・林肯当选总统时，驿马快信只用了五天就把消息传到了加利福尼亚。它还传播了美国内战开始的消息。)”可知，Pony Express 不仅传递邮件，还传播新闻。故选D项。 Please Choose Cloud Services Finding the Cloud service can be difficult as there are so many available. Consumers need to consider and compare each service’s features, storage possibilities, free space and best price. You may be unsure, or you do not know where to begin. Trying every Cloud service would take a lot of time and work. But, the website Reviews. com might help. Cloud Drop-box Google-Drive One-Drive Box Best for Lightweight Users Teams And Collaboration Devoted Windows Users Enterprise Solutions Free Storage Space 2GB 15GB 15GB 10GB Cheapest Premium Option ＄9.99 for 1TB ＄1.99 for 100GB ＄1.99 for 100GB ＄10 for 100GB One valuable feature is the protection of digital files, including photos, videos, documents, music and more. If the worst happens and your computer crashes, or gets lost or damaged, your files can still be found in the Cloud. Cloud services let you access your files from almost anywhere. No need to worry about a file stored on your computer when you are away from your desk. If you have an Internet connection, you can open your files from any computer, or from a phone, when they are stored using a Cloud service. Using a Cloud service makes sharing files easier. If you send documents to a group using emails, you may then wonder which version everyone is working with. When sharing files using a Cloud service, everyone will see the same document and the latest version. The first thing to consider is the amount of storage space you need. Check how much space you are currently using on your computer and mobile devices. If your computer or phone is filled with photos and you have little free space, you may want to move your photos to the Cloud. Some Cloud services are free. But, if you need a lot of space, you will probably need one that costs money. Even if everyone you have ever met is a Windows user, you still probably want a Cloud service that works with many platforms. You might become friends with an Android user or start a job with a company that computes on Apple! 30. Which of the following is true according to the passage? A. Google-Drive users can obtain 100GB for free. B. Most Cloud services can send files to both the Cloud and the local computer. C. It’s hard to transfer your file when you turn on the computer if it is stored in the Cloud. D. Never worry about finding your files in the Clouds if the computer system crashes. 31. What will you have to do if you need more space to store more files in the Cloud? A. To use your own Cloud services. B. To share Cloud space with others. C. To spend money buying space. D. To buy the latest version of the service. 32. How can consumers find the Cloud service that suits them best? A. By learning more information about the space occupied by files. B. By comparing Cloud's function, storage, available space and prices. C. By sending files to a group of people via e-mail inquiring about the Cloud service. D. By making friends with Android users who use Apple computers. 【答案】30. D 31. C 32. B 【解析】 【分析】这是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了一些云服务。 【30题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段第二句“If the worst happens and your computer crashes, or gets lost or damaged, your files can still be found in the Cloud.”（如果最坏的情况发生，你的电脑崩溃了，或者丢失或损坏了，你的文件仍然可以在云中找到。）可知，如果计算机崩溃，不要担心在云中找不到你的文件，D选项描述正确。故选D项。 【31题详解】 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段最后两句“Some Cloud services are free. But, if you need a lot of space, you will probably need one that costs money.”（ 一些云服务是免费的。但是，如果你需要很大的空间，你可能需要一个花钱的空间。）可知，如果你需要更多的储存空间，就需要花钱购买。故选C项。 【32题详解】 推理判断题。根据第一段第二句“Consumers need to consider and compare each service’s features, storage possibilities, free space and best price.”（消费者需要考虑和比较每个服务的特点，存储的可能性，自由空间和最佳价格。你可能不确定，或者你不知道从哪里开始。）结合文章中的表格内容可知，消费者通过比较云的功能、存储空间、可用空间和价格就能找到最适合自己的云服务。故选B项。 2 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 高一秋季班 第03讲 定语从句专题总结+强化（学生版） 一、知识梳理： “介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句 1．“介词＋关系代词”引导定语从句时，介词的宾语只能用which或whom，且不能省略。 Some experts think reading is the fundamental skill upon which school education depends. 一些专家认为阅读是学校教育所依赖的基本技能。 Wu Dong, with whom I went to the concert, enjoyed it very much. 　和我一起去听音乐会的吴东，非常喜欢这次音乐会。 注：在这种结构中，介词与先行词组成短语，在从句中充当句子成分，因此介词的选用时受到一定限制的，仍然根据先行词与介词的搭配关系而定。 关系代词前介词的确定依据： (1).根据先行词的习惯搭配 They’ll never forget July 1 on which Hong Kong returned to its motherland. 1992 is the year in which you were born. (2).根据定语从句中动词所需习惯搭配（介词提前） The school to which I was sent was very large. Hong Kong is the city from which he comes. (3).根据定语从句的意义 The air, without which we can’t live. 注意： 1.含有介词的短语动词一般不拆开，介词仍放在短语动词的后面。如：look for, look after, take care of 等。 This is the watch (which/that) I am looking for. (正) This is the watch for which I am looking. (误) 2.介词后的关系代词不可用that和who，若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时只可用whom，指物时只可用which；关系代词是所有格时用whose。 The man with whom you talked just now is my neighbour. (正) The man with that/who you talked just now is my neighbour. (误) 3．“不定代词/数词/形容词比较级或最高级＋of which/whom”引导的定语从句，表示部分与整体关系。如：some, any, none, all, both, neither, many, most, each, few等代词或者数词或分数，百分比加上of which或of whom来修饰或限定先行词。 He loves his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him. In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad. Scientists have advanced many theories about why human beings cry tears，none of which has been proved. 科学家们提出了很多关于人类为什么哭泣时流泪的理论，这些理论尚未得到证实。 Many young people，most of whom were well­educated，headed for remote regions to chase their dreams. 很多年轻人都去了偏远地区追求自己的梦想，他们中大部分都受过良好的教育。 4．在定语从句中，whose修饰物时可以换为“the＋名词＋of which”；修饰人时，可以换为“the＋名词＋of whom”。 The newly­built café, whose walls (＝the walls of which) are painted light green，is really a peaceful place for us，especially after hard work. 这家新建成的咖啡馆，墙被刷成了浅绿色，对我们来说，真是一个安静的地方，特别是在辛苦工作后。 I live next door to a couple whose children (＝the children of whom) often make a lot of noise. 我住在一对夫妻的隔壁，他们的孩子经常制造噪音。 二、非限制性定语从句 考纲解读 1. 逗号的使用：非限制性定语从句前后需要用逗号隔开。 · My uncle, who is a famous writer, lives in the countryside.（我的叔叔，他是一位著名的作家，住在乡下。） 2. 先行词的识别：先行词可以是人、物、事件或整个主句。 · The plan, which we had discussed for months, was finally approved.（我们讨论了好几个月的计划最终被批准了。） 3. 关系代词和关系副词的使用：正确使用 "who"、"whom"、"which"、"as" 以及 "where"、"when"、"why" 等。 · The house, which we bought last year, is very spacious.（我们去年买的房子非常宽敞。） · She won the championship, which made her parents very proud.（她赢得了冠军，这让她的父母非常骄傲。） · The city, where I was born, has changed a lot over the years.（我出生的这座城市多年来变化很大。） · The reason, why he decided to leave, was never fully explained.（他决定离开的原因从未被完全解释清楚。） · My brother, who is an engineer, lives in Canada.（我的哥哥是一位工程师，他住在加拿大。） 考点清单 一．比较：限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句 ▲形式不同 限制性定语从句与其先行词之间不用逗号隔开，非限制性定语从句与其先行词之间一般用逗号隔开。 例：Many schools provide courses which assist new students to develop their study skills． 许多学校提供帮助新生培养学习技能的课程。(限制性定语从句) She heard a lovely song，which reminded her of her hometown． 她听到一首动听的歌曲，让她想起了家乡。(非限制性定语从句) ▲功能不同 限制性定语从句与其先行词关系十分密切，它限制了先行词的意义。如果去掉该从句，剩余部分的意思往往不完整，甚至失去意义；而非限制性定语从句只是其先行词的附加说明，如果去掉，句子剩余部分的意思仍然完整。 例：I was the only person in our office that was invited． 我是办公室里唯一受到邀请的人。(去掉从句后，句子剩余部分意思就不完整) Tom’s father，who is over seventy，is still energetic． 汤姆的父亲已年逾七旬，却仍然精神矍铄。(去掉从句后，句子剩余部分意思仍然完整) ▲关系词不同 that不能用来引导非限制性定语从句。请比较： 例：He failed to attend the meeting，that made us very disappointed．(×) He failed to attend the meeting，which made us very disappointed．(√) 他没有出席这次会议，这让我们很失望。 He failed to attend the meeting that／which was held last Sunday． 他没有出席上周日举行的会议。 我们用表格可以更加直观地进行比较： 类别 对先行词的作用 位置 翻译方法 引导词 限制性定语从句 对先行词进行修饰限定 紧跟在先行词后，无逗号 翻译在先行词前 作宾语时可以省略，可用who代替whom 非限制性定语从句 对先行词或主句进行补充说明 和主句之间用逗号隔开 翻译成主句的并列句 不能省略，不可以用that，不可以用who代替whom 二．用which来修饰整个句子的非限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句不仅可以修饰名词或代词，也可以修饰整个句子，这时关系代词用 which。 例：The result of the experiment was very good，which we hadn’t expected． 实验的结果非常好，这一点出乎我们的意料。 Tom was elected Chairman of the Students’ Union．which made his family very proud． 汤姆被选为学生会主席，这件事让全家都感到骄傲。 【拓展】如果非限制性定语从句放在主句之前，关系代词只能用as，不能用which。 例：As we all know，Taiwan has been part of China since ancient times． 众所周知，台湾自古以来就是中国的一部分。 As had been expected，he put forward his idea at the meeting．  as有“正如”之意，而which则意为“这（件事，一点）”，可用and this/that/it来代替。 She heard a terrible noise, which brought her heart into her mouth.她听到可怕地声音，这让她把心都提到嗓子眼了。 As is planned, we got there before eight. 正如计划，我们八点前到达了那儿。  as多用于固定搭配中：as is often the case(这是常有的事)，as was expected(不出所料)，as often happens(正如经常发生的那样)，as is known to all(众所周知)，as has been said before(如上所述)，as is mentioned above(正如上面所提到的)等。 Li Ming is late, as is often the case. 李明迟到了，这事是经常发生的。(不可用which) 三．用“介词+关系代词” 或“one of whom、some of which”等引导的非限制性定语从句 可以用数词或不定代词(如all／both／each／some／most／none等)+of whom或of which来修饰或限定先行词。 例：We interviewed 1 5 applicants for the post，none of whom we thought qualified． 我们面试了15名求职者，但没有一人合格。 Seven passengers were injured in the car accident，two of whom were foreigners． 在车祸中有七人受伤，其中两名是外国人。 The engine consists of hundreds of parts，each of which has its importance． 这个引擎由数百个零件组成，每个零件都有其重要的作用。 【语法填空】 1．I had my car parked in a car park, I could get my car battery charged. 2．I won the first prize in the English speaking contest, surprised my classmates. 3．I’ll be talking to Dr Richard, new book The New Age of Invention has just been published. 4．Children, is always the case, love their mother. 5． is reported, Apple company will be launching a new tablet this time next month. 6．Over 120, 000 people in Norway, of 40% are college students, use the app. 7．The old man has two daughters, both of work as doctors. 8．There are about 50 foreign students studying Chinese in that school, most of are from Europe. 9． the chart shows, technology has transformed the way people get news during the past years. 10．The traditional clothing of the Han people is called Hanfu, beauty is being appreciated by younger generations. 11．Here are agents from America, some of are our old friends. 12．I would like to choose the student, I think is the best, to be our monitor. 13．Football as we know it today started in Great Britain, the game was given new rules. 14．We’ll put off the meeting till next week, we won’t be so occupied with our work. 15．He is good at creating a lovely atmosphere his students learn actively. 16．My best friend Julia will come to see me next July, she won’t be so busy. 17．I like to go to the amusement park, there are many activities to enjoy. 18．We will postpone the picnic in the park until next week, the weather may be better. 【单选题】 21．Do you still remember the days ____we spent together in America? A．when B．during which C．which D．on which 22．He must be from Africa, ____ can be seen from his skin. A．that B．which C．it D．what 23．We also lose heat by transporting the blood to the surface of the skin ________ it can lose heat out into the external environment. A．when B．so C．where D．unless 24．Some people wear masks only in crowds, ________ they expect to come into contact with lots of germs. A．where B．when C．even if D．as if 25．Try to avoid such things _____ will do harm to your reputation, unless you don’t care about the rumors from all directions. A．as B．that C．whatever D．whether 26．In the dark street, there wasn’t a single person ______ she could turn for help. A．that B．who C．from whom D．to whom 27．The Song dynasty is considered as the peak of Chinese traditional culture, __________ the makeup and clothing of females are simple and elegant. A．when B．whose C．which D．what 28．At least 20 people lost their lives in the air crash and, according to the hospital, ___________was the pilot, who died soon after he was sent to the hospital. A．among which B．among whom C．among them D．among what 29．Grass skiing is a rising form of entertainment, popular with young people, ___________focus is on the adventurous and enjoyable form of a sports activity. A．who B．when C．where D．whose 30．The post-pandemic job market is no longer the market ________ the general public thinks it is, as profit margins shrink. A．which B．as C．where D．that 31．The new class rules in ________ design most classmates have participated is so innovative that other classes also want to follow suit. A．which B．where C．whose D．what 32．To my delight, there was my purse in the back seat of the taxi, ________ the driver couldn’t possibly have seen it before. A．that B．which C．where D．when 33．Dominating the list are high-income countries, ________ the average ecological footprint is now five times that of poor nations. A．of which B．what C．in which D．whose 34．Regulations often meet resistance in the rigid system, ________ bossy employers maybe challenged by employees. A．which B．where C．whose D．that 35．I will briefly explain to you the way ________ we use to simplify the communication process within the team. A．that B．in which C．through which D．by which 36．In high school, students will experience various emotions, challenges, and friendships, ________ shape their memorable journey. A．all of that B．all of what C．all of which D．all 37．The first time ________ she led small groups of people on guided hunts, she taught them how to kill the insect, ________ has spread to much of Florida. A．when; that B．/;who C．when; which D．/; which 38．The beach near the sea is a place ________ I have been familiar since childhood. A．in which B．on which C．with which D．to which 39．Language learners are encouraged to do ________ they are instructed to do, ________ will enhance their understanding of the language. A．what; that B．all what; which C．all that; that D．what; which 40．It was in 2014 ________ a team at the University of Kent showed ________ Christmas turkeys kept more of their original dinosaur DNA than any other birds, but the reasons remain unclear. A．when; that B．that; that C．when; why D．that; why 题目来源：24-25学年上海市育才中学高一上第一次月考 短文填空 A. alive B. ashamed C. clip D. living E. keen F. matters G. object H. recording I. reflection J. routine K. typical In today’s digital era, the act of clipping and recording moments from our lives has become a ____1____ . It’s not just about preserving memories; it’s a way to keep those moments ____2____. What truly ____3____ is the ability to reflect on these recordings later, revisiting those ____4____ days filled with joy or sorrow. Many are ____5____ on capturing every ____6____ and view that catches their eye, whether it is a sunset’s colors or a child’s innocent laughter. Such practices not only enrich our personal archives but also serve as reminders of the beauty and complexity of life. Occasionally, when we run across an old ____7____ in the phone or computer, it can stimulate emotions we thought were long forgotten. It’s in these moments that we realize how ____8____ we might have been to let certain experiences go unnoticed. ____9____ , therefore, becomes a powerful tool for self- ______10______ and appreciation of the present, ensuring that our stories remain vivid and our memories forever fresh. 完形填空： The United Nations is an international organization founded in 1945 and committed to maintaining international peace and security, developing friendly relations among nations; promoting social progress, better living standards and human rights. Due to its unique international ____11____ , the Organization takes action on a wide range of issues, and provides a forum for its 193 Member States to express their views, through the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council and other bodies and committees. The work of the United Nations ____12____ every comer of the globe and focuses on a broad range of fundamental issues, like sustainable development, protection of the environment and refugees and disaster relief. In September 2015, world leaders gathered at the United Nations Headquarters in New York and adopted the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, a new universal standard for development that will ____13____ no one is left behind. 17 Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs)____14____ the cornerstone of the historic Agenda. Building on the success of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), the SDGs aim to go further to end all forms of poverty. Universal and indivisible, the SDGs call for action by all countries - developed, developing and middle-income - to promote ____15____ while protecting the planet over the next fifteen years. The SDGs officially came into ____16____ on 1 January 2016. Governments, businesses and civil society have started to make efforts to achieve the goals, by adopting plans to achieve them. If you are ____17____ to take concrete action for global peace and development, take a look at the United Nations Volunteers (UNV)programme. Every year, up to 8,000 qualified and experienced women and men of some 160 different nationalities volunteer at least six months of their lives to help others. These UN Volunteers work in about 130 countries promoting peace, ____18____ to disasters, empowering communities and helping to build sustainable livelihoods and lasting development. UN Volunteers come from ____19____ professional backgrounds but all of them are pushing for the positive changes. They are _____20_____ to be creative and entrepreneurial, and foster volunteer is m for peace and development both within and beyond their assignments. They work at the heart of communities in _____21_____ with governments, United Nations entities ad civil society. Being a UN Volunteer is not a career, but it is rich with opportunities and experience and offers huge personal _____22_____ .As a UN Volunteer, you receive a Volunteer Living Allowance(津贴)(VLA), which _____23_____ basic needs, housing and utilities. _____24_____, UNV will provide a settling-in-grant, life, health, and permanent disability _____25_____, return airfares and a nominal resettlement allowance. 11. A. character B. quantity C. cooperation D. celebrity 12. A. moves B. reveals C. touches D. passes 13. A. assure B. set C. measure D. ensure 14. A. undergo B. sign C. represent D. reduce 15 A. poverty B. prosperity C. property D. popularity 16. A. force B. time C. usage D. attention 17 A. delivered B. organized C. challenged D. inspired 18. A. progressing B. responding C. applying D. serving 19. A. similar B. unique C. typical D. various 20. A. encouraged B. developed C. entitled D. made 21. A. partnership B. citizenship C. relationship D. hardship 22. A. awards B. presents C. rewards D. supplies 23. A. takes B. covers C. engages D. respects 24. A. However B. Therefore C. Nonetheless D. Furthermore 25. A. insurance B. guarantee C. maintenance D. assurance 阅读理解： ’A cannon(大炮) sounded as Jonny Fry took off on his horse through the streets of St. Joseph, Missouri. Crowds lined the streets, cheering and waving. Fry rode west for 90 miles at full speed. He then passed a leather bag full of letters to another rider. Eventually a chain of riders carried the letters across nearly 2,000 miles of wilderness, and the Pony Express was born. Between California and the rest of the U.S. lay a vast wilderness. Mail service was slow and often delayed. As war among the states seemed likely, people wanted news more quickly. In December 1859, William Russell, owner of a transport company, decided to meet that need. He and partners William Waddell and Alexander Majors worked constantly for months. They selected a route from St. Joseph, Missouri, to Sacramento, California. Then they purchased 400 horses, hired workers and set up relay stations (导站) every 10 to 15 miles. Riders would change horses at these stations, and every 90 to 120 miles a new rider would take over. Shortly before Jonny Fry set out, another Pony Express rider set off from Sacramento for St. Joseph. These first deliveries reached their destinations in close to the 10 days Russell had promised. But the route was far from safe. On April 18, 1860, a rider’s horse stumbled (绊倒)and fell on the rider, killing him. Riders faced rivers, mountains, extreme temperatures-and very unfriendly natives.In May 1860,tensions between the settlers and Native Americans turned into fighting. Native Americans attacked several Pony Express stations, forcing some of them to close temporarily. Despite the risks, the Pony Express lost only one delivery during its one and a half years in operation. And when Abraham Lincoln was elected president, the Pony Express carried the news to California in only five days. It also spread news of the beginning of America’s Civil War. The Pony Express service ended in October 1861 after a telegraph line across the U.S. was completed.Yet the riders’ courage and accomplishments still hold a place in legend(传奇). 26. The passage is mainly about the _____ of the Pony Express. A. function B. influence C. history D. operation 27. To _____, William Russell decided to set up the Pony Express. A. shorten the time of sending mail B. deliver mail farther and more safely C. meet people’s different needs D. help people keep in contact in war 28. What might Russell have promised about the first deliveries? A. To make the destinations closer. B. To make the deliveries within 10 days. C. To ensure the deliveries with two riders. D. To complete the deliveries before the war. 29. What can be learned from the passage? A. The Pony Express had an insignificant position in the development of mail service. B. The fighting between the settlers and Native Americans ended the Pony Express. C. The Pony Express became successful as a result of the dangers on the route. D. The Pony Express not only delivered mail but spread news as well. Please Choose Cloud Services Finding the Cloud service can be difficult as there are so many available. Consumers need to consider and compare each service’s features, storage possibilities, free space and best price. You may be unsure, or you do not know where to begin. Trying every Cloud service would take a lot of time and work. But, the website Reviews. com might help. Cloud Drop-box Google-Drive One-Drive Box Best for Lightweight Users Teams And Collaboration Devoted Windows Users Enterprise Solutions Free Storage Space 2GB 15GB 15GB 10GB Cheapest Premium Option ＄9.99 for 1TB ＄1.99 for 100GB ＄1.99 for 100GB ＄10 for 100GB One valuable feature is the protection of digital files, including photos, videos, documents, music and more. If the worst happens and your computer crashes, or gets lost or damaged, your files can still be found in the Cloud. Cloud services let you access your files from almost anywhere. No need to worry about a file stored on your computer when you are away from your desk. If you have an Internet connection, you can open your files from any computer, or from a phone, when they are stored using a Cloud service. Using a Cloud service makes sharing files easier. If you send documents to a group using emails, you may then wonder which version everyone is working with. When sharing files using a Cloud service, everyone will see the same document and the latest version. The first thing to consider is the amount of storage space you need. Check how much space you are currently using on your computer and mobile devices. If your computer or phone is filled with photos and you have little free space, you may want to move your photos to the Cloud. Some Cloud services are free. But, if you need a lot of space, you will probably need one that costs money. Even if everyone you have ever met is a Windows user, you still probably want a Cloud service that works with many platforms. You might become friends with an Android user or start a job with a company that computes on Apple! 30. Which of the following is true according to the passage? A. Google-Drive users can obtain 100GB for free. B. Most Cloud services can send files to both the Cloud and the local computer. C. It’s hard to transfer your file when you turn on the computer if it is stored in the Cloud. D. Never worry about finding your files in the Clouds if the computer system crashes. 31. What will you have to do if you need more space to store more files in the Cloud? A. To use your own Cloud services. B. To share Cloud space with others. C. To spend money buying space. D. To buy the latest version of the service. 32. How can consumers find the Cloud service that suits them best? A. By learning more information about the space occupied by files. B. By comparing Cloud's function, storage, available space and prices. C. By sending files to a group of people via e-mail inquiring about the Cloud service. D. By making friends with Android users who use Apple computers. 2 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $