专题05 阅读理解（说明文）（期末真题汇编，浙江专用）高二英语上学期

专题05 阅读理解（说明文） 主题01 人与自我——生活与学习 Passage 1 （浙江省杭州市2024-2025学年高二上学期期末考英语试卷） When preparing for a test, most students assume it’s best to simply study the material and try to memorize as much of it as possible. Many tests seemingly reward rote (死记硬背) memorization. But what if students trained by testing themselves instead? Usually, studying is considered a safer bet; why risk producing wrong answers when you can just memorize the right one? Yet it turns out making errors early on can be more helpful for remembering information over time. Cognitive psychologists Henry Roddy Roediger and Jeff Karpicke conducted a study where they had hundreds of students memorize passages from a test-preparation book for the Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL). One group memorized these passages by reading them repeatedly, while another group read the passages several times and then completed three tests. The results were surprising: the students who repeatedly studied the material initially performed better, but when they were tested again a week later, the students who tested themselves recalled over 60% of what they had learned, compared to only 40% for the group who repeatedly studied. The testing effect has since been confirmed in many studies under a range of conditions. Its value remains undoubted, but scientists are still debating why it has such a powerful effect on memory. The simplest explanation is that testing exposes our weaknesses. When we test our memories, we expose the weaknesses of existing neuronal (神经元的) connections in a way that ultimately strengthens what’s useful and removes what’s not, making the information we attempt to memorize more lasting and easier to recall. To maximize the benefits of the testing effect, it’s important to return to the same information in shorter sessions over several days instead of cramming (塞进) everything into a single night of intense studying. This allows your brain to consolidate the information and create stronger memories. In conclusion, testing is not just a tool for assessing your knowledge but also a powerful learning tool. By embracing errors and actively testing yourself, you can improve your learning and memory. So, instead of avoiding mistakes, embrace them as opportunities for growth and mastery. 1．What do we know about Henry and Jeff’s study? A．Self-testing works only in tasks of memorizing things. B．Those who repeatedly studied performed better later. C．Rote memorization doesn’t work well in the long run. D．The study focused mainly on how to prepare for TOEFL. 2．What happens to the brain when people test their memories? A．Additional neuronal connections in the brain are created. B．The brain processes new information at a higher speed. C．The weak connections between neurons are removed. D．Weak but useful neuronal connections become stronger. 3．What is an effective way to study according to paragraph 4? A．Avoiding making the same mistakes in tests. B．Studying everything intensely on a single night. C．Reviewing in shorter sessions over several days. D．Focusing on what is most likely to be on the test. 4．Which of the following is the best title for the text? A．Cramming for Exams: A Safer Bet for Success B．The Testing Effect: Why Practice Makes Perfect C．The Power of Testing: An Effective Approach to Learning D．The Secret of Learning: How Brains Process Information 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．C 4．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。本文主要讲述了测试效应作为一种有效的学习方法，通过自我测试可以提高记忆和学习效果。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中“The results were surprising: the students who repeatedly studied the material initially performed better, but when they were tested again a week later, the students who tested themselves recalled over 60% of what they had learned, compared to only 40% for the group who repeatedly studied.”（结果是令人惊讶的：那些反复学习材料的学生一开始表现更好，但当他们一周后再次接受测试时，那些自我测试的学生回忆起了60%以上所学的内容，而反复学习的学生只回忆起了40%。）可知，死记硬背从长远来看效果并不好。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段的“When we test our memories, we expose the weaknesses of existing neuronal (神经元的) connections in a way that ultimately strengthens what’s useful and removes what’s not, making the information we attempt to memorize more lasting and easier to recall. (当我们测试自己的记忆力时，我们会以一种方式暴露现有神经元连接的弱点，这种方式最终会强化有用的连接，去除无用的连接，从而使我们试图记住的信息更加持久，也更容易回想起来。)”可知，测试记忆时，大脑会暴露并强化有用的神经元连接，同时去除无用的连接，由此可知，弱但有用的神经元连接被暴露并得到加强。故选D。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段的“To maximize the benefits of the testing effect, it’s important to return to the same information in shorter sessions over several days instead of cramming (塞进) everything into a single night of intense studying. (为了最大限度地发挥测试效果的益处，重要的是在几天内分多个较短的时段来复习同样的知识内容，而不是把所有东西都集中在一个晚上进行高强度的学习。)”可知，有效的学习方法是分几天进行短时间复习，而不是一晚上突击学习，由此可推知，在几天内分多次短时段复习材料是有效的学习方法。故选C。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段的“Yet it turns out making errors early on can be more helpful for remembering information over time. (然而，事实证明，早期犯错从长远来看可能更有助于记忆信息。)”以及第三段中的“The testing effect has since been confirmed in many studies under a range of conditions. (测试效应已经在多种条件下通过许多研究得到了证实。)”可知，本文的核心在于探讨测试作为一种有效的学习工具的力量，而且测试对学习和记忆的强大效果，所以“测试的力量：一种有效的学习方法。”概括了全文的主题，是最佳标题。故选C。 Passage 2 （浙江省金华市十校2024-2025学年高二上学期期末英语试题）We’ve all had the experience. We’re reading along and suddenly realize that although our eyes are scanning the words on the page, nothing is actually registering. Minutes pass before we realize that we’ve lost the plot entirely. In classrooms, students tend to experience this drift (偏移) in attention while reading texts that are challenging or highly technical — the sorts of passages middle schoolers and high schoolers might encounter in science, math, or history. In a 2024 study of “mindless reading,” researchers from the University of Wü rzburg tracked the reading speed and attention of undergraduates studying a complex science text. At multiple points during the exercise, prompts (提示) appeared asking students “Was your mind wandering when you read the last sentence?” Students confirmed multiple instances of loss of attention. Researchers found that variations in reading speed, lingering (逗留) on the same passage for long periods, and skipping words were signals that students were struggling to remain focused or to understand the material, and also predicted poorer performance on later tests. But these problems are not insolvable. The University of Wü rzburg researchers also concluded that when students were trained to recognize when they lost track of sentence-level information or got stuck on passages — and were taught strategies to “plan, monitor, and regulate their reading” — they were able to successfully re-route their attention. To convince students of the importance of effective reading strategies, it’s important to explain the long-term benefits of sticking through complex texts. For example, learning how to make sense of a technical science text may help if students decide to work in engineering. The skills they use to make sense of a history text may help in future legal careers. Try to make it clear, literacy expert Timothy Shanahan says, that when we teach students how to push through difficult texts, “what we’re really doing is showing them how to gain access to all of these different fields in our society.” 1．Students tend to lose their focus while reading if ________. A．the reading text is long B．they are in a classroom C．the reading material is complex D．they are middle or high schoolers 2．Which of the following is a signal of “mindless reading”? A．Reading too quickly. B．Poor performance on tests. C．Changes in reading speed. D．Spending much time reading. 3．What should students do if they experience “mindless reading”? A．Change the reading materials. B．Get to know why they get stuck on passages. C．Learn to notice when their attention wanders. D．Pay more attention to sentence-level information. 4．What is Shanahan’s attitude to helping students push through difficult texts? A．Favorable. B．Cautious. C．Doubtful. D．Unclear. 【答案】1．C 2．C 3．C 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了学生在阅读复杂或具有技术性的文本时容易分心，并且对其后果进行了分析，提出了解决的方法，并强调培养有效阅读策略的重要性。 1．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“In classrooms, students tend to experience this drift (偏移) in attention while reading texts that are challenging or highly technical—the sorts of passages middle schoolers and high schoolers might encounter in science, math, or history.”(在课堂上，学生在阅读具有挑战性或高度技术性的文本时往往会注意力涣散——这类文本可能出现在中学生或高中生的科学、数学或历史内容中)”可知，学生在阅读复杂材料时容易失去注意力。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据第四段“Researchers found that variations in reading speed, lingering (逗留) on the same passage for long periods, and skipping words were signals that students were struggling to remain focused or to understand the material.(研究人员发现，阅读速度的变化、长时间停留在同一段落，以及跳过单词是学生难以集中注意力或理解材料的信号)”可知，“心不在焉的阅读”的信号是阅读速度发生变化。故选C。 3．推理判断题。根据文章第五段“when students were trained to recognize when they lost track of sentence-level information or got stuck on passages—and were taught strategies to “plan, monitor, and regulate their reading”—they were able to successfully re-route their attention.(当学生被训练识别出他们在句子层面上失去信息或在段落中卡住时——并被教授“计划、监控和调节阅读”的策略——他们能够成功地重新集中注意力)”可知，学生应学会识别什么时候注意力涣散了。故选C。 4．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Try to make it clear, literacy expert Timothy Shanahan says, that when we teach students how to push through difficult texts, “what we’re really doing is showing them how to gain access to all of these different fields in our society.(试着讲清楚，阅读专家蒂莫西·沙纳汉说，当我们教学生如何克服难懂的文本时，“我们实际上是在向他们展示如何进入我们社会的所有这些不同领域。”)”可知，Shanahan对帮助学生克服困难文本持支持态度。故选A。 Passage 3 （浙江省丽水市2024-2025学年高二上学期期末教学质量监控英语试题）Eat more when you are stressed? You’re not alone. More than a third of the participants in a survey said they change their diets during stressful times. Many of us are quick to turn to either sugary foods or highly refined carbohydrates (碳水化合物) when the stress hits. “There can be a bit of a vicious cycle,” says David Ludwig, a professor at Harvard University. “When we feel stressed, we seek foods that are going to comfort us immediately, but often those foods lead to surges and crashes in hormones and blood sugar that increase our new stresses”. So, if eating lots of refined carbohydrates and sugar may worsen our responses to stress, are there other types of food that make us more resilient? Researcher Joe Hibbeln believes the answer is yes. He has spent the past two decades researching links between the omega-3 fatty acids found in fish and emotional health. He also points to clinical trials that have found that omega-3 fatty acids may help control depressive symptoms. And a study of schoolchildren in England linked omega-3 fatty acids to more pro-social behavior. Drew Ramsey, a psychiatrist at Columbia University, says a nutrient-rich diet is best for beating stress. He points to his favorite breakfast: scrambled eggs (炒鸡蛋) mixed with the greens and topped with pumpkin seeds. With this meal, you are covering all your bases, Ramsey says. The eggs are a good source of B vitamins and protein, which can be more satisfactory than a carbohydrates-based breakfast. The greens are incredibly nutrient-dense, and are a good source of vitamin A, vitamin K and potassium. And the pumpkin seeds are a good source of magnesium, which is thought to play a role in fighting off anxiety — and zinc, which may help boost the immune system. The bottom line? The foods we choose can’t magic away stress. But Ramsey says he believes “There is a very, very strong connection between food and mood”. 1．What does David Ludwig say about the foods we seek when stressed? A．They are full of nutrients. B．They help get rid of stress. C．They have long-term benefits. D．They provide instant comfort. 2．What does Joe Hibbeln’s research focus on? A．What depressive behaviors schoolchildren have. B．Why lots of refined foods release people’s anxiety. C．Whether omega-3 fatty acids are linked to emotional health. D．How omega-3 fatty acids worsen people’s responses to stress. 3．Why does Ramsey introduce his favourite breakfast? A．To attach importance to all kinds of vitamins. B．To illustrate his ways of beating hunger. C．To show the emotional support from a diet. D．To give examples of making delicious breakfast. 4．Which of the following might be the best title for the text? A．More Food, More Comfort. B．Better Diet, Better Mood. C．Regular Eating, Reduced Stress. D．Authentic recipe, Excellent Fitness. 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．C 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了食物和情绪之间的关系，指出富含营养的食物有助于缓解压力，而某些食物中的营养成分，如omega-3脂肪酸，对情绪健康有积极影响。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中David Ludwig的话“When we feel stressed, we seek foods that are going to comfort us immediately, but often those foods lead to surges and crashes in hormones and blood sugar that increase our new stresses(当我们感到压力时，我们会寻找能立即让我们感到安慰的食物，但通常这些食物会导致激素和血糖的激增和崩溃，从而增加我们的新压力)”可知，David Ludwig认为，我们在压力之下所寻求的食物能给我们提供即时的安慰。故选D项。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“He has spent the past two decades researching links between the omega-3 fatty acids found in fish and emotional health.(在过去的二十年里，他一直在研究鱼类中的omega-3脂肪酸与情绪健康之间的联系)”可知，Joe Hibbeln的研究重点是鱼类中的omega-3脂肪酸是否与情绪健康之间有联系。故选C项。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段中“Drew Ramsey, a psychiatrist at Columbia University, says a nutrient-rich diet is best for beating stress. He points to his favorite breakfast: scrambled eggs mixed with the greens and topped with pumpkin seeds.(哥伦比亚大学的精神病学家Drew Ramsey说，营养丰富的饮食是缓解压力的最佳方法。他指出了自己最喜欢的早餐：炒鸡蛋配上绿叶蔬菜，再撒上南瓜籽)”以及后文对这份早餐营养成分的分析可知，Ramsey介绍自己最喜欢的早餐是为了说明饮食中的营养成分对情绪有支持作用，即饮食可以提供情感支持。故选C项。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，结合第一段中“Eat more when you are stressed? You’re not alone. More than a third of the participants in a survey said they change their diets during stressful times.(压力大的时候吃得更多？你并不孤单。在一项调查中，超过三分之一的参与者表示，他们在压力大的时候会改变饮食习惯)”和最后一段中“But Ramsey says he believes ‘There is a very, very strong connection between food and mood.’(但Ramsey表示，他相信“食物和情绪之间有非常、非常密切的联系。”)”可知，本文主要介绍了食物和情绪之间的关系，指出富含营养的食物有助于缓解压力，改善情绪。故B项“Better Diet, Better Mood.(更好的饮食，更好的情绪)”能概括文章内容，是适合作为标题。故选B项。 Passage 4 （浙江省绍兴市诸暨市2024-2025学年高二上学期期末检测英语试题）We’ve all left the house and found ourselves wondering: Did I shut the door? Did I turn off the kitchen lights? If these moments of doubt crop up a lot in your day-to-day life, a smart home system could save you a great deal of stress and worry. The primary advantage of a smart home is that you can flexibly control and automate your smart house technology. Using an application on your smartphone or tablet, you can control everything like your lighting, heating and sound system with incredible convenience. If your mobile device isn’t at hand, your smart home is equipped with other ways to control your smart house technology — including voice control. Smart lighting control is one of the most common applications of smart house technology. Smart lights can be controlled individually from the comfort of your sofa or combined into groups so that you can set the mood — whatever kind of atmosphere you want to create. In a smart home, you can see who’s at your door before you open it — and even communicate with visitors from your garden, the supermarket or your office. Modern smart house technology makes your door communication system mobile and gives you that extra level of peace of mind when unexpected visitors arrive. You can also operate your door communication system remotely and invite guests in before you get home. Smart blind (卷帘) systems are designed to improve comfort, convenience and security. With smart house technology, you can adjust your blinds to suit your needs by using intelligent wall switches to give you a little more privacy. Depending on the level of the sun, the outdoor temperature and the time of day, your smart house technology can also provide the right amount of shade in your rooms to reduce the burden on your air conditioning system and save energy. Intelligent home control technology is developing at a rapid pace. No matter whether you are in new or old buildings, in houses for rent or in your own home, modern home technology is rapidly becoming the standard and will soon naturally enrich your daily life. 1．What is the primary advantage of a smart home? A．Flexible home control. B．Personalized designs. C．Modern conveniences. D．Comfortable atmosphere. 2．What can we learn from paragraph 4? A．Remote working will become a reality. B．Door communication goes mobile. C．Security and comfort can be ensured. D．Visiting a smart home is efficient. 3．What is the author’s attitude to modern home technology? A．Favorable. B．Critical. C．Doubtful. D．Concerned. 4．What is the purpose of the text? A．To predict remarkable life prospects in the near future. B．To advocate technological innovation and application. C．To introduce some smart house technology features. D．To persuade us to embrace technological advances. 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．A 4．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了智能家居的主要优势，如灵活控制，还介绍了智能照明控制、门通讯系统、智能卷帘系统等智能家居技术的特点。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中“The primary advantage of a smart home is that you can flexibly control and automate your smart house technology.( 智能家居的主要优势是你可以灵活地控制和自动化你的智能家居技术。)”可知，智能家居的主要优势是可以灵活控制和自动化智能家居技术。故选A项。 2．细节理解题。根据第四段中“Modern smart house technology makes your door communication system mobile and gives you that extra level of peace of mind when unexpected visitors arrive. You can also operate your door communication system remotely and invite guests in before you get home.( 现代智能家居技术使您的门通信系统移动，并在不速之客到来时为您提供额外的安心。你也可以远程操作你的门通讯系统，在你回家之前邀请客人进来。)”可知，现代智能家居技术使门通讯系统实现移动化。故选B项。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Intelligent home control technology is developing at a rapid pace. No matter whether you are in new or old buildings, in houses for rent or in your own home, modern home technology is rapidly becoming the standard and will soon naturally enrich your daily life.( 智能家居控制技术正在快速发展。无论你是住在新的还是旧的建筑里，在出租的房子里还是在自己的家里，现代家居技术正在迅速成为标准，很快就会自然地丰富你的日常生活。)”可推知，可知，作者认为智能家居控制技术发展迅速，将丰富日常生活，对现代家居技术持积极、支持的态度。故选A项。 4．推理判断题。根据文章大意以及第一段“We’ve all left the house and found ourselves wondering: Did I shut the door?  Did I turn off the kitchen lights?  If these moments of doubt crop up a lot in your day-to-day life, a smart home system could save you a great deal of stress and worry.( 我们都曾走出家门，发现自己在想：我关门了吗？我把厨房的灯关了吗？如果这些疑虑在你的日常生活中经常出现，智能家居系统可以为你节省大量的压力和担忧。)”可知，文章主要介绍了智能家居的主要优势，如灵活控制，还介绍了智能照明控制、门通讯系统、智能卷帘系统等智能家居技术的特点，由此可推知，文章的目的是介绍一些智能家居技术特点。故选C项。 主题02 人与社会——做人与做事 Passage 1 （浙江省杭州市西湖区西湖高中2024-2025学年高二上学期期末考英语试卷）There are so many things to keep in order with young children during weekdays. It’s all too easy to end up forgetting they need their PE kit on a particular day, or to realize they have no clean school uniforms or you’ve missed an email about a school trip. So one admirably organized mom, Rachael Hallett, from Australia, has shared her simple but highly effective solution to having to prepare their lunchboxes. Her tip recommends mass cooking, just like you might do with dinners. “School lunches can get boring,” she admits. “You can cook a lot and freeze many items in advance. Sandwiches, sausage rolls, wraps and so on. These all freeze well.” But she points out that any fillings that are water-based, like cucumber or tomato, should be avoided in case the bread or wraps become wet. And Rachael, who has two primary school age children, doesn’t stop there with the preparation. She also makes the decisions easily over what to give her children daily by drawing up a list of different foods to put in the boxes. She prefers lunchboxes with different parts that won’t leak and each section is used for various items such as fruit or snacks. The wise mom sometimes even sends her kids into school with a food thermos for warm lunches. “You can really send almost anything,” she shares. But even Rachael has days when she just doesn’t have the time or energy to make a meal for her little ones and she says on these occasions school dinners are definitely a suitable alternative. “Plan some money for a lunch order on your hardest weekdays. Usually school dinners aren’t too expensive and taste good,” she says. Rachael is a co-founder of the hugely popular Facebook group Moms Who, which has over a million members. Lots of other members of the group thanked Rachael for sharing her tips which they intended to put to use in their routines. 1．What are parents’ weekdays like according to the first paragraph? A．Challenging. B．Boring. C．Amazing. D．Meaningful. 2．What does Rachael suggest on mass cooking? A．Avoiding sandwiches. B．Preparing food with juice. C．Choosing food that freezes well. D．Cooking one item at a time. 3．Why does Rachael probably prefer lunchboxes with different parts? A．It is easy for her children to carry. B．It is convenient to put different foods in. C．The lunchboxes look more beautiful. D．The lunchboxes are popular with children. 4．What is the purpose of the Facebook group Moms Who? A．To offer various recipes for cooking school dinners at home B．To help moms find affordable lunchbox options for their kids C．To allow moms in Australia to discuss school-related topics. D．To provide a platform for moms to share the tips on their kids’ lunch. 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．B 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了Rachael Hallett这位妈妈在准备孩子午餐方面的经验和建议，并通过她的故事为其他家长提供了实用的技巧。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段的句子“There are so many things to keep in order with young children during weekdays. It’s all too easy to end up forgetting they need their PE kit on a particular day, or to realize they have no clean school uniforms or you’ve missed an email about a school trip.(在工作日里，有很多事情要和年幼的孩子们一起打理。很容易忘记他们在某一天需要他们的体育用品，或者意识到他们没有干净的校服，或者你错过了一封关于学校旅行的邮件。)”可知，父母在工作日需要处理许多事情，容易忘记一些重要事项，因此工作日是具有挑战性的。故选A项。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段的句子“You can cook a lot and freeze many items in advance. Sandwiches, sausage rolls, wraps and so on. These all freeze well.(你可以提前烹饪和冷冻很多食物。三明治、香肠卷、面包卷等等。这些都很好冻。)”可知，Rachael建议选择可以冷冻保存的食物。故选C项。 3．细节理解题。根据第三段的句子“She prefers lunchboxes with different parts that won’t leak and each section is used for various items such as fruit or snacks.(她更喜欢有不同部分的午餐盒，这些部分不会漏出，每个部分都可以用来装各种东西，比如水果或零食。)”可知，Rachael喜欢分格饭盒是因为可以方便地放入不同种类的食物。故选B项。 4．推理判断题。根据全文内容，特别是最后一段的句子“Lots of other members of the group thanked Rachael for sharing her tips which they intended to put to use in their routines.(小组的许多其他成员都感谢Rachael分享她的建议，他们打算把这些建议应用到自己的日常生活中。)”可知，该Facebook群的目的是为妈妈们提供一个分享孩子午餐技巧的平台。故选D项。 Passage 2 （浙江省绍兴市诸暨市2024-2025学年高二上学期期末检测英语试题）Whether you are traveling to a different country for business or study, you must always be prepared to experience and overcome cultural differences and language barriers. Here are a couple of tips on how to help bridge the gap between cultures. Every country in the world, old or new, has a rich and storied history. They celebrate their own holidays, cook national dishes, listen to their own styles of music and wear clothes appropriate for their culture. Take some time to learn the history, art and customs of the country you’ll be visiting. Showing your knowledge of the local customs and history will make those around you realize you truly care about their culture. Language are hard to master. You spent years in grade school learning all the grammar and intricacies (复杂) of English. Why not spend more time learning a whole new language — especially when so much of the world speak English already? Even if you can only recite a couple of key phrases, it shows that you’re making the effort to bridge the cultural gap. Unfortunately, no matter how much you research a country or how well you know the language, there will always be some culture shocks and confusion. Words, actions or gestures that are not offensive (冒犯的) to us can be very offensive to someone from another culture. When this occurs, it is important to stay patient. Working through these frustrations together will lead to a smarter and stronger bond between you and your friend from another culture. When I learn a new language, or study the history of a culture I’m unfamiliar with, I think of it as exploring a new world. There are so many things that make each culture unique. You have to be open to trying and learning new things in order to fit in well in another country. Always try to think about how they see things from their cultural perspective. All of this being said, there are so many similarities between people of all nations. We all laugh at the same physical comedy, groan when we have to clean up our pets’ messes and cry when we lose a loved one. After all, we are all humans. 1．What are you supposed to do to show your efforts to fit in? A．Develop an optimistic attitude. B．Do research into the new culture. C．Publicize its unique cultures. D．Clear all the barriers in the way. 2．What does the author think of culture shocks? A．Overwhelming.B．Abstract. C．Depressing. D．Unavoidable. 3．How does the author encourage us to be in paragraph 5? A．Open-minded. B．Suspicious. C．Ambitious. D．Insightful. 4．What is the most suitable title for the article? A．Participating in cultural communication. B．Stepping out of your comfort zone. C．Exposing yourself to different cultures. D．Bridging the Gap between Cultures. 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．A 4．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文，文章主要介绍了克服文化差异的几条建议。 1．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Take some time to learn the history, art and customs of the country you’ll be visiting. Showing your knowledge of the local customs and history will make those around you realize you truly care about their culture.(花点时间了解你要去的国家的历史、艺术和习俗。展示你对当地风俗和历史的了解会让你周围的人意识到你真的关心他们的文化)”可知，为了表明你融入新文化的努力，你应该对新的文化进行研究，故选B项。 2．推理判断题。根据文章第四段“Unfortunately, no matter how much you research a country or how well you know the language, there will always be some culture shocks and confusion. (不幸地是，无论你对一个国家做了多少研究，或者你对这个国家的语言有多了解，总会有一些文化冲击和困惑)”可知，作者认为文化冲击是不可避免的，故选D项。 3．推理判断题。根据第五段“You have to be open to trying and learning new things in order to fit in well in another country. Always try to think about how they see things from their cultural perspective.(为了适应另一个国家，你必须乐于尝试和学习新事物。总是试着从他们的文化角度去思考他们是如何看待事物的)”可知，作者鼓励我们要思想开放，故选A项。 4．主旨大意题。文章第一段“Here are a couple of tips on how to help bridge the gap between cultures.(这里有一些关于如何帮助跨越文化差异的建议。)”提出话题——帮助跨越消除文化差异的建议，文章第二、三、四、五段依次提出了四条建议，最后一段对全文进行总结，纵观全文，文章都在围绕着如何帮助消除文化差异来展开，所以D项Bridging the Gap between Cultures(消除文化之间的差异)作为文章题目最为合适，故选D项。 Passage 3 （浙江省丽水市2023-2024学年高二上学期1月期末英语试题）Most of us have some sort of bucket list—a checklist of experiences and accomplishments we hope to achieve before our time here on earth is up. When we think of how to improve our lives, our first urge is generally to add things: I’d be happier if my career were going better. Everything would be different if I could find a good relationship. There is only one problem with this approach—science suggests it tends to have the opposite result. A mountain of researches show that when you reach your goals, they’re likely to only bring you momentary joy. After a brief high, dissatisfaction creeps in and we start to long for the next thing on the list. How do you get off this problem and find lasting peace of mind? Brooks offers a simple, practical suggestion: Swap your traditional bucket list for something he calls a “reverse bucket list.” “Each year on my birthday, I list my wants and attachments—the stuff that fits under the categories of money, power, pleasure and honor. I try to be completely honest,” he writes. Next, Brooks sits down and lists what his life would be like in five years if he were truly happy and successful—if he were living up to his values and experiencing a sense of psychological peace. The final step is to compare the two lists side by side. Would those things he longs for actually bring him closer to his vision of the good life? If an item is on your bucket list because it lines up with your deepest desires and values, keep it. If it’s there to impress the neighbors or feed a vague and strong need for “success”, onto the reverse bucket list it goes. When scientists ask people to solve problems of all kinds, their first urge is to add elements. They think a new feature, additional rule or extra ingredient will improve the final outcome. But recent research shows that subtraction (减法) is often the better one. 1．What is a problem probably caused when you achieve your goals? A．You will be eaten up with pride. B．Your confidence will be boosted overly. C．You will be unwilling to achieve the next goal. D．Your temporary happiness will give way to discontent. 2．What’s the difference between the traditional and the reverse bucket list? A．Whether the items on the list are listed honestly. B．Whether the items on the list can bring you glory. C．Whether the items on the list can be achieved. D．Whether the items on the list are consistent with your beliefs. 3．According to Brooks, which of the following will be classified into the reverse bucket list? A．Buying a more luxurious villa than a friend’s. B．Keeping on working out regularly to keep fit. C．Serving the community to keep mentally peaceful. D．Studying abroad for further education to realize self-value. 4．What is a suitable title for the text? A．The Barrier of Happiness: A Rule of Subtraction B．The Secret to Happiness: A Reverse Bucket List C．The Block to Happiness: A Traditional Bucket List D．The Truth of Happiness: A Checklist of Achievements 【答案】1．D 2．D 3．A 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了传统的“bucket list”方法可能导致暂时的幸福感和不满，并介绍了一个替代方法——反向“bucket list”，通过对比个人的真实愿望、价值观和理想生活，以寻求持久的心灵平静和幸福。 1．细节理解题。根据文章第二段中“A mountain of researches show that when you reach your goals, they’re likely to only bring you momentary joy. After a brief high, dissatisfaction creeps in and we start to long for the next thing on the list. (大量研究表明，当你达到目标时，它们可能只会给你带来短暂的快乐。在短暂的高潮之后，不满情绪悄然袭来，我们开始渴望清单上的下一件事。)”可知，实现目标后，暂时的幸福感会被不满所取代，故选D项。 2．细节理解题。根据文章第三段中““Each year on my birthday, I list my wants and attachments—the stuff that fits under the categories of money, power, pleasure and honor. I try to be completely honest,” he writes. (“每年在我生日那天，我都会列出我的需求和依恋——这些东西属于金钱、权力、快乐和荣誉的范畴。我试着完全诚实，”他写道。)”及第四段“If an item is on your bucket list because it lines up with your deepest desires and values, keep it. If it’s there to impress the neighbors or feed a vague and strong need for “success”, onto the reverse bucket list it goes. (如果某件物品在您的愿望清单上，因为它符合您最深切的愿望和价值观，请保留它。如果它是为了给邻居留下深刻印象，或者满足对“成功”的模糊而强烈的需求，那么它就会进入反向愿望清单。)”可知，愿望清单和反向愿望清单的不同之处在于清单上的项目是否与你的信念一致。故选D项。 3．推理判断题。根据文章第四段中“If it’s there to impress the neighbors or feed a vague and strong need for “success”, onto the reverse bucket list it goes. (如果它是为了给邻居留下深刻印象，或者满足对“成功”的模糊而强烈的需求，那么它就会进入反向的遗愿清单。)”并结合选项推知，买比朋友的别墅更豪华的别墅是属于反向遗愿清单，故选A项。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，并结合第二段“A mountain of researches show that when you reach your goals, they’re likely to only bring you momentary joy. After a brief high, dissatisfaction creeps in and we start to long for the next thing on the list. How do you get off this problem and find lasting peace of mind? Brooks offers a simple, practical suggestion: Swap your traditional bucket list for something he calls a “reverse bucket list.”(大量的研究表明，当你达到目标时，它们可能只会给你带来短暂的快乐。在短暂的高潮之后，不满情绪悄悄降临，我们开始渴望清单上的下一件事。你如何摆脱这个问题，找到持久的内心平静?布鲁克斯提出了一个简单实用的建议：把你的传统愿望清单换成他所谓的“反向愿望清单”)”和最后一段中“But recent research shows that subtraction (减法) is often the better one.(但最近的研究表明，减法往往是更好的选择)”可知，文章主要介绍了传统“bucket list”带来的问题和反向“bucket list”作为实现持久幸福的秘诀。因此，选项B“The Secret to Happiness: A Reverse Bucket List(幸福的秘诀：反向遗愿清单)”是最适合的标题。故选B项。 Passage 4 （浙江省杭州市学军中学2022-2023学年高二上学期期末英语试卷）Workers, and possibly all people, can be divided into two groups. Those who like to be involved in everything and can be labeled “FOMOs” because they suffer from a “fear of missing out”. Then there are those who would simply want to be left to get on with their own particular work, without distraction—the “JOMOs” (joy of missing out). If the boss announces a new project, do you immediately volunteer, thinking this will be a great chance to prove your skills? If so, you are a FOMO. Or do you foresee the trouble involved, the likely failure of the project, and the weekend emails from all the FOMOs wanting to spend less time with their families? Then you are a certified JOMO. Another test is technology. FOMOs are early users, picking up the latest devices and sending documents to colleagues through the latest file-sharing programme. JOMOs tend to believe that any technology upgrade will be troublesome in the beginning and wonder why on earth their colleagues can’t send the document everyone has been familiar with. Networking events are the kind of thing that gets FOMOs excited as a chance to exchange ideas and make contacts. When JOMOs hear the word “networking”, they reach for their noise-cancelling earphones. For them, being made to attend an industry cocktail party is rather like being forced to attend the wedding of someone they hardly know—a social suffering. Similarly, when it comes to business travel, FOMOs can’t wait to experience the delight of overseas conferences and visiting new places. It will all look good on their CV. JOMOs know that such travel involves lots of discomforts like crowded airline seats. The final destination turns out to be nothing more than a common conference centre or hotel that they forget five minutes after they have left. While they recognize that they have to attend some meetings and go on trips to get their work done, JOMOs regard such things as a self-punishment instead of a privilege. Something useful may come out of it, but best not to get their hopes up. It might seem obvious that employers should look to hire FOMOs, not their opposites. After all, in a company full of JOMOs, sales might suffer and there would be little innovation. But while FOMOs are racing from meeting to networking events, employers need a few JOMOs to be doing actual work. The other reason why depending on FOMOs is dangerous is that they are naturally restless. JOMOs will be loyal, for fear of ending up with a worse employer. But FOMOs may think that working for one company means they are missing out on better conditions at another. That is the point of most networking, after all. 1．Which of the following best describe FOMOs? A．Excited about the networking events. B．Finding it annoyed to use latest devices. C．Hesitating to get involved in a new project. D．Showing no interest in building up social relationship. 2．When it comes to business travel, what do JOMOs tend to do? A．Enjoy the conferences and the overseas trip B．Believe it will enrich their working experience C．Finish their work without too much expectations D．Complain about something uncomfortable during the trip. 3．According to the author, why is it dangerous to depend on FOMOs? A．They don’t do any actual work at all. B．They usually end up with a worse employer. C．They don’t improve sales and have little innovation. D．They may leave for better job chances in other company. 4．What is author’s attitude towards JOMOs? A．Indifferent B．Positive C．Doubtful D．Critical 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．D 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，文章介绍了职场中的两类人FOMOs和JOMOs。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段中“Workers, and possibly all people, can be divided into two groups. Those who like to be involved in everything and can be labeled “FOMOs” because they suffer from a “fear of missing out”. (工人，可能包括所有人，可以分为两类。那些喜欢参与所有事情的人，可以被贴上“fomo”的标签，因为他们患有“害怕错过”的毛病。)”以及第三段中“Networking events are the kind of thing that gets FOMOs excited as a chance to exchange ideas and make contacts. (社交活动是让fomo们兴奋的事情，因为这是一个交换想法和建立联系的机会。)”可知，FOMOs这类工作人员是患有“害怕错过”的毛病，所以他们对于工作中的任何工作是积极参与的，即兴奋的对待社交活动。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“JOMOs know that such travel involves lots of discomforts like crowded airline seats. The final destination turns out to be nothing more than a common conference centre or hotel that they forget five minutes after they have left. While they recognize that they have to attend some meetings and go on trips to get their work done, JOMOs regard such things as a self-punishment instead of a privilege.(JOMOs知道这样的旅行会带来很多不舒服，比如拥挤的飞机座位。最终的目的地只不过是一个普通的会议中心或酒店，他们离开五分钟后就忘记了。虽然他们认识到他们必须参加一些会议和出差来完成工作，但JOMOs认为这些事情是一种自我惩罚，而不是一种特权。)”可知，当谈到商务旅行时，JOMOs人群不抱太多期望地完成工作。故选C。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“ The other reason why depending on FOMOs is dangerous is that they are naturally restless. JOMOs will be loyal, for fear of ending up with a worse employer. But FOMOs may think that working for one company means they are missing out on better conditions at another. That is the point of most networking, after all.(依赖fomo是危险的另一个原因是，他们天生不安分。JOMOs会很忠诚，因为他们害怕最终找一个更糟糕的雇主。但fomo们可能认为，为一家公司工作意味着他们错过了另一家公司更好的条件。毕竟，这是大多数社交活动的意义所在。)”可知，一家公司过度依赖FOMOs是危险的原因在于他们可能会为了其他公司更好的工作机会而离开。故选D。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“ The other reason why depending on FOMOs is dangerous is that they are naturally restless. JOMOs will be loyal, for fear of ending up with a worse employer.(依赖fomo是危险的另一个原因是，他们天生不安分。JOMOs会很忠诚，因为他们害怕最终找一个更糟糕的雇主。)”可知，作者对JOMOs的态度是积极的。故选B。 主题03 人与社会——文学，艺术与体育 Passage 1 （浙江省青田县中学2024-2025学年高二上学期1月期末英语试题）The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 2009. For the most part, the response has been favorable, to say the least. “Hooray! At last!” wrote Anthony Tommasini, a sober-sided classical-music critic. One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise, however, is that Gilbert is comparatively little known. Even Tommasini, who had advocated Gilbert’s appointment in the Times, calls him “an unpretentious musician with no air of the formidable conductor about him.” As a description of the next music director of an orchestra that has hitherto been led by musicians like Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez, that seems likely to have struck at least some Times readers as faint praise. For my part, I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or even a good one. To be sure, he performs an impressive variety of interesting compositions, but it is not necessary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall, or anywhere else, to hear interesting orchestral music. All I have to do is to go to my CD shelf, or boot up my computer and download still more recorded music from iTunes. Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for live performance are missing the point. For the time, attention, and money of the art-loving public, classical instrumentalists must compete not only with opera houses, dance troupes, theater companies, and museums, but also with the recorded performances of the great classical musicians of the 20th century. These recordings are cheap, available everywhere, and very often much higher in artistic quality than today’s live performances; moreover, they can be “consumed” at a time and place of the listener’s choosing. The widespread availability of such recordings has thus brought about a crisis in the institution of the traditional classical concert. One possible response is for classical performers to program attractive new music that is not yet available on record. Gilbert’s own interest in new music has been widely noted: Alex Ross, a classical music critic, has described him as a man who is capable of turning the Philharmonic into “a markedly different, more vibrant organization.” But what will be the nature of that difference? Merely expanding the orchestra’s repertoire will not be enough. If Gilbert and the Philharmonic are to succeed, they must first change the relationship between America’s oldest orchestra and the new audience it hopes to attract. 1．From Paragraph 1, what can we learn from Gilbert’s appointment? A．It incurred criticism. B．It raised suspicion. C．It received acclaim. D．It aroused curiosity. 2．The author believes that the devoted concertgoers ______. A．ignore the expenses of live performances. B．reject most kinds of recorded performances. C．exaggerate the variety of live performances. D．overestimate the value of live performances. 3．According to the text, which of the following is true of recordings? A．They are often inferior to live concerts in quality. B．They are easily accessible to the general public. C．They help improve the quality of music. D．They have only covered masterpieces. 4．How does the author feel about Gilbert’s role in revitalizing the Philharmonic? A．Doubtful. B．Enthusiastic. C．Confident. D．Puzzled. 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．B 4．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要通过2009年纽约爱乐乐团突然宣布任命艾伦•吉尔伯特为下一任音乐总监为话题，论述了这一任命所带来的影响和对此的看法。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“For the most part, the response has been favorable, to say the least. “Hooray! At last!” wrote Anthony Tommasini, a sober-sided classical-music critic.(至少可以这么说，在很大程度上，人们的反应是积极的。“万岁！终于！”安东尼·托马西尼写道，他是一位冷静的古典音乐评论家)”可知，吉尔伯特的任命受到好评。故选C。 2．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for live performance are missing the point. For the time, attention, and money of the art-loving public, classical instrumentalists must compete not only with opera houses, dance troupes, theater companies, and museums, but also with the recorded performances of the great classical musicians of the 20thcentury. These recordings are cheap, available everywhere, and very often much higher in artistic quality than today’s live performances; moreover, they can be “consumed” at a time and place of the listener’s choosing. The widespread availability of such recordings has thus brought about a crisis in the institution of the traditional classical concert.(忠实的音乐会观众回答说，录音不能代替现场表演，他们没有抓住重点。为了获得热爱艺术的公众的时间、注意力和金钱，古典乐器演奏家不仅要与歌剧院、舞蹈团、戏剧公司和博物馆竞争，还要与20世纪伟大的古典音乐家的录音表演竞争。这些录音很便宜，到处都能买到，而且往往比今天的现场表演的艺术质量要高得多；此外，它们可以在听者选择的时间和地点“消费”。这种唱片的广泛传播给传统的古典音乐会制度带来了危机)”可知，作者认为录音更便宜，比现场演出艺术质量更好，而且更加方便，所以认为忠实的音乐会观众高估了现场演出的价值。故选D。 3．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“These recordings are cheap, available everywhere, and very often much higher in artistic quality than today’s live performances; moreover, they can be “consumed” at a time and place of the listener’s choosing. The widespread availability of such recordings has thus brought about a crisis in the institution of the traditional classical concert.(这些录音很便宜，到处都能买到，而且往往比今天的现场表演的艺术质量要高得多；此外，它们可以在听者选择的时间和地点“消费”。这种唱片的广泛传播给传统的古典音乐会制度带来了危机)”可知，大众很容易接触到录音。故选B。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Gilbert’s own interest in new music has been widely noted: Alex Ross, a classical music critic, has described him as a man who is capable of turning the Philharmonic into “a markedly different, more vibrant organization.” But what will be the nature of that difference? Merely expanding the orchestra’s repertoire will not be enough. If Gilbert and the Philharmonic are to succeed, they must first change the relationship between America’s oldest orchestra and the new audience it hopes to attract.(吉尔伯特本人对新音乐的兴趣已被广泛关注：古典音乐评论家亚历克斯·罗斯曾形容他是一个有能力将爱乐乐团变成“一个明显不同、更有活力的组织”的人。但这种差异的本质是什么呢？仅仅扩大乐团的演奏曲目是不够的。如果吉尔伯特和爱乐乐团想要成功，他们必须首先改变这个美国历史最悠久的乐团与其希望吸引的新观众之间的关系)”可知，作者认为仅仅扩大乐团的演奏曲目是不够的，说明对吉尔伯特在振兴爱乐方面所起的作用持怀疑态度。故选A。 Passage 2 （浙江省宁波市余姚市2023-2024学年高二上学期期末考试英语试题）Travel is like a box of chocolates: you never know what you’re going to get, especially when using a mystery box plane ticket. Earlier this year, mystery box travel purchases increased and became trendy among China’s young people. In normal trips, people often plan their vacations well in advance. After buying a mystery box at a low price — usually 100 or 200 yuan — however, the travelers using this method will select their departure airport and receive several destination options to choose from. After the destination is decided, their trip begins. Liao Liangyu, 16, has turned his eagerness to go on a mystery box trip into reality. He took a mystery box trip to Changsha with a couple of friends months ago. Right before their departure, a friend told Liao that Changsha was a super hyped-up (被炒作的) Internet sensation (网红). But he still decided to go and see it for himself. “My biggest discovery is that Changsha is a city full of contrasts,” Liao explained to China Daily. “You can see skyscraper (摩天大楼) and old houses in the same view.” Since the destination options include many less popular cities, travel mystery boxes also bring energy and economic benefits to these destinations. For example, Dehong city is a beautiful city in Yunnan province, yet has few visitors due to a lack of promotion. Following its inclusion as a mystery box travel destination, however, it has gained a lot of attention and is now thought of as a solid location for tourism. But even so, a large number of people feel disappointed with travel mystery boxes because they can encounter many problems after purchasing one, such as inappropriate travel time, sudden flight cancellations, or even challenges with refunds. Su Weili from Ctrip suggested in an interview with Haibao News that visitors should choose reliable platforms and sign contracts to guarantee their interests. 1．What is the appeal of mystery box travel? A．Traveling with like-minded strangers. B．Unplanned traveling at a low cost. C．Fixed routes to choose from. D．Popular destinations to visit. 2．How did Liao Liangyu feel about his mystery box trip? A．He regretted traveling with his friends. B．He felt Changsha didn’t deserve its fame. C．He disliked the unpredictability. D．He discovered something unexpected. 3．How do travel mystery boxes affect places like Dehong city? A．They help these places better known. B．They often cause overcrowding. C．They lead to environmental problems. D．They enrich local people’s lives. 4．What is the main topic of the last paragraph? A．Reliable platforms to buy travel mystery boxes. B．Various mystery box travel options available. C．Potential issues related to travel mystery boxes. D．Mystery box travel regulations and policies. 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．A 4．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了青年人购买了神秘旅行盒子的经历，产生的影响和潜在问题。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“After buying a mystery box at a low price — usually 100 or 200 yuan — however, the travelers using this method will select their departure airport and receive several destination options to choose from.(然而，在以低价(通常是100元或200元)购买一个神秘盒子后，使用这种方法的旅行者将选择他们的出发机场，并收到几个目的地可供选择)”可知，神秘盒子旅行的吸引力是计划的低成本旅行。故选B项。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段““My biggest discovery is that Changsha is a city full of contrasts,” Liao explained to China Daily. “You can see skyscraper (摩天大楼) and old houses in the same view.”(“我最大的发现是长沙是一个充满对比的城市，”廖在接受《中国日报》采访时解释道。“你可以在同一视野中看到摩天大楼和老房子。”)”可推知，廖良玉在他的神秘盒子之旅中发现了意想不到的事情。故选D项。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段“For example, Dehong city is a beautiful city in Yunnan province, yet has few visitors due to a lack of promotion. Following its inclusion as a mystery box travel destination, however, it has gained a lot of attention and is now thought of as a solid location for tourism.(例如，德宏市是云南省一个美丽的城市，但由于缺乏宣传，游客很少。然而，随着它被列入一个神秘的旅游目的地，它已经获得了很多关注，现在被认为是一个坚实的旅游地点)”可知，旅游神秘盒子对德宏市等地的影响是它们让这些地方更出名。故选A项。 4．主旨大意题。根据最后一段“But even so, a large number of people feel disappointed with travel mystery boxes because they can encounter many problems after purchasing one, such as inappropriate travel time, sudden flight cancellations, or even challenges with refunds.(但即便如此，还是有很多人对旅行神秘盒感到失望，因为他们在购买后会遇到很多问题，比如旅行时间不合适、航班突然取消、甚至是退款方面的挑战)”可知，最后一段的主题是与旅行神秘盒子相关的潜在问题。故选C项。 Passage 3 （浙江省杭州市学军中学2022-2023学年高二上学期期末英语试卷）Sleeper trains occupy a romantic corner of any traveler’s soul. One of Hercule Poirot’s most fascinating adventures takes place on the Simplon Orient Express, which used to run from Paris to Istanbul. A famous scene in Alfred Hitchcock’s “North by Northwest” features a night train entering a tunnel. James Bond, meanwhile, detects a spy on a sleeper train after noticing him behave suspiciously in the dining car. In some parts of the world, the nostalgia(怀旧)lives on. The Caledonian Sleeper, complete with smartly dressed waiters, neeps and tatties(白萝卜泥和土豆泥)and a selection of whiskies, is the best way to travel between London and Scotland. Elsewhere, however, sleepers are on their last legs. Flights across Europe have become so cheap that fewer and fewer travelers bother with sleeper trains. Sensing that the end is approaching. Andrew Martin, a British writer, has written a book about the sleeper. “Night Trains” is a brief history of the mode, combined with accounts of journeys Mr. Martin has taken on sleeper routes across Europe. The reader joins him on a train Munich, where he eats a tuna sandwich on board. Travelling from Paris to Venice, he thinks he has been robbed of $105. The service to Nice is cancelled, yet such is his love for sleeping aboard that he spends the night on the train as it sits on the platform. These stories make clear that the golden age of the sleeper train is long past. How different things were in the 19th century, when a passenger on the Orient Express could dine on delicacies and good wines. The only modern-day sleeper train which comes up to the Mr. Martin’s exacting standards is the Nordland, which travels towards northern Norway. Those who have no experience of the sleeper trains often ask sleeper enthusiasts: “Do you sleep?” After a read of Mr. Martin’s book, the answer would seem to be a definite “no”: the noise of the train wake him up time and again. Still, it is hard not to be won over by his enthusiasm. Catch the sleeper train, before it’s too late. 1．What can we learn from the underlined sentence in paragraph two? A．Sleeper trains are the last means of transportation for travelers. B．Travelers tend to fall asleep toward the end of their trip. C．Travelers are too exhausted to walk any longer. D．Sleeper trains are becoming out of fashion. 2．What might readers get after reading the book Night Trains? A．They may enjoy the scenery on their journey from London to Scotland. B．They can have the opportunity to travel on the best train in Europe. C．They may have a basic understanding of the history of sleeper trains. D．They may get all the answers to their questions about the sleeper trains. 3．What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A．The noise of the train makes it impossible for travelers to sleep well. B．Readers may be discouraged from riding on sleeper trains. C．The writer of the passages suggests not spending nights aboard. D．For enthusiasts, the love for sleepers outweighs the inconvenience caused. 4．What is the author’s purpose of writing the passage? A．To introduce readers to a new book about sleeper trains. B．To compare the advantages of sleeper trains in different periods. C．To inform the readers of the rise and fall of sleeper trains. D．To recall readers’ memory of an old-fashioned means of transportation. 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．D 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了Andrew Marti所写“Night Trains” 这本书的主要内容，涉及对卧铺火车的看法。 1．推理判断题。作者在第二段段中“In some parts of the world, the nostalgia（怀旧）lives on. The Caledonian Sleeper, complete with smartly dressed waiters, neeps and tatties（白萝卜泥和土豆泥）and a selection of whiskies, is the best way to travel between London and Scotland. Elsewhere, however, sleepers are on their last legs.( 在世界的某些地方，怀旧之情依然存在。喀里多尼亚的卧铺车厢里有穿着时髦的侍者、勤杂工和衣衫褴褛的人，这是在伦敦和苏格兰之间旅行的最佳方式。然而，在其他地方，卧铺火车已经过时。)”可知，由此判断卧铺火车正在过时。故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中““Night Trains” is a brief history of the mode, combined with accounts of journeys Mr. Martin has taken on sleeper routes across Europe. (《夜间列车》是对这种模式的简要介绍，并结合了马丁在欧洲各地的卧铺路线上的旅行记录。)”可知，《夜间列车》是一本简史，这本书涉及了卧铺火车的历史并介绍了Mr. Martin乘坐卧铺火车游历欧洲的经历。阅读之后读者可以对整个卧铺列车模式有个基本的了解。故选C。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Those who have no experience of the sleeper trains often ask sleeper enthusiasts: “Do you sleep?” After a read of Mr. Martin’s book, the answer would seem to be a definite “no”: the noise of the train wake him up time and again. Still, it is hard not to be won over by his enthusiasm. Catch the sleeper train, before it’s too late.( 没有卧铺列车经验的人经常问卧铺爱好者：“你睡的着吗？”读了马丁先生的书后，答案似乎是肯定的“不”：火车的噪音一次又一次地把他吵醒。然而，很难不被他的热情所打动。趁还来得及，赶上卧铺列车。)” ，由此可以推断对于喜欢坐卧铺车的人来说，对卧铺车的喜爱超过了由此带来的不便。故选D。 4．推理判断题。根据第二段“Andrew Martin, a British writer, has written a book about the sleeper.  “Night Trains” is a brief history of the mode, combined with accounts of journeys Mr. Martin has taken on sleeper routes across Europe.( 英国作家安德鲁·马丁写了一本关于卧铺车的书，Night Trains是一本简史简史，结合马丁先生在欧洲各地的卧铺路线上的旅行记录。)”可知，由此判断出，作者写这篇文章的目的是向读者介绍一本关于卧铺列车的新书。故选A。 主题04 人与社会——历史，社会与文化 Passage 1 （浙江省青田县中学2024-2025学年高二上学期1月期末英语试题）The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you paid for. No longer. While traditional “paid” media — such as television commercials and print advertisements — still play a major role, companies today can exploit many alternative forms of media. Consumers passionate about a product may create “earned” media by willingly promoting it to friends, and a company may leverage “owned” media by sending e-mail alerts about products and sales to customers registered with its Web site. The way consumers now approach the process of making purchase decisions means that marketing’s impact stems from a broad range of factors beyond conventional paid media. Paid and owned media are controlled by marketers promoting their own products. For earned media, such marketers act as the initiator for users’ responses. But in some cases, one marketer’s owned media become another marketer’s paid media — for instance, when an e-commerce retailer sells ad space on its Web site. We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place their content or e-commerce engines within that environment. This trend, which we believe is still in its infancy, effectively began with retailers and travel providers such as airlines and hotels and will no doubt go further. Johnson & Johnson, for example, has created BabyCenter, a standalone media property that promotes complementary and even competitive products. Besides generating income, the presence of other marketers makes the site seem objective, gives companies opportunities to learn valuable information about the appeal of other companies’ marketing, and may help expand user traffic for all companies concerned. The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more (and more diverse) communications choices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways. Such hijacked media are the opposite of earned media: an asset or campaign becomes hostage to consumers, other stakeholders, or activists who make negative allegations about a brand or product. Members of social networks, for instance, are learning that they can hijack media to apply pressure on the businesses that originally created them. 1．When can consumers create “earned” media? A．Obsessed with online shopping at certain Web sites. B．Inspired by product-promoting e-mails sent to them. C．Eager to help their friends promote quality products. D．Enthusiastic about recommending their favorite products. 2．What can we say about sold media feature according to Paragraph 2? A．A safe business environment. B．Random competition. C．Strong user traffic. D．Flexibility in organization. 3．What can we infer about earned media in Paragraph 3? A．Invite constant conflicts with passionate consumers. B．Can be used to produce negative effects in marketing. C．May be responsible for fiercer competition. D．Deserve all the negative comments about them. 4．Which of the following is the text mainly about? A．Alternatives to conventional paid media. B．Conflict between hijacked and earned media. C．Dominance of hijacked media. D．Popularity of owned media. 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．B 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了营销中媒体形式的变化。 1．细节理解题。由文章第一段中的“Consumers passionate about a product may create “earned” media by willingly promoting it to friends, and a company may leverage “owned” media by sending e-mail alerts about products and sales to customers registered with its Web site. (对某一产品充满热情的消费者可能会通过主动向朋友宣传该产品来创造“口碑”媒体，而公司则可以利用“自”媒体，向在其网站上注册的客户发送有关产品和促销活动的电子邮件提醒)”可知，当消费者热衷于推荐他们喜欢的产品时，可以创造“口碑”媒体。故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据文章第二段中的“We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place their content or e-commerce engines within that environment. (我们将这种出售的媒体定义为自有媒体，其流量非常可观，以至于其他机构会在这样的环境中投放自己的内容或电子商务引擎)”可知，出售的媒体特征是用户流量大。故选C。 3．推理判断题。由文章第三段中的“Such hijacked media are the opposite of earned media: an asset or campaign becomes hostage to consumers, other stakeholders, or activists who make negative allegations about a brand or product. (这种“被劫持”媒体与口碑媒体正好相反：一项资产或一场营销活动会被消费者、其他利益相关者或积极分子劫持，这些人会对某个品牌或产品提出负面指控)”可知，口碑媒体可能会被用来在营销中产生负面影响。故选B。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是由第一段中的“While traditional “paid” media — such as television commercials and print advertisements — still play a major role, companies today can exploit many alternative forms of media. (虽然传统的“付费”媒体（如电视广告和印刷广告）仍发挥着重要作用，但如今企业可以利用许多其他形式的媒体)”并结合下文对“口碑”媒体和“自”媒体的介绍可知，文章主要讲的是传统付费媒体的替代品。故选A。 Passage 2 （浙江省青田县中学2024-2025学年高二上学期1月期末英语试题）France, which prides itself as the global innovator of fashion, has decided its fashion industry has lost an absolute right to define physical beauty for woman. Its lawmakers gave preliminary approval last week to a law that would make it a crime to employ ultra-thin models on runways. The parliament also agreed to ban websites that “incite excessive thinness” by promoting extreme dieting. Such measures have a couple of uplifting motives. They suggest beauty should not be defined by looks that end up impinging on health. That’s a start. And the ban on ultra-thin models seems to go beyond protecting models from starving themselves to death — as some have done. It tells the fashion industry that it must take responsibility for the signal it sends women, especially teenage girls, about the social tape-measure they must use to determine their individual worth. The bans, if fully enforced, would suggest to woman (and many men) that they should not let others be arbiters of their beauty. And perhaps faintly, they hint that people should look to intangible qualities like character and intellect rather than dieting their way to size zero or wasp-waist physiques. The French measures, however, rely too much on severe punishment to change a culture that still regards beauty as skin-deep-and bone-showing. Under the law, using a fashion model that does not meet a government-defined index of body mass could result in a $85,000 fine and six months in prison. The fashion industry knows it has an inherent problem in focusing on material adornment and idealized body types. In Denmark, the United States, and a few other countries, it is trying to set voluntary standard for models and fashion images that rely more on peer pressure for enforcement. In contrast to France’s actions, Denmark’s fashion industry agreed last month on rules and sanctions regarding the age, health, and other characteristics of models. The newly revised Danish Fashion Ethical Charter clearly states: “We are aware of and take responsibility for the impact the fashion industry has on body ideals, especially on young people.” The charter’s main tool of enforcement is to deny access for designers and modeling agencies to Copenhagen. Fashion Week, which is run by the Danish Fashion Institute. But in general it relies on a name-and-shame method of compliance. Relying on ethical persuasion rather than law to address the misuse of body ideals may be the best step. Even better would be to help elevate notions of beauty beyond the material standards of a particular industry. 1．According to the first paragraph, what would happen in France? A．Physical beauty would be redefined. B．New runways would be constructed. C．Websites about dieting would thrive. D．The fashion industry would decline. 2．The phrase “impinging on” in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to A．heightening the value of B．indicating the state of C．losing faith in D．doing harm to 3．Which of the following is TRUE of the fashion industry? A．The French measures have already failed. B．New standards are being set in Denmark. C．Models are no longer under peer pressure. D．Its inherent problems are getting worse. 4．Which of the following is the best title of the text? A．A Challenge to the Fashion Industry’s Body Ideals B．A Dilemma for the Starving Models in France C．Just Another Round of Struggle for Beauty D．The Great Threats to the Fashion Industry 【答案】1．A 2．D 3．B 4．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了国际上在针对女性外表美进行改革，法国为首的国家，将通过法律来帮助女性树立正确的价值观以及对美的看法和标准。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“France, which prides itself as the global innovator of fashion, has decided its fashion industry has lost an absolute right to define physical beauty for woman. Its lawmakers gave preliminary approval last week to a law that would make it a crime to employ ultra-thin models on runways. The parliament also agreed to ban websites that “incite excessive thinness” by promoting extreme dieting.(自诩为全球时尚创新者的法国认为，其时尚产业已经失去了定义女性外表美的绝对权利。上周，该国立法者初步批准了一项法律，该法律将在t台上雇用超瘦模特定为犯罪。议会还同意禁止那些通过提倡极端节食来“煽动过度瘦”的网站)”可知，外在美在法国将被重新定义。故选A。 2．词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“beauty should not be defined by looks that end up(美不应该以外貌来定义)”以及划线词后文“And the ban on ultra-thin models seems to go beyond protecting models from starving themselves to death — as some have done.(对超瘦模特的禁令似乎不仅仅是为了保护模特们免于饿死——就像有些模特所做的那样)”可知，美不应该以外貌来定义，后文为了美导致饿死的例子表明，注重外貌会对健康造成伤害。故划线词意思是“对……造成伤害”。故选D。 3．细节理解题。根据倒数第三段“In Denmark, the United States, and a few other countries, it is trying to set voluntary standard for models and fashion images that rely more on peer pressure for enforcement.(在丹麦、美国和其他一些国家，它正试图为模特和时尚形象设定自愿的标准，这些标准更多地依赖于同行的压力来执行)”可知，丹麦正在制定新的标准。故选B。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“France, which prides itself as the global innovator of fashion, has decided its fashion industry has lost an absolute right to define physical beauty for woman. Its lawmakers gave preliminary approval last week to a law that would make it a crime to employ ultra-thin models on runways. The parliament also agreed to ban websites that “incite excessive thinness” by promoting extreme dieting.(自诩为全球时尚创新者的法国认为，其时尚产业已经失去了定义女性外表美的绝对权利。上周，该国立法者初步批准了一项法律，该法律将在t台上雇用超瘦模特定为犯罪。议会还同意禁止那些通过提倡极端节食来“煽动过度瘦”的网站)”，倒数第三段“The fashion industry knows it has an inherent problem in focusing on material adornment and idealized body types.(时尚界知道，专注于材料装饰和理想化的体型存在固有的问题)”；最后一段“Relying on ethical persuasion rather than law to address the misuse of body ideals may be the best step. Even better would be to help elevate notions of beauty beyond the material standards of a particular industry.(依靠道德上的说服而不是法律来解决对理想身材的滥用可能是最好的一步。更好的做法是，帮助提升美的概念，使其超越特定行业的物质标准)”结合文章主要说明了国际上在针对女性外表美进行改革，法国为首的国家，将通过法律来帮助女性树立正确的价值观以及对美的看法和标准可知，A选项“对时尚界理想身材的挑战”最符合文章标题。故选A。 Passage 3 （浙江省杭州市下沙区杭四吴山2024-2025学年高二上学期期末考英语试卷）Tao Yuanming and Henry David Thoreau were both poets, but one lived in Ancient China and the other in 19th century America. Superficially, these two men, whose lives were separated in time by nearly 1,500 years, were polar opposites. And yet they shared an intense respect for nature, which made them each an influential figure of their time. Both men made dramatic transformations to their lives in order to reconnect with nature. As an official in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Tao felt conflicted over life at court. In 405, he quit the service of the court for good, expressing his unhappiness in the now famous line that he would not “bow like a servant in return for five dou of grain”. He spent the next 22 years until his death, working the land in a poor, rural area. While Tao’s return to nature was a reaction to a lifestyle he was opposed to, Thoreau’s was a personal decision to transform the way he lived. He had a decent quality of life, but he wanted to live in a simpler way. For two years, two months and two days, he lived in a cottage in the forest on the edge of Walden Pond, focusing on himself and his writing. He explained his reason for doing so in Walden: “I went to the woods because I wished to live deliberately, to front only the essential facts of life.” Both men were happy to withdraw from contemporary life, seeking a harmonious relationship with nature in the quietness of their lives. Although Tao and Thoreau do not treat nature in quite the same way, their works show its beauty and value. Tao’s nature is a place of fields and villages, in other words, rural, and his animals are domestic ones, such as chickens and dogs. The calm and peaceful life he wrote about is in contrast to and critical of the depressive court life. Beyond the dark and distance lies a village, the smoke above reluctant to depart. A dog is barking somewhere down the lane. and chickens sit atop the mulberry tree. Thoreau’s descriptions of nature emphasized the beauty and purity of the wild areas around him. Devoting himself to observations of the natural phenomena, he recorded his detailed findings in his journals. Thoreau’s writing aimed to convince people that animals and plants had a right to live and prosper, as we do. We should live with them in harmony and enjoy nature’s gifts, as he describes in his journal: Live in each season as it passes; breathe the air, drink the drink, taste the fruit, and resign yourself to the influences of each. Let them be your only diet, drink and botanical medicines. It takes considerable courage to reject the easy and familiar and instead try to live closer to nature, as both Tao and Thoreau did. Their choices led them to quiet and reflective lives with fewer material desires. 1．What does the underlined words “polar opposite” in paragraph 1 mean? A．Rather similar. B．Far away from the polar area. C．Reasonably familiar. D．Contrastingly different. 2．What can we learn from paragraphs 2 and 3? A．Tao’s decision of returning to nature was a reaction to a lifestyle to which he opposed, whereas Thoreau’s was not. B．Thoreau was unhappy with his life at court, but Tao was not. C．Tao sought for a harmonious relationship with nature, while Thoreau did not. D．Both Tao and Thoreau chose to live in a lakeside cottage in the forest, living in simplicity. 3．Why does the author quote Thoreau’s journal? A．To illustrate Thoreau’s ideal of people living in harmony with nature. B．To prove Thoreau’s love for nature and how he insisted on protecting it. C．To show Thoreau’s description of nature is beautiful and pure. D．To suggest that Thoreau’s understanding of nature was inspired by animals and plants. 4．What is the author’s attitude towards Tao and Thoreau’s lifestyle? A．Dismissive. B．Doubtful. C．Supportive D．Pessimistic. 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．A 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了中国东晋诗人陶渊明和19世纪美国诗人亨利·戴维·梭罗虽生活时代和背景迥异，但都尊重自然，为亲近自然转变生活方式，作品展现自然之美。 1．词句猜测题。根据第一段中“Tao Yuanming and Henry David Thoreau were both poets, but one lived in Ancient China and the other in 19th century America. Superficially, these two men, whose lives were separated in time by nearly 1,500 years, were polar opposites.(陶渊明和亨利·戴维·梭罗都是诗人，但一个生活在古代中国，另一个生活在19世纪的美国。从表面上看，这两个人的生活在时间上相隔近1500年，是……)”可知，陶渊明和亨利·戴维·梭罗两人生活时代和地域相差甚远，截然不同。所以划线短语“polar opposite”的意思是“截然不同；完全相反”，与“Contrastingly different”同义。故选D项。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“While Tao’s return to nature was a reaction to a lifestyle he was opposed to, Thoreau’s was a personal decision to transform the way he lived.(虽然陶渊明回归自然是对他所反对的生活方式的一种反应，但梭罗的回归是他个人改变生活方式的决定)”可知，陶渊明回归自然是对一种他反对的生活方式的反应，而梭罗不是。故选A项。 3．推理判断题。根据倒数第三段“Thoreau’s writing aimed to convince people that animals and plants had a right to live and prosper, as we do. We should live with them in harmony and enjoy nature’s gifts, as he describes in his journal: (梭罗的写作旨在让人们相信，动植物和我们一样有生存和繁衍的权利。我们应该与它们和谐相处，享受大自然的恩赐，正如他在日记中所描述的：)”和第四段“ Live in each season as it passes; breathe the air, drink the drink, taste the fruit, and resign yourself to the influences of each.(随四季流转而生活；呼吸空气，品尝美酒，享用水果，顺应每个季节的影响)”可知，作者引用梭罗的日记是为了阐述梭罗关于人与自然和谐相处的理想。故选A项。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“It takes considerable courage to reject the easy and familiar and instead try to live closer to nature, as both Tao and Thoreau did. Their choices led them to quiet and reflective lives with fewer material desires.(像陶渊明和梭罗那样，拒绝安逸熟悉的生活，转而尝试更贴近自然地生活需要相当大的勇气。他们的选择让他们过上了宁静、善于思考且物欲较少的生活)”可知，作者认为他们的选择需要勇气，且肯定了这种生活方式，由此可推断作者对他们的生活方式持支持态度。故选C项。 Passage 4 （浙江省宁波市慈溪市2024-2025学年高二上学期期末考试英语试题）Payne, who rose to fame at just 16 as a band member in Britain in 2010, faced huge pressure from a young age, which impacted his mental health. In an attempt to handle the stresses of his early stardom, he turned to alcohol and drugs, and finally ended his own life. The tragedy of Payne’s death has sparked a wider debate within the music industry about the responsibilities that come with launching young stars into the spotlight. In an interview with The Observer, British songwriter Guy Chambers suggested that under-18s should be banned from becoming pop stars. He pointed out many young stars were pushed into intense schedules, often performing up to 200 dates yearly in different places. “They’re always busy. These teens start relying on sleeping pills and stimulants (兴奋剂) to keep them up for the shows,” Chambers said. Research has shown that young artists came easily down with mental issues. A 2021 study revealed that 80 percent of musicians between the ages of 18 and 25 struggled with anxiety and depression, according to the BBC． While preventing under-18s from entering the music industry is one possible preventative measure, could Chambers’ idea work in practice? Chris Herbert, a former pop music manager, believes that enforcing a minimum age would be difficult to carry out. “The entertainment industry has a very long history of delivering successful stars of all ages, and there will always be a market that wants young artists,” Herbert told the BBC． However, Herbert has called for a change in the way the industry operates. Instead of banning young artists, he advocates for providing them with the right education and support, including trained chaperones (陪护人), counselors, sociable working hours, meal breaks and regular rest. 1．What contributed to Payne’s struggles in the music industry? A．Negative media coverage. B．Competition among peers. C．The responsibilities on stars. D．The pressure of early fame. 2．Why does Guy Chambers suggest an age ban on young stars? A．Their work affects their health. B．They manage their schedules poorly. C．They lack necessary support systems. D．Their performances are far from good. 3．What’s Chris Herbert attitude to Chambers’ proposal? A．Objective. B．Approved. C．Opposed. D．Indifferent. 4．Which of the following may be a solution for young artists according to the passage? A．Improving their professional skills. B．Limiting their access to social media. C．Promoting public awareness of the issue. D．Offering better mental health-related support. 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．C 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要通过Payne的故事，引发对年轻明星心理健康的关注，提出了教育和支持的建议。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“Payne, who rose to fame at just 16 as a band member in Britain in 2010, faced huge pressure from a young age, which impacted his mental health. In an attempt to handle the stresses of his early stardom, he turned to alcohol and drugs, and finally ended his own life.(Payne于2010年在英国以乐队成员的身份在16岁时成名，他从小就面临着巨大的压力，这影响了他的心理健康。为了应对早期明星生涯带来的压力，他开始酗酒和吸毒，最终结束了自己的生命)”可知，早年成名的压力使Payne在音乐界举步维艰。故选D项。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段“In an interview with The Observer, British songwriter Guy Chambers suggested that under-18s should be banned from becoming pop stars.(在接受《观察家报》采访时，英国词曲作者Guy Chambers建议禁止18岁以下的人成为流行歌星)”以及“They’re always busy. These teens start relying on sleeping pills and stimulants (兴奋剂) to keep them up for the shows,(他们总是很忙。这些青少年开始依靠安眠药和兴奋剂来让他们在节目中保持清醒)”可知，Guy Chambers认为这些年轻明星因工作繁忙而影响了健康，因此提出应该禁止未满18岁的人成为流行明星。故选A项。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段“While preventing under-18s from entering the music industry is one possible preventative measure, could Chambers’ idea work in practice? Chris Herbert, a former pop music manager, believes that enforcing a minimum age would be difficult to carry out.(虽然防止18岁以下的人进入音乐行业是一种可能的预防措施，但Chambers的想法在实践中可行吗？前流行音乐经理Chris Herbert认为，执行最低年龄将很难)”以及第五段“However, Herbert has called for a change in the way the industry operates.(然而，Herbert呼吁改变该行业的运作方式)”可知，Herbert认为执行最低年龄限制难以实施，且提议用其他方法代替。由此推知，Herbert对Chambers的想法持反对态度。故选C项。 4．细节理解题。根据最后一段“Instead of banning young artists, he advocates for providing them with the right education and support, including trained chaperones (陪护人), counselors, sociable working hours, meal breaks and regular rest.(他主张为年轻艺术家提供正确的教育和支持，包括训练有素的监护人、辅导员、社交工作时间、用餐时间和定期休息，而不是禁止他们)”可知，Herbert呼吁为年轻艺术家提供教育和支持，包括配备受过训练的陪护人和顾问。故选D项。 主题01 人与社会——科学与技术 Passage 1 （浙江省杭州市西湖区西湖高中2024-2025学年高二上学期期末考英语试卷）Cortisol, widely recognized as the “stress hormone (激素)”, plays a key role in managing stress. The recent discussions in TikTok suggest a misinterpretation that cortisol imbalances are directly responsible for various health issues, from loose skin to sleep and digestive problem. “The relationship between cortisol and body symptoms is not straightforward.” Experts like Martin Picard from Columbia University emphasizes. Our bodies release cortisol when we encounter a challenge, whether psychological or physical, real or imagined. Things like coming across a bear on a hike, receiving an annoying work email or delivering a public speech are the typical cases. Cortisol aids in energy supply and metabolism (新陈代谢) control. Its levels vary, peaking in the morning and reducing by night. However, long-term stress can disturb this balance, leading to sustained high cortisol levels. Potential disadvantages are weakened immune (免疫的) system and high blood sugar, as well as mental illnesses like depression and PTSD．In extreme cases, too much cortisol production may lead to Cushing’s syndrome, characterized by serious physical changes and requiring medical treatment. Identifying cortisol-related issues requires professional evaluation, as self-assessment or at-home testing may not provide accurate results due to cortisol’s dynamic nature. Experts suggest consulting healthcare professionals for a thorough check. While there’s no one-size-fits-all solution for managing cortisol levels, research indicates that practices such as yoga, mindfulness, and moderate exercise can aid in regulating the body’s stress response. These activities not only help in reducing stress but also in training the body to manage its stress response more effectively over time. In conclusion, cortisol plays a key role in how our body handles stress and functions overall. However, saying that many health problems are just due to cortisol imbalances misses the complex interaction between hormones, stress and health. It’s important to take a holistic approach to health, with professional guidance and personalized stress management strategies. 1．What can we learn about cortisol? A．It can directly cause sleep disorder B．It won’t influence physical health at all. C．It has nothing to do with stomach upset. D．It is often misunderstood on social media. 2．What can be inferred from paragraph 4? A．Exercise guarantees cortisol decrease. B．Home testing of cortisol is not available. C．Multiple tests may be required to measure cortisol. D．Experts dismiss home activities in stress management. 3．What does the underlined word “holistic” mean in the last paragraph? A．Medical. B．Physical. C．Immediate. D．Integrated. 4．Where is this text most likely from? A．An education guide.B．A health magazine.C．A book review. D．A scientific paper. 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．D 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了皮质醇的功能、误解及其与健康的关系，并提供了相关建议。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段的句子“The recent discussions in TikTok suggest a misinterpretation that cortisol imbalances are directly responsible for various health issues, from loose skin to sleep and digestive problem.(TikTok上最近的讨论表明了一种误解，即皮质醇失衡直接导致了各种健康问题，从皮肤松弛到睡眠和消化问题。)”可知，皮质醇失衡被误解为直接导致各种健康问题。故选D项。 2．推理判断题。根据第四段的句子“Identifying cortisol-related issues requires professional evaluation, as self-assessment or at-home testing may not provide accurate results due to cortisol’s dynamic nature.(识别皮质醇相关的问题需要专业的评估，因为由于皮质醇的动态特性，自我评估或家庭测试可能无法提供准确的结果。)”可知，由于皮质醇的动态特性，可能需要多次测试来准确测量其水平。故选C项。 3．词句猜测题。根据划线单词下文的内容“with professional guidance and personalized stress management strategies.(在专业指导和个性化压力管理策略下)”可知，根据专业指导和个性化压力管理策略采取的方法肯定是全面的，所以划线单词“holistic”的意义为“全面的；整体的”，与integrated“综合的；完整统一的”意义相近。故选D项。 4．推理判断题。根据全文内容，文章主要讨论了皮质醇的作用、误解及其对健康的影响，并提供了专业的健康建议。这种内容通常出现在健康类杂志中。故选B项。 Passage 2 （浙江省嘉兴市2024-2025学年高二上学期期末测试英语试题）Getting into arguments with strangers online or family members at the dinner table can feel a bit like debating with a brick wall. We are probably all guilty (有过失的) of feeling like we are right, even if we don’t have all the facts. This phenomenon is called the “illusion of information adequacy  (IOIA)”. “Interpersonal conflict is on the rise, driving increases in anger, anxiety, and general stress, ” says Angus Fletcher, a researcher at the Ohio State University. “We wanted to look into those misunderstandings and see how they could be reduced. ” In the study, the team surveyed 1, 261 Americans online. All the participants read an article about an imaginary school with water shortage. Group one read an article that only gave reasons for merging (合并) with another school that has better water. Group two read an article that only gave reasons for the schools staying separate and hoping for other solutions to the problem. Group three was the control group that read both sets of the arguments. They found the majority of the first two groups believed they had enough information to decide what to do. They said they would follow the recommendations in the article they read and thought others would make the same decision. About 55 percent of the control group recommended the schools merge. The team calls this belief IOIA．Fletcher describes it as, “The less our brain knows, the more confident it is that it knows all it needs to know. This makes us leap to confident conclusions and decisive judgments, when we miss necessary information. ” The team also found some were willing to change their minds — once they had all the facts. Timing also plays a role. The people in the study changed their opinions that were recently formed, not long-held beliefs. According to Fletcher, one of the best ways to reduce IOIA when disagreeing with someone is to stop and ask, “Is there something I'm missing that would help me understand their position better? ” This can help reduce unnecessary interpersonal conflict. 1．What was the main goal of Fletcher’s research? A．To find ways to improve debate skills. B．To identify types of information sources. C．To explain why it is necessary to stick to facts. D．To explore how to minimize misunderstandings. 2．Why did participants in Group one and two tend to have IOIA? A．They held deep-rooted beliefs. B．They received a lot of false information. C．They were exposed to one-sided arguments. D．They were worried about the school’s situation. 3．What does Fletcher suggest to fight IOIA? A．Establishing interpersonal bonds. B．Seeking to bridge the information gap. C．Encouraging others to see the big picture. D．Stressing the weaknesses in others’ positions. 4．Which of the following is the best title for the text? A．Why Do People Insist They Are Correct? B．Does Interpersonal Conflict Lead to Stress? C．Can Conversations Affect What We Believe? D．What Contributes to Sensible Decision-making? 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．B 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。在与别人争吵时，我们总认为自己是对的，这种现象被称为“信息充足错觉”(IOIA)。文章主要介绍了我们有信息充足错觉的原因。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中Fletcher所说的话““We wanted to look into those misunderstandings and see how they could be reduced. ”(“我们想探讨这些误解，并看看如何减少它们。”)”可知，Fletcher的研究是主要是为了探索如何最大程度地减少误解。故选D。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段中“In the study, the team surveyed 1, 261 Americans online. All the participants read an article about an imaginary school with water shortage. Group one read an article that only gave reasons for merging with another school that has better water. Group two read an article that only gave reasons for the schools staying separate and hoping for other solutions to the problem. (在这项研究中，研究团队在网上调查了1261名美国人。所有参与者都阅读了一篇关于一所缺水学校的虚构报道。第一组阅读的报道只给出了与另一所有更好水源的学校合并的理由。第二组阅读的报道只给出了学校保持独立并希望找到其他的方法的理由。)”可知，第一组和第二组所阅读的报道给出的理由都是单方面的，所以第一组和第二组的参与者倾向于有信息充足错觉（IOIA）。故选C。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段“According to Fletcher, one of the best ways to reduce IOIA when disagreeing with someone is to stop and ask, “Is there something I’m missing that would help me understand their position better? ” This can help reduce unnecessary interpersonal conflict. (根据弗莱彻的说法，当与他人意见不同时，减少IOIA的最好方法之一是停下来问自己：“我是不是漏掉了什么导致我无法更好地理解他们的立场？” 这可以帮助减少不必要的冲突。)”可知， Fletcher建议，要想应对信息充足错觉（IOIA），你应该问自己是不是漏掉了什么导致自己无法更好地理解他们的立场，这说明要努力弥补信息差，由此可推知，Fletcher建议要通过弥补信息差来应对IOIA，故选B。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段“Getting into arguments with strangers online or family members at the dinner table can feel a bit like debating with a brick wall. We are probably all guilty of feeling like we are right, even if we don’t have all the facts. This phenomenon is called the “illusion of information adequacy (IOIA)”. (在网上与陌生人或在晚餐桌上与家人争吵，感觉就像在和一堵砖墙辩论。我们可能都犯过这样的错误，自己是对的，即使我们没有掌握所有的事实。这种现象被称为“信息充足错觉”(IOIA)。)”和第二段中““We wanted to look into those misunderstandings and see how they could be reduced. ”(“我们想探讨这些误解，并看看如何减少它们。”)”可知，在与别人争吵时，我们总认为自己是对的，这种现象被称为“信息充足错觉”(IOIA)。文章主要介绍了我们有信息充足错觉的原因，A项“为什么人们坚持认为自己是对的？”适合作文章标题，故选A。 Passage 3 （浙江省丽水市遂昌中学2024-2025学年高二上学期1月期末英语试题）In recent years, a growing body of research has shown that our appetite and food intake are influenced by a large number of factors besides our biological need for energy, including our eating environment and our perception of the food in front of us. Studies have shown, for instance, that eating in front of the TV (or a similar distraction) can increase both hunger and the amount of food consumed. Even simple visual cues, like plate size and lighting, have been shown to affect portion size and consumption. A new study suggested that our short-term memory also may play a role in appetite. Several hours after a meal, people’s hunger levels were predicted not by how much they’d eaten but rather by how much food they’d seen in front of them—in other words, how much they remembered eating. This disparity (差异) suggests the memory of our previous meal may have a bigger influence on our appetite than the actual size of the meal, says Jeffrey M. Brunstrom, a professor of experimental psychology at the University of Bristol. “Hunger isn’t controlled solely by the physical characteristics of a recent meal. We have identified an independent role for memory for that meal,” Brunstrom says. “This shows that the relationship between hunger and food intake is more complex than we thought.” These findings echo earlier research that suggests our perception of food can sometimes trick our body’s response to the food itself. In a 2011 study, for instance, people who drank the same 380-calorie (卡路里) milkshake on two separate occasions produced different levels of hunger-related hormones, depending on whether the shake’s label said it contained 620 or 140 calories. Moreover, the participants reported feeling more full when they thought they’d consumed a higher-calorie shake. What does this mean for our eating habits? Although it hardly seems practical to trick ourselves into eating less, the new findings do highlight the benefits of focusing on our food and avoiding TV and multitasking while eating. The so-called mindful-eating strategies can fight distractions and help us control our appetite, Brunstrom says. 1．What is said to be a factor affecting our appetite and food intake? A．How we perceive the food we eat. B．When we eat our meals. C．What ingredients the food contains. D．How fast we eat our meals. 2．What would happen at meal time if you remembered eating a lot in the previous meal? A．You would probably be more picky about food. B．You would not feel like eating the same food. C．You would have a good appetite. D．You would not feel so hungry. 3．What do we learn from the 2011 study? A．Food labels may mislead consumers in their purchases. B．Food labels may influence our body’s response to food. C．Hunger levels depend on one’s consumption of calories. D．People tend to take in a lot more calories than necessary. 4．What does Brunstrom suggest we do to control our appetite? A．Trick ourselves into eating less. B．Concentrate on food while eating. C．Choose food with fewer calories. D．Pick dishes of the right size. 【答案】1．A 2．D 3．B 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是食欲和食物摄入量受到多种因素的影响，包括我们的生物能量需求、饮食环境、对食物的感知以及短期记忆等。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“In recent years, a growing body of research has shown that our appetite and food intake are influenced by a large number of factors besides our biological need for energy, including our eating environment and our perception of the food in front of us.(近年来，越来越多的研究表明，除了我们对能量的生物需求之外，我们的食欲和食物摄入量还受到许多因素的影响，包括我们的饮食环境和我们对面前食物的感知。)”可知，我们如何看待我们所吃的食物是影响我们食欲和食物摄入量的因素。故选A。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段“Several hours after a meal, people’s hunger levels were predicted not by how much they’d eaten but rather by how much food they’d seen in front of them—in other words, how much they remembered eating.(饭后几小时，人们的饥饿感不是通过他们吃了多少来预测的，而是通过他们在他们面前看到了多少食物来预测的——换句话说，他们记得吃了多少。)”和第四段“This disparity (差异) suggests the memory of our previous meal may have a bigger influence on our appetite than the actual size of the meal, says Jeffrey M. Brunstrom, a professor of experimental psychology at the University of Bristol.(Bristol大学实验心理学教授Jeffrey M. Brunstrom表示，这种差异表明，我们对上一餐的记忆可能比实际餐量对我们的食欲有更大的影响。)”可知，如果你记得上一餐吃得很多，在吃饭的时候不会觉得这么饿。故选D。 3．细节理解题。根据第六段中“These findings echo earlier research that suggests our perception of food can sometimes trick our body’s response to the food itself. In a 2011 study, for instance, people who drank the same 380-calorie (卡路里) milkshake on two separate occasions produced different levels of hunger-related hormones, depending on whether the shake’s label said it contained 620 or 140 calories.(这些发现与早期的研究相呼应，即我们对食物的感知有时会欺骗我们的身体对食物本身的反应。例如，在2011年的一项研究中，人们在两个不同的场合喝同样的380卡路里奶昔，会产生不同水平的饥饿相关激素，这取决于奶昔的标签上写的是620卡路里还是140卡路里。)”可知，我们从2011年的研究中了解到食品标签可能会影响我们身体对食物的反应。故选B。 4．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“Although it hardly seems practical to trick ourselves into eating less, the new findings do highlight the benefits of focusing on our food and avoiding TV and multitasking while eating.(虽然欺骗自己少吃似乎不太现实，但新发现确实强调了吃饭时专注于食物、避免看电视和同时处理多项任务的好处。)”可知，Brunstrom建议我们吃饭时集中注意力来控制胃口。故选B。 Passage 4 （浙江省绍兴市上虞区2024-2025学年高二上学期期末考试英语试题）Interacting with AI chatbots like ChatGPT can be fun and sometimes useful, but the next level of everyday AI goes beyond answering questions: AI agents carry out tasks for you. But what exactly is an AI agent? As a computer scientist, I offer this definition: AI agents are technological tools that can learn a lot about a given environment, and then — with a few simple prompts from a human — work to solve problems or perform specific tasks in that environment. Simple AI agents can be taught to reply to standard questions sent over email. More advanced ones can book airline and hotel tickets for transcontinental business trips. Take Google’s Project Mariner as a typical example. Recently, Google demonstrated it to reporters. It’s a browser extension for Chrome that can reason about the text and images on your screen. In the demonstration, the agent helped plan a meal by adding items to a shopping cart on a grocery chain’s website, even finding substitutes when certain ingredients were not available. A person still needs to be involved to finalize the purchase, but the agent can be instructed to take all of the necessary steps up to that point. Actually, many of today’s AI agents tend to be utility (实用) based, meaning they give more consideration to how to achieve their goals by themselves. They weigh the risks and benefits of each possible approach before deciding how to proceed. They are also capable of considering goals that conflict with each other and deciding which one is more important to achieve. They go beyond goal-based agents by prioritizing their users’ unique preferences. However, a breach (违反) of an AI agent’s system could cause private information about your life and finances to fall into the wrong hands. Are you OK taking these risks if it means that agents can save you some work? What happens when AI agents make a poor choice, or a choice that its user would disagree with? Currently, developers of AI agents are keeping humans in the loop, making sure people have an opportunity to check an agent’s work before any final decisions are made. 1．What is an AI agent according to the passage? A．A chatbot responding to diverse questions. B．A technology enabling AI chatbots to perform complex tasks. C．A device solving problems by replying to standard questions. D．A tool learning environments and carrying out tasks with human guidance. 2．What’s special about Google’s Project Mariner from paragraph 3? A．It can answer standard questions over email. B．It can analyse and judge browser-page content. C．It can book airline and hotel tickets on its own. D．It can finalize a purchase on a grocery chain’s website. 3．How do utility-based AI agents differ from goal-based agents? A．They put what the users prefer first. B．They pay little attention to how to achieve the goals. C．They can integrate goals that conflict with each other. D．They weigh benefits over risks when making decisions. 4．What is the purpose of keeping humans in the loop when using AI agents? A．Let users monitor AI decisions. B．Reduce AI system-hacking risks. C．Stop AI agents accessing sensitive data. D．Teach AI agents to make accurate choices. 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．A 4．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要解释了什么是人工智能代理，人工智能代理的功能以及人工智能代理存在的问题等情况。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“But what exactly is an AI agent? As a computer scientist, I offer this definition: AI agents are technological tools that can learn a lot about a given environment, and then — with a few simple prompts from a human — work to solve problems or perform specific tasks in that environment.(但究竟什么是人工智能代理？作为一名计算机科学家，我给出了这样的定义：人工智能代理是一种技术工具，它可以从给定的环境中学习很多东西，然后——在人类的一些简单提示下——在该环境中解决问题或执行特定任务)”可知，人工智能代理是指在人类指导下学习环境和执行任务的工具。故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“Take Google’s Project Mariner as a typical example. Recently, Google demonstrated it to reporters. It’s a browser extension for Chrome that can reason about the text and images on your screen. In the demonstration, the agent helped plan a meal by adding items to a shopping cart on a grocery chain’s website, even finding substitutes when certain ingredients were not available. (以谷歌的Project Mariner为例。最近，谷歌向记者展示了它。这是一个Chrome浏览器扩展程序，可以推理屏幕上的文本和图像。在演示中，该代理通过在杂货连锁店网站上的购物车中添加商品来帮助计划一顿饭，甚至在某些食材不可用的情况下寻找替代品)”可知，谷歌的Project Mariner可以分析和判断浏览器页面的内容。故选B。 3．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“They go beyond goal-based agents by prioritizing their users’ unique preferences.(它们通过优先考虑用户的独特偏好，超越了基于目标的代理)”可知，与基于目标的代理相比，基于效用的人工智能代理把用户的喜好放在首位。故选A。 4．细节理解题。根据最后一段“Currently, developers of AI agents are keeping humans in the loop, making sure people have an opportunity to check an agent’s work before any final decisions are made.(目前，人工智能代理的开发人员正在让人类参与其中，确保人们在做出任何最终决定之前有机会检查代理的工作)”可知，当使用人工智能代理时，让人类参与其中的目的是让用户监控AI决策。故选A。 主题02 人与自然 Passage 1 （浙江省衢州市2024-2025学年高二上学期教学质量检测英语试题）In northern Australia, freshwater crocodile populations have dropped by 70% due to cane toads, a kind of super-poisonous toad (毒蟾蜍) introduced to the region decades ago. Georgia Ward-Fear, a conservation scientist at Macquarie University, has witnessed the crocodiles’ suffering firsthand. “They go into painful seizures before dying quickly,” she describes. The decline in crocodile numbers creates significant ecological gaps, leading to increased predator populations and disturbed bird nesting. In a study published in the Proceedings of the Royal Society B, Ward-Fear and her team found a way to reduce crocodile death rates by 95%using a novel approach: feeding them changed dead cane toads that cause food poisoning. This method made the crocodiles to associate the toads with discomfort, preventing them from future encounters. Cane toads were introduced to Australia in 1935, initially to control pest beetles. However, they quickly multiplied into an invasive(侵入的)species, now numbering around 200 million. Their poisons have proven deadly to various native animals, particularly crocodiles, especially during the dry season when waterholes become smaller. To prevent these encounters, Ward-Fear and her team changed cane toads by removing the most poisonous parts and injecting nausea-inducing (引起恶心的) substances. The results were promising: crocodiles learned to avoid the toads. In Danggu Geikie Gorge National Park, where the toads had arrived two years prior, the team reported a 95% decrease in death rates. In contrast, a nearby control area without interventions continued to see increasing death rate. Dave Garshelis, a bear conservationist, applauds the study. “It’s a pretty effective way of saving these crocodiles from death,” he says. However, he warns that this training has to be done over and over and over again, as he experienced with black bears. Ward-Fear, however, pointed out that the crocodiles’ death rates remained low throughout the two-year study. She sees this as an effective temporary solution — one that manages the coexistence of crocodiles and cane toads. It’s part of a growing field called conservation behavior that offers a more humane approach than killing invasive species. 1．What do we know about freshwater crocodiles in northern Australia? A．Their populations have increased significantly. B．They’re introduced to the region decades ago. C．Their decline improves the ecosystem balance. D．They suffer from painful deaths due to cane toads. 2．Why does the author mention the history of cane toads in Paragraph 3? A．To discuss pest control methods. B．To suggest that they should be killed. C．To stress the growth of their population. D．To illustrate the threats of invasive species. 3．What was the result of the interventions in the park? A．Bird nesting improved greatly. B．The number of toads increased. C．Crocodile deaths decreased sharply. D．More toads were consumed by crocodiles. 4．What is Dave Garshelis’ attitude toward Ward-Fear’s study? A．Supportive but cautious. B．Hopeful but puzzled. C．Curious but critical. D．Enthusiastic but uncertain. 【答案】1．D 2．D 3．C 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要探讨了澳大利亚北部淡水鳄因入侵物种——甘蔗蟾蜍而遭受的严重威胁，以及科学家们为解决这一问题所采取的创新方法。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“In northern Australia, freshwater crocodile populations have dropped by 70% due to cane toads, a kind of super-poisonous toad (毒蟾蜍) introduced to the region decades ago. Georgia Ward-Fear, a conservation scientist at Macquarie University, has witnessed the crocodiles’ suffering firsthand. “They go into painful seizures before dying quickly,” she describes.(在澳大利亚北部，由于几十年前引入的一种超级有毒的蟾蜍，淡水鳄的数量减少了70%。麦克里大学的保护科学家乔治亚·沃德-费尔亲眼目睹了鳄鱼的痛苦。“它们会在死亡前经历痛苦的抽搐，”她描述道)”可知，由于毒蟾蜍的入侵，澳大利亚北部的淡水鳄数量下降了70%，鳄鱼因毒蟾蜍而遭受痛苦，最终迅速死亡。故选D。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段“Cane toads were introduced to Australia in 1935, initially to control pest beetles. However, they quickly multiplied into an invasive (侵入的) species, now numbering around 200 million. Their poisons have proven deadly to various native animals, particularly crocodiles, especially during the dry season when waterholes become smaller.(蔗蟾于1935年被引入澳大利亚，最初是为了控制害虫甲虫。然而，它们迅速繁殖成为一种入侵物种，如今数量已达到约2亿。它们的毒素已被证明对许多本土动物致命，尤其是鳄鱼，尤其是在旱季，水洼变小的时候)”可知，本段讲述了毒蟾蜍的引入，以及它们的迅速繁殖，成为入侵物种，对许多本地动物（尤其是鳄鱼）造成致命威胁。由此推知，这段内容的目的是为了说明入侵物种的威胁。故选D。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段的“In Danggu Geikie Gorge National Park, where the toads had arrived two years prior, the team reported a 95% decrease in death rates. In contrast, a nearby control area without interventions continued to see increasing death rate.(当Danggu Geikie Gorge国家公园，两年前毒蟾蜍来到这里，研究小组报告说，死亡率下降了95%。相比之下，附近没有干预措施的控制区的死亡率继续上升)”可知，在Danggu Geikie Gorge国家公园，经过干预后，鳄鱼的死亡率下降了95%。由此可知，干预措施显著减少了鳄鱼的死亡。故选C。 4．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Dave Garshelis, a bear conservationist, applauds the study. “It’s a pretty effective way of saving these crocodiles from death,” he says. However, he warns that this training has to be done over and over and over again, as he experienced with black bears.(熊类保护专家戴夫·加舍利斯称赞了这项研究。“这是一种拯救鳄鱼免于死亡的相当有效的方法，”他说。然而，他警告说，这种训练必须反复进行，就像他在黑熊身上经历的那样)”可知，戴夫·加舍利斯称赞这项研究是一种拯救鳄鱼的有效方法，但他也警告说，这种训练需要反复进行。由此推知，他支持这项研究，但同时提醒需要谨慎对待。故选A。 Passage 2 （浙江省杭州市2024-2025学年高二上学期期末考试英语试题）Scientists can now conduct space research on Earth as China’s “ground space station” has been put into trial operation, reported Xin hua. The facility is called Space Environment Simulation and Research Infrastructure (SESRI). SESRI simulates (模拟) conditions in space and is designed for studying basic space science. This will help scientists do experiments that they normally do in space. SESRI is jointly developed by the Harbin Institute of Technology and the China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation. “Space is very different from the environment on Earth and can have different effects on spacecraft. What we do here is to explore how the effects take place and why,” Li Liyi, executive deputy director of SESRI, told Guangming Daily. At the facility, there is a device that simulates the space environment from 100 kilometers away from Earth to the sun. In this area, more than 99 percent of visible matter is in a plasma (等离子体) state in which gas is in a highly charged and energetic state of matter. By re-creating the environment, the device can test how plasma affects spacecraft. Also, one of the biggest problems manned space travel faces is when spacecraft enter Earth’s atmosphere, they are surrounded by plasma, leading to communication blackouts (黑障). The test center can also help solve this issue as researchers now have more opportunities to do tests. The researchers faced many challenges when building the simulation system, as connecting various parts of the device can be very complicated. “We held more than 700 meetings over a connection problem alone.” Jin Chenggang at the facility told Heilongjiang News. SESRI also has simulation systems for the moon and Mars, which can re-create the vacuum, extreme temperatures, and space radiation that astronauts would encounter on these space bodies. The systems will help astronauts prepare for their missions to these places in the future, reported Guangming Daily. In the future, the platform will also play an important role in areas including brain science, life and health research, and the development of high-end instruments. 1．What is the main benefit of simulating space environment? A．Supporting space research on Earth. B．Reducing the cost of space missions. C．Studying the effects of space on humans. D．Improving our understanding of black holes. 2．What is Paragraph 4 mainly about? A．The challenge of space exploration. B．The risk of experiments at the SESRI. C．The benefit of space exploration. D．The function of the device at the SESRI. 3．Why does the author quote Jin Chenggang’s words? A．To share a personal story about the building process. B．To show the difficulties of building the simulation system. C．To highlight the importance of preparations for the research. D．To emphasize the challenges of working with other research teams. 4．What does the author imply in the last paragraph? A．Space simulation may be costly. B．Space simulation raises social concerns. C．International cooperation is crucial for space simulation. D．Space simulation has great potential for future exploration. 【答案】1．A 2．D 3．B 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了中国“地面空间站”SESRI的模拟太空环境功能及其意义。 1．细节理解题。由文章第一段中“Scientists can now conduct space research on Earth as China’s “ground space station” has been put into trial operation, reported Xin hua. (据新华社报道，随着中国 “地面空间站” 投入试运行，科学家如今可以在地球上开展太空研究。)”可知，模拟太空环境的主要好处是支持地球上的太空研究。故选A。 2．主旨大意题。由文章第四段“At the facility, there is a device that simulates the space environment from 100 kilometers away from Earth to the sun. In this area, more than 99 percent of visible matter is in a plasma (等离子体) state in which gas is in a highly charged and energetic state of matter. By re-creating the environment, the device can test how plasma affects spacecraft. (在这个装置中，有一个可以模拟从距离地球100公里处直至太阳之间的空间环境的设备。在这一区域内，超过99% 的可见物质处于等离子体态，在这种状态下，气体处于高度带电且充满能量的物质状态。通过重现这一环境，该设备能够测试等离子体对航天器的影响。)”可知，本段主要介绍了SESRI设备的功能。故选D。 3．推理判断题。由文章倒数第二段“The researchers faced many challenges when building the simulation system, as connecting various parts of the device can be very complicated. “We held more than 700 meetings over a connection problem alone.” Jin Chenggang at the facility told Heilongjiang News. (在建造这个模拟系统时，研究人员面临着诸多挑战，因为连接设备的各个部分可能非常复杂。该装置的金成刚在接受《黑龙江新闻》采访时表示：“仅仅是一个连接问题，我们就召开了700多次会议。”)”可知，作者引用金成刚的话是为了展示建造模拟系统的困难。故选B。 4．推理判断题。由文章最后一段“SESRI also has simulation $ 专题05 阅读理解（说明文） 主题01 人与自我——生活与学习 Passage 1 （浙江省杭州市2024-2025学年高二上学期期末考英语试卷） When preparing for a test, most students assume it’s best to simply study the material and try to memorize as much of it as possible. Many tests seemingly reward rote (死记硬背) memorization. But what if students trained by testing themselves instead? Usually, studying is considered a safer bet; why risk producing wrong answers when you can just memorize the right one? Yet it turns out making errors early on can be more helpful for remembering information over time. Cognitive psychologists Henry Roddy Roediger and Jeff Karpicke conducted a study where they had hundreds of students memorize passages from a test-preparation book for the Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL). One group memorized these passages by reading them repeatedly, while another group read the passages several times and then completed three tests. The results were surprising: the students who repeatedly studied the material initially performed better, but when they were tested again a week later, the students who tested themselves recalled over 60% of what they had learned, compared to only 40% for the group who repeatedly studied. The testing effect has since been confirmed in many studies under a range of conditions. Its value remains undoubted, but scientists are still debating why it has such a powerful effect on memory. The simplest explanation is that testing exposes our weaknesses. When we test our memories, we expose the weaknesses of existing neuronal (神经元的) connections in a way that ultimately strengthens what’s useful and removes what’s not, making the information we attempt to memorize more lasting and easier to recall. To maximize the benefits of the testing effect, it’s important to return to the same information in shorter sessions over several days instead of cramming (塞进) everything into a single night of intense studying. This allows your brain to consolidate the information and create stronger memories. In conclusion, testing is not just a tool for assessing your knowledge but also a powerful learning tool. By embracing errors and actively testing yourself, you can improve your learning and memory. So, instead of avoiding mistakes, embrace them as opportunities for growth and mastery. 1．What do we know about Henry and Jeff’s study? A．Self-testing works only in tasks of memorizing things. B．Those who repeatedly studied performed better later. C．Rote memorization doesn’t work well in the long run. D．The study focused mainly on how to prepare for TOEFL. 2．What happens to the brain when people test their memories? A．Additional neuronal connections in the brain are created. B．The brain processes new information at a higher speed. C．The weak connections between neurons are removed. D．Weak but useful neuronal connections become stronger. 3．What is an effective way to study according to paragraph 4? A．Avoiding making the same mistakes in tests. B．Studying everything intensely on a single night. C．Reviewing in shorter sessions over several days. D．Focusing on what is most likely to be on the test. 4．Which of the following is the best title for the text? A．Cramming for Exams: A Safer Bet for Success B．The Testing Effect: Why Practice Makes Perfect C．The Power of Testing: An Effective Approach to Learning D．The Secret of Learning: How Brains Process Information Passage 2 （浙江省金华市十校2024-2025学年高二上学期期末英语试题）We’ve all had the experience. We’re reading along and suddenly realize that although our eyes are scanning the words on the page, nothing is actually registering. Minutes pass before we realize that we’ve lost the plot entirely. In classrooms, students tend to experience this drift (偏移) in attention while reading texts that are challenging or highly technical — the sorts of passages middle schoolers and high schoolers might encounter in science, math, or history. In a 2024 study of “mindless reading,” researchers from the University of Wü rzburg tracked the reading speed and attention of undergraduates studying a complex science text. At multiple points during the exercise, prompts (提示) appeared asking students “Was your mind wandering when you read the last sentence?” Students confirmed multiple instances of loss of attention. Researchers found that variations in reading speed, lingering (逗留) on the same passage for long periods, and skipping words were signals that students were struggling to remain focused or to understand the material, and also predicted poorer performance on later tests. But these problems are not insolvable. The University of Wü rzburg researchers also concluded that when students were trained to recognize when they lost track of sentence-level information or got stuck on passages — and were taught strategies to “plan, monitor, and regulate their reading” — they were able to successfully re-route their attention. To convince students of the importance of effective reading strategies, it’s important to explain the long-term benefits of sticking through complex texts. For example, learning how to make sense of a technical science text may help if students decide to work in engineering. The skills they use to make sense of a history text may help in future legal careers. Try to make it clear, literacy expert Timothy Shanahan says, that when we teach students how to push through difficult texts, “what we’re really doing is showing them how to gain access to all of these different fields in our society.” 1．Students tend to lose their focus while reading if ________. A．the reading text is long B．they are in a classroom C．the reading material is complex D．they are middle or high schoolers 2．Which of the following is a signal of “mindless reading”? A．Reading too quickly. B．Poor performance on tests. C．Changes in reading speed. D．Spending much time reading. 3．What should students do if they experience “mindless reading”? A．Change the reading materials. B．Get to know why they get stuck on passages. C．Learn to notice when their attention wanders. D．Pay more attention to sentence-level information. 4．What is Shanahan’s attitude to helping students push through difficult texts? A．Favorable. B．Cautious. C．Doubtful. D．Unclear. Passage 3 （浙江省丽水市2024-2025学年高二上学期期末教学质量监控英语试题）Eat more when you are stressed? You’re not alone. More than a third of the participants in a survey said they change their diets during stressful times. Many of us are quick to turn to either sugary foods or highly refined carbohydrates (碳水化合物) when the stress hits. “There can be a bit of a vicious cycle,” says David Ludwig, a professor at Harvard University. “When we feel stressed, we seek foods that are going to comfort us immediately, but often those foods lead to surges and crashes in hormones and blood sugar that increase our new stresses”. So, if eating lots of refined carbohydrates and sugar may worsen our responses to stress, are there other types of food that make us more resilient? Researcher Joe Hibbeln believes the answer is yes. He has spent the past two decades researching links between the omega-3 fatty acids found in fish and emotional health. He also points to clinical trials that have found that omega-3 fatty acids may help control depressive symptoms. And a study of schoolchildren in England linked omega-3 fatty acids to more pro-social behavior. Drew Ramsey, a psychiatrist at Columbia University, says a nutrient-rich diet is best for beating stress. He points to his favorite breakfast: scrambled eggs (炒鸡蛋) mixed with the greens and topped with pumpkin seeds. With this meal, you are covering all your bases, Ramsey says. The eggs are a good source of B vitamins and protein, which can be more satisfactory than a carbohydrates-based breakfast. The greens are incredibly nutrient-dense, and are a good source of vitamin A, vitamin K and potassium. And the pumpkin seeds are a good source of magnesium, which is thought to play a role in fighting off anxiety — and zinc, which may help boost the immune system. The bottom line? The foods we choose can’t magic away stress. But Ramsey says he believes “There is a very, very strong connection between food and mood”. 1．What does David Ludwig say about the foods we seek when stressed? A．They are full of nutrients. B．They help get rid of stress. C．They have long-term benefits. D．They provide instant comfort. 2．What does Joe Hibbeln’s research focus on? A．What depressive behaviors schoolchildren have. B．Why lots of refined foods release people’s anxiety. C．Whether omega-3 fatty acids are linked to emotional health. D．How omega-3 fatty acids worsen people’s responses to stress. 3．Why does Ramsey introduce his favourite breakfast? A．To attach importance to all kinds of vitamins. B．To illustrate his ways of beating hunger. C．To show the emotional support from a diet. D．To give examples of making delicious breakfast. 4．Which of the following might be the best title for the text? A．More Food, More Comfort. B．Better Diet, Better Mood. C．Regular Eating, Reduced Stress. D．Authentic recipe, Excellent Fitness. Passage 4 （浙江省绍兴市诸暨市2024-2025学年高二上学期期末检测英语试题）We’ve all left the house and found ourselves wondering: Did I shut the door? Did I turn off the kitchen lights? If these moments of doubt crop up a lot in your day-to-day life, a smart home system could save you a great deal of stress and worry. The primary advantage of a smart home is that you can flexibly control and automate your smart house technology. Using an application on your smartphone or tablet, you can control everything like your lighting, heating and sound system with incredible convenience. If your mobile device isn’t at hand, your smart home is equipped with other ways to control your smart house technology — including voice control. Smart lighting control is one of the most common applications of smart house technology. Smart lights can be controlled individually from the comfort of your sofa or combined into groups so that you can set the mood — whatever kind of atmosphere you want to create. In a smart home, you can see who’s at your door before you open it — and even communicate with visitors from your garden, the supermarket or your office. Modern smart house technology makes your door communication system mobile and gives you that extra level of peace of mind when unexpected visitors arrive. You can also operate your door communication system remotely and invite guests in before you get home. Smart blind (卷帘) systems are designed to improve comfort, convenience and security. With smart house technology, you can adjust your blinds to suit your needs by using intelligent wall switches to give you a little more privacy. Depending on the level of the sun, the outdoor temperature and the time of day, your smart house technology can also provide the right amount of shade in your rooms to reduce the burden on your air conditioning system and save energy. Intelligent home control technology is developing at a rapid pace. No matter whether you are in new or old buildings, in houses for rent or in your own home, modern home technology is rapidly becoming the standard and will soon naturally enrich your daily life. 1．What is the primary advantage of a smart home? A．Flexible home control. B．Personalized designs. C．Modern conveniences. D．Comfortable atmosphere. 2．What can we learn from paragraph 4? A．Remote working will become a reality. B．Door communication goes mobile. C．Security and comfort can be ensured. D．Visiting a smart home is efficient. 3．What is the author’s attitude to modern home technology? A．Favorable. B．Critical. C．Doubtful. D．Concerned. 4．What is the purpose of the text? A．To predict remarkable life prospects in the near future. B．To advocate technological innovation and application. C．To introduce some smart house technology features. D．To persuade us to embrace technological advances. 主题02 人与社会——做人与做事 Passage 1 （浙江省杭州市西湖区西湖高中2024-2025学年高二上学期期末考英语试卷）There are so many things to keep in order with young children during weekdays. It’s all too easy to end up forgetting they need their PE kit on a particular day, or to realize they have no clean school uniforms or you’ve missed an email about a school trip. So one admirably organized mom, Rachael Hallett, from Australia, has shared her simple but highly effective solution to having to prepare their lunchboxes. Her tip recommends mass cooking, just like you might do with dinners. “School lunches can get boring,” she admits. “You can cook a lot and freeze many items in advance. Sandwiches, sausage rolls, wraps and so on. These all freeze well.” But she points out that any fillings that are water-based, like cucumber or tomato, should be avoided in case the bread or wraps become wet. And Rachael, who has two primary school age children, doesn’t stop there with the preparation. She also makes the decisions easily over what to give her children daily by drawing up a list of different foods to put in the boxes. She prefers lunchboxes with different parts that won’t leak and each section is used for various items such as fruit or snacks. The wise mom sometimes even sends her kids into school with a food thermos for warm lunches. “You can really send almost anything,” she shares. But even Rachael has days when she just doesn’t have the time or energy to make a meal for her little ones and she says on these occasions school dinners are definitely a suitable alternative. “Plan some money for a lunch order on your hardest weekdays. Usually school dinners aren’t too expensive and taste good,” she says. Rachael is a co-founder of the hugely popular Facebook group Moms Who, which has over a million members. Lots of other members of the group thanked Rachael for sharing her tips which they intended to put to use in their routines. 1．What are parents’ weekdays like according to the first paragraph? A．Challenging. B．Boring. C．Amazing. D．Meaningful. 2．What does Rachael suggest on mass cooking? A．Avoiding sandwiches. B．Preparing food with juice. C．Choosing food that freezes well. D．Cooking one item at a time. 3．Why does Rachael probably prefer lunchboxes with different parts? A．It is easy for her children to carry. B．It is convenient to put different foods in. C．The lunchboxes look more beautiful. D．The lunchboxes are popular with children. 4．What is the purpose of the Facebook group Moms Who? A．To offer various recipes for cooking school dinners at home B．To help moms find affordable lunchbox options for their kids C．To allow moms in Australia to discuss school-related topics. D．To provide a platform for moms to share the tips on their kids’ lunch. Passage 2 （浙江省绍兴市诸暨市2024-2025学年高二上学期期末检测英语试题）Whether you are traveling to a different country for business or study, you must always be prepared to experience and overcome cultural differences and language barriers. Here are a couple of tips on how to help bridge the gap between cultures. Every country in the world, old or new, has a rich and storied history. They celebrate their own holidays, cook national dishes, listen to their own styles of music and wear clothes appropriate for their culture. Take some time to learn the history, art and customs of the country you’ll be visiting. Showing your knowledge of the local customs and history will make those around you realize you truly care about their culture. Language are hard to master. You spent years in grade school learning all the grammar and intricacies (复杂) of English. Why not spend more time learning a whole new language — especially when so much of the world speak English already? Even if you can only recite a couple of key phrases, it shows that you’re making the effort to bridge the cultural gap. Unfortunately, no matter how much you research a country or how well you know the language, there will always be some culture shocks and confusion. Words, actions or gestures that are not offensive (冒犯的) to us can be very offensive to someone from another culture. When this occurs, it is important to stay patient. Working through these frustrations together will lead to a smarter and stronger bond between you and your friend from another culture. When I learn a new language, or study the history of a culture I’m unfamiliar with, I think of it as exploring a new world. There are so many things that make each culture unique. You have to be open to trying and learning new things in order to fit in well in another country. Always try to think about how they see things from their cultural perspective. All of this being said, there are so many similarities between people of all nations. We all laugh at the same physical comedy, groan when we have to clean up our pets’ messes and cry when we lose a loved one. After all, we are all humans. 1．What are you supposed to do to show your efforts to fit in? A．Develop an optimistic attitude. B．Do research into the new culture. C．Publicize its unique cultures. D．Clear all the barriers in the way. 2．What does the author think of culture shocks? A．Overwhelming.B．Abstract. C．Depressing. D．Unavoidable. 3．How does the author encourage us to be in paragraph 5? A．Open-minded. B．Suspicious. C．Ambitious. D．Insightful. 4．What is the most suitable title for the article? A．Participating in cultural communication. B．Stepping out of your comfort zone. C．Exposing yourself to different cultures. D．Bridging the Gap between Cultures. Passage 3 （浙江省丽水市2023-2024学年高二上学期1月期末英语试题）Most of us have some sort of bucket list—a checklist of experiences and accomplishments we hope to achieve before our time here on earth is up. When we think of how to improve our lives, our first urge is generally to add things: I’d be happier if my career were going better. Everything would be different if I could find a good relationship. There is only one problem with this approach—science suggests it tends to have the opposite result. A mountain of researches show that when you reach your goals, they’re likely to only bring you momentary joy. After a brief high, dissatisfaction creeps in and we start to long for the next thing on the list. How do you get off this problem and find lasting peace of mind? Brooks offers a simple, practical suggestion: Swap your traditional bucket list for something he calls a “reverse bucket list.” “Each year on my birthday, I list my wants and attachments—the stuff that fits under the categories of money, power, pleasure and honor. I try to be completely honest,” he writes. Next, Brooks sits down and lists what his life would be like in five years if he were truly happy and successful—if he were living up to his values and experiencing a sense of psychological peace. The final step is to compare the two lists side by side. Would those things he longs for actually bring him closer to his vision of the good life? If an item is on your bucket list because it lines up with your deepest desires and values, keep it. If it’s there to impress the neighbors or feed a vague and strong need for “success”, onto the reverse bucket list it goes. When scientists ask people to solve problems of all kinds, their first urge is to add elements. They think a new feature, additional rule or extra ingredient will improve the final outcome. But recent research shows that subtraction (减法) is often the better one. 1．What is a problem probably caused when you achieve your goals? A．You will be eaten up with pride. B．Your confidence will be boosted overly. C．You will be unwilling to achieve the next goal. D．Your temporary happiness will give way to discontent. 2．What’s the difference between the traditional and the reverse bucket list? A．Whether the items on the list are listed honestly. B．Whether the items on the list can bring you glory. C．Whether the items on the list can be achieved. D．Whether the items on the list are consistent with your beliefs. 3．According to Brooks, which of the following will be classified into the reverse bucket list? A．Buying a more luxurious villa than a friend’s. B．Keeping on working out regularly to keep fit. C．Serving the community to keep mentally peaceful. D．Studying abroad for further education to realize self-value. 4．What is a suitable title for the text? A．The Barrier of Happiness: A Rule of Subtraction B．The Secret to Happiness: A Reverse Bucket List C．The Block to Happiness: A Traditional Bucket List D．The Truth of Happiness: A Checklist of Achievements Passage 4 （浙江省杭州市学军中学2022-2023学年高二上学期期末英语试卷）Workers, and possibly all people, can be divided into two groups. Those who like to be involved in everything and can be labeled “FOMOs” because they suffer from a “fear of missing out”. Then there are those who would simply want to be left to get on with their own particular work, without distraction—the “JOMOs” (joy of missing out). If the boss announces a new project, do you immediately volunteer, thinking this will be a great chance to prove your skills? If so, you are a FOMO. Or do you foresee the trouble involved, the likely failure of the project, and the weekend emails from all the FOMOs wanting to spend less time with their families? Then you are a certified JOMO. Another test is technology. FOMOs are early users, picking up the latest devices and sending documents to colleagues through the latest file-sharing programme. JOMOs tend to believe that any technology upgrade will be troublesome in the beginning and wonder why on earth their colleagues can’t send the document everyone has been familiar with. Networking events are the kind of thing that gets FOMOs excited as a chance to exchange ideas and make contacts. When JOMOs hear the word “networking”, they reach for their noise-cancelling earphones. For them, being made to attend an industry cocktail party is rather like being forced to attend the wedding of someone they hardly know—a social suffering. Similarly, when it comes to business travel, FOMOs can’t wait to experience the delight of overseas conferences and visiting new places. It will all look good on their CV. JOMOs know that such travel involves lots of discomforts like crowded airline seats. The final destination turns out to be nothing more than a common conference centre or hotel that they forget five minutes after they have left. While they recognize that they have to attend some meetings and go on trips to get their work done, JOMOs regard such things as a self-punishment instead of a privilege. Something useful may come out of it, but best not to get their hopes up. It might seem obvious that employers should look to hire FOMOs, not their opposites. After all, in a company full of JOMOs, sales might suffer and there would be little innovation. But while FOMOs are racing from meeting to networking events, employers need a few JOMOs to be doing actual work. The other reason why depending on FOMOs is dangerous is that they are naturally restless. JOMOs will be loyal, for fear of ending up with a worse employer. But FOMOs may think that working for one company means they are missing out on better conditions at another. That is the point of most networking, after all. 1．Which of the following best describe FOMOs? A．Excited about the networking events. B．Finding it annoyed to use latest devices. C．Hesitating to get involved in a new project. D．Showing no interest in building up social relationship. 2．When it comes to business travel, what do JOMOs tend to do? A．Enjoy the conferences and the overseas trip B．Believe it will enrich their working experience C．Finish their work without too much expectations D．Complain about something uncomfortable during the trip. 3．According to the author, why is it dangerous to depend on FOMOs? A．They don’t do any actual work at all. B．They usually end up with a worse employer. C．They don’t improve sales and have little innovation. D．They may leave for better job chances in other company. 4．What is author’s attitude towards JOMOs? A．Indifferent B．Positive C．Doubtful D．Critical 主题03 人与社会——文学，艺术与体育 Passage 1 （浙江省青田县中学2024-2025学年高二上学期1月期末英语试题）The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 2009. For the most part, the response has been favorable, to say the least. “Hooray! At last!” wrote Anthony Tommasini, a sober-sided classical-music critic. One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise, however, is that Gilbert is comparatively little known. Even Tommasini, who had advocated Gilbert’s appointment in the Times, calls him “an unpretentious musician with no air of the formidable conductor about him.” As a description of the next music director of an orchestra that has hitherto been led by musicians like Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez, that seems likely to have struck at least some Times readers as faint praise. For my part, I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or even a good one. To be sure, he performs an impressive variety of interesting compositions, but it is not necessary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall, or anywhere else, to hear interesting orchestral music. All I have to do is to go to my CD shelf, or boot up my computer and download still more recorded music from iTunes. Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for live performance are missing the point. For the time, attention, and money of the art-loving public, classical instrumentalists must compete not only with opera houses, dance troupes, theater companies, and museums, but also with the recorded performances of the great classical musicians of the 20th century. These recordings are cheap, available everywhere, and very often much higher in artistic quality than today’s live performances; moreover, they can be “consumed” at a time and place of the listener’s choosing. The widespread availability of such recordings has thus brought about a crisis in the institution of the traditional classical concert. One possible response is for classical performers to program attractive new music that is not yet available on record. Gilbert’s own interest in new music has been widely noted: Alex Ross, a classical music critic, has described him as a man who is capable of turning the Philharmonic into “a markedly different, more vibrant organization.” But what will be the nature of that difference? Merely expanding the orchestra’s repertoire will not be enough. If Gilbert and the Philharmonic are to succeed, they must first change the relationship between America’s oldest orchestra and the new audience it hopes to attract. 1．From Paragraph 1, what can we learn from Gilbert’s appointment? A．It incurred criticism. B．It raised suspicion. C．It received acclaim. D．It aroused curiosity. 2．The author believes that the devoted concertgoers ______. A．ignore the expenses of live performances. B．reject most kinds of recorded performances. C．exaggerate the variety of live performances. D．overestimate the value of live performances. 3．According to the text, which of the following is true of recordings? A．They are often inferior to live concerts in quality. B．They are easily accessible to the general public. C．They help improve the quality of music. D．They have only covered masterpieces. 4．How does the author feel about Gilbert’s role in revitalizing the Philharmonic? A．Doubtful. B．Enthusiastic. C．Confident. D．Puzzled. Passage 2 （浙江省宁波市余姚市2023-2024学年高二上学期期末考试英语试题）Travel is like a box of chocolates: you never know what you’re going to get, especially when using a mystery box plane ticket. Earlier this year, mystery box travel purchases increased and became trendy among China’s young people. In normal trips, people often plan their vacations well in advance. After buying a mystery box at a low price — usually 100 or 200 yuan — however, the travelers using this method will select their departure airport and receive several destination options to choose from. After the destination is decided, their trip begins. Liao Liangyu, 16, has turned his eagerness to go on a mystery box trip into reality. He took a mystery box trip to Changsha with a couple of friends months ago. Right before their departure, a friend told Liao that Changsha was a super hyped-up (被炒作的) Internet sensation (网红). But he still decided to go and see it for himself. “My biggest discovery is that Changsha is a city full of contrasts,” Liao explained to China Daily. “You can see skyscraper (摩天大楼) and old houses in the same view.” Since the destination options include many less popular cities, travel mystery boxes also bring energy and economic benefits to these destinations. For example, Dehong city is a beautiful city in Yunnan province, yet has few visitors due to a lack of promotion. Following its inclusion as a mystery box travel destination, however, it has gained a lot of attention and is now thought of as a solid location for tourism. But even so, a large number of people feel disappointed with travel mystery boxes because they can encounter many problems after purchasing one, such as inappropriate travel time, sudden flight cancellations, or even challenges with refunds. Su Weili from Ctrip suggested in an interview with Haibao News that visitors should choose reliable platforms and sign contracts to guarantee their interests. 1．What is the appeal of mystery box travel? A．Traveling with like-minded strangers. B．Unplanned traveling at a low cost. C．Fixed routes to choose from. D．Popular destinations to visit. 2．How did Liao Liangyu feel about his mystery box trip? A．He regretted traveling with his friends. B．He felt Changsha didn’t deserve its fame. C．He disliked the unpredictability. D．He discovered something unexpected. 3．How do travel mystery boxes affect places like Dehong city? A．They help these places better known. B．They often cause overcrowding. C．They lead to environmental problems. D．They enrich local people’s lives. 4．What is the main topic of the last paragraph? A．Reliable platforms to buy travel mystery boxes. B．Various mystery box travel options available. C．Potential issues related to travel mystery boxes. D．Mystery box travel regulations and policies. Passage 3 （浙江省杭州市学军中学2022-2023学年高二上学期期末英语试卷）Sleeper trains occupy a romantic corner of any traveler’s soul. One of Hercule Poirot’s most fascinating adventures takes place on the Simplon Orient Express, which used to run from Paris to Istanbul. A famous scene in Alfred Hitchcock’s “North by Northwest” features a night train entering a tunnel. James Bond, meanwhile, detects a spy on a sleeper train after noticing him behave suspiciously in the dining car. In some parts of the world, the nostalgia(怀旧)lives on. The Caledonian Sleeper, complete with smartly dressed waiters, neeps and tatties(白萝卜泥和土豆泥)and a selection of whiskies, is the best way to travel between London and Scotland. Elsewhere, however, sleepers are on their last legs. Flights across Europe have become so cheap that fewer and fewer travelers bother with sleeper trains. Sensing that the end is approaching. Andrew Martin, a British writer, has written a book about the sleeper. “Night Trains” is a brief history of the mode, combined with accounts of journeys Mr. Martin has taken on sleeper routes across Europe. The reader joins him on a train Munich, where he eats a tuna sandwich on board. Travelling from Paris to Venice, he thinks he has been robbed of $105. The service to Nice is cancelled, yet such is his love for sleeping aboard that he spends the night on the train as it sits on the platform. These stories make clear that the golden age of the sleeper train is long past. How different things were in the 19th century, when a passenger on the Orient Express could dine on delicacies and good wines. The only modern-day sleeper train which comes up to the Mr. Martin’s exacting standards is the Nordland, which travels towards northern Norway. Those who have no experience of the sleeper trains often ask sleeper enthusiasts: “Do you sleep?” After a read of Mr. Martin’s book, the answer would seem to be a definite “no”: the noise of the train wake him up time and again. Still, it is hard not to be won over by his enthusiasm. Catch the sleeper train, before it’s too late. 1．What can we learn from the underlined sentence in paragraph two? A．Sleeper trains are the last means of transportation for travelers. B．Travelers tend to fall asleep toward the end of their trip. C．Travelers are too exhausted to walk any longer. D．Sleeper trains are becoming out of fashion. 2．What might readers get after reading the book Night Trains? A．They may enjoy the scenery on their journey from London to Scotland. B．They can have the opportunity to travel on the best train in Europe. C．They may have a basic understanding of the history of sleeper trains. D．They may get all the answers to their questions about the sleeper trains. 3．What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A．The noise of the train makes it impossible for travelers to sleep well. B．Readers may be discouraged from riding on sleeper trains. C．The writer of the passages suggests not spending nights aboard. D．For enthusiasts, the love for sleepers outweighs the inconvenience caused. 4．What is the author’s purpose of writing the passage? A．To introduce readers to a new book about sleeper trains. B．To compare the advantages of sleeper trains in different periods. C．To inform the readers of the rise and fall of sleeper trains. D．To recall readers’ memory of an old-fashioned means of transportation. 主题04 人与社会——历史，社会与文化 Passage 1 （浙江省青田县中学2024-2025学年高二上学期1月期末英语试题）The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you paid for. No longer. While traditional “paid” media — such as television commercials and print advertisements — still play a major role, companies today can exploit many alternative forms of media. Consumers passionate about a product may create “earned” media by willingly promoting it to friends, and a company may leverage “owned” media by sending e-mail alerts about products and sales to customers registered with its Web site. The way consumers now approach the process of making purchase decisions means that marketing’s impact stems from a broad range of factors beyond conventional paid media. Paid and owned media are controlled by marketers promoting their own products. For earned media, such marketers act as the initiator for users’ responses. But in some cases, one marketer’s owned media become another marketer’s paid media — for instance, when an e-commerce retailer sells ad space on its Web site. We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place their content or e-commerce engines within that environment. This trend, which we believe is still in its infancy, effectively began with retailers and travel providers such as airlines and hotels and will no doubt go further. Johnson & Johnson, for example, has created BabyCenter, a standalone media property that promotes complementary and even competitive products. Besides generating income, the presence of other marketers makes the site seem objective, gives companies opportunities to learn valuable information about the appeal of other companies’ marketing, and may help expand user traffic for all companies concerned. The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more (and more diverse) communications choices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways. Such hijacked media are the opposite of earned media: an asset or campaign becomes hostage to consumers, other stakeholders, or activists who make negative allegations about a brand or product. Members of social networks, for instance, are learning that they can hijack media to apply pressure on the businesses that originally created them. 1．When can consumers create “earned” media? A．Obsessed with online shopping at certain Web sites. B．Inspired by product-promoting e-mails sent to them. C．Eager to help their friends promote quality products. D．Enthusiastic about recommending their favorite products. 2．What can we say about sold media feature according to Paragraph 2? A．A safe business environment. B．Random competition. C．Strong user traffic. D．Flexibility in organization. 3．What can we infer about earned media in Paragraph 3? A．Invite constant conflicts with passionate consumers. B．Can be used to produce negative effects in marketing. C．May be responsible for fiercer competition. D．Deserve all the negative comments about them. 4．Which of the following is the text mainly about? A．Alternatives to conventional paid media. B．Conflict between hijacked and earned media. C．Dominance of hijacked media. D．Popularity of owned media. Passage 2 （浙江省青田县中学2024-2025学年高二上学期1月期末英语试题）France, which prides itself as the global innovator of fashion, has decided its fashion industry has lost an absolute right to define physical beauty for woman. Its lawmakers gave preliminary approval last week to a law that would make it a crime to employ ultra-thin models on runways. The parliament also agreed to ban websites that “incite excessive thinness” by promoting extreme dieting. Such measures have a couple of uplifting motives. They suggest beauty should not be defined by looks that end up impinging on health. That’s a start. And the ban on ultra-thin models seems to go beyond protecting models from starving themselves to death — as some have done. It tells the fashion industry that it must take responsibility for the signal it sends women, especially teenage girls, about the social tape-measure they must use to determine their individual worth. The bans, if fully enforced, would suggest to woman (and many men) that they should not let others be arbiters of their beauty. And perhaps faintly, they hint that people should look to intangible qualities like character and intellect rather than dieting their way to size zero or wasp-waist physiques. The French measures, however, rely too much on severe punishment to change a culture that still regards beauty as skin-deep-and bone-showing. Under the law, using a fashion model that does not meet a government-defined index of body mass could result in a $85,000 fine and six months in prison. The fashion industry knows it has an inherent problem in focusing on material adornment and idealized body types. In Denmark, the United States, and a few other countries, it is trying to set voluntary standard for models and fashion images that rely more on peer pressure for enforcement. In contrast to France’s actions, Denmark’s fashion industry agreed last month on rules and sanctions regarding the age, health, and other characteristics of models. The newly revised Danish Fashion Ethical Charter clearly states: “We are aware of and take responsibility for the impact the fashion industry has on body ideals, especially on young people.” The charter’s main tool of enforcement is to deny access for designers and modeling agencies to Copenhagen. Fashion Week, which is run by the Danish Fashion Institute. But in general it relies on a name-and-shame method of compliance. Relying on ethical persuasion rather than law to address the misuse of body ideals may be the best step. Even better would be to help elevate notions of beauty beyond the material standards of a particular industry. 1．According to the first paragraph, what would happen in France? A．Physical beauty would be redefined. B．New runways would be constructed. C．Websites about dieting would thrive. D．The fashion industry would decline. 2．The phrase “impinging on” in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to A．heightening the value of B．indicating the state of C．losing faith in D．doing harm to 3．Which of the following is TRUE of the fashion industry? A．The French measures have already failed. B．New standards are being set in Denmark. C．Models are no longer under peer pressure. D．Its inherent problems are getting worse. 4．Which of the following is the best title of the text? A．A Challenge to the Fashion Industry’s Body Ideals B．A Dilemma for the Starving Models in France C．Just Another Round of Struggle for Beauty D．The Great Threats to the Fashion Industry Passage 3 （浙江省杭州市下沙区杭四吴山2024-2025学年高二上学期期末考英语试卷）Tao Yuanming and Henry David Thoreau were both poets, but one lived in Ancient China and the other in 19th century America. Superficially, these two men, whose lives were separated in time by nearly 1,500 years, were polar opposites. And yet they shared an intense respect for nature, which made them each an influential figure of their time. Both men made dramatic transformations to their lives in order to reconnect with nature. As an official in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Tao felt conflicted over life at court. In 405, he quit the service of the court for good, expressing his unhappiness in the now famous line that he would not “bow like a servant in return for five dou of grain”. He spent the next 22 years until his death, working the land in a poor, rural area. While Tao’s return to nature was a reaction to a lifestyle he was opposed to, Thoreau’s was a personal decision to transform the way he lived. He had a decent quality of life, but he wanted to live in a simpler way. For two years, two months and two days, he lived in a cottage in the forest on the edge of Walden Pond, focusing on himself and his writing. He explained his reason for doing so in Walden: “I went to the woods because I wished to live deliberately, to front only the essential facts of life.” Both men were happy to withdraw from contemporary life, seeking a harmonious relationship with nature in the quietness of their lives. Although Tao and Thoreau do not treat nature in quite the same way, their works show its beauty and value. Tao’s nature is a place of fields and villages, in other words, rural, and his animals are domestic ones, such as chickens and dogs. The calm and peaceful life he wrote about is in contrast to and critical of the depressive court life. Beyond the dark and distance lies a village, the smoke above reluctant to depart. A dog is barking somewhere down the lane. and chickens sit atop the mulberry tree. Thoreau’s descriptions of nature emphasized the beauty and purity of the wild areas around him. Devoting himself to observations of the natural phenomena, he recorded his detailed findings in his journals. Thoreau’s writing aimed to convince people that animals and plants had a right to live and prosper, as we do. We should live with them in harmony and enjoy nature’s gifts, as he describes in his journal: Live in each season as it passes; breathe the air, drink the drink, taste the fruit, and resign yourself to the influences of each. Let them be your only diet, drink and botanical medicines. It takes considerable courage to reject the easy and familiar and instead try to live closer to nature, as both Tao and Thoreau did. Their choices led them to quiet and reflective lives with fewer material desires. 1．What does the underlined words “polar opposite” in paragraph 1 mean? A．Rather similar. B．Far away from the polar area. C．Reasonably familiar. D．Contrastingly different. 2．What can we learn from paragraphs 2 and 3? A．Tao’s decision of returning to nature was a reaction to a lifestyle to which he opposed, whereas Thoreau’s was not. B．Thoreau was unhappy with his life at court, but Tao was not. C．Tao sought for a harmonious relationship with nature, while Thoreau did not. D．Both Tao and Thoreau chose to live in a lakeside cottage in the forest, living in simplicity. 3．Why does the author quote Thoreau’s journal? A．To illustrate Thoreau’s ideal of people living in harmony with nature. B．To prove Thoreau’s love for nature and how he insisted on protecting it. C．To show Thoreau’s description of nature is beautiful and pure. D．To suggest that Thoreau’s understanding of nature was inspired by animals and plants. 4．What is the author’s attitude towards Tao and Thoreau’s lifestyle? A．Dismissive. B．Doubtful. C．Supportive D．Pessimistic. Passage 4 （浙江省宁波市慈溪市2024-2025学年高二上学期期末考试英语试题）Payne, who rose to fame at just 16 as a band member in Britain in 2010, faced huge pressure from a young age, which impacted his mental health. In an attempt to handle the stresses of his early stardom, he turned to alcohol and drugs, and finally ended his own life. The tragedy of Payne’s death has sparked a wider debate within the music industry about the responsibilities that come with launching young stars into the spotlight. In an interview with The Observer, British songwriter Guy Chambers suggested that under-18s should be banned from becoming pop stars. He pointed out many young stars were pushed into intense schedules, often performing up to 200 dates yearly in different places. “They’re always busy. These teens start relying on sleeping pills and stimulants (兴奋剂) to keep them up for the shows,” Chambers said. Research has shown that young artists came easily down with mental issues. A 2021 study revealed that 80 percent of musicians between the ages of 18 and 25 struggled with anxiety and depression, according to the BBC． While preventing under-18s from entering the music industry is one possible preventative measure, could Chambers’ idea work in practice? Chris Herbert, a former pop music manager, believes that enforcing a minimum age would be difficult to carry out. “The entertainment industry has a very long history of delivering successful stars of all ages, and there will always be a market that wants young artists,” Herbert told the BBC． However, Herbert has called for a change in the way the industry operates. Instead of banning young artists, he advocates for providing them with the right education and support, including trained chaperones (陪护人), counselors, sociable working hours, meal breaks and regular rest. 1．What contributed to Payne’s struggles in the music industry? A．Negative media coverage. B．Competition among peers. C．The responsibilities on stars. D．The pressure of early fame. 2．Why does Guy Chambers suggest an age ban on young stars? A．Their work affects their health. B．They manage their schedules poorly. C．They lack necessary support systems. D．Their performances are far from good. 3．What’s Chris Herbert attitude to Chambers’ proposal? A．Objective. B．Approved. C．Opposed. D．Indifferent. 4．Which of the following may be a solution for young artists according to the passage? A．Improving their professional skills. B．Limiting their access to social media. C．Promoting public awareness of the issue. D．Offering better mental health-related support. 主题01 人与社会——科学与技术 Passage 1 （浙江省杭州市西湖区西湖高中2024-2025学年高二上学期期末考英语试卷）Cortisol, widely recognized as the “stress hormone (激素)”, plays a key role in managing stress. The recent discussions in TikTok suggest a misinterpretation that cortisol imbalances are directly responsible for various health issues, from loose skin to sleep and digestive problem. “The relationship between cortisol and body symptoms is not straightforward.” Experts like Martin Picard from Columbia University emphasizes. Our bodies release cortisol when we encounter a challenge, whether psychological or physical, real or imagined. Things like coming across a bear on a hike, receiving an annoying work email or delivering a public speech are the typical cases. Cortisol aids in energy supply and metabolism (新陈代谢) control. Its levels vary, peaking in the morning and reducing by night. However, long-term stress can disturb this balance, leading to sustained high cortisol levels. Potential disadvantages are weakened immune (免疫的) system and high blood sugar, as well as mental illnesses like depression and PTSD．In extreme cases, too much cortisol production may lead to Cushing’s syndrome, characterized by serious physical changes and requiring medical treatment. Identifying cortisol-related issues requires professional evaluation, as self-assessment or at-home testing may not provide accurate results due to cortisol’s dynamic nature. Experts suggest consulting healthcare professionals for a thorough check. While there’s no one-size-fits-all solution for managing cortisol levels, research indicates that practices such as yoga, mindfulness, and moderate exercise can aid in regulating the body’s stress response. These activities not only help in reducing stress but also in training the body to manage its stress response more effectively over time. In conclusion, cortisol plays a key role in how our body handles stress and functions overall. However, saying that many health problems are just due to cortisol imbalances misses the complex interaction between hormones, stress and health. It’s important to take a holistic approach to health, with professional guidance and personalized stress management strategies. 1．What can we learn about cortisol? A．It can directly cause sleep disorder B．It won’t influence physical health at all. C．It has nothing to do with stomach upset. D．It is often misunderstood on social media. 2．What can be inferred from paragraph 4? A．Exercise guarantees cortisol decrease. B．Home testing of cortisol is not available. C．Multiple tests may be required to measure cortisol. D．Experts dismiss home activities in stress management. 3．What does the underlined word “holistic” mean in the last paragraph? A．Medical. B．Physical. C．Immediate. D．Integrated. 4．Where is this text most likely from? A．An education guide.B．A health magazine.C．A book review. D．A scientific paper. Passage 2 （浙江省嘉兴市2024-2025学年高二上学期期末测试英语试题）Getting into arguments with strangers online or family members at the dinner table can feel a bit like debating with a brick wall. We are probably all guilty (有过失的) of feeling like we are right, even if we don’t have all the facts. This phenomenon is called the “illusion of information adequacy  (IOIA)”. “Interpersonal conflict is on the rise, driving increases in anger, anxiety, and general stress, ” says Angus Fletcher, a researcher at the Ohio State University. “We wanted to look into those misunderstandings and see how they could be reduced. ” In the study, the team surveyed 1, 261 Americans online. All the participants read an article about an imaginary school with water shortage. Group one read an article that only gave reasons for merging (合并) with another school that has better water. Group two read an article that only gave reasons for the schools staying separate and hoping for other solutions to the problem. Group three was the control group that read both sets of the arguments. They found the majority of the first two groups believed they had enough information to decide what to do. They said they would follow the recommendations in the article they read and thought others would make the same decision. About 55 percent of the control group recommended the schools merge. The team calls this belief IOIA．Fletcher describes it as, “The less our brain knows, the more confident it is that it knows all it needs to know. This makes us leap to confident conclusions and decisive judgments, when we miss necessary information. ” The team also found some were willing to change their minds — once they had all the facts. Timing also plays a role. The people in the study changed their opinions that were recently formed, not long-held beliefs. According to Fletcher, one of the best ways to reduce IOIA when disagreeing with someone is to stop and ask, “Is there something I'm missing that would help me understand their position better? ” This can help reduce unnecessary interpersonal conflict. 1．What was the main goal of Fletcher’s research? A．To find ways to improve debate skills. B．To identify types of information sources. C．To explain why it is necessary to stick to facts. D．To explore how to minimize misunderstandings. 2．Why did participants in Group one and two tend to have IOIA? A．They held deep-rooted beliefs. B．They received a lot of false information. C．They were exposed to one-sided arguments. D．They were worried about the school’s situation. 3．What does Fletcher suggest to fight IOIA? A．Establishing interpersonal bonds. B．Seeking to bridge the information gap. C．Encouraging others to see the big picture. D．Stressing the weaknesses in others’ positions. 4．Which of the following is the best title for the text? A．Why Do People Insist They Are Correct? B．Does Interpersonal Conflict Lead to Stress? C．Can Conversations Affect What We Believe? D．What Contributes to Sensible Decision-making? Passage 3 （浙江省丽水市遂昌中学2024-2025学年高二上学期1月期末英语试题）In recent years, a growing body of research has shown that our appetite and food intake are influenced by a large number of factors besides our biological need for energy, including our eating environment and our perception of the food in front of us. Studies have shown, for instance, that eating in front of the TV (or a similar distraction) can increase both hunger and the amount of food consumed. Even simple visual cues, like plate size and lighting, have been shown to affect portion size and consumption. A new study suggested that our short-term memory also may play a role in appetite. Several hours after a meal, people’s hunger levels were predicted not by how much they’d eaten but rather by how much food they’d seen in front of them—in other words, how much they remembered eating. This disparity (差异) suggests the memory of our previous meal may have a bigger influence on our appetite than the actual size of the meal, says Jeffrey M. Brunstrom, a professor of experimental psychology at the University of Bristol. “Hunger isn’t controlled solely by the physical characteristics of a recent meal. We have identified an independent role for memory for that meal,” Brunstrom says. “This shows that the relationship between hunger and food intake is more complex than we thought.” These findings echo earlier research that suggests our perception of food can sometimes trick our body’s response to the food itself. In a 2011 study, for instance, people who drank the same 380-calorie (卡路里) milkshake on two separate occasions produced different levels of hunger-related hormones, depending on whether the shake’s label said it contained 620 or 140 calories. Moreover, the participants reported feeling more full when they thought they’d consumed a higher-calorie shake. What does this mean for our eating habits? Although it hardly seems practical to trick ourselves into eating less, the new findings do highlight the benefits of focusing on our food and avoiding TV and multitasking while eating. The so-called mindful-eating strategies can fight distractions and help us control our appetite, Brunstrom says. 1．What is said to be a factor affecting our appetite and food intake? A．How we perceive the food we eat. B．When we eat our meals. C．What ingredients the food contains. D．How fast we eat our meals. 2．What would happen at meal time if you remembered eating a lot in the previous meal? A．You would probably be more picky about food. B．You would not feel like eating the same food. C．You would have a good appetite. D．You would not feel so hungry. 3．What do we learn from the 2011 study? A．Food labels may mislead consumers in their purchases. B．Food labels may influence our body’s response to food. C．Hunger levels depend on one’s consumption of calories. D．People tend to take in a lot more calories than necessary. 4．What does Brunstrom suggest we do to control our appetite? A．Trick ourselves into eating less. B．Concentrate on food while eating. C．Choose food with fewer calories. D．Pick dishes of the right size. Passage 4 （浙江省绍兴市上虞区2024-2025学年高二上学期期末考试英语试题）Interacting with AI chatbots like ChatGPT can be fun and sometimes useful, but the next level of everyday AI goes beyond answering questions: AI agents carry out tasks for you. But what exactly is an AI agent? As a computer scientist, I offer this definition: AI agents are technological tools that can learn a lot about a given environment, and then — with a few simple prompts from a human — work to solve problems or perform specific tasks in that environment. Simple AI agents can be taught to reply to standard questions sent over email. More advanced ones can book airline and hotel tickets for transcontinental business trips. Take Google’s Project Mariner as a typical example. Recently, Google demonstrated it to reporters. It’s a browser extension for Chrome that can reason about the text and images on your screen. In the demonstration, the agent helped plan a meal by adding items to a shopping cart on a grocery chain’s website, even finding substitutes when certain ingredients were not available. A person still needs to be involved to finalize the purchase, but the agent can be instructed to take all of the necessary steps up to that point. Actually, many of today’s AI agents tend to be utility (实用) based, meaning they give more consideration to how to achieve their goals by themselves. They weigh the risks and benefits of each possible approach before deciding how to proceed. They are also capable of considering goals that conflict with each other and deciding which one is more important to achieve. They go beyond goal-based agents by prioritizing their users’ unique preferences. However, a breach (违反) of an AI agent’s system could cause private information about your life and finances to fall into the wrong hands. Are you OK taking these risks if it means that agents can save you some work? What happens when AI agents make a poor choice, or a choice that its user would disagree with? Currently, developers of AI agents are keeping humans in the loop, making sure people have an opportunity to check an agent’s work before any final decisions are made. 1．What is an AI agent according to the passage? A．A chatbot responding to diverse questions. B．A technology enabling AI chatbots to perform complex tasks. C．A device solving problems by replying to standard questions. D．A tool learning environments and carrying out tasks with human guidance. 2．What’s special about Google’s Project Mariner from paragraph 3? A．It can answer standard questions over email. B．It can analyse and judge browser-page content. C．It can book airline and hotel tickets on its own. D．It can finalize a purchase on a grocery chain’s website. 3．How do utility-based AI agents differ from goal-based agents? A．They put what the users prefer first. B．They pay little attention to how to achieve the goals. C．They can integrate goals that conflict with each other. D．They weigh benefits over risks when making decisions. 4．What is the purpose of keeping humans in the loop when using AI agents? A．Let users monitor AI decisions. B．Reduce AI system-hacking risks. C．Stop AI agents accessing sensitive data. D．Teach AI agents to make accurate choices. 主题02 人与自然 Passage 1 （浙江省衢州市2024-2025学年高二上学期教学质量检测英语试题）In northern Australia, freshwater crocodile populations have dropped by 70% due to cane toads, a kind of super-poisonous toad (毒蟾蜍) introduced to the region decades ago. Georgia Ward-Fear, a conservation scientist at Macquarie University, has witnessed the crocodiles’ suffering firsthand. “They go into painful seizures before dying quickly,” she describes. The decline in crocodile numbers creates significant ecological gaps, leading to increased predator populations and disturbed bird nesting. In a study published in the Proceedings of the Royal Society B, Ward-Fear and her team found a way to reduce crocodile death rates by 95%using a novel approach: feeding them changed dead cane toads that cause food poisoning. This method made the crocodiles to associate the toads with discomfort, preventing them from future encounters. Cane toads were introduced to Australia in 1935, initially to control pest beetles. However, they quickly multiplied into an invasive(侵入的)species, now numbering around 200 million. Their poisons have proven deadly to various native animals, particularly crocodiles, especially during the dry season when waterholes become smaller. To prevent these encounters, Ward-Fear and her team changed cane toads by removing the most poisonous parts and injecting nausea-inducing (引起恶心的) substances. The results were promising: crocodiles learned to avoid the toads. In Danggu Geikie Gorge National Park, where the toads had arrived two years prior, the team reported a 95% decrease in death rates. In contrast, a nearby control area without interventions continued to see increasing death rate. Dave Garshelis, a bear conservationist, applauds the study. “It’s a pretty effective way of saving these crocodiles from death,” he says. However, he warns that this training has to be done over and over and over again, as he experienced with black bears. Ward-Fear, however, pointed out that the crocodiles’ death rates remained low throughout the two-year study. She sees this as an effective temporary solution — one that manages the coexistence of crocodiles and cane toads. It’s part of a growing field called conservation behavior that offers a more humane approach than killing invasive species. 1．What do we know about freshwater crocodiles in northern Australia? A．Their populations have increased significantly. B．They’re introduced to the region decades ago. C．Their decline improves the ecosystem balance. D．They suffer from painful deaths due to cane toads. 2．Why does the author mention the history of cane toads in Paragraph 3? A．To discuss pest control methods. B．To suggest that they should be killed. C．To stress the growth of their population. D．To illustrate the threats of invasive species. 3．What was the result of the interventions in the park? A．Bird nesting improved greatly. B．The number of toads increased. C．Crocodile deaths decreased sharply. D．More toads were consumed by crocodiles. 4．What is Dave Garshelis’ attitude toward Ward-Fear’s study? A．Supportive but cautious. B．Hopeful but puzzled. C．Curious but critical. D．Enthusiastic but uncertain. Passage 2 （浙江省杭州市2024-2025学年高二上学期期末考试英语试题）Scientists can now conduct space research on Earth as China’s “ground space station” has been put into trial operation, reported Xin hua. The facility is called Space Environment Simulation and Research Infrastructure (SESRI). SESRI simulates (模拟) conditions in space and is designed for studying basic space science. This will help scientists do experiments that they normally do in space. SESRI is jointly developed by the Harbin Institute of Technology and the China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation. “Space is very different from the environment on Earth and can have different effects on spacecraft. What we do here is to explore how the effects take place and why,” Li Liyi, executive deputy director of SESRI, told Guangming Daily. At the facility, there is a device that simulates the space environment from 100 kilometers away from Earth to the sun. In this area, more than 99 percent of visible matter is in a plasma (等离子体) state in which gas is in a highly charged and energetic state of matter. By re-creating the environment, the device can test how plasma affects spacecraft. Also, one of the biggest problems manned space travel faces is when spacecraft enter Earth’s atmosphere, they are surrounded by plasma, leading to communication blackouts (黑障). The test center can also help solve this issue as researchers now have more opportunities to do tests. The researchers faced many challenges when building the simulation system, as connecting various parts of the device can be very complicated. “We held more than 700 meetings over a connection problem alone.” Jin Chenggang at the facility told Heilongjiang News. SESRI also has simulation systems for the moon and Mars, which can re-create the vacuum, extreme temperatures, and space radiation that astronauts would encounter on these space bodies. The systems will help astronauts prepare for their missions to these places in the future, reported Guangming Daily. In the future, the platform will also play an important role in areas including brain science, life and health research, and the development of high-end instruments. 1．What is the main benefit of simulating space environment? A．Supporting space research on Earth. B．Reducing the cost of space missions. C．Studying the effects of space on humans. D．Improving our understanding of black holes. 2．What is Paragraph 4 mainly about? A．The challenge of space exploration. B．The risk of experiments at the SESRI. C．The benefit of space exploration. D．The function of the device at the SESRI. 3．Why does the author quote Jin Chenggang’s words? A．To share a personal story about the building process. B．To show the difficulties of building the simulation system. C．To highlight the importance of preparations for the research. D．To emphasize the challenges of working with other research teams. 4．What does the author imply in the last paragraph? A．Space simulation may be costly. B．Space simulation raises social concerns. C．International cooperation is crucial for space simulation. D．Space simulation has great potential for future exploration. Passage 3 （浙江省丽水市2024-2025学年高二上学期期末教学质量监控英语试题）You won’t find tigers jumping through fiery hoops in the wild or bears riding bicycles. Wild elephants don’t walk around on two legs and wild sea lions don’t balance balls on their noses for fun. These are the kinds of animal acts you may have seen at the circus. However, the wild animals in circuses are extremely stressed by circus conditions. The loud noise of the music, the cheers of the crowd and the dizzying lights all disorientate (失去方向) and cause stress to wild animals. Over long periods, this can result in abnormal behaviors and health problems related to anxiety. While it is possible that domesticated dogs could enjoy the stimulation of certain types of circus training and performance, for wild species such as tigers, bears and monkeys, performing on stage can get them deeply hurt. The movements and poses are completely unnatural and can cause physical injury and stress. When circus animals don’t perform the trick right, they are often beaten as punishment. The living conditions at circuses consistently fail to meet the animals’ most basic needs. When the show stops, the animals typically return to isolation in small, barren cages which give them no opportunity to carry out behaviors natural to their species, or to interact with their own kind. While not performing, the animals have nothing to do but stare at the walls. Many are limited to living in dark places with no daylight, no sunlight, and no exposure to the outside for stimulation. They live mind-numbing, boring, completely unnatural lives. Traveling circus animals can spend up to 11 months of the year on the road. They are limited inside very small stalls or cages, traveling for thousands of hours, over very long distances. It’s disturbing, unnatural, frightening and stressful for them. Nearly all circus animals are chained up and immobilized while traveling. Traveling poses many physical risks to them, including accidents, injuries, heart stroke and overheating, unusual cold and freezing temperatures that can make them sick, loud noise and general discomfort. 1．Why are animals in circuses unhealthy both mentally and physically? A．Because of their abnormal behavior. B．Because of their performances on stage. C．Because of their punishment from trainers. D．Because of their unnatural living conditions. 2．What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about? A．The animals’ basic needs when a show stops. B．The animals’ living state when they do not perform. C．The animals’ mental state when they are travelling. D．The animals’ daily interactions when they are caged. 3．What does the underlined word “immobilized” in paragraph 4 mean? A．Fixed in a place. B．Delivered to a place. C．Trained by someone. D．Followed by someone. 4．What’s the author’s attitude towards those animals in circuses? A．Indifferent. B．Annoyed. C．Sympathetic. D．Opposed. Passage 4 （浙江省杭州市高级中学2023-2024学年上学期期末考试高二英语试题）In mainland Britain, people who has ever attempted to grow berries or nuts — or indeed feed the bird — will know, doing so is identical to an opening move in a game of chess with local grey squirrels, a game the squirrels tend to win. Grey squirrels are also fond of the occasional bird’s eggs or the young birds, and enjoy tearing and eating the bark of young broadleaf trees, which can either kill the trees or leave them open to infection. This, apart from affecting biodiversity and the landscape, harms the wood industry. The loss — in damaged timber, lost carbon revenue and tree replacements — is not insignificant: £37 a year in England and Wales. Grey squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis), introduced from North America in 1876, have nearly replaced the native red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris) in Britain by outcompeting them for food and habitat. They are larger, and stronger, and resistant to squirrel pox virus, while reds are not. About 3 million now live in the UK; the International Union for Conservation of Nature lists the grey squirrel among the top 100 most harmful invasive species in the world. In Britain, significant efforts have been made to stop grey squirrels’ progress, including trapping, shooting, and releasing pine martens into their habitats. The latest move, a workable system for which was thought to be a decade away, is forbidding the breeding of grey squirrels. However, legal challenges brought so many delays that the invasive grey squirrels. population expanded to an unmanageable level and wiping out was abandoned. The main issue in Britain was thought to be more technological than legal — designing a drug that targets only grey squirrels to prevent them breeding. Another possibility in the years ahead is to use DNA editing to ensure grey females are born unable to give birth. Obviously, there is a hint of xenophobia (仇外) in some discussions about the introduction of grey squirrels to Britain nearly 150 years ago which has had an impact on the local ecosystem, posing a threat to native species. It’s also worth noting that reds — which also tear bark and take eggs — were seen as pests until the early 1930s, and extensively killed. There is, too, a strong argument that ecosystems evolve naturally, and it may be impractical and unrealistic to intervenes or even resist it. The attraction of controlling the breeding of the grey squirrels is that it is less inhumane, and aims for balance rather than uprooting. 1．What does the author focus on in paragraph one? A．The harm of grey squirrels. B．The cutting habits of grey squirrels. C．The effect of grey squirrels on the wood industry. D．The game between the British and grey squirrels. 2．What led to the victory of grey squirrels over red squirrels? A．Their huge number. B．Their unique origins. C．Their breeding ability. D．Their physical qualities. 3．What approach is preferred in Britain to control grey squirrels’population? A．To offer more labour. B．To invest more money. C．To perfect the law. D．To take advantage of technology. 4．What is the author’s attitude to controlling the breeding of grey squirrels? A．Unclear. B．Indifferent. C．Favorable. D．Doubtful. / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $