Unit 4 Law and order Reading 课件-2025-2026学年高中英语译林版选修第二册

该高中英语课件围绕“法律的规则”主题，系统呈现法律的起源、早期法典特征、演变方式、两大法系、局限性及社会意义，课堂导入通过“法律如何起源”的设问，结合学生对家庭或部落规则的已有认知，过渡到定居社会法律诞生的历史背景，搭建从生活经验到学科知识的学习支架。 其亮点在于以法学讲座文稿为语篇载体，通过举例法（如《乌尔纳姆法典》因果格式）和暗喻修辞（法律为罗盘）提升语言理解与表达能力，设计写法律比喻句、联系日常案例讨论等活动培养思维品质，强化法治意识以培育文化素养。教师可直接使用结构化语篇分析和情境化词汇练习，学生能在语言学习中深化法律认知，提升综合素养。

高中英语译林版(2020)选修第二册课件 Unit 4 Law and order Reading Page 44-47 The rules of law 制作者：桂东一中　李宇平 ◆ 内容分析 【What】本板块语篇的话题是“法律”，以讲座文稿的形式从六个方面介绍了法律的相关知识：法律概念的起源、两部早期法典及其特征、法律的演变、两种主要法系的区别、法律的局限性，以及法律对社会发展的重大意义。 【Why】本文旨在引导我们了解法律常识，充分认识到法律对人类社会发展的重要意义，从而进一步提升法治意识，促进法律素养的形成，成为知法、懂法、守法的合格公民。 【How】本文是一篇法学教授的讲座文稿，结构清晰，层次分明，语言简洁。全文共有六个自然段。第一段用设问句引入话题，引导我们关注“法律”这一概念诞生的历史文化背景；第二段介绍了《乌尔纳姆法典》和《汉谟拉比法典》，并举例分析了这两部法典的相似之处；第三段说明法律会随着社会的变迁而发生演变，包括废除过时法律、修订现有法律和制定全新法律；第四段介绍了目前世界上两种常见法系——民法法系和普通法法系；第五段指出法律虽然在解决争议、规范行为等方面有重要功能，但也存在着局限性；最后一段总结全文，强调法律在保持社会稳定、促进社会发展等方面有着重要意义。本文在呈现客观事实时多次使用举例法，使文本易懂、客观、有说服力。本文最后还运用了暗喻的修辞手法，将法律比作指引社会向前发展的罗盘，形象生动，易于理解。 ◆ 教学目标 By the end of this section, we will be able to: 1. acquire some basic knowledge of the law; 2. explain the significance and limitations of the law; 3. write our own metaphors to describe the importance of the law; 4. relate what we learn about the law to our daily life; 5. realize the importance of abiding by the law in our society. Without the law, human societies might not have developed in the way they have. The lecture below was given to high school students by a law professor. Before you read the transcript, think about the following questions: • How do you think the law originated? I think the law originated when humans began to live in communities. However,before that, I am sure family units or tribes already lived according to certain rules. For example, men often went hunting, while women were the gatherers. Their respective roles could be recognized as basic family “rules” to keep everyone safe and happy. When more than one family started living together in a community, the rules were adapted to include more roles and behaviours, inevitably leading to the law of the community as it developed into a more complex society. gath·er·er  /ˈɡæðərə(r)/ 收集者；采集者 in·ev·it·ably  /ɪnˈevɪtəbli/ 不可避免地；必然地 • What famous legal cases have you heard of? I know of a legal case involving a family who moved into a house next to a cricket field. Though they probably knew it would be noisy and dangerous, they still decided to live there. However, after some time, the constant noise of cricketers playing and cricket balls landing in their back garden annoyed them. cricket 板球（运动） crick·et·er  /ˈkrɪkɪtə(r)/ 板球运动员 field (BrE also also pitch ) (通常构成复合词 ) 运动场 land跳落，跌落，被抛落（地面） They decided to go to court to stop cricket from being played there, but their case was thrown out. The unhappy family eventually moved from the house,which is what they could have done in the first place. go to court / take sb. to court 起诉 throw sth out拒不接受，否决（建议、想法等） move (from...) (to...)搬家；搬迁' move in/move into sth搬进新居 move out搬出去；迁出 in the first place(用于句尾，谈论某事为何或是否应该做)究竟,到底,当初 The rules of law法律的规则 Have you ever wondered when and where the law originated? Around 12,000 years ago in the Middle East, small permanent farming communities were established, changing traditional nomadic hunter-gatherer lifestyles. 你有没有想过，法律究竟起源于何时何地？大约 12000 年前，中东出现了一些小型的定居农耕村落，改变了传统的游牧式狩猎和采集的生活方式。 per·man·ent  /ˈpɜːmənənt/ 固定的 (住所或地址) community/kəˈmjuːnɪtɪ/团体,群体 hunter-gatherer (依靠打猎捕鱼和采集果实为生的)狩猎采集者 Different groups were closely living together and dealing with unfamiliar behaviours, beliefs and attitudes. To prevent chaos and resolve conflicts, the rules of conduct and consequences for unacceptable behaviours were created. Hence, the concept of law was born. 不同的群体毗邻而居，就需要面对陌生的行为、信仰和观念。为避免混乱，化解冲突，人们制定了行为规则和对不当行为的处罚办法。于是，法律的概念就诞生了。 deal with sth解决,处理,应付;涉及,论及,关于 con·duct /ˈkɒndʌkt/ [ U](人在某地或某种情况下的)行为，举止 Many ancient civilizations arose in the Middle East, so it is not surprising that law codes first appeared there. The oldest discovered, the Code of Ur-Nammu, dates back to about 4,000 years ago. The code presented laws in the cause-and-effect format, a style used in nearly all later codes. 这部法典的条文以因果格式呈现，后世法典几乎都采用这种形式。 code法典,法规; 道德准则,行为规范 the Code of Ur-Nammu /ˌɜː næˈmuː/《乌尔纳姆法典》(世界上最早的一部成文法典) Another one discovered, the Code of Hammurabi, was composed around 300 years later, which is one of the longest, best-organized and best-preserved legal texts.This code was among the first to implement the concept “innocent until proven guilty”. 另一部被发现的《汉穆拉比法典》于大约 300 年后制定，是篇幅最长、结构最严谨、保存最完整的法律文本之一。它也是最早施行“疑罪从无”理念的法典之一。 the Code of Hammurabi /ˌhæmʊˈrɑːbi/《汉穆拉比法典》（世界上现存的第一部比较完备的成文法典） well-organized组织良好的; 有条理的 well-preserved(物体或建筑)保存良好的;保养得好的 Both codes have features in common. For instance, they treated a variety of matters, but often ignored some important rules, because such rules were deeply grounded in custom. 这两部法典有一些共通之处。例如，它们都包罗甚广，但往往忽略了一些重要规则，那是因为这些规则当时已深植于社会习俗之中了。 treat处理；讨论 be grounded in/on sth.以…为基础；基于 His views are grounded on the assumption that all people are equal.他的观点建立在人人平等的假设之上。 Over time, laws evolve to become more sophisticated and wide-ranging. Societies constantly transform, so legal systems respond accordingly and ensure laws remain relevant. This response happens in various ways. 随着时间的推移，法律演变得更加复杂，覆盖面也变得更广。社会在不断改变，法律体系也相应调整，确保法律适应时代变化。调整的方式有多种。 so·phis·ti·cated /səˈfɪstɪkeɪtɪd/ 复杂巧妙的,先进的,精密的 wide-ranging覆盖面广的；内容广泛的 respond (to sth)有改进；见起色；显出效果 rele·vant紧密相关的,切题的;有价值的,有意义的,正确的,适宜的 irrelevant无关紧要的；不相关的 Outdated laws are abolished when they no longer correspond with the values or moral beliefs of the current society. The most famous example is the abolition of slavery laws in certain countries during the 19th century. 当旧法律不再符合当前社会的价值观或道德信仰时，它们就会被废除。最著名的例子是19 世纪某些国家废除了奴隶制法律。 out·dated  /ˌaʊtˈdeɪtɪd/ 过时的；陈旧的 out of date过时的;缺乏新信息的;陈腐的;失效的;过期的 up to date现代的;最新的;时髦的;新式的;拥有(或包含)最新信息的 cor·res·pond (to/with sth) /ˌkɒrəˈspɒnd/ 相一致；符合,=agree belief [ C usually pl.]信仰；宗教信仰 abo·li·tion /ˌæbəˈlɪʃn/ (法律、制度、习俗等的)废除,废止 Current laws are amended when aspects of a crime change, such as becoming more serious or producing additional crime-related behaviour. In Australia, a law amendment makes workplace bullying amount to a criminal offence.Besides, new laws are made as new situations develop such as those created by advances in technology or changes in societal attitudes. 当犯罪的某些方面发生变化，比如变得更加严重或出现其他与犯罪相关的行为，现行法律就要修订。澳大利亚的一项法律修正案将职场霸凌定为刑事犯罪。此外，随着技术进步或社会观念发生改变等新情况的出现，也会相应地制定新法律。 amount to sth等于,相当于 pro·duce sth (from/out of sth)出示,展现,使出现;引起,导致,使产生 de·velop 出现(问题);(尤指开始向坏的方面)发展,变化 so·ci·etal  /səˈsaɪətl/ 社会的；关于社会的 For instance, the advent of the Internet and social media has led to easier exchanges of information, and in turn has provided unauthorized access to personal data, so it is necessary to adopt a data protection law to strengthen the protection of online users’ private information.例如，互联网和社交媒体的出现使信息交流更加通畅，而这也导致有人能够未经授权获取个人数据，因此有必要通过数据保护方面的法律来加强对在线用户个人信息的保护。 the advent of sth/sb(重要事件、人物、发明等的)出现,到来 un·author·ized/ʌnˈɔːθəraɪzd/未经许可(或批准)的;未经授权的 au·thor·ize  /ˈɔːθəraɪz/ ( Bre also -ise)批准；授权 Evolving laws may represent a progressive society, but legal systems tend to remain relatively stable. Notably, global legal systems fall into categories that share similarities,and two main categories are civil law and common law. 法律的不断演变可以代表社会的进步，但法律体系却往往是相对稳定的。比较明显的是全球法律体系可按照其相似性进行归类，有民法法系和普通法法系两个主要类别。 pro·gres·sive /prəˈɡresɪv/ 进步的,先进的,开明的,稳定发展的 not·ably  /ˈnəʊtəbli/明显地; 尤其,特别;极大程度上,非常 fall into sth可以分为；能够分成 common law（英国）普通法，习惯法，判例法 In the civil law system, laws are created by the country’s legislature. Many European countries adopt this legal system. In the common law system, some laws are created by the legislature, but most are based on published court decisions from previous court cases, which are then implemented in future similar situations. The United States, the United Kingdom and Australia are examples of the common law system.在普通法法系中，部分法律由立法机关制定，而大多数法律是基于以往案件中已公布的法庭判决，之后将其应用于后来发生的类似情况中。例如，美国、英国和澳大利亚都属于普通法法系。 publish公布；发布,=release The law plays an essential part in resolving conflicts, settling disputes and making rules that everyone must follow, yet it has limitations. As the law is not applicable to all situations, it is just one instrument to regulate society. 法律在解决冲突、调解纠纷和制定人人必须遵守的规则方面发挥着重要作用，但它也有局限性。法律并不是对所有情况都适用，因此，它只是管理社会的工具之一。 ap·plic·able (to sb/sth) /əˈplɪkəbl//ˈæplɪkəbl/ 适用,合适,=relevant in·stru·ment受利用(或控制)的人;工具;促成某事的人(或事物);手段 Governments usually employ other methods of social control to help society operate in a smooth and integrated fashion. Moreover, the law is not always ready or able to adapt to the constant changes in the society it serves. Because of its relative stability, it is unreasonable for the law to solve every newly emerging problem.为保证社会稳定有序地、协调地运行，政府通常也会兼用其他社会治理手段。此外，法律所服务的社会日新月异，它未必总是能及时、有效地适应社会变化。由于法律的相对稳定性，指望法律解决所有新出现的问题，是不切实际的。 in·te·grated 各部分密切协调的,综合的,完整统一的;种族 (或宗教) 融合的 in (a)... fashion以…方式 ready方便使用的；现成的 The law is more than just a set of rules as you have probably realized. It helps maintain security and stability in society, and its stable structure assists our societies to reach their full potential. The law is the compass that has guided humans from the first law-abiding communities to where we are today. 或许你已经明白，法律不仅仅是一套规则。它可以维护社会的安全与稳定，其稳定的结构能让我们的社会充分发挥潜力。法律是指南针，指引人类从最早的守法村落一路走到今天。 reach实现；达到 law-abiding遵纪守法的；安分守己的 As it continues to lead us into the future, the law will hopefully help us develop societies that are not just more harmonious but also more civilized. 法律将继续引领着我们走向未来，它有望让我们的社会变得不仅更加和谐，而且更加文明。 har·mo·ni·ous  /hɑːˈməʊniəs/友好和睦的,和谐的;协调的 har·mony /ˈhɑːməni/ 融洽,和睦;和谐,协调 harmonize/ˈhɑːməˌnaɪz/ 彼此协调;使...统一 civ·il·ized /ˈsɪvəlaɪzd/ ( Bre also -ised)文明的,开化的;有法制伦理的,有道德的;有礼貌的,有教养的,举止得体的;(生活)惬意的,愉快舒适的 A. Understanding the text Page 46 A1. Read the lecture transcript and complete the chart below with the main idea of each paragraph. What the old law codes are How the law evolves What the main legal systems are What limitations the law has How the law helps us A2. Read the lecture transcript again carefully and answer the following questions. Page 46 1. How did the Code of Ur-Nammu present laws? 2. Why does the lecturer give the example of the abolition of slavery laws? It presented laws in the cause-and-effect format. Because the lecturer wants to illustrate the point that outdated laws are abolished when they no longer correspond with the values or moral beliefs of the current society. 3. What are the two main legal systems? 4. What limitations does the law have? The civil law system and the common law system. The law is not applicable to all situations. Besides, the law is not always ready or able to adapt to the constant changes in the society it serves. A3. In pairs, discuss the following questions. 1. How do laws evolve? Use information from the lecture transcript or other sources to support your idea. Outdated laws are abolished when they no longer correspond with the values or moral beliefs of the current society. For example, a law existed centuries ago that determined certain people were slaves, which was in line with the values or moral beliefs of some societies. determine确定；裁决；安排 in line with/be brought into line with 与…一致 However, with the Enlightenment emerging, old customs and traditions were replaced with more logical thinking that questioned the morality of slavery. This led to the abolition of slavery laws in countries like the US during the 19th century. Current laws may be amended when aspects of a crime change, such as becoming more serious or producing additional crime-related behaviour. the Enlightenment（18世纪欧洲的）启蒙运动 lo·gic·al /ˈlɒdʒɪkl/(行动、事件等 ) 必然的,合乎情理的,合乎常理的 For instance, in 2022, the Australian Environment Legislation Amendment Bill 2021 was made effective. With global pressure on countries to protect the environment and reduce pollution, breaking environmental laws is becoming more serious. The environmental laws were amended, including environment protection, waste management and pollution prevention laws. le·gis·la·tion  /ˌledʒɪsˈleɪʃn/ 法规,法律;立法,制订法律 bill（提交议会讨论的）议案，法案 The amendments aim to strengthen the authorities’ enforcement powers, extend responsibility for certain offences, increase criminal penalties and reduce environmental crimes.这些修正案旨在加强当局的执法权力，扩大对某些违法行为的责任，加大刑事处罚力度，减少环境犯罪。 New laws are created as new situations develop such as those caused by advances in technology or changes in societal attitudes. the authorities当局；官方；当权者 In a short time, we have seen many new technologies appear in our daily life. They have changed the way we live and work, so new laws had to be created to address these changes. For example, cybercrimes have increased, making it necessary to make laws to protect Internet users. 2. Can you think of any laws that are related to your daily life? Give some examples. Traffic-related laws help keep people safe on the road, and I always obey them. For example, I only cross the road at a proper pedestrian crossing and when the light is green. However, not everyone obeys the law. I have seen some people breaking laws by using their mobile phones while driving, which is more likely to cause an accident. Laws that protect personal information ensure cybercriminals face consequences for illegally accessing, stealing and using private information. I am aware of this kind of cybercrime, so I will not open messages or click on links from unknown sources. B. Building your language Page 47 B1.A legal expert gave a presentation about teenagers’ awareness of the law. Complete the transcript with the correct forms of the words and phrases in the box below. consequence moral crime tend to resolve employ relevant amount to I’m convinced everyone strives to be a law-abiding citizen, but it’s conceivable that you’re breaking the law without realizing.(不知不觉地) con·ceiv·able  /kənˈsiːvəbl/ 可想象的,可信的,=possible Have you ever shared an e-book online without the author’s permission or helped your friend in a situation with no idea that it was not legal? Such behaviour (1) ___________ lawbreaking. Not knowing something is illegal is no excuse, and you will have to face the (2) ____________. Nevertheless, you (3) _______ avoid such mistakes by raising your awareness of the law. The key is to educate yourself. be no excuse for sth. 没有理由 amounts to consequences tend to Libraries provide law books,and there are some websites where you can browse law journals and essays. You can also attend courses and lectures on law, offline or online. Besides, getting involved in (4) ________ activities or events organized by your school or community can teach you about its importance. In addition to keeping abreast of the law, observing the law will ensure you behave like a (5) ______ citizen of high integrity. observe moral keep abreast of sth.了解最新情况,跟上(某事物的发展) in·teg·rity  /ɪnˈteɡrəti/ [ U]诚实正直 relevant moral 遵守(规则、法律等) 品行端正的,有道德的 Under certain circumstances you may feel the impulse to do something against the law or react to a situation in a way that is unlawful. Know what a (6) ______ is and the penalty it carries. This could help you get a hold of your emotions and (7) _______ any conflict calmly and legally. Moreover, understanding the law means you can turn to it for protection when needed. carry带有,带来(某种结果或后果);承担(责任),承受(结果) catch/ get/grab/take, etc. (a) hold of sb/sth抓住,拿着,握着,握住,控制 crime resolve What if someone hacked your social media account and (8) _________ this to contact your family or friends and ask for money? This would be when you turn to the police for help. Overall, ensuring you are aware of the law will put you in good standing whether you’re in school or stepping out into the world. Observing the law is the foundation of good citizenship, and we are all responsible for maintaining order in our society. over·all /ˌəʊvərˈɔːl/ 一般来说,大致上,总体上 in good standing 受某人欢迎，与某人关系良好 stand·ing  /ˈstændɪŋ/ n.地位,级别,身份,名声 adj.常设的 employed B2.The lecture transcript uses a metaphor to show the significance of the law to the progress of societies. Find the metaphor in the transcript and write your own metaphor to describe the importance of the law in society. The metaphor from the lecture transcript: The law is the compass that has guided humans from the first law-abiding communities to where we are today. The law is the weighing scale that constantly measures everyone within a society in a fair manner. $