精品解析：上海市曹杨第二中学2025-2026学年高二上学期期中考试英语试题

高二年级期中考试英语试卷 考生注意： 1.答卷前，考生务必将姓名、班级、学号等在指定位置填写清楚。 2.本试卷共有81道试题，满分115分，考试时间105分钟。请考生用黑色水笔或钢笔将答案直接写在答题卷上。 I. Grammar and Vocabulary Section A Directions: Beneath each of the following sentences there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one answer that best completes the sentence. 1. This startup project is ________ it requires team members to master cutting-edge AI tools, adapt quickly to market changes, and think creatively under high pressure. A. so as B. so that C. such as D. such that 2. He felt a wave of anxiety ________ his phone screen lit up with a call from an unknown number. A. the instant B. so long as C. as though D. so that 3. ________ everyone’s cellphone can take professional-quality photos, more people are sharing their lives through visual storytelling. A. In case B. In order that C. Now that D. As if 4. Creative ________ the AI-generated artwork appears, many people still feel that it lacks genuine human emotion. A. yet B. as C. that D. however 5. ________ solar panels convert sunlight into electricity, wind turbines convert wind energy into power — both are key to a sustainable future. A. In addition B. Until C. Just as D. Unless 6. ________ remote employees meet their deadlines and stay responsive, many companies don’t require them to work from the office. A. As long as B. As if C. Even if D. So that 7. The hiker discovered a phone ________ at the bottom of the cliff, but she had no idea ________ to return it to its owner. A. lying... how B. lying... what C. lie... how D. lain... what 8. ________, the online course officially began with a live welcome session. A. After all student registrations being confirmed B. Because all student registrations confirmed C. All student registrations are confirmed D. All student registrations confirmed 9. ________ by facial recognition system in public places has sparked debates on privacy rights. A. Monitored B. Being monitored C. Monitoring D. Having monitored 10. The success of the startup depends largely on ________ its customers expect from the new product. A. that B. what C. which D. whose Section B Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits. 2050 My lights turn on automatically. It’s 6.50 a.m. and the house is waking me up. Still sleepy, I find my uniform in the wardrobe and put it on. It had been washed, ironed, and hung up the night before by Lina X15 — my family’s housekeeper. When I was younger, she was my nanny. She ____11____ (be) with me all my life. My parents didn’t have time for children then and Lina, advertised as a reliable helper, looked after me. That’s why my parents bought her. Almost everyone has an X15 today. I enter the kitchen. My breakfast sits there, waiting for me. Always the same. planned, with a controlled quantity. The government says our planet can’t deal with overpopulation. Food is grown in laboratories, and every house receives just enough food — no more, no less. Mum always talks about the old days ____12____ people had vegetable gardens and could go to the market to buy food. Animals actually lived in the wild and not in carefully ____13____ (control) zoos. It’s all I’ve ever known. Robots are everywhere now; they are usually referred to as “zoids”. When they first came on the market in 2030, ____14____ wanted one. Now, twenty years later, they’ve taken over. They do almost everything. They work in labs and factories, fix teeth and perform surgeries. My dad used to be a surgeon ____15____ they found that “zoids” could do surgery better than humans. ____16____ (little) room for error, I guess. I walk to the window and look out ____17____ the landscape. All I see are buildings and interconnecting tunnels. Grey skyscrapers, all identical. I can spot my school — it is just over to the right, but it looks the same as every other building. Today we are having a lecturer from Los Angeles speak to us about the extinction of different species of animals, like the polar bear and the elephant. I find it strange that even with all our technology, we ____18____ hardly save them. I feel a tap on my shoulder. I turn around. “It’s time for school,” Lina says, her metallic voice ____19____ (echo) around the room, “Don’t be late.” “On my way,” I reply. “I’ll be back by 6 p.m.” I rush out the door and go down 60 floors to join the other children in my building. We’ve always walked through the tunnels to get to school. We’ve always breathed recycled air. We are children who have never been outside. I wonder ____20____ it’s like. Perhaps Lina can explain it to me. Section C (A) Directions: Complete the following sentences by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A. trendsetters B. original C. refundable D. deceptively E. ethical F. harmoniously G. trick H. feast I. undercover J. coordinator K. packed 21. As the hero leaps from a skyscraper and soars over a futuristic cityscape, the audience holds its breath. But what they’re seeing is a masterpiece of cinematic illusion. The actor, in reality, is suspended safely in a warehouse against a massive green screen, contorting in a harness. The dizzying height, the sprawling metropolis below, even the wind whipping through his hair — it’s all meticulously crafted in post-production. It’s all done using ________ photography, a blend of CGI, motion capture, and clever compositing that transforms a sterile studio into a breathtaking world of danger and wonder. 22. To expose the illegal practices at the industrial plant, journalist Sarah Chen went ________. Assuming a new identity with forged documents, she endured grueling shifts to secretly document the safety violations and wage theft, ultimately gathering the evidence needed to force a public scandal and government action. 23. Our marketing strategy starts with the ________. Instead of advertising to everyone, we first get them to love our product. Their genuine support builds trust and creates word-of-mouth that naturally reaches the wider market. 24. The lake looked ________ calm, hiding the strong, dangerous currents beneath its glassy surface. 25. This week is ________ with back-to-back meetings;I don’t even have time for a proper lunch. 26. I held my breath as the appraiser scrutinized my vintage poster. After what felt like an eternity, he looked up and confirmed it was indeed a valuable ________, not a mass-produced reprint. A wave of relief washed over me as he explained that this single fact would significantly increase its value, turning a forgotten attic find into a small fortune. 27. The city’s annual book fair is a ________ for the mind, attracting authors and readers from around the globe with its diverse range of literary offerings. 28. Through a masterful blend of respect and innovation, the architect’s design allows the sleek, contemporary extension to sit ________ with the time-worn original. The two structures, old and new, engage in a seamless conversation where clean modern lines and weathered historic stone complement rather than compete with one another. 29. We stand behind the quality of our product so firmly that we invite you to put it to the test risk-free. Your purchase is protected by a fully ________ 30-day money-back guarantee, ensuring you can buy with the assurance of complete satisfaction or your money back. 30. At the heart of the AI revolution lies a host of complex ________ dilemmas that society is only beginning to grapple with. We face a clash between unprecedented technological capability and our established moral frameworks, compelling us to redefine the boundaries of human responsibility and the very principles that will guide our future. Section D (B) Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A. press B. permanent C. physical D. perception E. exist F. unfold G. ashamed H. exit I. crisis J. daring K. prejudice Faith has such power because next to love it is the force most inherent in one’s own awareness. It directs to the light when darkness is upon us; it supplies incentives to action and turns ideas into realities. It fires the imagination, and this is essential, for one must envision the future and behave as if it were a fact before it can ____31____. It is faith that lights us into sustaining realities beyond those perceived by the ____32____ senses. Faith never despairs. Confronted with defeat, faith still lays up unseen treasures. Let the circumstances be ever so horrible, to choose faith is to create. Defeat is nothing to be____33____ of; it is routine in digging the gold of one’s personality. I have known people of faith who were defeated times without number and with whom I never associated failure. To succeed and remain mediocre is despicable. Defeat is simply a signal to ____34____ onward and a gateway to mental adventure that makes dull days exciting and causes the blood to sing. That is the meaning of the saying that victory is great, but defeat, if necessary, is greater. Faith is mental ____35____ of what is good together with a steady endeavor to live it despite all obstacles. I say obstacles because everything that is easy was once difficult. Ease is like rest, and like rest it can become stagnation. Without resistance, the bodily powers shrivel. Would the infant ever learn to walk or talk if it did not struggle? Serious harm, I am afraid, has been done to our generation by fostering the idea that they would live secure in a ____36____ order of things. It has tended to weaken their imagination and unfit them for independent steering of their destinies. Before it is too late, they must learn and teach others that only by brave acceptance of change and all-time ____37____ can they rise to the height of superlative responsibility. That is what the heroes of the nineteenth century did. They were not content to meet immediate danger in a self-denying manner. They went on from there and tore loose from a____38____ , a stale custom, and an out-of-date maxim. So can we. Security is mostly a superstition. It does not ____39____ in nature, nor do the children of men as a whole experience it. Avoiding danger is no safer in the longer run than outright exposure. The fearful are caught as often as the bold. Faith alone defends. Life is either a ____40____ adventure or nothing. To keep our faces toward change and behave like free spirits in the presence of fate is strength undefeatable. II. Reading Comprehension Section A Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. The Turing Test What is consciousness? Can an artificial machine really think? Does the mind just consist of neurons in the brain, or is there some spark which is difficult to describe, understand or measure at its core? For many, these have been vital ____41____ for the future of artificial intelligence. But British computer scientist Alan Turing decided to disregard all these questions ____42____ a much simpler one: can a computer talk like a human? This question led to an idea for measuring artificial intelligence that would famously come to be known as the Turing test. In the 1950 paper, “Computing Machinery and Intelligence,” Turing proposed the following game. A human judge has a text conversation with ____43____ players and evaluates their responses. To pass the test, a computer must be able to replace one of the players without considerably changing the results. In other words, a computer would be considered intelligent if its conversation couldn’t be easily ____44____ from a human’s. Turing predicted that by the year 2000, machines with 100 megabytes of memory would be able to easily pass his test. But he may have ____45____. Even though today’s computers have far more memory than that, few have succeeded and those that have done well focused more on finding clever ways to fool judges than using tremendous computing power. The first program with some claim to success was called ELIZA. With only a fairly short and simple script, it managed to ____46____ many people by imitating a psychologist, encouraging them to talk more and reflecting their own questions back at them. Its success in fooling people highlighted one ____47____ of the test. Humans regularly attribute intelligence to a whole range of things that are not actually intelligent. Nonetheless, annual competitions like the Loebner Prize have made the test more formal with judges knowing ahead of time that some of their conversation partners are ____48____. But while the quality has improved, many chatbot programmers have used similar strategies to ELIZA. 1997’s winner Catherine could carry on amazingly focused and intelligent conversation, but mostly if the judge wanted to talk about Bill Clinton. And the more recent winner Eugene Goostman was given the persona of a 13-year-old Ukrainian boy, so judges interpreted its awkward grammar as a result of linguistic and cultural ____49____. Meanwhile, other programs like Cleverbot have taken a different approach by statistically analyzing huge databases of real conversations to determine the best ____50____. Some also store memories of previous conversations in order to improve over time. But while Cleverbot’s individual responses can sound incredibly human, its ____51____ of a consistent personality and inability to deal with brand new topics are a dead giveaway. Who in Turing’s day could have predicted that today’s computers would be able to pilot spacecraft, perform delicate surgeries, and solve massive equations, but still ____52____ the most basic small talk? Human language turns out to be an amazingly complex phenomenon that can’t be captured by even the largest dictionary. Chatbots can be ____53____ by simple pauses, like “umm…” or questions with no correct answers. It turns out that simulating a human conversation takes more than just increasing ____54____ and processing power, and as we get closer to Turing’s goal, we may have to deal with all those big questions about ____55____ after all. 41 A. roles B. considerations C. fields D. systems 42. A. at the risk of B. in the direction of C. instead of D. in favor of 43. A. qualified B. humble C. unmatched D. unseen 44. A. separated B. sheltered C. distinguished D. divided 45. A. jumped the gun B. crossed the line C. spilled the beans D. bitten the bullet 46. A. mislead B. misinterpret C. mistreat D. mistrust 47. A. strength B. weakness C. setting D. version 48. A. humans B. machines C. aliens D. creatures 49. A. implications B. symbols C. barriers D. heritage 50. A. issues B. techniques C. strategies D. responses 51. A. characteristic B. presence C. lack D. likelihood 52. A. excel in B. take delight in C. struggle with D. shrug off 53. A. scared B. interrupted C. overshadowed D. confused 54. A. memory B. investments C. sensitivity D. luck 55. A. consciousness B. will C. science D. algorithm Section B Directions: Read the following passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. (A) Brutus speaks at a pulpit. Be patient till the last. Romans, countrymen and lovers, hear me for my cause, and be silent that you may hear. Believe me for mine honour, and have respect to mine honour that you may believe. Censure (谴责) me in your wisdom, and awake your senses that you may the better judge. If there be any in this assembly, any dear friend of Caesar’s, to him I say that Brutus’s love to Caesar was no less than his. If then that friend demand why Brutus rose against Caesar, this is my answer: Not that I loved Caesar less, but that I loved Rome more. Had you rather Caesar were living, and die all slaves, than that Caesar were dead, to live all freemen? As Caesar loved me, I weep for him. As he was fortunate, I rejoiced at it. As he was valiant (英勇坚决的), I honour him. But, as he was ambitious, I slew (杀戮) him. There are tears for his love, joy for his fortune, honour for his valour, and death for his ambition. Who is here so base that would be a bondman (奴隶)? If any, speak, for him have I offended. Who is here so rude that would not be a Roman? If any, speak, for him have I offended. Who is here so vile that will not love his country? If any, speak, for him have I offended. I pause for a reply. Antony mounts the pulpit Friends, Romans, countrymen, give me your attention. I have come here to bury Caesar, not to praise him. The evil that men do is remembered after their deaths, but the good is often buried with them. It might as well be the same with Caesar. The noble Brutus told you that Caesar was ambitious. If that’s true, it’s a serious fault, and Caesar has paid seriously for it. With the permission of Brutus and the others—for Brutus is an honourable man; they are all honourable men—I have come here to speak at Caesar’s funeral. He was my friend; he was faithful and just to me. But Brutus says he was ambitious, and Brutus is an honourable man. He brought many captives home to Rome, whose ransoms brought wealth to the city. Is this the work of an ambitious man? When the poor cried, Caesar cried too. Ambition shouldn’t be so soft. Yet Brutus says he was ambitious, and Brutus is an honourable man. You all saw that on the Lupercal feast day, I offered him a king’s crown three times, and he refused it three times. Was this ambition? Yet Brutus says he was ambitious. And, no question, Brutus is an honourable man. I am not here to disprove what Brutus has said, but to say what I know. You all loved him once, and not without reason. Then what reason holds you back from mourning him now? Men have become British beasts and lost their reason! Bear with me. My heart is in the coffin there with Caesar, and I must pause until it returns to me. (He weeps. ) Only yesterday the word of Caesar might have stood against the world. Now he lies there worth nothing, and no one is so humble as to show him respect. Oh, sirs, if I stirred your hearts and minds to mutiny and rage, I would offend Brutus and Cassius, who, you all know, are honourable men. I will not do them wrong. I would rather wrong the dead, and wrong myself and you, than wrong such honourable men. 56. How does Brutus feel about the death of Caesar? A. He deeply regrets his actions. B. He feels glad now that Caesar is dead. C. He feels it is justified as Caesar is ambitious. D. He feels it is justified as Caesar doesn’t like him. 57. What is correct about Brutus’s love for Caesar? A. He loves Caesar more than Rome. B. He loves Rome more than he does Caesar. C. He doesn’t love Caesar at all, but hates him. D. It is not strong enough to make him cry over Caesar’s death. 58. Which statement about Antony’s speech is false? A. Antony disagrees with Brutus. B. Antony is glad that Caesar is dead. C. Antony refuses to let Caesar be ambitious. D. Antony does not think that Caesar was a tyrant. 59. How does Antony primarily achieve his persuasive effect in his speech? A. By listing Caesar’s accomplishments and repeatedly questioning Brutus’s “honour.” B. By openly accusing Brutus of treason. C. By urging the crowd to immediate violence. D. By comparing Caesar to historical heroes. (B) Humans are born explorers and adventurers. We have this “desire” to explore new places and to go beyond. We have already climbed the highest mountain, explored the vastness of the Antarctica and the emptiness of Sahara. We have also reached outer space, stepped on the surface of our neighbour, the moon, and one day might even explore the vastness of our universe. There seems to be no end to humanity’s appetite for exploring our surroundings and the unknown. However, there are still some places on Earth that have not yet been reached or fully explored. And these places are some of the most isolated and mysterious places on this planet. Mariana Trench, Pacific Ocean Located in the western part of the Pacific Ocean, the Mariana Trench is the deepest part of the world’s oceans. The trench measures around 2,550 km long and 70 km wide on average, and reaches a depth of over 10,994 metres at one small part known as the Challenger Deep. The Mariana Trench is considered one of the least explored parts of the world due to its extreme depth. At this depth, the water pressure can be very dangerous. Still, life can be found in this part of the ocean. Previous expeditions to the trench have revealed a number of organisms and sea creatures, living in the deep sea. Vale do Javari, Brazil With an area of about 85444. 82 km², Vale do Javari is one of the largest indigenous territories in Brazil. The rainforest was named after the vast Javari River, which is the most important river system in the region. It is one of the most isolated places on Earth and also one of the hardest places to reach. The isolation of this remote place is largely due to the thick forest and extreme geographic location. In spite of its isolation, the tropical rainforest is home to a great number of indigenous people or Indian tribes. Those tribes, believed to be as many as 200 to 3,300 people, were first discovered through satellite images of the vast rainforest. Entering the region is prohibited by Brazilian law and the Vale do Javari is especially well-protected from outsiders and explorers by a local organisation dedicated to maintaining its rich biodiversity and protecting the forest from exploitation. Tsingy de Bemaraha Located near the western coast of Madagascar, the Tsingy de Bemaraha has been on the list of UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1990 to protect its unique geography and preserve the mangrove forests. The place is also home to huge numbers of animals and even new species. Some of the biggest attractions in this protected reserve are the incredibly needle-shaped limestone formations. However, those formations pose great dangers to explorers. In fact, the word “Tsingy” is derived from a local word, which means “the place where one cannot walk barefoot.” The limestone formations are terribly sharp and can easily cut through flesh with deadly effect, which makes exploring them extremely difficult and dangerous. Access to this nature reserve is limited, although tourists can reach the area either by road or plane. 60. Why is the Mariana Trench considered one of the least explored places on Earth? A. It is located too far from any continent. B. Its width makes it impossible to map accurately. C. It lacks any signs of life or scientific value. D. Its extreme depth leads to dangerous water pressure. 61. Based on the description of Vale do Javari, which of the following can be inferred about its indigenous tribes? A. They actively engage with modern society through trade. B. Their existence was confirmed through technological means. C. They rely on the Javari River for transportation to cities. D. Their population is precisely documented by Brazilian authorities. 62. What can be concluded about the Tsingy de Bemaraha from the local meaning of “Tsingy”? A. It is a popular tourist destination for hiking enthusiasts. B. The area is primarily covered by mangrove forests. C. Its limestone formations are exceptionally sharp and hazardous. D. Visitors must remove their shoes to enter the reserve. (C) Soon after sunset, a strange clicking fills the air at Hanningfield Reservoir in Essex. Some noises come from bat detectors, which change the high sounds made by bats into ones people can hear. Others come from small counters used by volunteers to count the bats flying out of a building. The noise sounds like experimental electronic music. About 20 years ago, conservationists first noticed soprano pipistrelles — tiny British bats — at Hanningfield. Since then, the colony has grown from around 500 in the early 2010s to over 2,000 today. This is just one example of a wider trend. Bat numbers are rising in Britain, which shows that some environmental laws are working, even if they sometimes make building new homes or roads more difficult. Bats are harder to count than birds because they come out at night and make sounds we can’t hear. But studies of their feeding and roosting (栖息) habits show that nearly all common bat species have increased since the late 1990s. One type, the greater horseshoe bat, has tripled in number. In contrast, many bird populations are still falling. Still, Britain likely has fewer bats than it did in the past. In the 18th century, the naturalist Gilbert White reported seeing hundreds at once over the Thames. But after World War II, poisonous chemicals, bad weather, and modern farming reduced their numbers. Old farm buildings, piles of dry grass, and broken farm machines, once perfect bat homes, disappeared. Because bats live long lives, have only one baby a year, and depend on group homes, losing even one large roost can hurt their numbers for years. Thankfully, strict environmental laws have made these losses rare. British bats also seem less affected by white-nose syndrome, a deadly disease that has wiped out many bats in North America. These days bats have the magical power of blocking housing and infrastructure, or raising its cost. In Norfolk, plans for a new road have been suspended because of rare barbastelle bats. A special bridge for bats along the HS2 railway is costing over £100 million. For a government eager for growth, this is unacceptable. A new law may reduce bat protections, letting developers destroy habitats as long as they pay to restore them elsewhere. For bat protectors, this creates a “licence to kill”. Public attitudes to bats have warmed over the years, though not to the point of adoration. Technology, like better bat detectors, might help more people learn to love them. The better you know something, the more you worry about it. 63. What do we know about the bats at Hanningfield Reservoir? A. Their sounds are being monitored by devices and volunteers. B. Their numbers have grown because of the relaxed regulations. C. They have caused huge disturbances to nearby construction. D. They represent the largest bat colony ever recorded in Britain. 64. Which line chart shows the correct trend of the bats population? A. B. C. D. 65. Why are bats subject to habitat losses? A. Because their natural habitats can keep them from various deadly diseases. B. Because they lose the magical power to protect the modern farm buildings. C Because individual bats cannot survive without constant group communication. D. Because their low reproduction rate and long lifespan require stability for growth. 66. Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for the passage? A. Habitat Loss and Disease: The Ongoing Threats to Bat Survival B. Bats and Technology: How Detectors Are Changing Conservation C. From Past to Present: The Tragic Fate of UK’s Bat Populations D. The Comeback of Bats: A Conservation Success Story with Challenges (D) Ads are everywhere. They are on our trains, they are on our planes, they are wrapped around our automobiles. They are even on the homeless. Yes, really; homeless people have been used as media space by marketers thinking outside the box; charmingly, it’s called “bumvertising”. Still, despite the constant creep of commercialism, there is one final frontier that has, as yet, remained blissfully ad-free: the graveyard. This isn’t to say that death doesn’t sell. On the contrary, posthumous fame is often the most lucrative. In Mark Twain’s play Is He Dead?, an artist fakes his death to increase the value of his work. As one of the characters explains:“A painter has so much more talent when he’s dead. Indeed, the deader he is, the better he is.” However, death normally doesn’t sell consumer brands. Nobody wants to see ads for hamburgers at a crematorium. Or be reminded that the unstoppable march of time means we are all going to die. Death is not aspirational and exploiting loss for money is inappropriate. Well, perhaps it’s not quite clear to everyone that it is. Last week, McDonald’s got a lot of grief for a TV advert that seemingly exploited bereaved children to flog fish sandwiches. More than 150 people complained to the Advertising Standards Authority about the dead dad ad and it has now been pulled with the usual PR fauxpology. “We respect our customers and their money very much and regret implying that a fried fish fillet could replace a father’s love, etc.” McDonald’s execs can take some solace in the fact that they aren’t the only marketing minds to have inexplicably decided that invoking family tragedy would be a winning strategy. In 2015 nationwide aired an ad featuring a drowned child during the Super Bowl. The camera cuts abruptly away to an ominous overflowing bath before reminding you that nationwide can“make safe happen”. And, hey, if safe doesn’t happen then at least you’ ll get some life insurance money. Now, to be clear, I don’t think that the McDonald’s or nationwide ads were made by Machiavellian monsters, cynically mining pain for profit. They were just bad ads created by an industry so high on its own puffery that it truly believes fast food brands have important things to say about bereavement. Nevertheless, there does appear to be a growing trend of brands engaging in griefsplotation. For instance, every time a celebrity dies, there follows a flurry of very bad tweets by companies trying to muscle their brand into the conversation. When Prince died last year, for example, Cheerios tweeted “Rest in peace” on a purple background — with a cheerio replacing the dot above the“i”. Fans were not impressed and Cheerios quickly deleted the tweet. But Homebase didn’t even bother making it look as if they cared about anything other than promoting themselves. Brands aren’t just leveraging celebrity deaths for product placement; national tragedies also make great content opportunities. Who could forget AT&T’s twin towers tweets? In 2013, the telecommunications company posted a tweet on 11 September that showed someone holding a phone up over the Tribute in Light memorial in New York City with the caption “Never Forget”. And, after the Boston Marathon bombing in 2013, the food website Epicurious tweeted:“In honor of Boston... may we suggest: wholegrain cranberry cones!” Shoehorning your brand into a social media conversation about a tragedy may be tasteless but it is a fairly rudimentary form of griefsplotation. Far more insidious is the way in which brands are now using our personal data to target us at the moments when we’ re feeling most vulnerable. Facebook has told advertisers it can identify when teenagers are feeling “stressed”, “defeated”, “overwhelmed”, “anxious” and “useless”, for example. It has also explicitly furnished advertisers with advice on how best to exploit — sorry, I mean “help” — people dealing with the grief of a breakup. Facebook’s research explains that heartbreak is the ideal marketing opportunity for those in the travel business: in the month after a newly single Facebook user has announced their breakup, there is an “increase of 25% more travel-related purchases”. Apparently “travel therapy has replaced retail therapy”: 55% of people surveyed by Facebook said that travelling after their breakup helped them move on, while only 8% of people said that shoes helped them move on. To be honest, some of these people probably just aren’t buying the right shoes. I mean, if you get boots that are made for walking, then that’s just what they’ll do. Anyway, if you break up with someone and find yourself suddenly bombarded with online ads for Virgin Holidays, this is probably why. Facebook is trying to help you heal. They care. They don’t want grief to consume you, they want you to consume your way out of grief. It’s really very sweet of them. At the very least, it’s better than a slap in the face with a wet filet of fish. 67. In the passage the author quoted Mark Twain’s play Is He Dead? to ________. A. remind us that the deader a person is, the better he is remembered B. give us an example that death can be used to promote selling brands C. illustrate that posthumous fame might be used to make more profits D. tell us that an artist could make more money after death 68. The expression “with the usual PR fauxpology” (para. 3) is used to ________. A. show McDonald’s sincere apology to the public after the incident B. reveal the particular PR posture with the marketing mind behind C. display the marketing minds of ever expanding commercialism D. criticise the practice of using family tragedy to promote brands 69. What is the writer’s attitude towards the issue discussed in the passage? A. Matter-of-fact, indifferent and neutral. B. Critical, cynical and satirical. C. Humorous, joking and explanatory. D. Lamenting and pessimistic. 70. Which of the following is NOT the example of griefsplotation? A. Consumer brands being sold with homeless people as media space. B. Involving in a social media conversation about a tragedy. C. Personal data being used to target people when they feel most vulnerable. D. Using celebrity deaths for product placement. 71. What can be concluded from the passage about Facebook? A. It promotes the use of travel therapy to replace retail therapy. B. It is quite helpful to cure people’s emotional wounds or grief. C. It can help advertisers identify teenager depression. D. It discovers more and more marketing opportunities for advertisers. Section C Directions: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need. Friendship Between Marx and Engels The friendship between Marx and Engels began in 1844. They had met previously, in 1842, in the office of the Rheinische Zeitung (《莱茵报》) , then the leading Democratic Republican journal in Germany, of which Marx was the editor. ____72____ Engels, the son of a leading cotton manufacturer and importer in Rhenish Prussia, had just finished his year in the army as lieutenant (陆军中尉) of the Guard-Artillery (炮兵警卫队). His upbringing in a Lutheran and commercial home atmosphere had been very different from that of Marx, who had been raised in an atmosphere of eighteenth-century French culture. In 1844, Marx made his way to Paris, and collaborated with a friend in producing a new review-magazine, The German French Year Book. When he read the article, “Outlines of Political Economy,” from young Frederick Engels away in Manchester, Marx proclaimed it a work of genius and wrote at once, enthusiastically, begging Engels, whenever he had occasion to return to Germany, to make his way there via Paris. Engels was only too delighted to comply. ____73____ For ten days they compared views and found that each had independently reached the same revolutionary conclusion: that the bourgeois (资产阶级) social order was, historically, a transitory phenomenon — an order doomed to give place, sooner or later, to the rule of the proletariat and a system of Communism. The fact that each had reached this conclusion by a different route — Engels by the study of the classic English political economy and of the English Labour Movement, Marx by the study of the great French Revolution and its outcome — made them only the more complementary to each other. The friendship sealed in these ten enthusiastic days — “ten days that shook the world” in a very real sense — lasted unbroken for the remainder of their lives. They fought side by side in the conduct of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung (《新莱茵报》), the most radical journal of the German Revolution of 1848 — 1849, and were separated only for a time. When Marx, driven from France, took refuge in London, Engels joined him and busied himself in finding openings for Marx to make a living by journalism; while he himself, to provide the “sinews of war,” made his peace with his father and resumed his place in the parental factory in Manchester. ____74____ How close their relationship was and how very much Engels’s stimulus and encouragement counted in promoting the development of Marx and his life-work can best be seen from the Marx-Engels Correspondence. They each wrote almost daily, and on every aspect of the theory for which they were jointly responsible. The range of subjects covered by them is as amazing as their range of languages. ____75____ Both were big men physically, but whereas Marx was broad and swarthy (肤色黝黑), Engels was tall and blonde. Marx was the more of a wit, Engels the more of a humorist; but both were men of intense feeling, both had a hatred of fuss (小题大做) and parade, and both were men of a radical profundity in the study of every subject they undertook. A. Marx and Engels began their friendship shortly afterwards. B. This time, both found that their original negative impression of each other was completely changed. C. Engels made his peace with his father because he wanted to support their cause. D. Thereafter for the rest of their lives they never lost contact. E. Neither was, at this first meeting, much drawn to the other. F. Physically and temperamentally they were very different, and at the same time much alike. Ⅲ. Summary 76. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. What Role Do Patents Play? Patents have been with us since the 17th century. In exchange for disclosing one’s invention, the state grants a limited, legal monopoly over exploitation. In theory, the system encourages more innovation, for the good of society. Recently, however, voices of dissent have been rising. Legal costs are high. Specialists game the system to their advantage. Life-saving innovations are priced beyond the means of the poor. On July 26, at the Euroscience Open Forum, economist David Levine argued that patents were discouraging innovation. “When Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak started developing the first Apple computers in a garage, they did not worry much about patents. They shared and borrowed ideas from their network of fellow geeks. They had had to pay royalties on all the software they borrowed, and borrowed ideas from their network of fellow geeks. If they had had to pay royalties on all the software they borrowed, we would have no email and no smartphones,” he said. We can learn from David’s ideas that innovation thrives when patents are not in the way. Actually, the most important software innovations in the US occurred before the US began allowing software patenting. More recently, the pace of innovation has dramatically slowed. Today, patents are often used as weapons. In the 1950s, an American inventor filed so-called “submarine patents” to claim an early form of machine vision technology. When others, decades later, developed the barcode and other machine readers, he sued to protect his previously unnoticed patents and collected more than $1 billion — even though the real development work had been done by others. In addition, big companies today routinely cross-license patents to avoid blocking one another — but in the process, they also block new entrants that could disrupt the market, improve services and lower costs. That hurts consumers and inventors. In fact, patents actually harm the economy. In the US, the cost of patent trolls — firms that acquire strategic patents and use legal threats to extract steep royalties from real innovators — now amounts to 12 per cent of business R&D spending. It is, in essence, a new tax on innovation. One study of the Great Exhibition of 1851, the world’s first technology fair in London, found that only 10 per cent of the innovations on display had been patented. As you can see, society can be more innovative without patents. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ IV. Translation Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 77. 正式投诉信的目的是寻求解决方案，而非对商家吹毛求疵。(fault)(汉译英) _____________________________________________________________________________________ 78. 近几十年，经济衰退迫使人们不再把各种非必要的消费放在首位。(priority)(汉译英) _____________________________________________________________________________________ 79. 人们普遍认为，视力受损人群越容易获得导盲犬的帮助，他们越可能拥有充实健康的生活。(It; accessible) (汉译英) _____________________________________________________________________________________ 80. 网红们通过在博客和社交媒体上说好话来推广公司的产品，这使订阅他们频道的粉丝们很难区分免费建议和付费广告。（tell）（汉译英） _____________________________________________________________________________________ V. Guided Writing 81. Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below. 近期，为提升城市生活品质，我市政府正在广泛征集市民建议。作为上海市民之一，请你从交通出行、公共空间、便民设施、文化遗产、市民素养、沪语传承、环境卫生等方面中，任选其一，写一封英文建议信。内容须包括： 1)现状分析； 2)具体建议； 3)效果展望。 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 高二年级期中考试英语试卷 考生注意： 1.答卷前，考生务必将姓名、班级、学号等在指定位置填写清楚。 2.本试卷共有81道试题，满分115分，考试时间105分钟。请考生用黑色水笔或钢笔将答案直接写在答题卷上。 I. Grammar and Vocabulary Section A Directions: Beneath each of the following sentences there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one answer that best completes the sentence. 1. This startup project is ________ it requires team members to master cutting-edge AI tools, adapt quickly to market changes, and think creatively under high pressure. A. so as B. so that C. such as D. such that 【答案】D 【解析】 【详解】考查结果状语从句。句意：这个创业项目的要求如此之高，以至于它需要团队成员掌握尖端人工智能工具、快速适应市场变化，并在高压下进行创造性思考。 A. so as为了，后接不定式，表目的）；B. so that以便 / 以至于，引导目的或结果状语从句）；C. such as例如，用于列举同类人或事物；D. such that如此…… 以至于……，引导结果状语从句。such that属于“such + (a/an) + 形容词 + 名词 + that...” 结构的省略形式，完整形式可理解为This startup project is such a demanding one that...。符合语境。故选D项。 2. He felt a wave of anxiety ________ his phone screen lit up with a call from an unknown number. A. the instant B. so long as C. as though D. so that 【答案】A 【解析】 【详解】考查连接词词义辨析。句意：手机屏幕一亮，显示有个陌生号码来电，他立刻感到一阵焦虑。 A. the instant一……就……；B. so long as只要；C. as though好像，似乎；D. so that以便 。根据句意可知，本句为the instant引导的时间状语从句。故选A项。 3. ________ everyone’s cellphone can take professional-quality photos, more people are sharing their lives through visual storytelling. A. In case B. In order that C. Now that D. As if 【答案】C 【解析】 【详解】考查连词辨析。句意：既然每个人的手机都能拍出专业品质的照片，更多的人正在通过视觉故事分享他们的生活。A. In case万一，以防；B. In order that为了；C. Now that既然，由于；D. As if好像。“everyone’s cellphone can take professional-quality photos”是“more people are sharing their lives through visual storytelling”的原因，即因为手机能拍出专业品质的照片，所以更多人通过视觉故事分享生活，用now that引导原因状语从句。故选C项。 4. Creative ________ the AI-generated artwork appears, many people still feel that it lacks genuine human emotion. A. yet B. as C. that D. however 【答案】B 【解析】 【详解】考查让步状语从句和倒装。句意：尽管人工智能生成的艺术品看起来很有创意，但许多人仍然觉得它缺乏真正的人类情感。A. yet但是；B. as尽管；C. that那个；D. however然而。由Creative和the AI-generated artwork appears可知，句子表示“尽管人工智能生成的艺术品看起来很有创意”，as引导让步状语从句，表示“尽管”，引起句子倒装，此处是将形容词Creative提前到主语前面，因此空格处是as，故选B。 5. ________ solar panels convert sunlight into electricity, wind turbines convert wind energy into power — both are key to a sustainable future. A. In addition B. Until C. Just as D. Unless 【答案】C 【解析】 【详解】考查连词和介词短语辨析。句意：正如太阳能电池板将太阳能转化为电能一样，风力涡轮机将风能转化为电力 —— 两者都是可持续未来的关键。A. In addition此外；B. Until直到……为止；C. Just as正如、就像；D. Unless除非。空处需用连词引导从句，此处指“太阳能电池板转化太阳能”与“风力涡轮机转化风能”的工作原理相似，用just as引导方式状语从句。故选C。 6. ________ remote employees meet their deadlines and stay responsive, many companies don’t require them to work from the office. A. As long as B. As if C. Even if D. So that 【答案】A 【解析】 【详解】考查连接词词义辨析。句意：只要远程员工能按时完成任务并保持响应，许多公司就不要求他们到办公室工作。 A. As long as只要；B. As if好像，似乎；C. Even if即使；D. So that以便，为了。根据句意可知，本句为as long as引导的条件状语从句。故选A项。 7. The hiker discovered a phone ________ at the bottom of the cliff, but she had no idea ________ to return it to its owner. A. lying... how B. lying... what C. lie... how D. lain... what 【答案】A 【解析】 【详解】考查非谓语动词和宾语从句。句意：这个徒步旅行者在悬崖底部发现了一部手机，但是她不知道如何把它归还给主人。第一空phone与lie是主谓关系，应是现在分词lying；第二空根据“return it to its owner”可知，此处表示“如何归还”，应用how引导宾语从句。故选A项。 8. ________, the online course officially began with a live welcome session. A. After all student registrations being confirmed B. Because all student registrations confirmed C. All student registrations are confirmed D. All student registrations confirmed 【答案】D 【解析】 【详解】考查独立主格结构。句意：所有学生的注册信息确认后，这门线上课程以一场直播欢迎会正式启动。A. After all student registrations being confirmed 语法错误：after是连词，后接从句时需用完整谓语结构（如 after all student registrations were confirmed）；若接非谓语动词，需省略being，直接用after all student registrations confirmed（独立主格形式），being多余，排除。B. Because all student registrations confirmed语法错误，because后接从句需完整谓语（如 because all student registrations were confirmed”），直接用 confirmed（过去分词）缺少谓语动词，结构不完整，排除。C. All student registrations are confirmed 语法错误，这是一个完整的主谓宾句子，而题干中前后两部分无连词连接（逗号不能连接两个独立句子），属于“逗号连接两个分句” 的语法错误（run-on sentence），排除。D. All student registrations confirmed正确结构：独立主格结构（逻辑主语all student registrations+过去分词 confirmed）。故选D项。 9. ________ by facial recognition system in public places has sparked debates on privacy rights. A. Monitored B. Being monitored C. Monitoring D. Having monitored 【答案】B 【解析】 【详解】考查动名词的被动形式作主语。句意：在公共场所被面部识别系统监控引发了关于隐私权的争论。has sparked是句子的谓语，“________ by facial recognition system in public places”这部分作主语，monitor（监控）与逻辑主语“人”之间是被动关系，即人被监控，所以用动名词的被动形式being monitored作主语。故选B。 10. The success of the startup depends largely on ________ its customers expect from the new product. A. that B. what C. which D. whose 【答案】B 【解析】 【详解】考查宾语从句。句意：该创业公司的成功很大程度上取决于客户对新产品的期望。空处引导宾语从句，从句中谓语expect缺少宾语，指代事情，应用连接代词what作引导词。故选B。 Section B Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits. 2050 My lights turn on automatically. It’s 6.50 a.m. and the house is waking me up. Still sleepy, I find my uniform in the wardrobe and put it on. It had been washed, ironed, and hung up the night before by Lina X15 — my family’s housekeeper. When I was younger, she was my nanny. She ____11____ (be) with me all my life. My parents didn’t have time for children then and Lina, advertised as a reliable helper, looked after me. That’s why my parents bought her. Almost everyone has an X15 today. I enter the kitchen. My breakfast sits there, waiting for me. Always the same. planned, with a controlled quantity. The government says our planet can’t deal with overpopulation. Food is grown in laboratories, and every house receives just enough food — no more, no less. Mum always talks about the old days ____12____ people had vegetable gardens and could go to the market to buy food. Animals actually lived in the wild and not in carefully ____13____ (control) zoos. It’s all I’ve ever known. Robots are everywhere now; they are usually referred to as “zoids”. When they first came on the market in 2030, ____14____ wanted one. Now, twenty years later, they’ve taken over. They do almost everything. They work in labs and factories, fix teeth and perform surgeries. My dad used to be a surgeon ____15____ they found that “zoids” could do surgery better than humans. ____16____ (little) room for error, I guess. I walk to the window and look out ____17____ the landscape. All I see are buildings and interconnecting tunnels. Grey skyscrapers, all identical. I can spot my school — it is just over to the right, but it looks the same as every other building. Today we are having a lecturer from Los Angeles speak to us about the extinction of different species of animals, like the polar bear and the elephant. I find it strange that even with all our technology, we ____18____ hardly save them. I feel a tap on my shoulder. I turn around. “It’s time for school,” Lina says, her metallic voice ____19____ (echo) around the room, “Don’t be late.” “On my way,” I reply. “I’ll be back by 6 p.m.” I rush out the door and go down 60 floors to join the other children in my building. We’ve always walked through the tunnels to get to school. We’ve always breathed recycled air. We are children who have never been outside. I wonder ____20____ it’s like. Perhaps Lina can explain it to me. 【答案】11. has been 12. when 13. controlled 14. everyone##everybody 15. before 16. Less 17. over 18. could##can 19. echoing 20. what 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。主要讲述了2050年机器人zoids遍布生活各领域、实验室培育食物、人类在隧道居住的未来图景，以及作者对外部世界的好奇。 【11题详解】 考查动词时态。句意：她一辈子都和我在一起。根据语境和all my life可知，此处表示从过去持续到现在，应用现在完成时，主语是She，助动词用has。故填has been。 【12题详解】 考查定语从句。句意：妈妈总是谈论过去人们有菜园，可以去市场买食物的日子。空处引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词the old days，指时间，关系词在从句中作时间状语，所以用关系副词when引导该从句。故填when。 【13题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：动物实际上生活在野外，而不是在精心控制的动物园里。空处作定语修饰名词zoos，且zoos与control之间是被动关系，所以用过去分词形式controlled作定语。故填controlled。 【14题详解】 考查不定代词。句意：当它们在2030年首次上市时，每个人都想要一个。根据语境可知，此处表示“每个人”，应用不定代词everyone/everybody。故填everyone/everybody。 【15题详解】 考查介词。句意：在他们发现zoids做手术比人类做得更好之前，我爸爸曾经是一名外科医生。根据语境可知，此处表示“在……之前”，应用介词before。故填before。 【16题详解】 考查形容词比较级。句意：我想是犯错的余地更小了。根据语境和than humans可知，此处表示“更小的”，应用形容词比较级less，且句首单词首字母要大写。故填Less。 【17题详解】 考查介词。句意：我走到窗前，眺望风景。look out over是固定短语，意为“眺望，俯瞰”。故填over。 【18题详解】 考查情态动词。句意：我觉得奇怪的是，即使有了我们所有的技术，我们几乎也救不了它们。根据语境可知，此处表示“能够”，可以用情态动词could或can。故填could/can。 【19题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：“该上学了，”莉娜说，她金属般的声音在房间里回荡，“别迟到了。”空处是非谓语动词作状语，her metallic voice与echo之间是主动关系，所以用现在分词形式echoing作状语。故填echoing。 【20题详解】 考查宾语从句。句意：我想知道那是什么样的。空处引导宾语从句，且从句中缺少表语，表示“什么”，所以用连接代词what引导该从句。故填what。 Section C (A) Directions: Complete the following sentences by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A. trendsetters B. original C. refundable D. deceptively E. ethical F. harmoniously G. trick H. feast I. undercover J. coordinator K. packed 21. As the hero leaps from a skyscraper and soars over a futuristic cityscape, the audience holds its breath. But what they’re seeing is a masterpiece of cinematic illusion. The actor, in reality, is suspended safely in a warehouse against a massive green screen, contorting in a harness. The dizzying height, the sprawling metropolis below, even the wind whipping through his hair — it’s all meticulously crafted in post-production. It’s all done using ________ photography, a blend of CGI, motion capture, and clever compositing that transforms a sterile studio into a breathtaking world of danger and wonder. 22. To expose the illegal practices at the industrial plant, journalist Sarah Chen went ________. Assuming a new identity with forged documents, she endured grueling shifts to secretly document the safety violations and wage theft, ultimately gathering the evidence needed to force a public scandal and government action. 23. Our marketing strategy starts with the ________. Instead of advertising to everyone, we first get them to love our product. Their genuine support builds trust and creates word-of-mouth that naturally reaches the wider market. 24. The lake looked ________ calm, hiding the strong, dangerous currents beneath its glassy surface. 25 This week is ________ with back-to-back meetings;I don’t even have time for a proper lunch. 26. I held my breath as the appraiser scrutinized my vintage poster. After what felt like an eternity, he looked up and confirmed it was indeed a valuable ________, not a mass-produced reprint. A wave of relief washed over me as he explained that this single fact would significantly increase its value, turning a forgotten attic find into a small fortune. 27. The city’s annual book fair is a ________ for the mind, attracting authors and readers from around the globe with its diverse range of literary offerings. 28. Through a masterful blend of respect and innovation, the architect’s design allows the sleek, contemporary extension to sit ________ with the time-worn original. The two structures, old and new, engage in a seamless conversation where clean modern lines and weathered historic stone complement rather than compete with one another. 29. We stand behind the quality of our product so firmly that we invite you to put it to the test risk-free. Your purchase is protected by a fully ________ 30-day money-back guarantee, ensuring you can buy with the assurance of complete satisfaction or your money back. 30. At the heart of the AI revolution lies a host of complex ________ dilemmas that society is only beginning to grapple with. We face a clash between unprecedented technological capability and our established moral frameworks compelling us to redefine the boundaries of human responsibility and the very principles that will guide our future. 【答案】21. G 22. I 23. A 24. D 25. K 26. B 27. H 28. F 29 C 30. E 【解析】 【21题详解】 考查形容词。句意：当英雄从摩天大楼跃下，在未来主义的城市景观上空翱翔时，观众屏住了呼吸。但他们看到的是电影幻觉的杰作。实际上，演员安全地悬挂在仓库里的巨大绿幕前，在背带里扭动。令人眩晕的高度、下方蔓延的大都市，甚至吹过他头发的风——这一切都是在后期制作中精心制作的。这一切都是通过特技摄影完成的，结合了计算机生成图像、动作捕捉和巧妙的合成，将单调的工作室变成了一个充满危险和奇迹的惊人世界。根据“photography, a blend of CGI, motion capture, and clever compositing”可知，此空应是形容词trick，意为“令人迷惑的，使人产生错觉的”，trick photography表示“特技摄影”。故选G。 【22题详解】 考查固定短语。句意：为了揭露工厂的非法行为，记者Sarah Chen进行了卧底调查。她用伪造文件冒用新身份，忍受着艰苦的轮班，秘密记录安全违规和工资盗窃行为，最终收集到了迫使公众丑闻和官方介入所需的证据。根据“Assuming a new identity with forged documents”可知，此空应是undercover，go undercover是固定短语，意为“卧底”。故选I。 【23题详解】 考查名词。句意：我们的营销策略从引领潮流者开始。我们不是向所有人做广告，而是首先让他们爱上我们的产品。他们的真正支持建立了信任，并创造了口碑，自然地传播到更广泛的市场。根据“Instead of advertising to everyone, we first get them to love our product”可知，此空应是名词复数trendsetters作宾语，意为“引领潮流者”。故选A。 【24题详解】 考查副词。句意：湖面看似平静，但其光亮透明的表面下隐藏着强劲、危险的水流。根据“calm”以及“strong, dangerous currents beneath its glassy surface”可知，此空应是副词deceptively做状语，意为“看似；看似地”。故选D。 【25题详解】 考查固定短语。句意：这周排满了连续的会议，我甚至没有时间吃一顿像样的午餐。根据“with back-to-back meetings”以及“don’t even have time for a proper lunch.”可知，此空应是packed，be packed with是固定短语，意为“挤满；排满”。故选K。 【26题详解】 考查名词。句意：当鉴定师仔细检查我的复古海报时，我屏住了呼吸。过了仿佛一个世纪那么久，他抬起头来，确认这确实是一份有价值的原作，而不是大量生产的复制品。当他解释说这一点将显著增加它的价值，把一个被遗忘的阁楼发现变成一笔小财富时，我如释重负。根据“not a mass-produced reprint”可知，此空应是名词original作表语，意为“原作；原件”。故选B。 【27题详解】 考查名词。句意：这座城市的年度书展是一场思想盛宴，以其多样的文学作品吸引了来自全球的作者和读者。根据“for the mind”以及“its diverse range of literary offerings”可知，此空应是名词feast作表语，意为“盛宴”，a feast for the mind是固定表达，意为“思想盛宴”。故选H。 【28题详解】 考查副词。句意：通过尊重与创新的巧妙结合，建筑师的设计使光滑的现代延伸部分与古老的原作和谐地共存。新旧两座建筑进行着无缝的对话，简洁的现代线条和风化的历史石材相互补充而非相互竞争。根据“the sleek, contemporary extension to sit ____ with the time-worn original”、“a seamless conversation”以及“complement”可知，此空应是副词harmoniously做状语，意为“和谐地”。故选F。 【29题详解】 考查形容词。句意：我们坚信我们的产品质量，因此邀请您无风险地对其进行测试。您的购买受到完全可退款的30天退款保证的保护，确保您可以放心购买，完全满意或退款。根据“30-day money-back guarantee”可知，此空应是形容词refundable作定语，意为“可退款的”。故选C。 【30题详解】 考查形容词。句意：人工智能革命的核心在于一系列复杂的伦理困境，社会才刚刚开始应对。我们面临着前所未有的技术能力与我们既定的道德框架之间的冲突，迫使我们重新定义人类责任的边界以及将引导我们未来的原则。根据“dilemmas”、“moral frameworks”以及“human responsibility”可知，此空应是形容词ethical作定语，意为“伦理的；道德的”。故选E。 Section D (B) Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A. press B. permanent C. physical D. perception E. exist F. unfold G. ashamed H. exit I. crisis J. daring K. prejudice Faith has such power because next to love it is the force most inherent in one’s own awareness. It directs to the light when darkness is upon us; it supplies incentives to action and turns ideas into realities. It fires the imagination, and this is essential, for one must envision the future and behave as if it were a fact before it can ____31____. It is faith that lights us into sustaining realities beyond those perceived by the ____32____ senses. Faith never despairs. Confronted with defeat, faith still lays up unseen treasures. Let the circumstances be ever so horrible, to choose faith is to create. Defeat is nothing to be____33____ of; it is routine in digging the gold of one’s personality. I have known people of faith who were defeated times without number and with whom I never associated failure. To succeed and remain mediocre is despicable. Defeat is simply a signal to ____34____ onward and a gateway to mental adventure that makes dull days exciting and causes the blood to sing. That is the meaning of the saying that victory is great, but defeat, if necessary, is greater. Faith is mental ____35____ of what is good, together with a steady endeavor to live it despite all obstacles. I say obstacles because everything that is easy was once difficult. Ease is like rest, and like rest it can become stagnation. Without resistance, the bodily powers shrivel. Would the infant ever learn to walk or talk if it did not struggle? Serious harm, I am afraid, has been done to our generation by fostering the idea that they would live secure in a ____36____ order of things. It has tended to weaken their imagination and unfit them for independent steering of their destinies. Before it is too late, they must learn and teach others that only by brave acceptance of change and all-time ____37____ can they rise to the height of superlative responsibility. That is what the heroes of the nineteenth century did. They were not content to meet immediate danger in a self-denying manner. They went on from there and tore loose from a____38____ , a stale custom, and an out-of-date maxim. So can we. Security is mostly a superstition. It does not ____39____ in nature, nor do the children of men as a whole experience it. Avoiding danger is no safer in the longer run than outright exposure. The fearful are caught as often as the bold. Faith alone defends. Life is either a ____40____ adventure or nothing. To keep our faces toward change and behave like free spirits in the presence of fate is strength undefeatable. 【答案】31. F 32. C 33. G 34. A 35. D 36. B 37. I 38. K 39. E 40. J 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要论述了信念的强大力量，包括其在困境中的指引作用、对待失败的态度，以及信念对个人成长和突破的重要意义。 【31题详解】 考查动词。句意：信念能激发想象力，而这一点至关重要，因为一个人必须先展望未来，并付诸行动仿佛未来已成既定事实，未来才会逐渐显现。情态动词can后接动词原形，结合语“envision the future and behave as if it were a fact”可知，只有先设想并行动，未来才会慢慢呈现，动词unfold“逐渐显现；展开”符合题意。故选F。 【32题详解】 考查形容词。句意：正是信念指引我们走向那些超越感官所能感知的、持久的现实。空处修饰名词senses，结合 “beyond those perceived”可知，此处指超越身体感官感知的现实，形容词physical“身体的；肉体的”符合题意。故选C。 【33题详解】 考查形容词。句意：失败并不可耻；在挖掘个人品格这座金矿的过程中，失败是家常便饭。结合后文“it is routine”可知，失败是正常的，无需羞愧，形容词ashamed“羞愧的；惭愧的”符合题意，此处为固定搭配be ashamed of，意为“为……感到羞耻”。故选G。 【34题详解】 考查动词。句意：失败只是一个催人奋进的信号，是开启心智探索的大门，它能让平淡的日子变得精彩，让人热血沸腾。不定式符号to后接动词原形，结合“onward”可知，失败会促使人们继续前行，动词press“奋力前进；推进”符合题意。故选A。 【35题详解】 考查名词。句意：信念是对美好事物的一种内心认知，是即便遭遇重重阻碍，仍坚持不懈去践行美好的一种精神。空处作表语，结合“of what is good”可知，信念是对美好事物的认知，名词perception“认知；看法”符合题意。故选D。 【36题详解】 考查形容词。句意：我担心，让我们这一代人认为自己会在一个永恒不变的既定秩序中安稳生活，这种观念已经给他们造成了严重的伤害。空处修饰名词order，结合后文“weaken their imagination and unfit them for independent steering of their destinies”可知，这种“永恒不变的”秩序观念会削弱人的想象力，形容词permanent“永恒的；永久的”符合题意。故选B。 【37题详解】 考查名词。句意：趁现在还来得及，他们必须学会并教导他人，只有勇敢地接受变化，始终保持勇敢无畏，才能肩负起重大的责任。空处与change并列，结合前文“brave acceptance of change”可知，需要具备勇敢的品质，名词 daring“勇敢；无畏”符合题意。故选I。 【38题详解】 考查名词。句意：他们并未止步于此，而是摆脱了偏见、陈腐的习俗和过时的格言。空处与 “a stale custom, and an out-of-date maxim” 并列作宾语，均指需要摆脱的负面事物，名词 prejudice“偏见；成见” 符合题意。故选K。 【39题详解】 考查动词。句意：安全感在很大程度上是一种迷信。它在自然界中并不存在，人类整体上也从未体验过它。助动词does not后接动词原形，结合前文“Security is mostly a superstition”可知，安全感并不真实存在，动词exist“存在”符合题意。故选E。 【40题详解】 考查形容词。句意：人生要么是一场惊心动魄的冒险，要么就毫无意义。空处修饰名词adventure，结合前文对信念、勇敢和变化的论述，人生应是充满挑战的冒险，crisis在此处可理解为“充满危机与挑战的”，修饰adventure，符合语境。故选J。 II. Reading Comprehension Section A Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. The Turing Test What is consciousness? Can an artificial machine really think? Does the mind just consist of neurons in the brain, or is there some spark which is difficult to describe, understand or measure at its core? For many, these have been vital ____41____ for the future of artificial intelligence. But British computer scientist Alan Turing decided to disregard all these questions ____42____ a much simpler one: can a computer talk like a human? This question led to an idea for measuring artificial intelligence that would famously come to be known as the Turing test. In the 1950 paper, “Computing Machinery and Intelligence,” Turing proposed the following game. A human judge has a text conversation with ____43____ players and evaluates their responses. To pass the test, a computer must be able to replace one of the players without considerably changing the results. In other words, a computer would be considered intelligent if its conversation couldn’t be easily ____44____ from a human’s. Turing predicted that by the year 2000, machines with 100 megabytes of memory would be able to easily pass his test. But he may have ____45____. Even though today’s computers have far more memory than that, few have succeeded and those that have done well focused more on finding clever ways to fool judges than using tremendous computing power. The first program with some claim to success was called ELIZA. With only a fairly short and simple script, it managed to ____46____ many people by imitating a psychologist, encouraging them to talk more and reflecting their own questions back at them. Its success in fooling people highlighted one ____47____ of the test. Humans regularly attribute intelligence to a whole range of things that are not actually intelligent. Nonetheless, annual competitions like the Loebner Prize have made the test more formal with judges knowing ahead of time that some of their conversation partners are ____48____. But while the quality has improved, many chatbot programmers have used similar strategies to ELIZA. 1997’s winner Catherine could carry on amazingly focused and intelligent conversation, but mostly if the judge wanted to talk about Bill Clinton. And the more recent winner Eugene Goostman was given the persona of a 13-year-old Ukrainian boy, so judges interpreted its awkward grammar as a result of linguistic and cultural ____49____. Meanwhile, other programs like Cleverbot have taken a different approach by statistically analyzing huge databases of real conversations to determine the best ____50____. Some also store memories of previous conversations in order to improve over time. But while Cleverbot’s individual responses can sound incredibly human, its ____51____ of a consistent personality and inability to deal with brand new topics are a dead giveaway. Who in Turing’s day could have predicted that today’s computers would be able to pilot spacecraft, perform delicate surgeries, and solve massive equations, but still ____52____ the most basic small talk? Human language turns out to be an amazingly complex phenomenon that can’t be captured by even the largest dictionary. Chatbots can be ____53____ by simple pauses, like “umm…” or questions with no correct answers. It turns out that simulating a human conversation takes more than just increasing ____54____ and processing power, and as we get closer to Turing’s goal, we may have to deal with all those big questions about ____55____ after all. 41. A. roles B. considerations C. fields D. systems 42. A. at the risk of B. in the direction of C. instead of D. in favor of 43. A. qualified B. humble C. unmatched D. unseen 44. A. separated B. sheltered C. distinguished D. divided 45. A. jumped the gun B. crossed the line C. spilled the beans D. bitten the bullet 46. A. mislead B. misinterpret C. mistreat D. mistrust 47. A. strength B. weakness C. setting D. version 48. A. humans B. machines C. aliens D. creatures 49. A. implications B. symbols C. barriers D. heritage 50. A. issues B. techniques C. strategies D. responses 51. A. characteristic B. presence C. lack D. likelihood 52. A. excel in B. take delight in C. struggle with D. shrug off 53. A. scared B. interrupted C. overshadowed D. confused 54. A. memory B. investments C. sensitivity D. luck 55. A. consciousness B. will C. science D. algorithm 【答案】41. B 42. D 43. D 44. C 45. A 46. A 47. B 48. B 49. C 50. D 51. C 52. C 53. D 54. A 55. A 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了图灵测试的定义、发展历程，以及当前聊天机器人在测试中面临的挑战与局限。 【41题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：对许多人来说，这些一直是人工智能未来发展至关重要的考量因素。A. roles角色；B. considerations考量，思考；C. fields领域；D. systems系统。根据上文“What is consciousness? Can an artificial machine really think? Does the mind just consist of neurons in the brain, or is there some spark which is difficult to describe, understand or measure at its core? ”提出的关于意识、机器思维等一系列核心问题可知，这些问题是人工智能未来发展需要重点考量的内容。故选B。 【42题详解】 考查介词短语辨析。句意：但英国计算机科学家艾伦・图灵决定抛开所有这些问题，转而聚焦于一个更简单的问题：计算机能像人类一样交谈吗？A. at the risk of冒着……的风险；B. in the direction of朝着……的方向；C. instead of而不是；D. in favor of支持，转而选择。根据前文“disregard all these questions”和后文“a much simpler one”可知，图灵放弃了复杂问题，转而选择了更简单的问题。故选D。 【43题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：一位人类裁判与看不见的参与者进行文本对话，并对他们的回答进行评估。A. qualified合格的；B. humble谦逊的；C. unmatched无与伦比的；D. unseen看不见的。根据上文“has a text conversation”通过文本对话判断对方是否为机器可知，参与者是处于看不见的状态。故选D。 【44题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：换句话说，如果一台计算机的对话无法被轻易与人类的对话区分开来，那么它就会被认为是具有智能的。A. separated分离；B. sheltered庇护；C. distinguished区分，辨别；D. divided划分。根据前文“ In other words, a computer would be considered intelligent ”可知，此处指如果机器的对话无法与人类对话区分开，就说明机器是智能的。故选C。 【45题详解】 考查动词短语辨析。句意：但他可能操之过急了。A. jumped the gun操之过急，过早行动；B. crossed the line越界；C. spilled the beans泄露秘密；D. bitten the bullet咬紧牙关。根据前文图灵预测2000年机器能轻松通过测试，以及后文“Even though today’s computers have far more memory than that, few have succeeded”可知，他的预测过于乐观，操之过急了。故选A。 【46题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：它只有一个相当简短简单的脚本，却通过模仿心理学家、鼓励人们多说，并将他们自己的问题反馈给他们的方式，成功误导了许多人。A. mislead误导；B. misinterpret误解；C. mistreat虐待；D. mistrust不信任。根据后文“Its success in fooling people”可知，ELIZA成功愚弄了人们，即误导了人们。故选A。 【47题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：它成功愚弄人们这一事实凸显了该测试的一个缺陷。A. strength优势；B. weakness弱点，缺陷；C. setting环境；D. version版本。根据后文“Humans regularly attribute intelligence to a whole range of things that are not actually intelligent”可知，人类常会误判智能，这是测试存在的缺陷。故选B。 【48题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：尽管如此，像罗布纳奖这样的年度比赛还是让这项测试变得更加正式，裁判们提前就知道他们的一些对话对象是机器。A. humans人类；B. machines机器；C. aliens外星人；D. creatures生物。根据前文“ In the 1950 paper, “Computing Machinery and Intelligence,” Turing proposed the following game.”可知，对话对象中包含机器。故选B。 【49题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：而最近的获胜者尤金・古斯特曼被设定为一个13岁的乌克兰男孩的角色，因此裁判们将其蹩脚的语法解读为语言和文化障碍导致的结果。A. implications暗示；B. symbols象征；C. barriers障碍；D. heritage遗产。根据前文“13-year-old Ukrainian boy”可知，设定的身份有语言和文化差异，裁判会将语法问题归因为这种差异带来的障碍。故选C。 【50题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：与此同时，像聪慧机器人这样的其他程序则采取了不同的方法，通过对海量真实对话数据库进行统计分析，来确定最佳回复。A. issues问题；B. techniques技术；C. strategies策略；D. responses回复。根据前文“statistically analyzing huge databases of real conversations”和聊天机器人的功能可知，分析对话数据库是为了给出最佳回复。故选D。 【51题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：但是，尽管Cleverbot的单个回复听起来极其人性化，但它缺乏稳定的个性，且无法应对全新话题，这两点是明显的破绽。A. characteristic特征；B. presence存在；C. lack缺乏；D. likelihood可能性。根据后文“inability to deal with brand new topics”可知，此处指其存在的不足，即缺乏稳定的个性。故选C。 【52题详解】 考查动词短语辨析。句意：在图灵的时代，谁能预测到如今的计算机能够驾驶宇宙飞船、进行精密手术、解决庞大的方程式，却仍然在最基本的闲聊中挣扎呢？A. excel in擅长；B. take delight in乐于；C. struggle with在……中挣扎；D. shrug off摆脱。根据前文“today’s computers would be able to pilot spacecraft, perform delicate surgeries, and solve massive equations”计算机能完成复杂任务，以及转折词but可知，此处指计算机在简单闲聊中仍有困难，挣扎其中。故选C。 【53题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：聊天机器人会被像“嗯……”这样的简单停顿，或是没有标准答案的问题弄糊涂。A. scared害怕；B. interrupted打断；C. overshadowed使黯然失色；D. confused使困惑，弄糊涂。根据前文“Human language turns out to be an amazingly complex phenomenon”可知，人类语言复杂，简单停顿和无标准答案的问题会让聊天机器人困惑。故选D。 【54题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：事实证明，模拟人类对话不仅仅需要增加内存和处理能力，而且当我们离图灵的目标越来越近时，我们终究可能还是要面对所有那些关于意识的重大问题。A. memory内存，记忆；B. investments投资；C. sensitivity敏感性；D. luck运气。根据前文“machines with 100 megabytes of memory”可知，前文提及图灵对机器内存的预测，此处呼应前文，指模拟人类对话需要增加内存。故选A。 【55题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：事实证明，模拟人类对话不仅仅需要增加内存和处理能力，而且当我们离图灵的目标越来越近时，我们终究可能还是要面对所有那些关于意识的重大问题。A. consciousness意识；B. will意志；C. science科学；D. algorithm算法。根据文章开头“What is consciousness? Can an artificial machine really think?”可知，文章开篇便提出关于意识的问题，此处首尾呼应，指最终仍要面对意识相关的重大问题。故选A。 Section B Directions: Read the following passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. (A) Brutus speaks at a pulpit. Be patient till the last. Romans, countrymen and lovers, hear me for my cause, and be silent that you may hear. Believe me for mine honour, and have respect to mine honour that you may believe. Censure (谴责) me in your wisdom, and awake your senses that you may the better judge. If there be any in this assembly, any dear friend of Caesar’s, to him I say that Brutus’s love to Caesar was no less than his. If then that friend demand why Brutus rose against Caesar, this is my answer: Not that I loved Caesar less, but that I loved Rome more. Had you rather Caesar were living, and die all slaves, than that Caesar were dead, to live all freemen? As Caesar loved me, I weep for him. As he was fortunate, I rejoiced at it. As he was valiant (英勇坚决的), I honour him. But, as he was ambitious, I slew (杀戮) him. There are tears for his love, joy for his fortune, honour for his valour, and death for his ambition. Who is here so base that would be a bondman (奴隶)? If any, speak, for him have I offended. Who is here so rude that would not be a Roman? If any, speak, for him have I offended. Who is here so vile that will not love his country? If any, speak, for him have I offended. I pause for a reply. Antony mounts the pulpit. Friends, Romans, countrymen, give me your attention. I have come here to bury Caesar, not to praise him. The evil that men do is remembered after their deaths, but the good is often buried with them. It might as well be the same with Caesar. The noble Brutus told you that Caesar was ambitious. If that’s true, it’s a serious fault, and Caesar has paid seriously for it. With the permission of Brutus and the others—for Brutus is an honourable man; they are all honourable men—I have come here to speak at Caesar’s funeral. He was my friend; he was faithful and just to me. But Brutus says he was ambitious, and Brutus is an honourable man. He brought many captives home to Rome, whose ransoms brought wealth to the city. Is this the work of an ambitious man? When the poor cried, Caesar cried too. Ambition shouldn’t be so soft. Yet Brutus says he was ambitious, and Brutus is an honourable man. You all saw that on the Lupercal feast day, I offered him a king’s crown three times, and he refused it three times. Was this ambition? Yet Brutus says he was ambitious. And, no question, Brutus is an honourable man. I am not here to disprove what Brutus has said, but to say what I know. You all loved him once, and not without reason. Then what reason holds you back from mourning him now? Men have become British beasts and lost their reason! Bear with me. My heart is in the coffin there with Caesar, and I must pause until it returns to me. (He weeps. ) Only yesterday the word of Caesar might have stood against the world. Now he lies there worth nothing, and no one is so humble as to show him respect. Oh, sirs, if I stirred your hearts and minds to mutiny and rage, I would offend Brutus and Cassius, who, you all know, are honourable men. I will not do them wrong. I would rather wrong the dead, and wrong myself and you, than wrong such honourable men. 56. How does Brutus feel about the death of Caesar? A. He deeply regrets his actions. B. He feels glad now that Caesar is dead. C. He feels it is justified as Caesar is ambitious. D. He feels it is justified as Caesar doesn’t like him. 57. What is correct about Brutus’s love for Caesar? A. He loves Caesar more than Rome. B. He loves Rome more than he does Caesar. C. He doesn’t love Caesar at all, but hates him. D. It is not strong enough to make him cry over Caesar’s death. 58. Which statement about Antony’s speech is false? A. Antony disagrees with Brutus. B. Antony is glad that Caesar is dead. C. Antony refuses to let Caesar be ambitious. D. Antony does not think that Caesar was a tyrant. 59. How does Antony primarily achieve his persuasive effect in his speech? A. By listing Caesar’s accomplishments and repeatedly questioning Brutus’s “honour.” B. By openly accusing Brutus of treason. C. By urging the crowd to immediate violence. D. By comparing Caesar to historical heroes. 【答案】56. C 57. B 58. B 59. A 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文，主要讲的是在凯撒遇刺身亡后，布鲁图斯和安东尼先后在葬礼上发表演讲，通过各自不同的言辞来争取民众支持、塑造自身立场的过程。 56题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段“But, as he was ambitious, I slew him.(但是，因为他野心勃勃，我杀了他。)”可知，布鲁图斯认为凯撒之死是正当的，因为凯撒野心勃勃。故选C。 【57题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段“If then that friend demand why Brutus rose against Caesar, this is my answer: Not that I loved Caesar less, but that I loved Rome more.(倘若那位挚友问起我为何要反对凯撒，我的答复便是：并非我爱凯撒之情有所削减，而是我对罗马的爱更为深沉。)”可知，布鲁图斯爱罗马胜过爱凯撒。故选B。 【58题详解】 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“My heart is in the coffin there with Caesar, and I must pause until it returns to me. (He weeps.)(我的心与凯撒一同长眠在那棺木之中，此刻我必须稍作停顿，待它重回我身。（他潸然泪下。）)”可知，凯撒死了，安东尼并不高兴，因此B选项错误。故选B。 【59题详解】 推理判断题。根据倒数第三段“He brought many captives home to Rome whose ransoms brought wealth to the city.(他带了许多俘虏回罗马，这些俘虏的赎金为这座城市带来了财富。)”，“With the permission of Brutus and the others—for Brutus is an honourable man; they are all honourable men—I have come here to speak at Caesar’s funeral.(经布鲁图斯及其他人应允——毕竟布鲁图斯是位德高望重之人，他们皆是德高望重之人——我特来此，在凯撒的葬礼上讲几句话。)”和倒数第二段“You all saw that on the Lupercal feast day I offered him a king’s crown three times, and he refused it three times. Was this ambition? Yet Brutus says he was ambitious.(你们大家都亲眼所见，在牧神节那天，我三次将王冠献给他，而他三次都拒绝了。这能算是有野心吗？然而布鲁图斯却说他有野心。)”可知，Antony通过列举凯撒的功绩，反复质疑布鲁图斯的“荣誉感”。故选A。 (B) Humans are born explorers and adventurers. We have this “desire” to explore new places and to go beyond. We have already climbed the highest mountain, explored the vastness of the Antarctica and the emptiness of Sahara. We have also reached outer space, stepped on the surface of our neighbour, the moon, and one day might even explore the vastness of our universe. There seems to be no end to humanity’s appetite for exploring our surroundings and the unknown. However, there are still some places on Earth that have not yet been reached or fully explored. And these places are some of the most isolated and mysterious places on this planet. Mariana Trench, Pacific Ocean Located in the western part of the Pacific Ocean, the Mariana Trench is the deepest part of the world’s oceans. The trench measures around 2,550 km long and 70 km wide on average, and reaches a depth of over 10,994 metres at one small part known as the Challenger Deep. The Mariana Trench is considered one of the least explored parts of the world due to its extreme depth. At this depth, the water pressure can be very dangerous. Still, life can be found in this part of the ocean. Previous expeditions to the trench have revealed a number of organisms and sea creatures, living in the deep sea. Vale do Javari, Brazil With an area of about 85,444. 82 km², Vale do Javari is one of the largest indigenous territories in Brazil. The rainforest was named after the vast Javari River, which is the most important river system in the region. It is one of the most isolated places on Earth and also one of the hardest places to reach. The isolation of this remote place is largely due to the thick forest and extreme geographic location. In spite of its isolation, the tropical rainforest is home to a great number of indigenous people or Indian tribes. Those tribes, believed to be as many as 200 to 3,300 people, were first discovered through satellite images of the vast rainforest. Entering the region is prohibited by Brazilian law and the Vale do Javari is especially well-protected from outsiders and explorers by a local organisation dedicated to maintaining its rich biodiversity and protecting the forest from exploitation. Tsingy de Bemaraha Located near the western coast of Madagascar, the Tsingy de Bemaraha has been on the list of UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1990 to protect its unique geography and preserve the mangrove forests. The place is also home to huge numbers of animals and even new species. Some of the biggest attractions in this protected reserve are the incredibly needle-shaped limestone formations. However, those formations pose great dangers to explorers. In fact, the word “Tsingy” is derived from a local word, which means “the place where one cannot walk barefoot.” The limestone formations are terribly sharp and can easily cut through flesh with deadly effect, which makes exploring them extremely difficult and dangerous. Access to this nature reserve is limited, although tourists can reach the area either by road or plane. 60. Why is the Mariana Trench considered one of the least explored places on Earth? A. It is located too far from any continent. B. Its width makes it impossible to map accurately. C. It lacks any signs of life or scientific value. D. Its extreme depth leads to dangerous water pressure. 61. Based on the description of Vale do Javari, which of the following can be inferred about its indigenous tribes? A. They actively engage with modern society through trade. B. Their existence was confirmed through technological means. C. They rely on the Javari River for transportation to cities. D. Their population is precisely documented by Brazilian authorities. 62. What can be concluded about the Tsingy de Bemaraha from the local meaning of “Tsingy”? A. It is a popular tourist destination for hiking enthusiasts. B. The area is primarily covered by mangrove forests. C. Its limestone formations are exceptionally sharp and hazardous. D. Visitors must remove their shoes to enter the reserve. 【答案】60. D 61. B 62. C 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了马里亚纳海沟、雅瓦里谷和贝马拉哈地质公园三个地球上未被完全探索的偏远神秘之地。 【60题详解】 细节理解题。根据Mariana Trench, Pacific Ocean部分中的“The Mariana Trench is considered one of the least explored parts of the world due to its extreme depth. At this depth, the water pressure can be very dangerous.(由于其极深的深度，马里亚纳海沟被认为是世界上探索最少的地区之一。在这个深度，水压可能非常危险)”可知，马里亚纳海沟被认为是地球上探索最少的地方之一，是因为它极深的深度导致了危险的水压。故选D项。 【61题详解】 推理判断题。根据Vale do Javari, Brazil部分中的“Those tribes, believed to be as many as 200 to 3,300 people, were first discovered through satellite images of the vast rainforest.(这些部落的人口估计在200到3300人之间，最初是通过这片广阔雨林的卫星图像被发现的)”可知，雅瓦里谷的土著部落的存在是通过卫星图像这一技术手段被证实的。故选B项。 【62题详解】 推理判断题。根据Tsingy de Bemaraha部分中的“In fact, the word “Tsingy” is derived from a local word, which means “the place where one cannot walk barefoot.” The limestone formations are terribly sharp and can easily cut through flesh with deadly effect.(事实上，“青吉”一词来源于当地的一个词汇，意思是“不能光脚行走的地方”。这些石灰岩构造极其锋利，很容易割破皮肤，造成致命伤害)”可知，从Tsingy的当地含义可推断出，贝马拉哈地质公园的石灰岩构造异常锋利且具有危险性。故选C项。 (C) Soon after sunset, a strange clicking fills the air at Hanningfield Reservoir in Essex. Some noises come from bat detectors, which change the high sounds made by bats into ones people can hear. Others come from small counters used by volunteers to count the bats flying out of a building. The noise sounds like experimental electronic music. About 20 years ago, conservationists first noticed soprano pipistrelles — tiny British bats — at Hanningfield. Since then, the colony has grown from around 500 in the early 2010s to over 2,000 today. This is just one example of a wider trend. Bat numbers are rising in Britain, which shows that some environmental laws are working, even if they sometimes make building new homes or roads more difficult. Bats are harder to count than birds because they come out at night and make sounds we can’t hear. But studies of their feeding and roosting (栖息) habits show that nearly all common bat species have increased since the late 1990s. One type, the greater horseshoe bat, has tripled in number. In contrast, many bird populations are still falling. Still, Britain likely has fewer bats than it did in the past. In the 18th century, the naturalist Gilbert White reported seeing hundreds at once over the Thames. But after World War II, poisonous chemicals, bad weather, and modern farming reduced their numbers. Old farm buildings, piles of dry grass, and broken farm machines, once perfect bat homes, disappeared. Because bats live long lives, have only one baby a year, and depend on group homes, losing even one large roost can hurt their numbers for years. Thankfully, strict environmental laws have made these losses rare. British bats also seem less affected by white-nose syndrome, a deadly disease that has wiped out many bats in North America. These days bats have the magical power of blocking housing and infrastructure, or raising its cost. In Norfolk, plans for a new road have been suspended because of rare barbastelle bats. A special bridge for bats along the HS2 railway is costing over £100 million. For a government eager for growth, this is unacceptable. A new law may reduce bat protections, letting developers destroy habitats as long as they pay to restore them elsewhere. For bat protectors, this creates a “licence to kill”. Public attitudes to bats have warmed over the years, though not to the point of adoration. Technology, like better bat detectors, might help more people learn to love them. The better you know something, the more you worry about it. 63. What do we know about the bats at Hanningfield Reservoir? A. Their sounds are being monitored by devices and volunteers. B. Their numbers have grown because of the relaxed regulations. C. They have caused huge disturbances to nearby construction. D. They represent the largest bat colony ever recorded in Britain. 64. Which line chart shows the correct trend of the bats population? A. B. C. D. 65. Why are bats subject to habitat losses? A. Because their natural habitats can keep them from various deadly diseases. B. Because they lose the magical power to protect the modern farm buildings. C. Because individual bats cannot survive without constant group communication. D. Because their low reproduction rate and long lifespan require stability for growth. 66. Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for the passage? A. Habitat Loss and Disease: The Ongoing Threats to Bat Survival B. Bats and Technology: How Detectors Are Changing Conservation C. From Past to Present: The Tragic Fate of UK’s Bat Populations D. The Comeback of Bats: A Conservation Success Story with Challenges 【答案】63. A 64. C 65. D 66. D 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了英国蝙蝠数量回升的保护成效，同时提及蝙蝠生存仍面临的栖息地等相关挑战。 【63题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Some noises come from bat detectors, which change the high sounds made by bats into ones people can hear. Others come from small counters used by volunteers to count the bats flying out of a building.(一些声音来自蝙蝠探测器，它能将蝙蝠发出的高频声音转换为人耳可听见的声音。另一些声音来自志愿者使用的小型计数器，他们用这些计数器来统计从一栋建筑中飞出的蝙蝠数量)”可知，汉宁菲尔德水库的蝙蝠，其声音正被探测设备监测，同时志愿者也在通过计数器对它们进行统计监测。故选A项。 【64题详解】 推理判断题。根据第四段中的“Still, Britain likely has fewer bats than it did in the past. In the 18th century, the naturalist Gilbert White reported seeing hundreds at once over the Thames. But after World War II, poisonous chemicals, bad weather, and modern farming reduced their numbers.(尽管如此，英国的蝙蝠数量可能还是比过去少。在18世纪，博物学家吉尔伯特·怀特报告说，他在泰晤士河上同时看到了数百只。但在第二次世界大战后，有毒的化学物质、恶劣的天气和现代农业减少了它们的数量)”以及第五段中“Thankfully, strict environmental laws have made these losses rare. (值得庆幸的是，严格的环境法律使这些消失变得罕见)”可知，蝙蝠数量趋势是：18世纪有，二战时最多，之后开始减少，严格的法律实施后开始回升，但到目前其数量还是比以前少。符合该描述的是C选项对应的图表。故选C项。 【65题详解】 细节理解题。根据第五段中的“Because bats live long lives, have only one baby a year, and depend on group homes, losing even one large roost can hurt their numbers for years.(由于蝙蝠寿命长，每年只产一只幼崽，且依赖群体栖息地生存，即使失去一个大型栖息地，也会在未来几年影响它们的种群数量)”可知，蝙蝠寿命长、繁殖率低且依赖群体栖息地，这就要求它们的生存环境保持稳定，一旦栖息地遭到破坏，就容易出现种群数量受损的情况，所以它们易受栖息地丧失的影响。故选D项。 【66题详解】 主旨大意题。根据第二段中的“Bat numbers are rising in Britain, which shows that some environmental laws are working (英国的蝙蝠数量正在增加，这表明一些环境法规正在发挥作用)”，以及第六段中的“These days bats have the magical power of blocking housing and infrastructure, or raising its cost. In Norfolk, plans for a new road have been suspended because of rare barbastelle bats. A special bridge for bats along the HS2 railway is costing over £100 million. For a government eager for growth, this is unacceptable. A new law may reduce bat protections, letting developers destroy habitats as long as they pay to restore them elsewhere.  (如今，蝙蝠竟拥有了阻碍住房与基础设施建设、或抬高其造价的“神奇影响力”。在诺福克郡，一条新建公路的规划因珍稀的长翼蝙蝠而被迫暂停。英国HS2高铁沿线一座专为蝙蝠修建的专用桥梁，耗资已超 1 亿英镑。对于一心渴求发展的政府而言，这样的情况令人无法接受。一项新法案或将削弱对蝙蝠的保护力度，允许开发商破坏蝙蝠栖息地，前提是他们出资在其他地方重建相应栖息地)”可知，文章既讲述了英国蝙蝠数量回升这一保护成功的案例，又阐述了其当下面临的建设阻碍、保护政策可能收紧等挑战。因此最适合的标题是 “蝙蝠的回归：一个伴随着挑战的保护成功故事”。故选D项。 (D) Ads are everywhere. They are on our trains, they are on our planes, they are wrapped around our automobiles. They are even on the homeless. Yes, really; homeless people have been used as media space by marketers thinking outside the box; charmingly, it’s called “bumvertising”. Still, despite the constant creep of commercialism, there is one final frontier that has, as yet, remained blissfully ad-free: the graveyard. This isn’t to say that death doesn’t sell. On the contrary, posthumous fame is often the most lucrative. In Mark Twain’s play Is He Dead?, an artist fakes his death to increase the value of his work. As one of the characters explains:“A painter has so much more talent when he’s dead. Indeed, the deader he is, the better he is.” However, death normally doesn’t sell consumer brands. Nobody wants to see ads for hamburgers at a crematorium. Or be reminded that the unstoppable march of time means we are all going to die. Death is not aspirational and exploiting loss for money is inappropriate. Well, perhaps it’s not quite clear to everyone that it is. Last week, McDonald’s got a lot of grief for a TV advert that seemingly exploited bereaved children to flog fish sandwiches. More than 150 people complained to the Advertising Standards Authority about the dead dad ad and it has now been pulled with the usual PR fauxpology. “We respect our customers and their money very much and regret implying that a fried fish fillet could replace a father’s love, etc.” McDonald’s execs can take some solace in the fact that they aren’t the only marketing minds to have inexplicably decided that invoking family tragedy would be a winning strategy. In 2015 nationwide aired an ad featuring a drowned child during the Super Bowl. The camera cuts abruptly away to an ominous overflowing bath before reminding you that nationwide can“make safe happen”. And, hey, if safe doesn’t happen then at least you’ ll get some life insurance money. Now, to be clear, I don’t think that the McDonald’s or nationwide ads were made by Machiavellian monsters, cynically mining pain for profit. They were just bad ads created by an industry so high on its own puffery that it truly believes fast food brands have important things to say about bereavement. Nevertheless, there does appear to be a growing trend of brands engaging in griefsplotation. For instance, every time a celebrity dies, there follows a flurry of very bad tweets by companies trying to muscle their brand into the conversation. When Prince died last year, for example, Cheerios tweeted “Rest in peace” on a purple background — with a cheerio replacing the dot above the“i”. Fans were not impressed and Cheerios quickly deleted the tweet. But Homebase didn’t even bother making it look as if they cared about anything other than promoting themselves. Brands aren’t just leveraging celebrity deaths for product placement; national tragedies also make great content opportunities. Who could forget AT&T’s twin towers tweets? In 2013, the telecommunications company posted a tweet on 11 September that showed someone holding a phone up over the Tribute in Light memorial in New York City with the caption “Never Forget”. And, after the Boston Marathon bombing in 2013, the food website Epicurious tweeted:“In honor of Boston... may we suggest: wholegrain cranberry cones!” Shoehorning your brand into a social media conversation about a tragedy may be tasteless but it is a fairly rudimentary form of griefsplotation. Far more insidious is the way in which brands are now using our personal data to target us at the moments when we’ re feeling most vulnerable. Facebook has told advertisers it can identify when teenagers are feeling “stressed”, “defeated”, “overwhelmed”, “anxious” and “useless”, for example. It has also explicitly furnished advertisers with advice on how best to exploit — sorry, I mean “help” — people dealing with the grief of a breakup. Facebook’s research explains that heartbreak is the ideal marketing opportunity for those in the travel business: in the month after a newly single Facebook user has announced their breakup, there is an “increase of 25% more travel-related purchases”. Apparently “travel therapy has replaced retail therapy”: 55% of people surveyed by Facebook said that travelling after their breakup helped them move on, while only 8% of people said that shoes helped them move on. To be honest, some of these people probably just aren’t buying the right shoes. I mean, if you get boots that are made for walking, then that’s just what they’ll do. Anyway, if you break up with someone and find yourself suddenly bombarded with online ads for Virgin Holidays, this is probably why. Facebook is trying to help you heal. They care. They don’t want grief to consume you, they want you to consume your way out of grief. It’s really very sweet of them. At the very least, it’s better than a slap in the face with a wet filet of fish. 67. In the passage the author quoted Mark Twain’s play Is He Dead? to ________. A. remind us that the deader a person is, the better he is remembered B. give us an example that death can be used to promote selling brands C. illustrate that posthumous fame might be used to make more profits D. tell us that an artist could make more money after death 68. The expression “with the usual PR fauxpology” (para. 3) is used to ________. A. show McDonald’s sincere apology to the public after the incident B. reveal the particular PR posture with the marketing mind behind C. display the marketing minds of ever expanding commercialism D. criticise the practice of using family tragedy to promote brands 69. What is the writer’s attitude towards the issue discussed in the passage? A. Matter-of-fact, indifferent and neutral. B. Critical, cynical and satirical. C. Humorous, joking and explanatory. D. Lamenting and pessimistic. 70. Which of the following is NOT the example of griefsplotation? A. Consumer brands being sold with homeless people as media space. B. Involving in a social media conversation about a tragedy. C. Personal data being used to target people when they feel most vulnerable. D. Using celebrity deaths for product placement. 71. What can be concluded from the passage about Facebook? A. It promotes the use of travel therapy to replace retail therapy. B. It is quite helpful to cure people’s emotional wounds or grief. C. It can help advertisers identify teenager depression. D. It discovers more and more marketing opportunities for advertisers. 【答案】67. C 68. B 69. B 70. A 71. D 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。主要介绍了“悲痛营销”现象，即品牌借名人离世、国家悲剧及个人脆弱时刻推广产品，作者对此持批判态度。 【67题详解】 推理判断题。根据第二段“This isn’t to say that death doesn’t sell. On the contrary, posthumous fame is often the most lucrative. In Mark Twain’s play Is He Dead?, an artist fakes his death to increase the value of his work. (这并不是说死亡不能用来赚钱。相反，死后的名声往往是最有利可图的。在马克・吐温的戏剧《他活着，还是死了?》中，一位艺术家为了提高作品价值而伪造死亡)”可知，作者引用该戏剧是为了举例说明死后名声可被用来获取更多利润。故选C项。 68题详解】 推理判断题。根据第三段“More than 150 people complained to the Advertising Standards Authority about the dead dad ad and it has now been pulled with the usual PR fauxpology. “We respect our customers and their money very much and regret implying that a fried fish fillet could replace a father’s love, etc.” (超过 150 人向广告标准局投诉了这则“已故父亲”广告，该广告现已下架，并伴有常见的公关虚假道歉。“我们非常尊重我们的客户和他们的钱，对于暗示一份炸鱼排可以取代父亲的爱等内容感到遗憾。”)”可知，usual PR fauxpology揭示了背后带有营销思维的特定公关姿态，并非真诚道歉。故选B项。 【69题详解】 推理判断题。根据第四段“They were just bad ads created by an industry so high on its own puffery that it truly believes fast food brands have important things to say about bereavement. (它们只是一个行业制作的糟糕广告，这个行业过于自负，以至于它真的相信快餐品牌对丧亲之痛有重要的看法)”、第六段“Shoehorning your brand into a social media conversation about a tragedy may be tasteless but it is a fairly rudimentary form of griefsplotation. (将你的品牌强行植入关于悲剧的社交媒体对话中可能很无礼，但这是一种相当初级的悲痛营销形式)”及第七段“It’s really very sweet of them. (他们真是太“贴心”了)”等反讽表述可知，作者态度是批判、愤世嫉俗且带讽刺意味的。故选B项。 【70题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段“Yes, really; homeless people have been used as media space by marketers thinking outside the box; charmingly, it’s called “bumvertising”. (是的，真的；有创意的营销人员将无家可归者用作媒体空间；说得好听点，这被称为“流浪汉广告”)” 可知，A项是“流浪汉广告”，并非“悲痛营销”。故选A项。 【71题详解】 推理判断题。根据第七段“Facebook has told advertisers it can identify when teenagers are feeling “stressed”, “defeated”, “overwhelmed”, “anxious” and “useless”, for example. It has also explicitly furnished advertisers with advice on how best to exploit — sorry, I mean “help” — people dealing with the grief of a breakup. Facebook’s research explains that heartbreak is the ideal marketing opportunity for those in the travel business: in the month after a newly single Facebook user has announced their breakup, there is an “increase of 25% more travel-related purchases”. (例如，脸书告诉广告商，它可以识别青少年何时感到“压力”、“失败”、“不堪重负”、“焦虑”和“无用”。它还明确地向广告商提供了如何最好地利用——对不起，我的意思是“帮助”——那些正在处理分手悲伤的人的建议。脸书的研究解释说，心碎是)”可知，脸书为广告商发现了越来越多的营销机会。故选D项。 Section C Directions: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need. Friendship Between Marx and Engels The friendship between Marx and Engels began in 1844. They had met previously, in 1842, in the office of the Rheinische Zeitung (《莱茵报》) , then the leading Democratic Republican journal in Germany, of which Marx was the editor. ____72____ Engels, the son of a leading cotton manufacturer and importer in Rhenish Prussia, had just finished his year in the army as lieutenant (陆军中尉) of the Guard-Artillery (炮兵警卫队). His upbringing in a Lutheran and commercial home atmosphere had been very different from that of Marx, who had been raised in an atmosphere of eighteenth-century French culture. In 1844, Marx made his way to Paris, and collaborated with a friend in producing a new review-magazine, The German French Year Book. When he read the article, “Outlines of Political Economy,” from young Frederick Engels away in Manchester, Marx proclaimed it a work of genius and wrote at once, enthusiastically, begging Engels, whenever he had occasion to return to Germany, to make his way there via Paris. Engels was only too delighted to comply. ____73____ For ten days they compared views and found that each had independently reached the same revolutionary conclusion: that the bourgeois (资产阶级) social order was, historically, a transitory phenomenon — an order doomed to give place, sooner or later, to the rule of the proletariat and a system of Communism. The fact that each had reached this conclusion by a different route — Engels by the study of the classic English political economy and of the English Labour Movement, Marx by the study of the great French Revolution and its outcome — made them only the more complementary to each other. The friendship sealed in these ten enthusiastic days — “ten days that shook the world” in a very real sense — lasted unbroken for the remainder of their lives. They fought side by side in the conduct of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung (《新莱茵报》), the most radical journal of the German Revolution of 1848 — 1849, and were separated only for a time. When Marx, driven from France, took refuge in London, Engels joined him and busied himself in finding openings for Marx to make a living by journalism; while he himself, to provide the “sinews of war,” made his peace with his father and resumed his place in the parental factory in Manchester. ____74____ How close their relationship was and how very much Engels’s stimulus and encouragement counted in promoting the development of Marx and his life-work can best be seen from the Marx-Engels Correspondence. They each wrote almost daily, and on every aspect of the theory for which they were jointly responsible. The range of subjects covered by them is as amazing as their range of languages. ____75____ Both were big men physically, but whereas Marx was broad and swarthy (肤色黝黑), Engels was tall and blonde. Marx was the more of a wit, Engels the more of a humorist; but both were men of intense feeling, both had a hatred of fuss (小题大做) and parade, and both were men of a radical profundity in the study of every subject they undertook. A. Marx and Engels began their friendship shortly afterwards. B. This time, both found that their original negative impression of each other was completely changed. C. Engels made his peace with his father because he wanted to support their cause. D. Thereafter for the rest of their lives they never lost contact. E. Neither was, at this first meeting, much drawn to the other. F. Physically and temperamentally they were very different, and at the same time much alike. 【答案】72. E 73. B 74. D 75. F 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。主要讲述了马克思与恩格斯友谊的起源、发展历程，以及两人在多方面的互补与深厚情谊。 【72题详解】 根据上文“The friendship between Marx and Engels began in 1844. They had met previously, in 1842, in the office of the Rheinische Zeitung (《莱茵报》) , then the leading Democratic Republican journal in Germany, of which Marx was the editor.(马克思和恩格斯的友谊始于1844年。他们此前曾于1842年在《莱茵报》的办公室见过面，该报当时是德国主要的民主共和派期刊，马克思担任其主编)”以及下文“His upbringing in a Lutheran and commercial home atmosphere had been very different from that of Marx, who had been raised in an atmosphere of eighteenth-century French culture.(他（恩格斯）在路德教和商业家庭环境中长大，这与马克思在18世纪法国文化环境中长大的情况大不相同)”可知，上文提及两人1842年的初次会面，下文强调成长环境差异，此处需衔接初次会面的感受。E选项“在这次初次会面中，两人都没有对对方产生太多好感。”中的this first meeting对应上文1842年的会面，neither was much drawn to the other呼应下文成长环境差异带来的初始隔阂，符合语境。故选E项。 【73题详解】 根据上文“Engels was only too delighted to comply.(恩格斯欣然应允)”以及下文“For ten days they compared views and found that each had independently reached the same revolutionary conclusion: that the bourgeois (资产阶级) social order was, historically, a transitory phenomenon — an order doomed to give place, sooner or later, to the rule of the proletariat and a system of Communism. (在十天的时间里，他们交流观点，发现两人各自独立地得出了相同的革命结论：从历史上看，资产阶级的社会秩序是一种暂时的现象——这种秩序迟早注定要让位于无产阶级的统治和共产主义制度)”可知，上文讲恩格斯同意前往巴黎见马克思，下文讲两人会面后的深度交流与共识，此处需体现会面前后态度的转变。B选项“这一次，两人都发现自己对对方原本的负面印象彻底改变了。”中的This time指代1844年的巴黎会面，completely changed为下文的深度交流和友谊建立做铺垫，符合语境。故选B项。 【74题详解】 根据上文“When Marx, driven from France, took refuge in London, Engels joined him and busied himself in finding openings for Marx to make a living by journalism; while he himself, to provide the “sinews of war,” made his peace with his father and resumed his place in the parental factory in Manchester.(当马克思被迫离开法国前往伦敦避难时，恩格斯前去投奔，并忙着为马克思寻找以新闻写作谋生的机会；而他自己为了提供“活动经费”，与父亲和解，回到了曼彻斯特的家族工厂任职)”以及下文“How close their relationship was and how very much Engels’s stimulus and encouragement counted in promoting the development of Marx and his life-work can best be seen from the Marx-Engels Correspondence. They each wrote almost daily, and on every aspect of the theory for which they were jointly responsible. (马克思和恩格斯的关系有多密切，恩格斯的激励和鼓励对马克思的发展及其一生的工作起到了多大的推动作用，这一点从《马克思恩格斯书信》中可以看得很清楚。他们几乎每天都通信，内容涉及他们共同负责的理论的各个方面)”可知，上文讲述两人的相互扶持，下文强调两人通过书信保持紧密联系，此处需衔接出两人此后始终保持联系的状态。D选项“从那以后，在他们的余生中，两人从未失去联系。”中的Thereafter承接上文马克思流亡伦敦后的经历，never lost contact引出下文两人几乎每日通信的内容，符合语境。故选D项。 【75题详解】 根据下文“Both were big men physically, but whereas Marx was broad and swarthy, Engels was tall and blonde. Marx was the more of a wit, Engels the more of a humorist; but both were men of intense feeling, both had a hatred of fuss (小题大做) and parade, and both were men of a radical profundity in the study of every subject they undertook.(两人身材都高大，但马克思身材魁梧、肤色黝黑，恩格斯则高挑金发。马克思更善于言辞风趣，恩格斯则更具幽默感；但两人都情感真挚，两人都讨厌小题大做和炫耀，在他们所从事的每一门学科的研究中，两人都是极其深刻的人。)”可知，下文从外貌和性格两方面对比了两人的异同，此处需作为该段主旨句总领全段。F选项“他们在外形和性格上既有很大差异，同时又有诸多相似之处)”中的Physically and temperamentally对应下文的外貌描写和性格对比，符合语境。故选F项。 Ⅲ. Summary 76. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. What Role Do Patents Play? Patents have been with us since the 17th century. In exchange for disclosing one’s invention, the state grants a limited, legal monopoly over exploitation. In theory, the system encourages more innovation, for the good of society. Recently, however, voices of dissent have been rising. Legal costs are high. Specialists game the system to their advantage. Life-saving innovations are priced beyond the means of the poor. On July 26, at the Euroscience Open Forum, economist David Levine argued that patents were discouraging innovation. “When Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak started developing the first Apple computers in a garage, they did not worry much about patents. They shared and borrowed ideas from their network of fellow geeks. They had had to pay royalties on all the software they borrowed, and borrowed ideas from their network of fellow geeks. If they had had to pay royalties on all the software they borrowed, we would have no email and no smartphones,” he said. We can learn from David’s ideas that innovation thrives when patents are not in the way. Actually, the most important software innovations in the US occurred before the US began allowing software patenting. More recently, the pace of innovation has dramatically slowed. Today, patents are often used as weapons. In the 1950s, an American inventor filed so-called “submarine patents” to claim an early form of machine vision technology. When others, decades later, developed the barcode and other machine readers, he sued to protect his previously unnoticed patents and collected more than $1 billion — even though the real development work had been done by others. In addition, big companies today routinely cross-license patents to avoid blocking one another — but in the process, they also block new entrants that could disrupt the market, improve services and lower costs. That hurts consumers and inventors. In fact, patents actually harm the economy. In the US, the cost of patent trolls — firms that acquire strategic patents and use legal threats to extract steep royalties from real innovators — now amounts to 12 per cent of business R&D spending. It is, in essence, a new tax on innovation. One study of the Great Exhibition of 1851, the world’s first technology fair in London, found that only 10 per cent of the innovations on display had been patented. As you can see, society can be more innovative without patents. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】范文 Patents harm innovation in three aspects. First, patents, without which ideas can spread freely, greatly hinder innovation. Second, patents are regarded as weapons. Submarine patents allow owners to profit from developers’ work, while cross-license patents favored by big companies commonly block new entrants. Last, patents hurt economy because patent trolls buy strategic patents and charge innovators royalties legally. 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说专利在三个方面对创新造成了损害。首先，如果没有专利，思想就能自由传播，但专利的存在却极大地阻碍了创新。其次，专利被视为一种武器。海底专利使专利所有者能够从开发者的成果中获利，而大公司青睐的交叉许可专利通常会阻碍新进入者的进入。最后，专利损害了经济，因为专利流氓会购买具有战略意义的专利，并以合法的方式向创新者收取专利使用费。 【详解】1.要点摘录 ①On July 26, at the Euroscience Open Forum, economist David Levine argued that patents were discouraging innovation. ②We can learn from David’s ideas that innovation thrives when patents are not in the way. Actually, the most important software innovations in the US occurred before the US began allowing software patenting. More recently, the pace of innovation has dramatically slowed. ③Today, patents are often used as weapons. In addition, big companies today routinely cross-license patents to avoid blocking one another — but in the process, they also block new entrants that could disrupt the market, improve services and lower costs. ④One study of the Great Exhibition of 1851, the world’s first technology fair in London, found that only 10 per cent of the innovations on display had been patented. As you can see, society can be more innovative without patents. 2.缜密构思 将第1个要点进行综述，将第2、3、4三个要点进行整合。 3.遣词造句 Patents are harmful for innovation in three aspects. First, patents, without which ideas can spread freely, greatly hamper innovation. Second, patents are considered as weapons. Submarine patents allow owners to profit from developers’ work, while cross-license patents favored by big companies commonly block new entrants. Last, patents hurt economy because patent trolls purchase strategic patents and charge innovators royalties legally. 【点睛】[高分句型1] First, patents, without which ideas can spread freely, greatly hinder innovation.运用介词+关系代词结构非限制性定语从句对原文第二段进行了概括。 [高分句型2] Last, patents hurt economy because patent trolls buy strategic patents and charge innovators royalties legally.用because引导原因状语从句对最后一段进行了概括，表达非常高级。 IV. Translation Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 77. 正式投诉信的目的是寻求解决方案，而非对商家吹毛求疵。(fault)(汉译英) _____________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】The purpose of a formal letter of complaint is to seek a resolution rather than find fault with the seller. 【解析】 【详解】考查时态以及短语。“正式投诉信”表达为a formal letter of complaint，“……的目的是”常见表达为The purpose of...is to do sth.”，“寻求解决方案”即seek a resolution 。“而非”用rather than，后接动词原形。“对……吹毛求疵”表达为find fault with，“商家”为the seller 。句子阐述一般事实，用一般现在时。故译为The purpose of a formal letter of complaint is to seek a resolution rather than find fault with the seller. 78. 近几十年，经济衰退迫使人们不再把各种非必要的消费放在首位。(priority)(汉译英) _____________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】In recent decades, economic recession has forced people to stop giving priority to the consumption of non-essentials. 【解析】 【详解】考查时态及固定搭配。“近几十年”表达为in recent decades，常与现在完成时连用，强调动作从过去持续到现在并对现在有影响。“经济衰退”是economic recession，“迫使某人做某事”用force sb. to do sth.，这里用现在完成时has forced。“把……放在首位”即give priority to，stop doing sth.表示停止做某事，所以用stop giving priority to。“非必要的消费”表达为the consumption of non-essentials。故译为In recent decades, economic recession has forced people to stop giving priority to the consumption of non-essentials. 79. 人们普遍认为，视力受损人群越容易获得导盲犬的帮助，他们越可能拥有充实健康的生活。(It; accessible) (汉译英) _____________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】It is universally/ widely accepted/ acknowledged/ recognized that the more accessible the help of guide dogs is to visually impaired people/ the visually impaired the more likely they are to lead full and healthy lives. 【解析】 【详解】考查形式主语、形容词和固定句型。句子陈述普遍观点，用一般现在时；“人们普遍认为”用形式主语it及固定句型It is universally/ widely accepted/ acknowledged/ recognized that...；“容易获得”用固定搭配be accessible to；“越……越……”用固定句型the more... the more...；“导盲犬的帮助”用the help of guide dogs；“视障人士”用the visually impaired或者visually impaired people；“可能”用likely ；“拥有充实健康的生活”用lead full and healthy lives”。故翻译为It is universally/ widely accepted/ acknowledged/ recognized that the more accessible the help of guide dogs is to visually impaired people/ the visually impaired the more likely they are to lead full and healthy lives. 80. 网红们通过在博客和社交媒体上说好话来推广公司的产品，这使订阅他们频道的粉丝们很难区分免费建议和付费广告。（tell）（汉译英） _____________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】Influencers/ Internet/ Online celebrities promote the company’s products by talking favorably about them in blogs and on social media, making it hard for the followers who have subscribed to the influencers’ channels to tell the difference between free advice and paid ads/ tell free advice apart from paid ads. 【解析】 【详解】考查非谓语动词、定语从句和固定短语。句子陈述客观现象，用一般现在时；“网红们”用Influencers/ Internet/ Online celebrities；“推广公司的产品”用promote the company’s products；“通过说好话”用by talking favorably about them；“在博客和社交媒体上”用in blogs and on social media；“使粉丝们很难做某事”用making it hard for the followers to do sth.，其中it是形式宾语，to do是真正的宾语；“区分免费建议和付费广告”用tell the difference between free advice and paid ads/ tell free advice apart from paid ads；“订阅他们频道的”用定语从句who have subscribed to the influencers’ channels修饰名词followers。故翻译为Influencers/ Internet/ Online celebrities promote the company’s products by talking favorably about them in blogs and on social media, making it hard for the followers who have subscribed to the influencers’ channels to tell the difference between free advice and paid ads/ tell free advice apart from paid ads. V. Guided Writing 81. Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below. 近期，为提升城市生活品质，我市政府正在广泛征集市民建议。作为上海市民之一，请你从交通出行、公共空间、便民设施、文化遗产、市民素养、沪语传承、环境卫生等方面中，任选其一，写一封英文建议信。内容须包括： 1)现状分析； 2)具体建议； 3)效果展望。 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】Sample 1: Dear Shanghai Municipal Government, I am writing to advocate for the creation of more “pocket parks” within our dense urban neighborhoods. As Shanghai continues to grow vertically, accessible green spaces for relaxation and community interaction are becoming increasingly scarce, affecting residents’ mental and physical well-being. My proposal is to systematically identify and transform underutilized plots of land—such as vacant lots, redundant roundabouts, or gaps between buildings—into small, beautifully landscaped pocket parks. These mini-oases should feature seating, shade, and simple greenery, providing a crucial “green respite” for the public. The envisioned outcome is a city where no resident is more than a ten-minute walk from a peaceful retreat. These pockets of nature would significantly enhance the urban microclimate, foster a stronger sense of community, and offer invaluable spaces for daily respite, making our city not just taller, but also healthier and more harmonious. Yours sincerely, A concerned citizen Sample 2 Dear Shanghai Municipal Government, This letter proposes a city-wide initiative to optimize the provision of public seating. A walkable city is a livable city, yet currently, there is a notable lack of benches for elderly citizens, pregnant women, and tired pedestrians to rest, particularly along bustling shopping streets and in residential areas. I recommend launching a “Restful Shanghai” program to install more durable, comfortable, and aesthetically pleasing benches at regular intervals on key sidewalks. Furthermore, we could encourage a “Sitting-Out Front” culture for shops and cafes, where businesses are encouraged to provide seating for the general public, not just paying customers. Widespread and thoughtful public seating would transform the pedestrian experience. It would promote walkability, support the well-being of our most vulnerable residents, and create more opportunities for social interaction, ultimately fostering a more inclusive and caring urban environment for all. Yours faithfully, A concerned citizen Sample 3 Dear Shanghai Municipal Government, I am writing to suggest an innovative approach to preserving our city’s rich architectural heritage: the creation of a comprehensive digital archive for Shanghai’s historical buildings. While physical preservation is paramount, these structures remain vulnerable to the passage of time, natural disasters, or urban development. My specific proposal is to employ advanced technologies like 3D laser scanning and drone photography to create detailed digital twins of all designated historical buildings. This archive would include high-resolution images, architectural blueprints, and historical data, all accessible to the public through an online platform. This initiative would immortalize our heritage in a dynamic, accessible format. It would serve as an invaluable educational resource for future generations, a tool for virtual tourism, and a crucial backup to guide authentic restoration efforts if needed, ensuring that the soul of old Shanghai is never lost. Yours sincerely, A concerned citizen Sample 4 Dear Shanghai Municipal Government, To enhance urban civility and public safety, I propose a city-wide campaign to promote the “Stand on the Right, Walk on the Left” etiquette on all escalators, particularly within metro stations. The current mixed usage causes unnecessary congestion, delays for those in a hurry, and potential safety hazards. A clear, consistent public service campaign is needed. This should involve prominent signage at the head of all major escalators, announcements in metro stations, and engaging social media content to educate citizens on the efficiency and safety benefits of this simple rule. Widespread adoption of this practice would lead to a smoother, faster, and more predictable flow of pedestrian traffic. It would significantly reduce commute times and frustration during peak hours, projecting an image of Shanghai as a city that is not only modern but also orderly and considerate. Yours faithfully, A concerned citizen Sample 5 Dear Shanghai Municipal Government, I am writing to express my concern regarding the gradual decline of the Shanghai dialect and to propose a measure for its revitalization. As Mandarin remains dominant, many young Shanghainese are losing their connection to this vital part of our local culture and identity. To counter this, I suggest a gentle introduction of the Shanghainese dialect in public services. A practical first step would be to add a Shanghainese language option in the automated inquiry systems of public transport, major museums, and community hotlines. This would not replace Mandarin but offer a complementary choice. This initiative would signal the official value placed on our local language, fostering a sense of cultural pride. It would provide daily exposure and practical utility for the dialect, helping to keep it a living, breathing part of our city’s soundscape and ensuring it is passed down to future generations. Yours sincerely, A concerned citizen 【解析】 【导语】本篇书面表达属于应用文，要求考生从交通出行、公共空间、便民设施、文化遗产、市民素养、沪语传承、环境卫生等方面中，任选其一，给市政府写一封建议信。 【详解】1.词汇积累 影响：affect→impact 多余的：redundant→superfluous 至关重要的：crucial→critical 培养：foster→cultivate 2.句式拓展 简单句变复合句 原句：These mini-oases should feature seating, shade, and simple greenery, providing a crucial “green respite” for the public. 拓展句：These mini-oases should feature seating, shade, and simple greenery, which will provide a crucial “green respite” for the public. 【点睛】[高分句型1] As Shanghai continues to grow vertically, accessible green spaces for relaxation and community interaction are becoming increasingly scarce, affecting residents’ mental and physical well-being. (运用了as引导的时间状语从句和现在分词作状语) [高分句型2] The envisioned outcome is a city where no resident is more than a ten-minute walk from a peaceful retreat. (运用了where引导的限制性定语从句) 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $