专题13 句子种类、基本句型（知识梳理+高频考点精讲+进阶分级练）（讲义，全国通用）英语学业水平考试合格考总复习

专题13 句子种类、基本句型 ( 目录 学考要求速览 ................................................................................................................1 必备知识梳理 ................................................................................................................1 高频考点精讲 ..............................................................................................................16 进阶分级练 ..................................................................................................................19 ) 1. 准确辨别句子种类及特征 2. 熟练掌握基本句型结构规则 3. 正确分析句子各成分的功能 4. 灵活运用各类句型进行转换 考点一 句子种类和类型 （一）句子种类 清晰辨别句子用途与结构类型 依据句子的交际功能和表达意图，精准区分陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。同时，根据句子的语法结构特征，准确判断简单句、并列句和复合句。 陈述句 陈述句用来说明一个事实或表明说话人的看法、态度等。陈述句句末用句号“.”，一般读降调。陈述句有肯定和否定两种形式，其一般语序为“主语部分+谓语部分+其他成分”。 例1. It would be better if there were fewer people.如果人数少一些会更好。【2025年新高考I卷听力】 例2. We seldom go to the cinema.我们很少去电影院。 例3. He didn’t buy the car yesterday.昨天他没有买那部车。 例4. He hardly knows how to move the box.他几乎不知道如何把这个箱子移走。 例5. His dream is to become a doctor. 他的梦想是当一名医生。 疑问句 用来提出问题让对方回答的句子叫做疑问句。疑问句的句尾用问号“？”。疑问句有一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句、反义疑问句等。 A 一般疑问句 用yes、no来回答的疑问句叫做一般疑问句，但在口语中有时也用yes、no之外的词回答。口语中如果无特殊含义，句末用声调。 例1. Have you talked over your future plan with your parents, Sarah? 你和父母谈过你的未来计划了吗，莎拉？【2025年新高考I卷听力】 例2. --Does he want to go with us? 他想和我们一起去吗？ --Yes, he does./No, he doesn’t. 是的，他想。/不，他不想。 B 特殊疑问句 用一个疑问代词或疑问副词对句子的某一部分进行提问的句子叫特殊疑问句。特殊疑问句的句末用问好“？”，读时一般用降调。特殊疑问代词在句中作主语或修饰主语时，句子用陈述语序，其他用倒装语序。 例1. Where are the speakers heading? 演讲者要去哪里？ 例2. What do you know is being done in your neighbourhood to protect animals and plants? 你知道你的社区里正在做什么来保护动植物吗？ C 选择疑问句 说话者对问题提出两个或两个以上的答案，供对方选择其一，由or连接，就是选择疑问句。读时前一部分用升调，后一部分用降调。or连接的被选择部分的成分必修相同。 例1. Are you a lawyer or a teacher?你是一位律师还是一位老师？ 例2. Have you put the book in the box or on the shelf?你把书放在箱子里还是放在架子上了？ 例3. What did you buy for your son yesterday, a book or a toy? 你昨天给你儿子买什么了，一本书还是一个玩具？ D 反义疑问句 在陈述句之后，附加上一个简短问句，对陈述句所陈述的事情提出相反的疑问，这种问句叫做反义疑问句。反义疑问句通常由两部分组成，前一部分用陈述句形式，读时一般用降调，后一部分是一个附着在前一部分的简短问句，叫做附加问句，读时一般用升调。陈述句是肯定形式时，附加问句用否定形式；陈述句是否定形式时，附加问句用肯定形式。附加问句的主语与动词形式由陈述句的主语与动词形式决定，而且主语只能用人称代词。 例1. She likes music, doesn’t she? 她喜欢音乐，对吗？ 例2. Jane doesn’t want to go to Shanghai, does she? 简不想去上海，对吗？ 例3. The little girl can’t dress herself, can she? 这个小女孩还不会自己穿衣服，是吗？ 名师点津 1. 陈述句的主语是名词时,附加问句的主语用相应的人称代词来代替 。 Your parents bought you a car yesterday, didn't they?昨天你父母给你买了一部车,是吗? 2.陈述句的主语是指示代词this或that时,附加问句的主语用it,陈述句的主语是these或 those时,附加问句的主语则用they 例That sounds interesting, doesn't it ?听起来很有趣,不是吗? 3.陈述句的主语是表示人的不定代词,附加问句的主语侧重全部时可用they,侧重个体时也可以用he；主语是表示物的不定代词时，附加问句主语用it。 例1.Everyone knows the answer, don't they /doesn't he?每一个人都知道答案,是吗? 例2.Everything that he says is true, isn't it?他说的都是真的,是吗? 例3.Nothing could make him change his mind, could it ?没有什么能够让他改变主意,是吗? 4.不定代词one 作陈述句的主语时,附加问句的主语可用one 也可用you 例1.One should be honest, shouldn't one / you?一个人应该诚实,对吗? 例2.One should be ready to help others, shouldn't one/you?每个人都应该乐于助人,是吗? 5. 陈述句是表示“存在”的there be句型时,附加问句仍用there 例There was a hospital here, wasn't there? 过去这儿有家医院,是吗? 6. 陈述句是I am...结构时,附加问句用aren't 例I I am older than you, aren't I?我比你大，是吗? 7. 陈述句是感叹句时,附加问句用否定式,主语与感叹句中的名词或代词一致 例How cute the dog is, isn't it? 那只小狗多可爱啊,是吗? 8. 陈述句有情态动词must,附加问句的动词根据must 的意义决定，表示“必须”用 mustn't;表示“需要”用needn't;表示推测则由must后的动词决定 例1.He must work hard at English, mustn't he? 他必须努力学习英语,是吗?. 例2.They must be sleeping then, weren't they?他们那时一定正在睡觉，是吗? 例3.He must have come here yesterday, didn't he?他昨天一定来过这里,是吗? 9. 陈述句有情态动词used to时,附加问句的动词可用usedn't或didn't . 例They used to be good friends, didn't /usedn't they? 他们以前是好朋友,对吗? 出命令或 10. 陈述句含有 had better时,附加问句的动词用hadn't 例1.You had better go to see the doctor, hadn't you?你最好去看医生,好吗? . 例2.We had better go to school at once, hadn't we? 我们最好马上去上学,好吗? 11.陈述句有否定词时,附加问句一般用肯定式:若陈述句有带否定意义词缀的词,附加问句则仍用否定式 例He is never late for school, is he? 他上学从不迟到,是吗? 祈使句 用来发出命令或请求，提出建议、劝告、指示等的句子叫做祈使句。祈使句通常用动词原形开头；否定式在句首加don’t或never构成。表示强调时有时也会出现主语，也可以在句首的动词前加助动词do。 例1. Come and meet the new member. 来见见这位新成员吧。 例2. Never make the same mistake!永远不要再犯同样的错误了！ 例3. Put the book on the shelf.把书放在架子上。 例4. Don’t leave the harbor without a traditional Cornish pie. 离开港口前，不要忘记吃传统的康沃尔派。 【2025年新高考II卷】 感叹句 用来表达喜悦、赞赏、惊奇、愤怒、悲伤或厌恶等感情色彩的句子叫做感叹句。感叹句一般由what或how引出，读时用降调，句尾用感叹号。 1. what 引导的感叹句的中心词为名词,常见的结构有: What+a/an+形容词+可数名词单数(+主语+谓语)! What+形容词+可数名词复数(+主语+谓语)! What+形容词+不可数名词(+主语+谓语)! 例1.What a big apple it is! 好大的一个苹果啊! 例2.What beautiful flowers these are!这些花多么美丽啊! 例3.What fine weather it is today!今天的天气多好啊! 2. how 引导的感叹句的中心词为形容词或副词,常见的结构为: How+形容词/副词+主语+谓语+其他成分! How+主语+谓语! 例1.How lovely the baby is! 这个婴儿好可爱啊!. 例2.How annoyed and stressful they often feel! 他们经常感到烦恼和紧张! 例3. How time flies!光阴似箭! 简单句、并列句与复合句 句子类型 结构特点 示例 简单句 只含有一个主谓结构（可以有多个并列主语或并列谓语）。 My father and mother love me.（我的父母爱我。） I got up, washed my face and had breakfast.（我起床、洗脸然后吃早餐。） 并列句 由并列连词（and/or/but/so 等）连接两个或多个简单句，各简单句之间地位平等，相互独立。 I like reading books, and my sister likes watching TV.（我喜欢读书，我妹妹喜欢看电视。） He is rich but not happy.（他很富有但不开心。） 复合句 含有一个或多个从句，从句在主句中充当一定成分，不能独立存在。 宾语从句：I believe that he will come.（我相信他会来。） 状语从句：When I was young, I lived in the countryside.（当我年轻的时候，我住在乡下。） 定语从句：The book which I bought yesterday is very interesting.（我昨天买的那本书非常有趣。） （三）基本句型结构 简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）的句子叫做简单句。简单句有五种基本句型。 主语+谓语（不及物动词） 此句型中谓语动词不能直接接宾语，但可以有状语修饰。 例1. The sun rises（rise是不及物动词）in the east. 太阳从东方升起。 例2. She is laughing （laugh是不及物动词）happily. 她笑得很开心。 主语+谓语（及物动词）+宾语 此句型中谓语动词为及物动词，后面必须接宾语。 例1. I like apples （like是及物动词，apples是宾语）. 我喜欢苹果。 例2. He bought a book （bought是及物动词，a book是宾语）.他买了一本书。 例3. Then I realized that the problem was the question itself. 然后我意识到问题在于问题本身。 【2025年新高考I卷】 主语+系动词+表语 系动词本身有词义，但不能单独作谓语，后面必须跟表语，说明主语的状态、性质、特征等。常见的系动词有be, become, get, turn, look, sound, feel, smell, taste等。例如： 例1. The results were staggering. 结果是惊人的。【2025年新高考I卷】 例2. She is a student （is是系动词，a student是表语）. 她是一个学生。 例3. The food tastes delicious （tastes是系动词，delicious是表语）. 事物尝起来很美味。 主语+谓语（及物动词）+ 间接宾语+直接宾语 有些及物动词可以接两个宾语，指人的为间接宾语，指物的为直接宾语。常见的这类动词有give, show, bring, teach, tell, lend, send, buy等。间接宾语通常放在直接宾语之前，如果将间接宾语放在直接宾语之后，则需要在间接宾语前加介词to或for。 例1.He gave me a book （me是间接宾语，a book是直接宾语）.= He gave a book to me. 他给我一本书。 例2.She bought her mother a present （her mother是间接宾语，a present是直接宾语）. = She bought a present for her mother. 她给母亲买了一份礼物。 主语+谓语（及物动词）+ 宾语 +宾语补足语 宾语补足语用来补充说明宾语的情况，使句子的意思更加完整。 例1. We made the room clean （the room是宾语，clean是宾补）.我们把房间打扫干净了。 例2. They asked him to leave （him是宾语，to leave是宾补）. 他们让他离开。 并列句 连接词可以表达并列、转折、对比、因果等关系。 表示并列关系 表示并列或递增关系，常用and , neither…nor, not only…but also 等连词 例1. Not only is he our teacher, but also he is our friend. 他不仅是我们的老师，而且还是我们的朋友。 例2. There was a big storm after midnight and the rain poured down.午夜后有一场大风暴，大雨倾盆而下。 例3. Being surrounded by nature not only sparked my creativity but also offered a much-needed break from the usual hustle and bustle of school life. 被大自然包围不仅激发了我的创造力，也让我从学校生活的喧嚣中得到急需的休息。 例4. Each has a personality shaped by the goods and services produced and traded for centuries. 每一种都有一个由几个世纪以来生产和交易的商品和服务所塑造的个性。【2025年新高考I卷】 表示转折 表示转折和对比关系 ，常用yet， but， 等词。but表示完全转折，语气较强。 while主要表示对比。yet既可以用作并列连词也可以用作连接副词。 例1.Some sports are done indoors, while others are done outdoors. 有些运动是在室内进行的，而另一些则是在户外进行的。 例3. You have a point there, but it could also mean children are missing out on much needed exercise and other life skills. 【2024新高考I卷阅读理解】 你有道理，但这也可能意味着孩子们错过了急需的锻炼和其他生活技能。 例3. In some places women are expected to earn money while men work at home and raise their children. 在一些地方，女性需要赚钱，而男性则在家工作，抚养孩子。 例4. He worked hard, yet he failed .(并列连词) 例5. It is strange, and yet it is true. (连接副词) 例6.We invest a lot in roads that help us rush through, but we fail to account for the true costs. 我们在帮助我们快速通过的道路上投入了大量资金，但我们没有考虑到真正的成本。【2025年新高考I卷】 表示选择关系 表示选择关系，常用or, either …or 等连词。 例1. We cook a dinner together, or we go for a long walk. 例2. The vagueness of the gesture meanings suggests either that the chimps have little to communicate, or we are still missing a lot of the information contained in their gestures and actions.【2021年浙江卷阅读理解】 手势含义的模糊性，要么表明黑猩猩几乎没有什么可以交流的， 要么表明我们仍然对它们的手势和行动中包含的很多信息一无所知。 表示因果关系 表示因果关系，常用so， for，therefore等连接词。 例1. I didn’t get enough sleep so I didn’t feel very well this morning. 例2. It was raining, therefore we had to stay at home. 例3. He found it increasingly difficult to read , for his eyesight was brginning to fail. 表示条件或结果关系 表示条件或者结果，常用and或者or等连词。 例1. Simply raise your hand , and a taxi appears in no time. 例2. Don’t drive too fast or you will have an accident . 例3. Stand over there and you will see the oil painting better. 例4. You have to move out of the way or the truck can’t get past. 复合句 复合句由一个和一个或一个以上的从句构成。复合句包括形容词性从句、名词性从句和状语从句。主句是一个完整的句子,它可以独立存在。从句是一个不完整的句子,它必须和一个主句连用，不能独立存在。 复合句 = 主句 +从属连词+从句；从属连词+从句+主句 定语从句 定语从句也可以称为形容词性从句，在复合句中起形容词的功能，修饰名词或代词作定语。定语从句一般位于所修饰的名词或代词之后。用关系代词或关系副词引导。 The dam, which is the biggest in the world , is 3,830 metres long. 这座水坝是世界上最大的一座，长3830米。（which引导的定语从句） 名词性从句 1. 名词性从句：主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句 Whether she will come or not is still a question. 她是否会来仍是一个问题。（whether引导的主语从句） The chief editor decides which will be the most important story on the front page. 由主编决定哪篇报导最重要，应安排在头版。（which引导的宾语从句） That is where he was born. 这就是他出生的地方。（where引导的表语从句） We heard the news that our team had won. 我们听到了我们球队己经获胜的消息。（that引导的同位语从句） 状语从句 1. 状语从句：时间、地点、原因、结果、目的、方式、让步、条件、比较状语从句 Over 500 people were working in the building when the fire broke out on the llth floor. 当11层楼起火的时候，大楼内有500人在工作。（when引导的时间状语从句） 特殊句型结构 1. There be 句型 表示 “某处存在某物” 或 “某时有某事发生”，其结构为 “There be + 主语 + 地点 / 时间状语”。be 动词的形式根据主语的单复数及时态而定。 例如：There is a book on the table.（桌子上有一本书。）There were many people at the concert last night.（昨晚音乐会上有很多人。） 2. 强调句型 基本结构为 “It is/was + 被强调部分 + that/who + 其他部分”，用于强调句子中的某个成分（除谓语动词外）。 例如：It was Tom who/that helped me yesterday.（昨天帮助我的是汤姆。）强调主语；It was in the park that we met.（我们是在公园里见面的。）强调地点状语。 3. 倒装句型 分为全部倒装和部分倒装。全部倒装是将整个谓语动词置于主语之前，部分倒装是将助动词、系动词或情态动词置于主语之前。 例如：Here comes the bus.（公交车来了。）全部倒装；Never have I seen such a beautiful place.（我从未见过如此美丽的地方。）部分倒装。 考点二 句子成分 句子成分是构成一个完整的句子的基本要素和功能的部分。句子的八大成分，即主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补语、同位语和插入语。其中，主语和谓语是句子的主要成分，表语，宾语，定语，状语，补足语、同位语和插入语是句子的次要成分。 主语 主语：是句子所要说明的人或事物。是说明谓语所表示的动作或状态的执行者。 充当：通常由名词 (短语)、代词、数词、动词不定式 (短语)、动名词 (短语)或从句等充当。 名词（短语）做主语 A tree has fallen across the road. 一棵树倒在了路上。 My first step of redefining success began with course registrations.【2025年北京卷阅读理解】 我重新定义成功的第一步是从课程注册开始的。 代词做主语 That’s exactly what our service program is for.【2025年新高考I卷听力】那正是我们的服务项目的目的。 We'll be working rain or shine.【2024年新高考I卷阅读理解】不管刮风下雨，我们都会工作。 数词做主语 Two-thirds of the workers of this factory are men.这家工厂三分之二的工人是男性。 One-third of the students in this class are girls.这个班三分之一的学生是女生。 动名词做主语 Completing many courses no longer brings out the feeling of success because more than four AP classes per year is a norm set by top universities. 【2025北京卷阅读理解】 完成许多课程不再带来成功的感觉，因为每年超过四门AP课程是顶尖大学的标准。 Writing an essay is a difficult process for most people. 【2022新课标全国II卷七选五】 对大多数人来说，写一篇文章是一个困难的过程。 不定式做主语 To find your way can be a problem.找到你的路可能是个问题。 To swim in the river is a great pleasure.在河里游泳是一种极大的乐趣。 it形式主语做主语 It is certain that he will win the match. 他肯定能赢得这场比赛。 It’s urgent for students themselves to improve their self-discipline.【2022年全国乙卷书面表达】 学生自身提高自律性是当务之急 从句做主语 That he finished writing the composition in such a short time surprised us all. 他这么短的时间就写完作文，这使我们都很吃惊。 What benefits most to their study is reading English books. 【2022年全国乙卷满分作文】 谓语 谓语：说明主语的动作或状态，由动词或动词短语充当，有人称、数和时态的变化。有简单谓语动词和复合谓语动词之分。 构成：一般由动词短语、系动词、动词、“情态动词/助动词+实义动词”结构等充当，一般位于主语之 后。有时态、语态、虚拟语气、主谓一致等的变化。 简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。 例1. Basically, it means eating only as much food as your body needs.【2024年全国甲卷阅读理解】 例2. The students took on diverse topics and turned in stories, 10 to 20 pages each, with characters that broadened my view and touched my heart. 学生们选择了不同的主题，提交了10到20页的故事，其中的人物拓宽了我的视野，触动了我的心。 复合谓语： （1） 由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。 例1. You should feel satisfied at the end of a meal, but not too full.【2024年全国甲卷阅读理解】 例2. This would have to change. 【2025年新高考I卷阅读理解】 （2）由系动词加表语构成。 例1.In cold weather, the structure stays closed to protect the plants.【2024年新高考I卷语法填空】 例2.Food became easier to chew at this point. (系动词)【2024年全国甲卷阅读理解】 动词时态的构成： 时间形态 现在 过去 将来 过去将来 一般 ask / asks asked will ask would ask 进行 am/is/are asking was/were asking will be asking 完成 have/has asked had asked will have asked 完成进行 have/has been asking 动词被动语态构成： 被动语态由“助动词be＋及物动词的过去分词”构成，be动词有人称、数和时态的变化。被动语态常见的时态变化列表如下： 时间/形态 一般 进行 完成 完成进行 现在 am/is/are done am/is/are being done has/ have been done have/has been being done 过去 was/were done was/were being done had been done 将来 shall/will be done shall/will have been done 过去将来 should/would be done 有情态动词 情态动词+ be / have been done 宾语 宾语：表示及物动词和及物动词短语的动作对象或内容，或用于介词后构成介词短语。位于及物动词或介词之后。 种类：直接宾语、间接宾语。 （1）直接宾语：动作的直接承受者或结果（一般是物sth.）; 间接宾语：动作对谁或者为谁而做的（一般是人sb.） （2）介词后面的宾语，构成“介宾结构” I am interested in computer studies.我对计算机研究很感兴趣。 宾语通常由名词、数词、代词、动词不定式、动名词或从句等充当宾语。 我不相信我的笔记本电脑的拼写检查器。 例1.I don’t trust my laptop’s spellchecker.（名词）【2024年新高考I卷阅读理解】 例2. Do contact me when you're in Sydney.（代词）【2024年新高考I卷听力】 当你在悉尼的时候，请联系我。 例3.I’d appreciate it if you take my invitation into consideration. （代词it作形式宾语） 如果你能考虑我的邀请，我将不胜感激。 例4. ...drones could also start providing higher-value services for railways, detecting faults in the rail or switches, before they can cause any safety problems. （动名词短语）【2022年全国乙卷】 无人机还可以开始为铁路提供更高价值的服务，在铁路或道岔出现任何安全问题之前，检测出故障。 例5. Fortunately, analyses suggest that renewables are up to the task. （宾语从句）【2025年新高考I卷】 幸运的是，分析表明，可再生能源可以胜任这项任务。 例6. How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.（数词）你有多少本词典？我有五本。 例7. He pretended not to see me.（非谓语形式。）他假装没看见我。 例8. They helped the elderly with their housework yesterday.（名词化形容词） 昨天他们帮老人做家务。 表语 表语: 位于系动词之后，说明主语的性质、特征、状态或身份，与系动词一起构成复合谓语。 充当：通常由名词、代词、形容词、数词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式、动名词、分词或表语从句充当。 类别 系动词 状态类 be 感官类 look， sound ，taste， smell， feel 表象性 seem ，appear 变化类 Get， turn, grow, become, go，fall 持续性 stay， remain， keep, stand 结果性 prove , turn out 充当 真题示例 名词 But a dictionary can be a pleasure to read.【2024年新高考I卷】 代词 Seventy-four?—You don’t look it. 数词 We are seven. 形容词 They turned out largely ineffective.【2025年新高考I卷】 副词 I am down there in my wheelchair in the morning...【2022年新高考I卷】 不定式 All I could do was to wait. 动名词 His hobby（爱好）is playing football. 过去分词 I’m very pleased with what he has done. He was inspired by another veterinarian. Needless to say, they were deeply moved. 介词短语 She is in good health. 表语从句 That's why most pet cats are able to tell immediately if...【2024年全国甲卷】 That's what mattered-landing tricks, being a good skater. 定语 定语：修饰或限定名词或代词的成分叫定语，通常翻译为“......的”。 位置: 定语有前置定语和后置定语。形容词、数词、代词、名词等作定语时一般放于被修饰词之前，但是在修饰any-，some-，no， every-等构成的单词，如something 等时，应放于这些复合不定代词之后进行修饰。动词不定式、副词、介词短语、从句等作定语时一般放于被修饰词之后。 构成：定语通常由形容词、形容词性物主代词、名词或名词所有格、副词、介词短语、动词不定式、动名词、分词或定语从句充当。 充当 示例 形容词 Similar campaigns occurred in Australia in the late 1960s and 1970s as well. 【2025年新高考I卷】 名词 Fruit juices, milk-based drinks and most alcoholic drinks are free of the tax. 介词短语 The number of cars on roads has been increasing rapidly. 【2025年新高考I卷】 Read our Youth Policy Guidelines for youth under the age of 15.【2024年新高考I卷】 代词 Everybody’s business is nobody’s business. 数词 Do it now, you may not get a second chance. 数词 The room above is my sister’s. 不定式 Her promise to write was forgotten. 分词 Volunteers aged 10 and over are welcome. The girl rose her head and saw the rising sun. 动名词 Learning methods vary from person to person. 定语从句 The car that is parked outside is mine. 状语 状语：通常由副词、名词、数词、形容词、不定式、分词、介词短语、独立主格结构和状语从句等充当。 修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句，可表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、方式、比较、伴随、条件、程度、让步等。 位置: 状语位置灵活，修饰整个句子时放于句首;修饰形容词或副词时放于其后;表时间、目的、地点状语时常放于主句之前或之后，若强调时则应放于主句之前;频度副词如almost、often 等作状语常放于be 动词、情态动词之后，放于实义动词之前。 例1. Traffic accidents occur frequently. 【2025年新高考I卷】 例2. I will do anything to help an animal. 【2024年新高考I卷】 例3. One day, we had a family dinner.【2024年全国甲卷】 例4. Most famously, a Canadian journalist who had moved her family to Manhattan in the early 1950s led a campaign to stop the destruction of her local park. 【2025年新高考I卷】 例5. As I rushed outdoors to empty the wastepaper baskets, the door swung shut behind me.【2024年浙江卷】 补语 补足语: 补充说明宾语或主语的性质、状态等的一种句子成分。补充说明主语意义的句子成分叫主语补足语。补充说明宾语意义的句子成分叫宾语补足语。可以用作补足语的有：名词、形容词、不定式、分词、介词短语等。 例1. You must keep the room clean and tidy. 例2. John asked me to help him with his Chinese. 例3. I will have my hair cut tomorrow. 例4. We saw the boy playing basketball on the ground 例5. I was left alone ...【2024年全国甲卷】 例6. Cao believes this will make the hiking trip even more meaningful.【2022年高考全国甲卷】 例7. We sincerely wish you a quick recovery and an early return to China.【2020年浙江卷】 例8. We sat on the porch with Toby resting beside us.【2025年新高考I卷读后续写】 同位语 同位语：对句子中某一名词（词组）做进一步解释、说明，与前面的名词在语法上处于同等地位的句子成分叫做同位语。同位语可用名词、代词、名词短语、同位语从句等充当。 充当 示例 名词 We, the Chinese people, are determined to build China into a powerful and prosperous country. Farber, a graduate of Colorado State University, started out as a more conventional veterinarian. 【2024年新高考I卷】我们中国人民，决心把中国建设成一个富强的国家。 法伯毕业于科罗拉多州立大学，最初是一名更传统的兽医。 代词 He himself doesn’t know why. They all wanted to see him. 数词 Are you two ready? 同位语从句 The news that we are having a holiday tomorrow is not true. 插入语 插入语：对一句话的附加解释、说明或总结用逗号、破折号隔开，与句子的其他部分之间没有语法关系。 例1.　 To be frank, I don’t agree with you. 例2.　 Strictly speaking, you are wrong. 例3.　 This, in my opinion, is only a simple question. 例4.　 Honestly, I don’t need it at the moment. 例5.　 You are not quite fit for this kind of work, if I may say so. 例6.　 This eye-catching column, I’m firmly convinced, won’t fail to grant the whole class a harmonious atmosphere.【2025年新高考I卷应用文写作】 易错点分析与应对策略 1. 句子结构混乱 问题表现：学生可能会错误地组合句子成分，导致句子结构不清晰，如在一个简单句中加入过多不相干的从句或短语，使句子冗长且表意不明。例如，“I went to the park, which is near my home, and I like to play football, and my friends also like it, and we have a good time.” 这个句子中多个并列成分和从句堆砌，结构混乱。 应对策略：加强对句子结构的分析练习，通过划分句子成分、剖析句子结构来理解句子的构建方式。在写作中，先确定要表达的核心内容和基本句型，再逐步添加修饰成分，避免一次性堆砌过多信息。 2. 基本句型成分缺失或误用 问题表现：在使用基本句型时，可能会遗漏主语、谓语等关键成分，或者错误地使用动词形式、宾语类型等。比如，“He go to school.” 中动词 go 没有根据主语进行正确的形式变化；“I like play football.” 中 like 后接动词形式错误。 应对策略：强化对基本句型的记忆和理解，通过大量例句进行分析和模仿练习，掌握不同句型中各个成分的正确用法。在写作和口语表达后，仔细检查句子是否完整，成分是否正确。 3. 句子种类判断错误 问题表现：不能准确区分陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句的特征，从而在语气表达和标点使用上出现错误。例如，将陈述句写成感叹句的形式但语气不匹配，或者将祈使句误写成疑问句等。 应对策略：通过对比不同句子种类的定义、结构和语气特点进行学习。多做句子种类的辨析练习，在实际语境中感受不同句子种类的用法，提高判断的准确性。 4. 从句使用不当 问题表现：在复合句中，从句的引导词使用错误、从句语序不当或者从句与主句的逻辑关系不清晰。例如，“I don't know where is he.” 中宾语从句语序错误；“Although he is rich, but he is not happy.” 中 although 和 but 不能同时使用。 应对策略：系统学习各类从句的语法规则，包括引导词的选择、从句的语序、时态等。多做从句相关的练习题，分析错误原因，总结规律，同时注意培养逻辑思维能力，确保从句与主句在语义和逻辑上的连贯性。 学习方法与练习建议 学习方法 1. 构建知识框架：将句子种类和基本句型的知识整理成系统的框架，明确各个知识点之间的联系和区别，便于记忆和理解。 2. 例句学习法：收集大量不同类型的例句，深入分析句子结构、成分和所属句子种类，通过实际例子来掌握语法规则。 3. 对比分析：对比相似的句子结构或句型，如 SVO 和 SVOC 句型的区别，不同类型疑问句的特点等，加深对语法点的理解。 4. 语境学习：将句子置于具体的语境中进行学习，理解在不同情境下句子种类和基本句型的运用方式，提高语言运用能力。 练习建议 1. 句型转换练习：进行陈述句与疑问句、简单句与复合句等之间的转换练习，巩固对句子结构和语法规则的掌握。 2. 成分分析练习：给出句子，划分句子成分，标注出主语、谓语、宾语等，增强对句子结构的认识。 3. 写作练习：根据给定的主题或情境，运用所学的句子种类和基本句型进行写作，注意语法的正确使用和表达的多样性。 4. 纠错练习：提供一些存在语法错误的句子，找出错误并改正，提高对易错点的敏感度。 考点一 句子种类和类型 例1 Researchers also hope to further educate people about the importance of safeguarding historic cultural relics for future generations to understand and appreciate. 例2 Upon arrival, we'll first visit a farm, we can feed chickens and pick strawberries. After that we'll go fishing near the farm. 例3 What took the dog a single weekend to learn is it can sit on the back of the bike in a dog carrier to travel the world. 1.The election was not settled until close to the anniversary, not much time was available to plan the festivities. 2.Standing on the stage and performing can be tough, ___________ when you do it in a group, it can help improve your sense of self as well as increase your confidence. 3. Last week witnessed the 20th Science and Technology Festival of our school, theme is “Science lights up the future”. 4.Jane attends Opportunities Academy, a programme for young adults with disabilities. This was really they learned about how to care about others. 5. This hit home for me I was sitting with my 2-year-old grandson on a sofa over the Spring Festival holiday. 考点二 句子成分 例1 On December 4th,2024, a truly thrilling milestone (reach) as China’s Spring Festival was inscribed (收录) on UNESCO’s Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity, marking a notable achievement. 例2（2025·江苏·模拟预测）So far the technique ______ (help) reduce the building’s need for air conditioning by 50%. Cool, huh? 例3.Rooted in Chinese mythology, Ne Zha 2 retells ancient stories with a modern twist. Born with unique powers, Ne Zha finds (he) as an outcast (被排斥的人) who is feared and even hated. 1.The plan will extend protection to a significant number of areas that ______ (be)previously unprotected, bringing many of the existing protected areas for giant pandas under one authority to increase effectiveness and reduce inconsistencies in management. 2. These plants included modern Western __________ (favourite) such as rosemary, lavender and fennel. The garden also contains a winding path that guides visitors through the twelve regions of the Silk Road. 3. However, tofu deserves far more (recognize) for its potential as a delicious addition to many meals. 4.The mobile nature of the machine made it the perfect production machine to serve customers attending outdoor sporting events, or circuses and (fair). 5.This line, delivered with raw power, has become an______ (inspire) to millions. Director Yang Yu’s bold reimagining proves that Chinese animations can compare with those of Hollywood. 一.判断下列教材中句子的画线部分在句中所作的成分 1．The crucial thing is using body language in a way that is appropriate to the culture you are in. 2．In France, a person encountering an identical gesture may interpret it as meaning zero. 3．However, you should avoid making this gesture in Brazil and Germany, as it is not considered polite. 4．Elsewhere, people favour shaking hands, bowing from the waist, or nodding the head when they meet someone else. 5．A good way of saying “I am full” is moving your hand in circles over your stomach after a meal. 6．And if we are feeling down or lonely, there is nothing better than seeing the smiling face of a good friend. 二.判断下列句子是简单句、并列句还是复合句 1．Both Tom and Jack enjoy country music. 2．There is a chair in this room, isn’t there? 3．The boy who offered me his seat is called Tom. 4．He was fond of drawing when he was yet a child. 5．Neither has he changed his mind, nor will he do so.     6．What he said at the meeting is very important, isn’t it? 7．It is the time of year for the rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark. 8．Having never operated a computer, Mr Johnson met with a lot of difficulties at first. 9．We grow rice in the south of the States, but in the north where it is colder they grow wheat. 10．My brother and I go to school at half past seven in the morning and come back home at seven in the evening. 三、单句语法填空 1..I am writing to invite you to attend an inspiring lecture about space exploration to be given by Mr. Yang, is a famous astronaut, at 9o'clock this Saturday morning. 2.In the garden we played games and listened to a report, from we knew more about the development of our city. 3.A survey found that 66% of consumers would consider living in a 3D-printed home, holding the belief 3D printing is the future of home building. 4.Here, I share a checklist on makes a diet “healthy” to help guide you in selecting a healthy plan that may work for you. 5.I have a tight budget for the trip, so I'm not going to fly the airlines lower ticket prices. 6. it rains tomorrow, we will hold the ceremony indoors instead of outside the building. 四、翻译 1．这是我第一次去日本参观，所以不知道怎么样坐火车。 2．我总是忙的顾不上喝咖啡休息一下。 3．我是李华，一个来自于中国的交换生。 4．他突然领悟，诚实是上策。 5．那些花看起来又新鲜又好看。 一、阅读理解 A Special Waste Drop-Off Special Waste Drop-Off sites are available for New York City (NYC) residents to drop off certain harmful household products that are dangerous and illegal to dispose of with trash or recycling. Sites are located in all five blocks and are open every Thursday, Friday, and Saturday from 9:00 am to 5:00 pm (closed on legal holidays and during severe weather). What to Bring ·Batteries — including automotive, rechargeable, and single-use ·Electronics (covered by the NYS disposal ban) ·Motor oil and transmission fluid (up to 10 quarts per visit) ·Motor oil filters (up to two filters per visit) ·Paint (up to five gallons per visit) ·Passenger car tires (up to four per visit) ·Skin lightening products Rules and Procedures Drop-Off sites are do-it-yourself style. NYC Department of Sanitation staff are available for instruction and assistance. We strongly recommend wearing casual clothes and work gloves. You may be asked for proof of NYC residency (NYC driver' license, utility bill). NOTE: These events are for NYC residents ONLY. NO businesses or commercial vehicles. Special Instructions for Batteries To prevent the fires, batteries should be individually bagged or CLEAR tape should be applied to cover the terminals. Do not use opaque (不透明的) tape. 1．What is a suitable time for drop-off? A．9:00 am, Tuesday. B．10:00 am, Wednesday. C．4:00 pm, Thursday. D．6:00 pm, Saturday. 2．Which of the following is forbidden to use Special Waste Drop-Off sites in NYC? A．NYC citizens. B．NYC companies. C．NYC housewives. D．NYC students. 3．Why should batteries be bagged or taped individually? A．To make them easier to carry. B．To keep them clean and dry. C．To identify the type of them. D．To prevent dangerous situations. B Once considered crazy by fellow villagers, Indonesian eco-warrior Sadiman has turned barren (荒芜)hills green after 24 years of effort, making water resources available in the drought-prone mountainous region where he lives. Affectionately addressed as “mbah” or “grandpa”, the 72-year-old has worked persistently to plant trees in the hills of central Java after fires to clear the land for cultivation nearly dried up its rivers and lakes. ”I thought to myself, if I don’t plant trees, this area would become dry,“ said Sadiman.“In my experience, banyana trees (榕树)can store a lot of water,” he said. The long and wide-spreading roots of at least 11,000 banyans trees Sadiman has planted over 617 acres help to retain groundwater and prevent land erosion. Thanks to his effort, springs have formed where once there was barren and arid land, with their water piped to homes and used to irrigate farms. Yet, at the beginning, few village residents appreciated his work. “People ridiculed me for bringing banyan tree seeds to the village, because they felt uneasy as they believed there are spirits in these trees,” Sadiman added.” Some even thought he was a mad man because he swapped the goats he raised for saplings(树苗),” said one villager, Warto. “In the past people thought he was crazy, but look at the result now,” Warto added. “He is able to provide clean water to meet the needs of the people in several villages.” Sadiman also funds his work through a nursery of plants such as cloves and jackfruit that he can sell or swap. “Lack of rain in the area where he planted trees had once limited farmers to a single harvest a year, but now, the abundant water sources ensure two or three,” he said. “I hope people here can have prosperous lives and live happily. And don’t burn the forest over and over again,”Sadiman added, with a twinkle in his eye. 4．How did the villagers respond to Sadiman’s deeds initially? A．They took an indifferent attitude to his activities. B．They followed in his footsteps with great passion. C．They were strongly in favor of his tree-planting. D．They regarded him as crazy and made fun of him. 5．Which words best describe Sadiman? A．Determined and dedicated. B．Organized and sociable. C．Outgoing and professional. D．Sensible and innovative. 6．What result does Sadiman’s tree-planting work bring? A．The region has become a completely wet area. B．Farmers now get three or four harvests yearly. C．Springs appear and water serves homes and farms. D．Rivers and lakes have returned to their original size. 7．What does Sadiman’s experience show? A．Every cloud has a silver lining. B．Actions speak louder than words. C．Many hands make light work. D．Where there’s a will, there’s a way. C It is widely thought that our galaxy, the Milky Way, is certain to collide (碰撞) with the neighboring Andromeda galaxy sometime around 5 billion years from now. But according to new research, maybe we shouldn’t count on this multigalactic collision happening as previously expected. In a study published recently in Nature Astronomy, researchers who analyzed data from the European Space Agency’s space telescope and NASA’s telescope say the event is more of a coin flip than a given: The team suggests there’s just about a 50-50 chance of the two galaxies colliding within the next 10 billion years or so. When you look at the next 4 — 5 billion years, that chance drops down to around 2%. In other space news, scientists are discussing about a star that is small in mass but huge in energy. TOI-6894 is a red dwarf (红矮星) that is roughly 20% as massive as our sun. But in another study published in Nature Astronomy, researchers say they’ve spotted a giant planet orbiting the little star. The planet, called TOI-6894b, is described as a low-density gas giant. Astronomers say the presence of a gas giant that surrounds such a small star is so surprising that it challenges the most widely accepted theory of planet formation. The theory, called core accretion (积聚), suggests that giant planets are born when their solid cores get massive enough to start pulling in lots of gas. Smaller stars generally lack enough gas and dust to allow for such a process, but this red dwarf ended up with a gas giant going around it anyhow. Because red dwarf stars are super common in our galaxy, this could mean gas giants are more plentiful than we thought. The researchers will use the James Webb Space Telescope to study the planet’s atmosphere, which should provide more clues about its formation. 8．How does the author begin paragraph 1? A．By comparing the data. B．By quoting from documents. C．By concluding from some previous research. D．By mentioning a common astronomical belief. 9．What does the underlined part “a coin flip” in paragraph 2 refer to? A．A given chance. B．An uncertain situation. C．A constant rule. D．An apparent choice. 10．What do we know about TOI-6894? A．There is little energy in it. B．It is orbiting TOI-6894b. C．It is twice as massive as the sun. D．There is a huge planet around it. 11．What can we infer from paragraph 4? A．There may exist more huge gas planets in space. B．Smaller stars do not form satellites. C．Red dwarfs are rare in the universe. D．Gas giants require no solid cores. D Health care has high hopes for artificial intelligence, but new studies warn: simply handing doctors AI tools does not guarantee better care. In fact, the software is already beating physicians at some tasks, while doctors remain unsure how much to trust it. The way forward, researchers argue, is a clear division of labor instead of forcing man and machine to double-check every case together. Three models are emerging. In the first, the doctor still talks to the patient, takes the history and examines the body. A Harvard-Stanford study shows why this order matters: when AI tried to interview patients directly, its diagnostic accuracy fell from 82% to 63%, a proof that natural conversation and the art of knowing which follow-up question to ask remain human strengths. Once the clinical data have been gathered, the algorithm steps in, using rapid pattern recognition to suggest possible diagnoses. The second model reverses the sequence(顺序). AI screens the charts first, lists likely diseases and proposes treatments. OpenAI’s latest models scored highly on complex case studies in 2024, displaying an almost talent for linking symptoms to evidence. The physician then reviews the list, adjusts drug doses for kidney failure, chooses the inhaler the patient’s insurance will pay for, or decides a scan is unnecessary — tasks that demand social context and experience. The most extreme idea is complete separation. Algorithms read normal chest X-rays or low-risk mammograms alone; radiologists step in only when something looks suspicious. A Danish system correctly identified roughly half of all normal chest films, and a Swedish trial of 80,000 women boosted breast-cancer detection by 20% while cutting radiologist workload almost in half. Such setups could relieve the worldwide shortage of imaging specialists and bring rapid screening to rural clinics where no expert sets foot. Whichever model is chosen, hospitals must decide who carries legal responsibility, regulators must set safety thresholds(门槛) and medical schools must teach future doctors when to trust their own senses. If these questions are answered early, the promise of AI — earlier diagnosis, wider access, lower cost — can be delivered without compromising the human core of medicine. 12．What does the Harvard-Stanford study reveal? A．Doctors over-rely on AI to gather clinical data. B．AI is better than doctors at taking medical history. C．AI’s direct patient interviews lower diagnostic accuracy. D．AI’s pattern recognition works best in patient interviews. 13．What can we infer about the doctor’s role in the second model? A．Doctors are being replaced by AI. B．Doctors mainly collect initial patient data. C．Doctors double-check every AI suggestion. D．Doctors concentrate on tasks requiring human judgment. 14．Which best reflects the passage’s structure? A．Present an opinion → Introduce models → Offer solutions. B．Argue against AI → Give counter examples → Predict AI’s future. C．Introduce AI’s potential → Compare human-AI skills → Warn AI’s risks. D．Explain human-AI conflicts → Analyze AI’s limits → Call for doctor training. 15．What is the suitable title for this passage? A．AI Tools in Medical Care: Who Wins? B．AI Tools in Medicine: What Their Risks Are? C．AI in Hospitals: How to Improve Diagnostic Accuracy? D．AI in Healthcare: How to Find the Right Cooperation Model? 七选五 In a recent conversation one person asked, “What are the characteristics of an effective teacher?” I had already read quite a few excellent remarks describing what such a teacher does to be effective. 16 I had an amazing psychology professor in college. He was on fire every class period and his enthusiasm was infectious. But what I remember most are the psychological experiments in which we participated. 17 I now realize his brilliance lay not in merely lecturing, but in designing learning experiences that created lasting understanding. Truly great teachers share this quality: They shape educational experiences that allow students to become active “leaders of their own learning”. 18 Whether through practical projects, emotional connection, or thinking for themselves, students learn best by being involved, but not by depending on teachers. For example, many excellent teachers use project-based learning, where students investigate real questions based on key knowledge. 19 Outstanding teachers also encourage curiosity, show care, and adjust to how different students learn. They build trust and let students ask questions and learn from errors. Their teaching belief is clear and important: Real learning happens when students take part. Good teachers know that they can’t make students learn just by talking. Students have to be willing to experience it themselves. So, good teachers do more than share knowledge. They build an environment that makes students want to learn — raising interest, helping them explore, and guiding them to think. 20 What students learn in this way is not only deep but also stays with them, often going beyond school and influencing how they deal with problems in life. A．I often ask myself why students like learning alone. B．Different teachers have different teaching approaches. C．Besides organizing tasks, they also know when to step back. D．Such an environment makes learning easier and more lasting. E．Now I still remember every detail and the supporting theories. F．However, I couldn’t help thinking about the best teacher I had. G．But helping students learn independently isn’t their only advantage. 二、完形填空 Years ago, I joined a new company. In the beginning, I was always 21 . No one at work liked to talk to me, and my other coworker (同事) was always 22 me because she did the same job as me but got paid less. In a workplace mostly filled with middle-aged people, I often feel 23 as a new young employee. I’d come in mad, and leave even madder. Things 24 when my new coworker came. She was also in her twenties. She talked to me every morning, which gave me a chance to 25 my unhappiness at the time. She 26 we take walks to calm, so we walked for thirty minutes outside during the lunch break. Those 27 became my favorite part of the day. One day, she told me that she was struggling with her 28 at work, despite her experience. I told her how much I 29 her ability to handle complex tasks with 30 . She was surprised, and she said she should believe in herself. She also offered some practical tips on 31 my emotions as I always had trouble keeping myself cool. 32 , our bond deepened. We began to 33 each other in both personal and professional aspects. My 34 improved, and I never felt isolated (孤立的). I really 35 the friendship we built and how it transformed my experience at work. 21．A．unhappy B．excited C．focused D．unhealthy 22．A．seeing off B．looking after C．laughing at D．picking on 23．A．worried B．lonely C．welcomed D．nervous 24．A．arrived B．went C．changed D．remained 25．A．air B．water C．recognise D．receive 26．A．complained B．suggested C．ordered D．begged 27．A．walks B．conversations C．tips D．jokes 28．A．mistakes B．carelessness C．pressure D．confidence 29．A．ignored B．admired C．doubted D．tested 30．A．ease B．effort C．luck D．determination 31．A．expressing B．admitting C．managing D．recording 32．A．Recently B．Usually C．Gradually D．Immediately 33．A．believe B．challenge C．copy D．support 34．A．strength B．feeling C．learning D．memory 35．A．improved B．doubted C．valued D．realized 三、语法填空 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 With the morning light of early summer breaking over the 36 (mist) hills of Jiangkou County in southwest China’s Guizhou Province, tea farmers began their day among rows of tea trees, skillfully picking tender green buds. By way of more than 20 processes, these fresh 37 (leaf) are refined (精制) into premium matcha, destined for teacups around the world. Once 38 poverty-stricken mountainous region, Jiangkou made tea its key industry in 2007, taking advantage of its favorable tea-growing conditions, 39 (name) high altitude, low latitude, frequent fog and cloud cover, and limited sunlight. The drinking of matcha originated from ancient China, and 40 (introduce) to Japan later. Today, China has become the world’s largest matcha producer and consumer. So far this year, Jiangkou alone 41 (export) four tonnes of matcha to Japan, with another six tonnes scheduled for 42 (deliver). As matcha products gain popularity, the profound culture behind matcha continues to attract young consumers. In the city of Tongren in Guizhou, a matcha culture experience center showcases unique products such as matcha noodles, while 43 (invite) visitors to learn about the history of matcha and try their hand at Diancha, a traditional tea-making technique. “Over 80 percent of our visitors are young people, many 44 outside the region,” said Lu Qian, a tea master at the center, 45 she mixed matcha powder with hot water and used a bamboo whisk to create a rich, frothy brew. 四、书信写作 46．假定你是李华，你校文学社(Literature Club)将举办一场国际中学生诗歌朗诵会。请给美国交换生Tom写一封信，邀请他参加并提供作品，内容包括： (1)主题：青春与梦想； (2)活动时间：12月31日； (3)提交作品的邮箱：poetryrecital@Hongxingschool.com. 注意： (1)写作词数应为80个左右； (2)请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。 Dear Tom, _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Yours, Li Hua 五、书面表达 47．阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。 The engine made a weak noise like a sick dog. Thick smoke came out from under the hood (引擎盖), mixing with the yellow dust on the Montana grassland. I had driven for three hours to interview Jason, the local hero who had saved five people from a burning truck the previous Sunday. My car broke down on the road, and with my limited knowledge of cars, I really had no idea how to fix it. As the sun went down behind the faraway hills, painting the sky orange and purple, a rundown pickup truck stopped behind me. A big man got out. He was very tall and strong, with muscles showing through his dirty work jacket. His face looked weather-beaten, with a thick beard (胡须) and serious eyes. A metal badge (徽章) was shining on his chest, but I didn’t know what it meant — perhaps from a work team or a local group. “Need help, Miss?” the man asked. His voice was loud and worn out, as if he had been shouting a lot. In such a wilderness, I doubted his intentions. My heart raced so fast that I feared he might hear it. “My… my friend is coming,” I said, lying. I looked straight at the side mirror, hoping someone would appear there. The man noticed my hesitation. He took out a dirty notebook from his pocket and tore out a page. I heard his pen scratch (发出沙沙声) as he wrote. Then he knocked on my window with the paper. “This is my number,” he said, holding it up. “Call if you need help.” He drove away, leaving me alone in the dark with the wind blowing through my broken car. I called the official rescue service immediately. “You’ll wait two hours,” the operator said. “Or we can send a private team nearby.” After hesitating for a second, I made a quick reply, “Okay, send the private team.” The sky was getting darker, and I didn’t want to keep waiting in the dark wilderness. （1）续写词数应为150个左右； （2）请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。 Unexpectedly, it was the big man who came to the rescue. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Obviously, the man was the Jason I was going to interview. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题13 句子种类、基本句型 ( 目录 学考要求速览 ................................................................................................................1 必备知识梳理 ................................................................................................................1 高频考点精讲 ..............................................................................................................16 进阶分级练 ..................................................................................................................19 ) 1. 准确辨别句子种类及特征 2. 熟练掌握基本句型结构规则 3. 正确分析句子各成分的功能 4. 灵活运用各类句型进行转换 考点一 句子种类和类型 （一）句子种类 清晰辨别句子用途与结构类型 依据句子的交际功能和表达意图，精准区分陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。同时，根据句子的语法结构特征，准确判断简单句、并列句和复合句。 陈述句 陈述句用来说明一个事实或表明说话人的看法、态度等。陈述句句末用句号“.”，一般读降调。陈述句有肯定和否定两种形式，其一般语序为“主语部分+谓语部分+其他成分”。 例1. It would be better if there were fewer people.如果人数少一些会更好。【2025年新高考I卷听力】 例2. We seldom go to the cinema.我们很少去电影院。 例3. He didn’t buy the car yesterday.昨天他没有买那部车。 例4. He hardly knows how to move the box.他几乎不知道如何把这个箱子移走。 例5. His dream is to become a doctor. 他的梦想是当一名医生。 疑问句 用来提出问题让对方回答的句子叫做疑问句。疑问句的句尾用问号“？”。疑问句有一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句、反义疑问句等。 A 一般疑问句 用yes、no来回答的疑问句叫做一般疑问句，但在口语中有时也用yes、no之外的词回答。口语中如果无特殊含义，句末用声调。 例1. Have you talked over your future plan with your parents, Sarah? 你和父母谈过你的未来计划了吗，莎拉？【2025年新高考I卷听力】 例2. --Does he want to go with us? 他想和我们一起去吗？ --Yes, he does./No, he doesn’t. 是的，他想。/不，他不想。 B 特殊疑问句 用一个疑问代词或疑问副词对句子的某一部分进行提问的句子叫特殊疑问句。特殊疑问句的句末用问好“？”，读时一般用降调。特殊疑问代词在句中作主语或修饰主语时，句子用陈述语序，其他用倒装语序。 例1. Where are the speakers heading? 演讲者要去哪里？ 例2. What do you know is being done in your neighbourhood to protect animals and plants? 你知道你的社区里正在做什么来保护动植物吗？ C 选择疑问句 说话者对问题提出两个或两个以上的答案，供对方选择其一，由or连接，就是选择疑问句。读时前一部分用升调，后一部分用降调。or连接的被选择部分的成分必修相同。 例1. Are you a lawyer or a teacher?你是一位律师还是一位老师？ 例2. Have you put the book in the box or on the shelf?你把书放在箱子里还是放在架子上了？ 例3. What did you buy for your son yesterday, a book or a toy? 你昨天给你儿子买什么了，一本书还是一个玩具？ D 反义疑问句 在陈述句之后，附加上一个简短问句，对陈述句所陈述的事情提出相反的疑问，这种问句叫做反义疑问句。反义疑问句通常由两部分组成，前一部分用陈述句形式，读时一般用降调，后一部分是一个附着在前一部分的简短问句，叫做附加问句，读时一般用升调。陈述句是肯定形式时，附加问句用否定形式；陈述句是否定形式时，附加问句用肯定形式。附加问句的主语与动词形式由陈述句的主语与动词形式决定，而且主语只能用人称代词。 例1. She likes music, doesn’t she? 她喜欢音乐，对吗？ 例2. Jane doesn’t want to go to Shanghai, does she? 简不想去上海，对吗？ 例3. The little girl can’t dress herself, can she? 这个小女孩还不会自己穿衣服，是吗？ 名师点津 1. 陈述句的主语是名词时,附加问句的主语用相应的人称代词来代替 。 Your parents bought you a car yesterday, didn't they?昨天你父母给你买了一部车,是吗? 2.陈述句的主语是指示代词this或that时,附加问句的主语用it,陈述句的主语是these或 those时,附加问句的主语则用they 例That sounds interesting, doesn't it ?听起来很有趣,不是吗? 3.陈述句的主语是表示人的不定代词,附加问句的主语侧重全部时可用they,侧重个体时也可以用he；主语是表示物的不定代词时，附加问句主语用it。 例1.Everyone knows the answer, don't they /doesn't he?每一个人都知道答案,是吗? 例2.Everything that he says is true, isn't it?他说的都是真的,是吗? 例3.Nothing could make him change his mind, could it ?没有什么能够让他改变主意,是吗? 4.不定代词one 作陈述句的主语时,附加问句的主语可用one 也可用you 例1.One should be honest, shouldn't one / you?一个人应该诚实,对吗? 例2.One should be ready to help others, shouldn't one/you?每个人都应该乐于助人,是吗? 5. 陈述句是表示“存在”的there be句型时,附加问句仍用there 例There was a hospital here, wasn't there? 过去这儿有家医院,是吗? 6. 陈述句是I am...结构时,附加问句用aren't 例I I am older than you, aren't I?我比你大，是吗? 7. 陈述句是感叹句时,附加问句用否定式,主语与感叹句中的名词或代词一致 例How cute the dog is, isn't it? 那只小狗多可爱啊,是吗? 8. 陈述句有情态动词must,附加问句的动词根据must 的意义决定，表示“必须”用 mustn't;表示“需要”用needn't;表示推测则由must后的动词决定 例1.He must work hard at English, mustn't he? 他必须努力学习英语,是吗?. 例2.They must be sleeping then, weren't they?他们那时一定正在睡觉，是吗? 例3.He must have come here yesterday, didn't he?他昨天一定来过这里,是吗? 9. 陈述句有情态动词used to时,附加问句的动词可用usedn't或didn't . 例They used to be good friends, didn't /usedn't they? 他们以前是好朋友,对吗? 出命令或 10. 陈述句含有 had better时,附加问句的动词用hadn't 例1.You had better go to see the doctor, hadn't you?你最好去看医生,好吗? . 例2.We had better go to school at once, hadn't we? 我们最好马上去上学,好吗? 11.陈述句有否定词时,附加问句一般用肯定式:若陈述句有带否定意义词缀的词,附加问句则仍用否定式 例He is never late for school, is he? 他上学从不迟到,是吗? 祈使句 用来发出命令或请求，提出建议、劝告、指示等的句子叫做祈使句。祈使句通常用动词原形开头；否定式在句首加don’t或never构成。表示强调时有时也会出现主语，也可以在句首的动词前加助动词do。 例1. Come and meet the new member. 来见见这位新成员吧。 例2. Never make the same mistake!永远不要再犯同样的错误了！ 例3. Put the book on the shelf.把书放在架子上。 例4. Don’t leave the harbor without a traditional Cornish pie. 离开港口前，不要忘记吃传统的康沃尔派。 【2025年新高考II卷】 感叹句 用来表达喜悦、赞赏、惊奇、愤怒、悲伤或厌恶等感情色彩的句子叫做感叹句。感叹句一般由what或how引出，读时用降调，句尾用感叹号。 1. what 引导的感叹句的中心词为名词,常见的结构有: What+a/an+形容词+可数名词单数(+主语+谓语)! What+形容词+可数名词复数(+主语+谓语)! What+形容词+不可数名词(+主语+谓语)! 例1.What a big apple it is! 好大的一个苹果啊! 例2.What beautiful flowers these are!这些花多么美丽啊! 例3.What fine weather it is today!今天的天气多好啊! 2. how 引导的感叹句的中心词为形容词或副词,常见的结构为: How+形容词/副词+主语+谓语+其他成分! How+主语+谓语! 例1.How lovely the baby is! 这个婴儿好可爱啊!. 例2.How annoyed and stressful they often feel! 他们经常感到烦恼和紧张! 例3. How time flies!光阴似箭! 简单句、并列句与复合句 句子类型 结构特点 示例 简单句 只含有一个主谓结构（可以有多个并列主语或并列谓语）。 My father and mother love me.（我的父母爱我。） I got up, washed my face and had breakfast.（我起床、洗脸然后吃早餐。） 并列句 由并列连词（and/or/but/so 等）连接两个或多个简单句，各简单句之间地位平等，相互独立。 I like reading books, and my sister likes watching TV.（我喜欢读书，我妹妹喜欢看电视。） He is rich but not happy.（他很富有但不开心。） 复合句 含有一个或多个从句，从句在主句中充当一定成分，不能独立存在。 宾语从句：I believe that he will come.（我相信他会来。） 状语从句：When I was young, I lived in the countryside.（当我年轻的时候，我住在乡下。） 定语从句：The book which I bought yesterday is very interesting.（我昨天买的那本书非常有趣。） （三）基本句型结构 简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）的句子叫做简单句。简单句有五种基本句型。 主语+谓语（不及物动词） 此句型中谓语动词不能直接接宾语，但可以有状语修饰。 例1. The sun rises（rise是不及物动词）in the east. 太阳从东方升起。 例2. She is laughing （laugh是不及物动词）happily. 她笑得很开心。 主语+谓语（及物动词）+宾语 此句型中谓语动词为及物动词，后面必须接宾语。 例1. I like apples （like是及物动词，apples是宾语）. 我喜欢苹果。 例2. He bought a book （bought是及物动词，a book是宾语）.他买了一本书。 例3. Then I realized that the problem was the question itself. 然后我意识到问题在于问题本身。 【2025年新高考I卷】 主语+系动词+表语 系动词本身有词义，但不能单独作谓语，后面必须跟表语，说明主语的状态、性质、特征等。常见的系动词有be, become, get, turn, look, sound, feel, smell, taste等。例如： 例1. The results were staggering. 结果是惊人的。【2025年新高考I卷】 例2. She is a student （is是系动词，a student是表语）. 她是一个学生。 例3. The food tastes delicious （tastes是系动词，delicious是表语）. 事物尝起来很美味。 主语+谓语（及物动词）+ 间接宾语+直接宾语 有些及物动词可以接两个宾语，指人的为间接宾语，指物的为直接宾语。常见的这类动词有give, show, bring, teach, tell, lend, send, buy等。间接宾语通常放在直接宾语之前，如果将间接宾语放在直接宾语之后，则需要在间接宾语前加介词to或for。 例1.He gave me a book （me是间接宾语，a book是直接宾语）.= He gave a book to me. 他给我一本书。 例2.She bought her mother a present （her mother是间接宾语，a present是直接宾语）. = She bought a present for her mother. 她给母亲买了一份礼物。 主语+谓语（及物动词）+ 宾语 +宾语补足语 宾语补足语用来补充说明宾语的情况，使句子的意思更加完整。 例1. We made the room clean （the room是宾语，clean是宾补）.我们把房间打扫干净了。 例2. They asked him to leave （him是宾语，to leave是宾补）. 他们让他离开。 并列句 连接词可以表达并列、转折、对比、因果等关系。 表示并列关系 表示并列或递增关系，常用and , neither…nor, not only…but also 等连词 例1. Not only is he our teacher, but also he is our friend. 他不仅是我们的老师，而且还是我们的朋友。 例2. There was a big storm after midnight and the rain poured down.午夜后有一场大风暴，大雨倾盆而下。 例3. Being surrounded by nature not only sparked my creativity but also offered a much-needed break from the usual hustle and bustle of school life. 被大自然包围不仅激发了我的创造力，也让我从学校生活的喧嚣中得到急需的休息。 例4. Each has a personality shaped by the goods and services produced and traded for centuries. 每一种都有一个由几个世纪以来生产和交易的商品和服务所塑造的个性。【2025年新高考I卷】 表示转折 表示转折和对比关系 ，常用yet， but， 等词。but表示完全转折，语气较强。 while主要表示对比。yet既可以用作并列连词也可以用作连接副词。 例1.Some sports are done indoors, while others are done outdoors. 有些运动是在室内进行的，而另一些则是在户外进行的。 例3. You have a point there, but it could also mean children are missing out on much needed exercise and other life skills. 【2024新高考I卷阅读理解】 你有道理，但这也可能意味着孩子们错过了急需的锻炼和其他生活技能。 例3. In some places women are expected to earn money while men work at home and raise their children. 在一些地方，女性需要赚钱，而男性则在家工作，抚养孩子。 例4. He worked hard, yet he failed .(并列连词) 例5. It is strange, and yet it is true. (连接副词) 例6.We invest a lot in roads that help us rush through, but we fail to account for the true costs. 我们在帮助我们快速通过的道路上投入了大量资金，但我们没有考虑到真正的成本。【2025年新高考I卷】 表示选择关系 表示选择关系，常用or, either …or 等连词。 例1. We cook a dinner together, or we go for a long walk. 例2. The vagueness of the gesture meanings suggests either that the chimps have little to communicate, or we are still missing a lot of the information contained in their gestures and actions.【2021年浙江卷阅读理解】 手势含义的模糊性，要么表明黑猩猩几乎没有什么可以交流的， 要么表明我们仍然对它们的手势和行动中包含的很多信息一无所知。 表示因果关系 表示因果关系，常用so， for，therefore等连接词。 例1. I didn’t get enough sleep so I didn’t feel very well this morning. 例2. It was raining, therefore we had to stay at home. 例3. He found it increasingly difficult to read , for his eyesight was brginning to fail. 表示条件或结果关系 表示条件或者结果，常用and或者or等连词。 例1. Simply raise your hand , and a taxi appears in no time. 例2. Don’t drive too fast or you will have an accident . 例3. Stand over there and you will see the oil painting better. 例4. You have to move out of the way or the truck can’t get past. 复合句 复合句由一个和一个或一个以上的从句构成。复合句包括形容词性从句、名词性从句和状语从句。主句是一个完整的句子,它可以独立存在。从句是一个不完整的句子,它必须和一个主句连用，不能独立存在。 复合句 = 主句 +从属连词+从句；从属连词+从句+主句 定语从句 定语从句也可以称为形容词性从句，在复合句中起形容词的功能，修饰名词或代词作定语。定语从句一般位于所修饰的名词或代词之后。用关系代词或关系副词引导。 The dam, which is the biggest in the world , is 3,830 metres long. 这座水坝是世界上最大的一座，长3830米。（which引导的定语从句） 名词性从句 1. 名词性从句：主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句 Whether she will come or not is still a question. 她是否会来仍是一个问题。（whether引导的主语从句） The chief editor decides which will be the most important story on the front page. 由主编决定哪篇报导最重要，应安排在头版。（which引导的宾语从句） That is where he was born. 这就是他出生的地方。（where引导的表语从句） We heard the news that our team had won. 我们听到了我们球队己经获胜的消息。（that引导的同位语从句） 状语从句 1. 状语从句：时间、地点、原因、结果、目的、方式、让步、条件、比较状语从句 Over 500 people were working in the building when the fire broke out on the llth floor. 当11层楼起火的时候，大楼内有500人在工作。（when引导的时间状语从句） 特殊句型结构 1. There be 句型 表示 “某处存在某物” 或 “某时有某事发生”，其结构为 “There be + 主语 + 地点 / 时间状语”。be 动词的形式根据主语的单复数及时态而定。 例如：There is a book on the table.（桌子上有一本书。）There were many people at the concert last night.（昨晚音乐会上有很多人。） 2. 强调句型 基本结构为 “It is/was + 被强调部分 + that/who + 其他部分”，用于强调句子中的某个成分（除谓语动词外）。 例如：It was Tom who/that helped me yesterday.（昨天帮助我的是汤姆。）强调主语；It was in the park that we met.（我们是在公园里见面的。）强调地点状语。 3. 倒装句型 分为全部倒装和部分倒装。全部倒装是将整个谓语动词置于主语之前，部分倒装是将助动词、系动词或情态动词置于主语之前。 例如：Here comes the bus.（公交车来了。）全部倒装；Never have I seen such a beautiful place.（我从未见过如此美丽的地方。）部分倒装。 考点二 句子成分 句子成分是构成一个完整的句子的基本要素和功能的部分。句子的八大成分，即主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补语、同位语和插入语。其中，主语和谓语是句子的主要成分，表语，宾语，定语，状语，补足语、同位语和插入语是句子的次要成分。 主语 主语：是句子所要说明的人或事物。是说明谓语所表示的动作或状态的执行者。 充当：通常由名词 (短语)、代词、数词、动词不定式 (短语)、动名词 (短语)或从句等充当。 名词（短语）做主语 A tree has fallen across the road. 一棵树倒在了路上。 My first step of redefining success began with course registrations.【2025年北京卷阅读理解】 我重新定义成功的第一步是从课程注册开始的。 代词做主语 That’s exactly what our service program is for.【2025年新高考I卷听力】那正是我们的服务项目的目的。 We'll be working rain or shine.【2024年新高考I卷阅读理解】不管刮风下雨，我们都会工作。 数词做主语 Two-thirds of the workers of this factory are men.这家工厂三分之二的工人是男性。 One-third of the students in this class are girls.这个班三分之一的学生是女生。 动名词做主语 Completing many courses no longer brings out the feeling of success because more than four AP classes per year is a norm set by top universities. 【2025北京卷阅读理解】 完成许多课程不再带来成功的感觉，因为每年超过四门AP课程是顶尖大学的标准。 Writing an essay is a difficult process for most people. 【2022新课标全国II卷七选五】 对大多数人来说，写一篇文章是一个困难的过程。 不定式做主语 To find your way can be a problem.找到你的路可能是个问题。 To swim in the river is a great pleasure.在河里游泳是一种极大的乐趣。 it形式主语做主语 It is certain that he will win the match. 他肯定能赢得这场比赛。 It’s urgent for students themselves to improve their self-discipline.【2022年全国乙卷书面表达】 学生自身提高自律性是当务之急 从句做主语 That he finished writing the composition in such a short time surprised us all. 他这么短的时间就写完作文，这使我们都很吃惊。 What benefits most to their study is reading English books. 【2022年全国乙卷满分作文】 谓语 谓语：说明主语的动作或状态，由动词或动词短语充当，有人称、数和时态的变化。有简单谓语动词和复合谓语动词之分。 构成：一般由动词短语、系动词、动词、“情态动词/助动词+实义动词”结构等充当，一般位于主语之 后。有时态、语态、虚拟语气、主谓一致等的变化。 简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。 例1. Basically, it means eating only as much food as your body needs.【2024年全国甲卷阅读理解】 例2. The students took on diverse topics and turned in stories, 10 to 20 pages each, with characters that broadened my view and touched my heart. 学生们选择了不同的主题，提交了10到20页的故事，其中的人物拓宽了我的视野，触动了我的心。 复合谓语： （1） 由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。 例1. You should feel satisfied at the end of a meal, but not too full.【2024年全国甲卷阅读理解】 例2. This would have to change. 【2025年新高考I卷阅读理解】 （2）由系动词加表语构成。 例1.In cold weather, the structure stays closed to protect the plants.【2024年新高考I卷语法填空】 例2.Food became easier to chew at this point. (系动词)【2024年全国甲卷阅读理解】 动词时态的构成： 时间形态 现在 过去 将来 过去将来 一般 ask / asks asked will ask would ask 进行 am/is/are asking was/were asking will be asking 完成 have/has asked had asked will have asked 完成进行 have/has been asking 动词被动语态构成： 被动语态由“助动词be＋及物动词的过去分词”构成，be动词有人称、数和时态的变化。被动语态常见的时态变化列表如下： 时间/形态 一般 进行 完成 完成进行 现在 am/is/are done am/is/are being done has/ have been done have/has been being done 过去 was/were done was/were being done had been done 将来 shall/will be done shall/will have been done 过去将来 should/would be done 有情态动词 情态动词+ be / have been done 宾语 宾语：表示及物动词和及物动词短语的动作对象或内容，或用于介词后构成介词短语。位于及物动词或介词之后。 种类：直接宾语、间接宾语。 （1）直接宾语：动作的直接承受者或结果（一般是物sth.）; 间接宾语：动作对谁或者为谁而做的（一般是人sb.） （2）介词后面的宾语，构成“介宾结构” I am interested in computer studies.我对计算机研究很感兴趣。 宾语通常由名词、数词、代词、动词不定式、动名词或从句等充当宾语。 我不相信我的笔记本电脑的拼写检查器。 例1.I don’t trust my laptop’s spellchecker.（名词）【2024年新高考I卷阅读理解】 例2. Do contact me when you're in Sydney.（代词）【2024年新高考I卷听力】 当你在悉尼的时候，请联系我。 例3.I’d appreciate it if you take my invitation into consideration. （代词it作形式宾语） 如果你能考虑我的邀请，我将不胜感激。 例4. ...drones could also start providing higher-value services for railways, detecting faults in the rail or switches, before they can cause any safety problems. （动名词短语）【2022年全国乙卷】 无人机还可以开始为铁路提供更高价值的服务，在铁路或道岔出现任何安全问题之前，检测出故障。 例5. Fortunately, analyses suggest that renewables are up to the task. （宾语从句）【2025年新高考I卷】 幸运的是，分析表明，可再生能源可以胜任这项任务。 例6. How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.（数词）你有多少本词典？我有五本。 例7. He pretended not to see me.（非谓语形式。）他假装没看见我。 例8. They helped the elderly with their housework yesterday.（名词化形容词） 昨天他们帮老人做家务。 表语 表语: 位于系动词之后，说明主语的性质、特征、状态或身份，与系动词一起构成复合谓语。 充当：通常由名词、代词、形容词、数词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式、动名词、分词或表语从句充当。 类别 系动词 状态类 be 感官类 look， sound ，taste， smell， feel 表象性 seem ，appear 变化类 Get， turn, grow, become, go，fall 持续性 stay， remain， keep, stand 结果性 prove , turn out 充当 真题示例 名词 But a dictionary can be a pleasure to read.【2024年新高考I卷】 代词 Seventy-four?—You don’t look it. 数词 We are seven. 形容词 They turned out largely ineffective.【2025年新高考I卷】 副词 I am down there in my wheelchair in the morning...【2022年新高考I卷】 不定式 All I could do was to wait. 动名词 His hobby（爱好）is playing football. 过去分词 I’m very pleased with what he has done. He was inspired by another veterinarian. Needless to say, they were deeply moved. 介词短语 She is in good health. 表语从句 That's why most pet cats are able to tell immediately if...【2024年全国甲卷】 That's what mattered-landing tricks, being a good skater. 定语 定语：修饰或限定名词或代词的成分叫定语，通常翻译为“......的”。 位置: 定语有前置定语和后置定语。形容词、数词、代词、名词等作定语时一般放于被修饰词之前，但是在修饰any-，some-，no， every-等构成的单词，如something 等时，应放于这些复合不定代词之后进行修饰。动词不定式、副词、介词短语、从句等作定语时一般放于被修饰词之后。 构成：定语通常由形容词、形容词性物主代词、名词或名词所有格、副词、介词短语、动词不定式、动名词、分词或定语从句充当。 充当 示例 形容词 Similar campaigns occurred in Australia in the late 1960s and 1970s as well. 【2025年新高考I卷】 名词 Fruit juices, milk-based drinks and most alcoholic drinks are free of the tax. 介词短语 The number of cars on roads has been increasing rapidly. 【2025年新高考I卷】 Read our Youth Policy Guidelines for youth under the age of 15.【2024年新高考I卷】 代词 Everybody’s business is nobody’s business. 数词 Do it now, you may not get a second chance. 数词 The room above is my sister’s. 不定式 Her promise to write was forgotten. 分词 Volunteers aged 10 and over are welcome. The girl rose her head and saw the rising sun. 动名词 Learning methods vary from person to person. 定语从句 The car that is parked outside is mine. 状语 状语：通常由副词、名词、数词、形容词、不定式、分词、介词短语、独立主格结构和状语从句等充当。 修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句，可表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、方式、比较、伴随、条件、程度、让步等。 位置: 状语位置灵活，修饰整个句子时放于句首;修饰形容词或副词时放于其后;表时间、目的、地点状语时常放于主句之前或之后，若强调时则应放于主句之前;频度副词如almost、often 等作状语常放于be 动词、情态动词之后，放于实义动词之前。 例1. Traffic accidents occur frequently. 【2025年新高考I卷】 例2. I will do anything to help an animal. 【2024年新高考I卷】 例3. One day, we had a family dinner.【2024年全国甲卷】 例4. Most famously, a Canadian journalist who had moved her family to Manhattan in the early 1950s led a campaign to stop the destruction of her local park. 【2025年新高考I卷】 例5. As I rushed outdoors to empty the wastepaper baskets, the door swung shut behind me.【2024年浙江卷】 补语 补足语: 补充说明宾语或主语的性质、状态等的一种句子成分。补充说明主语意义的句子成分叫主语补足语。补充说明宾语意义的句子成分叫宾语补足语。可以用作补足语的有：名词、形容词、不定式、分词、介词短语等。 例1. You must keep the room clean and tidy. 例2. John asked me to help him with his Chinese. 例3. I will have my hair cut tomorrow. 例4. We saw the boy playing basketball on the ground 例5. I was left alone ...【2024年全国甲卷】 例6. Cao believes this will make the hiking trip even more meaningful.【2022年高考全国甲卷】 例7. We sincerely wish you a quick recovery and an early return to China.【2020年浙江卷】 例8. We sat on the porch with Toby resting beside us.【2025年新高考I卷读后续写】 同位语 同位语：对句子中某一名词（词组）做进一步解释、说明，与前面的名词在语法上处于同等地位的句子成分叫做同位语。同位语可用名词、代词、名词短语、同位语从句等充当。 充当 示例 名词 We, the Chinese people, are determined to build China into a powerful and prosperous country. Farber, a graduate of Colorado State University, started out as a more conventional veterinarian. 【2024年新高考I卷】我们中国人民，决心把中国建设成一个富强的国家。 法伯毕业于科罗拉多州立大学，最初是一名更传统的兽医。 代词 He himself doesn’t know why. They all wanted to see him. 数词 Are you two ready? 同位语从句 The news that we are having a holiday tomorrow is not true. 插入语 插入语：对一句话的附加解释、说明或总结用逗号、破折号隔开，与句子的其他部分之间没有语法关系。 例1.　 To be frank, I don’t agree with you. 例2.　 Strictly speaking, you are wrong. 例3.　 This, in my opinion, is only a simple question. 例4.　 Honestly, I don’t need it at the moment. 例5.　 You are not quite fit for this kind of work, if I may say so. 例6.　 This eye-catching column, I’m firmly convinced, won’t fail to grant the whole class a harmonious atmosphere.【2025年新高考I卷应用文写作】 易错点分析与应对策略 1. 句子结构混乱 问题表现：学生可能会错误地组合句子成分，导致句子结构不清晰，如在一个简单句中加入过多不相干的从句或短语，使句子冗长且表意不明。例如，“I went to the park, which is near my home, and I like to play football, and my friends also like it, and we have a good time.” 这个句子中多个并列成分和从句堆砌，结构混乱。 应对策略：加强对句子结构的分析练习，通过划分句子成分、剖析句子结构来理解句子的构建方式。在写作中，先确定要表达的核心内容和基本句型，再逐步添加修饰成分，避免一次性堆砌过多信息。 2. 基本句型成分缺失或误用 问题表现：在使用基本句型时，可能会遗漏主语、谓语等关键成分，或者错误地使用动词形式、宾语类型等。比如，“He go to school.” 中动词 go 没有根据主语进行正确的形式变化；“I like play football.” 中 like 后接动词形式错误。 应对策略：强化对基本句型的记忆和理解，通过大量例句进行分析和模仿练习，掌握不同句型中各个成分的正确用法。在写作和口语表达后，仔细检查句子是否完整，成分是否正确。 3. 句子种类判断错误 问题表现：不能准确区分陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句的特征，从而在语气表达和标点使用上出现错误。例如，将陈述句写成感叹句的形式但语气不匹配，或者将祈使句误写成疑问句等。 应对策略：通过对比不同句子种类的定义、结构和语气特点进行学习。多做句子种类的辨析练习，在实际语境中感受不同句子种类的用法，提高判断的准确性。 4. 从句使用不当 问题表现：在复合句中，从句的引导词使用错误、从句语序不当或者从句与主句的逻辑关系不清晰。例如，“I don't know where is he.” 中宾语从句语序错误；“Although he is rich, but he is not happy.” 中 although 和 but 不能同时使用。 应对策略：系统学习各类从句的语法规则，包括引导词的选择、从句的语序、时态等。多做从句相关的练习题，分析错误原因，总结规律，同时注意培养逻辑思维能力，确保从句与主句在语义和逻辑上的连贯性。 学习方法与练习建议 学习方法 1. 构建知识框架：将句子种类和基本句型的知识整理成系统的框架，明确各个知识点之间的联系和区别，便于记忆和理解。 2. 例句学习法：收集大量不同类型的例句，深入分析句子结构、成分和所属句子种类，通过实际例子来掌握语法规则。 3. 对比分析：对比相似的句子结构或句型，如 SVO 和 SVOC 句型的区别，不同类型疑问句的特点等，加深对语法点的理解。 4. 语境学习：将句子置于具体的语境中进行学习，理解在不同情境下句子种类和基本句型的运用方式，提高语言运用能力。 练习建议 1. 句型转换练习：进行陈述句与疑问句、简单句与复合句等之间的转换练习，巩固对句子结构和语法规则的掌握。 2. 成分分析练习：给出句子，划分句子成分，标注出主语、谓语、宾语等，增强对句子结构的认识。 3. 写作练习：根据给定的主题或情境，运用所学的句子种类和基本句型进行写作，注意语法的正确使用和表达的多样性。 4. 纠错练习：提供一些存在语法错误的句子，找出错误并改正，提高对易错点的敏感度。 考点一 句子种类和类型 例1 Researchers also hope to further educate people about the importance of safeguarding historic cultural relics for future generations to understand and appreciate. 【答案】and 【解析】考查并列关系连词。句意：研究人员还希望进一步教育人们保护历史和文化遗迹的重要性，以便后代能够理解和欣赏。句中historic与cultural为并列关系，共同修饰名词relics，表示并列关系，应用并列连词and连接。故填and。 例2 Upon arrival, we'll first visit a farm, we can feed chickens and pick strawberries. After that we'll go fishing near the farm. 【答案】where 【解析】 考查定语从句。句意：到达后，我们将首先参观一个农场，在那里我们可以喂鸡和摘草莓。分析句子结构可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是 a farm，且关系词在从句中作地点状语，应用关系副词 where 引导。故填 where。 例3 What took the dog a single weekend to learn is it can sit on the back of the bike in a dog carrier to travel the world. 【答案】how 【解析】考查表语从句。句意：这只狗只用了一个周末就学会的是，它可以如何坐在自行车后座的狗笼里环游世界。is后为表语从句，结合语意，此处表示的是狗学会如何坐在自行车后座的狗笼里环游世界，所以空处应用how引导表语从句。故填how。 1.The election was not settled until close to the anniversary, not much time was available to plan the festivities. 【答案】so 【解析】考查因果关系连词。句意：选举临近周年纪念日才尘埃落定，所以没多少时间来筹划庆祝活动了。前后句为因果关系，第二个分句为结果，因此用so。故填so。 2.Standing on the stage and performing can be tough, ___________ when you do it in a group, it can help improve your sense of self as well as increase your confidence. 【答案】but 【解析】考查连词。句意：站在舞台上表演可能会很艰难，但当你在一群人中间表演时，它可以帮助你提高自我意识，增加你的自信。分析句子可知，结合句中“　　　(stand) on the stage and performing can be tough”及“ it can help improve your sense of self as well as increase”可知，前半句讲述站在舞台表演有困难，后半句提到了唱歌的好处，所以空处及后文与前文为转折关系，故填but。 3. Last week witnessed the 20th Science and Technology Festival of our school, theme is “Science lights up the future”. 【答案】whose 【解析】考查定语从句。句意：上周，我们学校举办了第 20 届科技节，其主题是“科学点亮未来”。分析句子结构可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是 the 20th Science and Technology Festival，与从句中的 theme 构成所属关系，即 “科技节的主题”，应用关系代词 whose 引导，在从句中作定语。故填 whose。 4.Jane attends Opportunities Academy, a programme for young adults with disabilities. This was really they learned about how to care about others. 【答案】where 【解析】考查表语从句。句意：简参加了Opportunities Academy，这是一所专为有残疾的年轻成年人设立的项目。正是在这里，他们才真正学会了如何关心他人。was后是表语从句，结合前文Jane attends Opportunities Academy可知，设空处所在句表达“这是他们学习如何关心他人的地方”，从句中缺少地点状语，故填where。 5. This hit home for me I was sitting with my 2-year-old grandson on a sofa over the Spring Festival holiday. 【答案】as/when/while 【解析】考查连词。句意：春节期间，当我和两岁的孙子坐在沙发上时，我清楚地认识到了这一点。设空处引导时间状语从句，意为“当……时”，且主句动作与从句动作同时发生，故填 as/when/while。 考点二 句子成分 例1 On December 4th,2024, a truly thrilling milestone (reach) as China’s Spring Festival was inscribed (收录) on UNESCO’s Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity, marking a notable achievement. 【答案】was reached 【解析】考查时态与语态。句意：2024年12月4日，中国春节被列入联合国教科文组织《人类非物质文化遗产代表名录》，这是一个令人激动的里程碑，标志着一项令人瞩目的成就。主语是“milestone（里程碑）”与动词“reach（达到）”之间是被动关系，需用被动语态，并且时间状语“on December 4th, 2024”明确指出动作发生在过去，因此用过去时态。故填was reached。 例2（2025·江苏·模拟预测）So far the technique ______ (help) reduce the building’s need for air conditioning by 50%. Cool, huh? 【答案】has helped 【解析】考查谓语动词。句意：到目前为止，这项技术已经帮助该建筑减少了50%的空调需求。此处应为谓语动词，主语the technique与help为主动关系，再由So far可知，此处应用现在完成时，且主语为第三人称单数。故填has helped。 例3.Rooted in Chinese mythology, Ne Zha 2 retells ancient stories with a modern twist. Born with unique powers, Ne Zha finds (he) as an outcast (被排斥的人) who is feared and even hated. 【答案】himself 【解析】考查代词。句意：哪吒天生拥有独特的力量，却发现自己是一个被排斥的人，让人害怕，甚至憎恨。句子的主语和宾语是同一人，所以空格处应该用反身代词himself作宾语。故填himself。 1.The plan will extend protection to a significant number of areas that ______ (be)previously unprotected, bringing many of the existing protected areas for giant pandas under one authority to increase effectiveness and reduce inconsistencies in management. 【答案】 were 【解析】考查时态和主谓一致。句意：该计划将把保护范围扩大到大量以前未受保护的地区，将许多现有的大熊猫保护区纳入一个管理机构，以提高效率，减少管理上的不一致性。设空处在that引导的限制性定语从句中作谓语，先行词为a significant number of areas，先行词在从句中作主语，根据“previously (之前地)”可知从句的时态应为一般过去时，根据主谓一致，从句主语复数，从句谓语复数形式。故填were。 2. These plants included modern Western __________ (favourite) such as rosemary, lavender and fennel. The garden also contains a winding path that guides visitors through the twelve regions of the Silk Road. 【答案】favorites 【解析】考查名词的数。句意：这些植物包括现代西方最受喜爱的迷迭香、薰衣草和茴香。favorite是可数名词，意为“特别受喜爱的东西”，根据空后such as rosemary, lavender and fennel可知，空处应用名词的复数形式。故填favorites。 3. However, tofu deserves far more (recognize) for its potential as a delicious addition to many meals. 【答案】recognition 【解析】考查名词。句意：然而，豆腐应该得到更多的认可，因为它有潜力成为许多食物的美味补充。作宾语，应用名词recognition，不可数。故填recognition。 4.The mobile nature of the machine made it the perfect production machine to serve customers attending outdoor sporting events, or circuses and (fair). 【答案】fairs 【解析】考查名词复数。句意：机器的移动特性使其成为完美的生产机器，为参加户外体育赛事或马戏团和博览会的客户服务。fair意为“博览会”，为可数名词，根据“outdoor sporting events, or circuses”可知，此处应用复数形式。故填fairs。 5.This line, delivered with raw power, has become an______ (inspire) to millions. Director Yang Yu’s bold reimagining proves that Chinese animations can compare with those of Hollywood. 【答案】inspiration 【解析】考查名词。句意：这句充满力量的话已成为数百万人的灵感。此处需要名词作表语，故将inspire转换为inspiration，由an可知，应用单数。故填inspiration。 一.判断下列教材中句子的画线部分在句中所作的成分 1．The crucial thing is using body language in a way that is appropriate to the culture you are in. 2．In France, a person encountering an identical gesture may interpret it as meaning zero. 3．However, you should avoid making this gesture in Brazil and Germany, as it is not considered polite. 4．Elsewhere, people favour shaking hands, bowing from the waist, or nodding the head when they meet someone else. 5．A good way of saying “I am full” is moving your hand in circles over your stomach after a meal. 6．And if we are feeling down or lonely, there is nothing better than seeing the smiling face of a good friend. 【答案】1．表语 2．宾语 3．宾语 4．宾语 5．表语 6．宾语 【解析】1．考查句子成分。句意：最重要的是，使用肢体语言的方式要与你所处的文化相适应。using body language in a way位于be动词后，是动名词短语作表语，故填“表语”。 2．考查句子成分。句意：在法国，遇到相同手势的人可能会把它理解为零。meaning zero是动名词短语作介词as的宾语，故填“宾语”。 3．考查句子成分。句意：然而，在巴西和德国，你应该避免做这个手势，因为这被认为是不礼貌的。making this gesture是动名词短语作avoid的宾语，故填“宾语”。 4．考查句子成分。句意：在其他地方，人们喜欢在见到别人时握手、鞠躬或点头。shaking hands是动名词短语作动词favour的宾语，故填“宾语”。 5．考查句子成分。句意：说“我吃饱了”的一个好方法是饭后用手在肚子上转圈圈。moving your hand in circles over your stomach after a meal位于be动词后，是动名词短语作表语，故填“表语”。 6．考查句子成分。句意：如果我们感到沮丧或孤独，没有什么比看到一个好朋友的笑脸更好的了。seeing the smiling face of a good friend是动名词短语作介词than的宾语，故填“宾语”。 二.判断下列句子是简单句、并列句还是复合句 1．Both Tom and Jack enjoy country music. 2．There is a chair in this room, isn’t there? 3．The boy who offered me his seat is called Tom. 4．He was fond of drawing when he was yet a child. 5．Neither has he changed his mind, nor will he do so.     6．What he said at the meeting is very important, isn’t it? 7．It is the time of year for the rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark. 8．Having never operated a computer, Mr Johnson met with a lot of difficulties at first. 9．We grow rice in the south of the States, but in the north where it is colder they grow wheat. 10．My brother and I go to school at half past seven in the morning and come back home at seven in the evening. 【答案】 1．简单句 2．简单句 3．复合句—定语从句； 4．复合句—状语从句； 5．并列句 6．复合句—主语从句 7．并列句 8．简单句 9．并列复合句 10．简单句 【解析】1．考查句子类型。句意：汤姆和杰克都喜欢乡村音乐。分析句子结构可知，句子是简单句，是主谓宾结构，故答案为“简单句”。 2．考查句子类型。句意：这个房间里有一把椅子，是吗？分析句子结构可知，句子是存在句，属于简单句，isn’t there是反义疑问句，故答案为“简单句”。 3．考查句子类型。句意：给我让座的那个男孩叫汤姆。分析句子结构可知，句子含有who引导的限制性定语从句，属于复合句，故答案为“复合句—定语从句”。 4．考查句子类型。句意：他还是个孩子的时候就喜欢画画。分析句子结构可知，句子是含有when引导的时间状语从句的复合句，故答案为“复合句—状语从句”。 5．考查句子类型。句意：他既没有改变主意，也不会改变。分析句子结构可知，neither...nor...是固定搭配，前后两句是并列关系，句子属于并列句，故答案为“并列句”。 6．考查句子类型。句意：他在会上说的话很重要，是吗？分析句子结构可知，“What he said at the meeting”是what引导的主语从句，因此句子是复合句，故答案为“复合句—主语从句”。 7．考查句子类型。句意：这是一年中收获稻谷的时候，所以我每天从早到晚工作。分析句子结构可知，句子是so连接的并列句，故答案为“并列句”。 8．考查句子类型。句意：由于从未操作过计算机，约翰逊先生起初遇到了很多困难。分析句子结构可知，“Having never operated a computer”是非谓语，谓语是met，句子属于简单句，故答案为“简单句”。 9．考查句子类型。句意：我们在美国南部种植水稻，但在寒冷的北部种植小麦。分析句子结构可知，句子是but连接的两个并列句，其中where引导的是限制性定语从句，因此句子是并列复合句。故答案为“并列复合句”。 10．考查句子类型。句意：我哥哥和我早上七点半去上学，晚上七点回家。分析句子结构可知，句子是主谓状结构的简单句，故答案为“简单句”。 三、单句语法填空 1..I am writing to invite you to attend an inspiring lecture about space exploration to be given by Mr. Yang, is a famous astronaut, at 9o'clock this Saturday morning. 【答案】who 【解析】考查定语从句。句意：我写信邀请你参加本周六上午 9 点由杨先生主讲的关于太空探索的励志讲座，杨先生是一位著名的宇航员。分析句子结构可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是 Mr. Yang，指人，且关系词在从句中作主语，应用关系代词 who 引导。故填 who。 2.In the garden we played games and listened to a report, from we knew more about the development of our city. 【答案】which 【解析】考查定语从句。句意：在花园里，我们玩游戏，听报告，从报告中我们更多地了解了我们城市的发展。分析句子结构可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是 a report，指物，且关系词在从句中作介词 from 的宾语，应用关系代词 which 引导。故填 which。 3.A survey found that 66% of consumers would consider living in a 3D-printed home, holding the belief 3D printing is the future of home building. 【答案】that 【解析】考查同位语从句。句意：一项调查发现，66%的消费者会考虑住在3D打印的房子里，他们认为3D打印是房屋建造的未来。空后内容“3D printing is the future of home building”是对名词“belief”的解释说明，为同位语从句，从句成分完整、意义明确，应用连词that引导，且that在从句中不充当任何成分，仅起连接作用。故填that。 4.Here, I share a checklist on makes a diet “healthy” to help guide you in selecting a healthy plan that may work for you. 【答案】what 【解析】考查宾语从句。句意：在这里，我分享一份关于什么使饮食“健康”的清单，以帮助指导你选择一个可能适合你的健康计划。此处为连接词引导的宾语从句，从句中缺少主语，且指代“使饮食健康的东西”，应用连接代词what引导该宾语从句。故填what。 5.I have a tight budget for the trip, so I'm not going to fly the airlines lower ticket prices. 【答案】unless 【解析】考查连词。句意：我这次旅行的预算很紧，所以除非航空公司降低票价，否则我不打算坐飞机。空格处引导条件状语从句，意义为“除非”，所以应该用连词unless。故填unless。 6. it rains tomorrow, we will hold the ceremony indoors instead of outside the building. 【答案】If 【解析】考查连词。句意：如果明天下雨，我们将在室内而不是在室外举行仪式。“it rains tomorrow”是“we will hold the ceremony indoors”的条件，所以应用if引导条件状语从句，表示“如果”，且位于句首首字母要大写。故填If。 四、翻译 1．这是我第一次去日本参观，所以不知道怎么样坐火车。 【答案】This is my first visit to Japan, so I have no idea how to take the train. 【详解】考查句子结构和非谓语动词。分析句子结构并结合汉语中的“所以”可知，本句应为so连接的并列句。前一分句为主系表结构，主语“这”可表示为this；“是”可表示为is，为系动词；“我第一次去日本参观”作表语，可表示为my first visit to Japan。后一句为主谓宾结构，“不知道”可表示为have no idea，为谓语和宾语，其主语为I；“怎么样……”可用“how+不定式”表示，是idea的同位语；“坐火车”可表示为take the train。根据句意，这里陈述的是现实情况，应用一般现在时。故本句可翻译为：This is my first visit to Japan, so I have no idea how to take the train. 2．我总是忙的顾不上喝咖啡休息一下。 【答案】I’m usually too busy to take a bunch of coffee breaks. 【详解】考查固定短语。主语为I，“总是”可用副词“usually”，在句中作状语。根据句意可知，本句话使用主系表结构，描述的是一般事实，所以用一般现在时态。“忙的”用形容词“busy”，在句中作表语。“太……而不能……”可以用固定短语“too…to…”；“喝咖啡休息一下”可以翻译为“take a bunch of coffee breaks”。故翻译为I’m usually too busy to take a bunch of coffee breaks. 3．我是李华，一个来自于中国的交换生。 【答案】I am Li Hua, an exchange student from China. 【详解】考查同位语。本句的主干是“我是李华”，为主系表结构，“李华”可表示为Li Hua，I am Li Hua意为“我是李华”；“一个来自于中国的交换生”为“李华”的同位语，“来自中国”可表示为from China，“交换生”可表示为exchange student，为名词短语，exchange发音以元音音素开头，其前加不定冠词an。故本句可翻译为：I am Li Hua, an exchange student from China. 4．他突然领悟，诚实是上策。 【答案】He suddenly realized that honesty is the best policy. 【详解】考查句子结构，时态和宾语从句。“他”作主语，译为“he”，“突然领悟”作谓语，用动词realize，描述已发生的事，用一般过去时，用副词suddenly修饰，“诚实是上策”可用that引导的宾语从句，根据句意，此处用“主系表”结构，“诚实”作主语，意为“honesty”，谓语用系动词be，描述客观事实，用一般现在时，“上策”作表语，译为“the best policy”。故译为：He suddenly realized that honesty is the best policy.   5．那些花看起来又新鲜又好看。 【答案】Those flowers look fresh and beautiful. 【详解】考查形容词和时态。句子描述的是现在的状态，时态用一般现在时。中文句子中的“那些花”翻译为The flowers，在句中作主语；“看起来”翻译为look，在句中作谓语；“又新鲜又好看”翻译为fresh and beautiful，作表语。故译为The flowers look fresh and beautiful。 一、阅读理解 A Special Waste Drop-Off Special Waste Drop-Off sites are available for New York City (NYC) residents to drop off certain harmful household products that are dangerous and illegal to dispose of with trash or recycling. Sites are located in all five blocks and are open every Thursday, Friday, and Saturday from 9:00 am to 5:00 pm (closed on legal holidays and during severe weather). What to Bring ·Batteries — including automotive, rechargeable, and single-use ·Electronics (covered by the NYS disposal ban) ·Motor oil and transmission fluid (up to 10 quarts per visit) ·Motor oil filters (up to two filters per visit) ·Paint (up to five gallons per visit) ·Passenger car tires (up to four per visit) ·Skin lightening products Rules and Procedures Drop-Off sites are do-it-yourself style. NYC Department of Sanitation staff are available for instruction and assistance. We strongly recommend wearing casual clothes and work gloves. You may be asked for proof of NYC residency (NYC driver' license, utility bill). NOTE: These events are for NYC residents ONLY. NO businesses or commercial vehicles. Special Instructions for Batteries To prevent the fires, batteries should be individually bagged or CLEAR tape should be applied to cover the terminals. Do not use opaque (不透明的) tape. 1．What is a suitable time for drop-off? A．9:00 am, Tuesday. B．10:00 am, Wednesday. C．4:00 pm, Thursday. D．6:00 pm, Saturday. 2．Which of the following is forbidden to use Special Waste Drop-Off sites in NYC? A．NYC citizens. B．NYC companies. C．NYC housewives. D．NYC students. 3．Why should batteries be bagged or taped individually? A．To make them easier to carry. B．To keep them clean and dry. C．To identify the type of them. D．To prevent dangerous situations. 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．D 【导语】本文是一篇应用文。主要介绍纽约市特殊废弃物投放点的开放时间、可投放物品、规则流程及电池投放的特别注意事项。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Sites are located in all five blocks and are open every Thursday, Friday, and Saturday from 9:00 am to 5:00 pm(投放点遍布五个街区，每周四、周五、周六上午9点至下午5点开放)”可知，周四下午4点在开放时间内，适合投放。故选C项。 2．细节理解题。根据“Rules and Procedures”部分中的“These events are for NYC residents ONLY. NO businesses or commercial vehicles (这些投放点仅面向纽约市居民，不接待企业或商用车辆)”可知，纽约市的公司（企业）禁止使用该特殊废弃物投放点。故选B项。 3．细节理解题。根据“Special Instructions for Batteries”部分中的“To prevent the fires, batteries should be individually bagged or CLEAR tape should be applied to cover the terminals (为防止火灾，电池应单独装袋，或用透明胶带包裹正负极)”可知，电池单独装袋或包裹胶带是为了防止危险情况（火灾）发生。故选D项。 B Once considered crazy by fellow villagers, Indonesian eco-warrior Sadiman has turned barren (荒芜)hills green after 24 years of effort, making water resources available in the drought-prone mountainous region where he lives. Affectionately addressed as “mbah” or “grandpa”, the 72-year-old has worked persistently to plant trees in the hills of central Java after fires to clear the land for cultivation nearly dried up its rivers and lakes. ”I thought to myself, if I don’t plant trees, this area would become dry,“ said Sadiman.“In my experience, banyana trees (榕树)can store a lot of water,” he said. The long and wide-spreading roots of at least 11,000 banyans trees Sadiman has planted over 617 acres help to retain groundwater and prevent land erosion. Thanks to his effort, springs have formed where once there was barren and arid land, with their water piped to homes and used to irrigate farms. Yet, at the beginning, few village residents appreciated his work. “People ridiculed me for bringing banyan tree seeds to the village, because they felt uneasy as they believed there are spirits in these trees,” Sadiman added.” Some even thought he was a mad man because he swapped the goats he raised for saplings(树苗),” said one villager, Warto. “In the past people thought he was crazy, but look at the result now,” Warto added. “He is able to provide clean water to meet the needs of the people in several villages.” Sadiman also funds his work through a nursery of plants such as cloves and jackfruit that he can sell or swap. “Lack of rain in the area where he planted trees had once limited farmers to a single harvest a year, but now, the abundant water sources ensure two or three,” he said. “I hope people here can have prosperous lives and live happily. And don’t burn the forest over and over again,”Sadiman added, with a twinkle in his eye. 4．How did the villagers respond to Sadiman’s deeds initially? A．They took an indifferent attitude to his activities. B．They followed in his footsteps with great passion. C．They were strongly in favor of his tree-planting. D．They regarded him as crazy and made fun of him. 5．Which words best describe Sadiman? A．Determined and dedicated. B．Organized and sociable. C．Outgoing and professional. D．Sensible and innovative. 6．What result does Sadiman’s tree-planting work bring? A．The region has become a completely wet area. B．Farmers now get three or four harvests yearly. C．Springs appear and water serves homes and farms. D．Rivers and lakes have returned to their original size. 7．What does Sadiman’s experience show? A．Every cloud has a silver lining. B．Actions speak louder than words. C．Many hands make light work. D．Where there’s a will, there’s a way. 【答案】4．D 5．A 6．C 7．D 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。主要讲述印尼环保斗士萨迪曼24年坚持植树，将荒芜山丘变绿洲，为干旱地区带来水资源的故事。 4．细节理解题。根据第四段中的“People ridiculed me for bringing banyan tree seeds to the village”(人们嘲笑我把榕树种子带到村子里)和“Some even thought he was a mad man(有些人甚至认为他是个疯子)可知，村民最初认为萨迪曼很疯狂，还嘲笑他的行为。故选D项。 5．推理判断题。根据第二段中的“Affectionately addressed as “mbah” or “grandpa”, the 72-year-old has worked persistently to plant trees in the hills of central Java after fires to clear the land for cultivation nearly dried up its rivers and lakes.(这位 72 岁的老人被亲切地称为“姆巴”或“爷爷”，在爪哇中部的山丘上坚持不懈地植树造林，此前为了开垦土地而引发的大火几乎使当地的河流和湖泊干涸)”可知，他坚持植树，体现了“坚定的（Determined）”；根据第四段中的“Some even thought he was a mad man because he swapped the goats he raised for saplings(有些人甚至认为他是个疯子，因为他用自己养的山羊去换树苗)”可知，他为改善家乡环境、不计个人得失的行为，能看出他“有奉献精神的（dedicated）”。故选A项。 6．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Thanks to his effort, springs have formed where once there was barren and arid land,with their water piped to homes and used to irrigate farms.(感谢他的努力，在曾经荒芜干旱的土地上形成了泉水，泉水被输送到各家各户，并用于灌溉农田)”可知，萨迪曼的植树工作让泉水出现，水资源能满足家庭生活和农田灌溉需求。故选C项。 7．推理判断题。根据第一段“Once considered crazy by fellow villagers, Indonesian eco-warrior Sadiman has turned barren (荒芜)hills green after 24 years of effort, making water resources available in the drought-prone mountainous region where he lives.(印尼环保斗士萨迪曼曾被同乡视为疯子，但经过24年的努力，他将荒芜的山丘变成了绿洲，让自己居住的这个干旱多发山区有了可用的水资源)”可知，萨迪曼最初遭村民嘲笑，但凭借24年的坚持，成功将荒芜山丘变绿、带来水资源，印证了“有志者事竟成（Where there’s a will, there’s a way）”。故选D项。 C It is widely thought that our galaxy, the Milky Way, is certain to collide (碰撞) with the neighboring Andromeda galaxy sometime around 5 billion years from now. But according to new research, maybe we shouldn’t count on this multigalactic collision happening as previously expected. In a study published recently in Nature Astronomy, researchers who analyzed data from the European Space Agency’s space telescope and NASA’s telescope say the event is more of a coin flip than a given: The team suggests there’s just about a 50-50 chance of the two galaxies colliding within the next 10 billion years or so. When you look at the next 4 — 5 billion years, that chance drops down to around 2%. In other space news, scientists are discussing about a star that is small in mass but huge in energy. TOI-6894 is a red dwarf (红矮星) that is roughly 20% as massive as our sun. But in another study published in Nature Astronomy, researchers say they’ve spotted a giant planet orbiting the little star. The planet, called TOI-6894b, is described as a low-density gas giant. Astronomers say the presence of a gas giant that surrounds such a small star is so surprising that it challenges the most widely accepted theory of planet formation. The theory, called core accretion (积聚), suggests that giant planets are born when their solid cores get massive enough to start pulling in lots of gas. Smaller stars generally lack enough gas and dust to allow for such a process, but this red dwarf ended up with a gas giant going around it anyhow. Because red dwarf stars are super common in our galaxy, this could mean gas giants are more plentiful than we thought. The researchers will use the James Webb Space Telescope to study the planet’s atmosphere, which should provide more clues about its formation. 8．How does the author begin paragraph 1? A．By comparing the data. B．By quoting from documents. C．By concluding from some previous research. D．By mentioning a common astronomical belief. 9．What does the underlined part “a coin flip” in paragraph 2 refer to? A．A given chance. B．An uncertain situation. C．A constant rule. D．An apparent choice. 10．What do we know about TOI-6894? A．There is little energy in it. B．It is orbiting TOI-6894b. C．It is twice as massive as the sun. D．There is a huge planet around it. 11．What can we infer from paragraph 4? A．There may exist more huge gas planets in space. B．Smaller stars do not form satellites. C．Red dwarfs are rare in the universe. D．Gas giants require no solid cores. 【答案】8．D 9．B 10．D 11．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍两项天文研究：一是银河系与仙女座星系未来碰撞概率不确定性较高；二是红矮星TOI-6894周围发现气态巨行星，挑战现有行星形成理论，或意味着气态巨行星更普遍。 8．推理判断题。根据第一段“It is widely thought that our galaxy, the Milky Way, is certain to collide (碰撞) with the neighboring Andromeda galaxy sometime around 5 billion years from now.(人们普遍认为，我们的银河系（即“银河”）很可能会在大约50亿年后与邻近的仙女座星系发生碰撞)”可知，作者通过提及一种常见的天文学观点开头。故选D。 9．词句猜测题。根据划线词后文“The team suggests there’s just about a 50-50 chance of the two galaxies colliding within the next 10 billion years or so.(该团队表示，这两颗星系在接下来约100亿年内发生碰撞的可能性大约为50%)”可知，后文明确说明两星系在未来100亿年左右碰撞的概率约为50%，可见碰撞并非确定事件。故划线词指的是“一种不确定的状况”。故选B。 10．细节理解题。根据第三段“TOI-6894 is a red dwarf (红矮星) that is roughly 20% as massive as our sun. But in another study published in Nature Astronomy, researchers say they’ve spotted a giant planet orbiting the little star. The planet, called TOI-6894b, is described as a low-density gas giant. Astronomers say the presence of a gas giant that surrounds such a small star is so surprising that it challenges the most widely accepted theory of planet formation.(TOI-6894是一颗红矮星，其质量约为太阳的20%。但在另一项发表于《自然·天文学》的研究中，研究人员称他们发现了围绕这颗小恒星运行的一颗巨大行星。这颗行星被称为TOI-6894b，被描述为一种低密度气态巨行星。天文学家表示，围绕如此小的恒星存在一颗气态巨行星这一现象如此令人惊讶，以至于它挑战了目前最被广泛接受的行星形成理论)”可知，TOI-6894周围有一颗巨大的行星。故选D。 11．推理判断题。根据第四段“Smaller stars generally lack enough gas and dust to allow for such a process, but this red dwarf ended up with a gas giant going around it anyhow.(较小的恒星通常缺乏足够的气体和尘埃来促成这样的过程，但这个红矮星最终还是拥有了围绕其运行的气态巨行星)”可知，红矮星这颗较小的恒星能围绕运行，说明太空中或许还存在着更多巨大的气态行星。故选A。 D Health care has high hopes for artificial intelligence, but new studies warn: simply handing doctors AI tools does not guarantee better care. In fact, the software is already beating physicians at some tasks, while doctors remain unsure how much to trust it. The way forward, researchers argue, is a clear division of labor instead of forcing man and machine to double-check every case together. Three models are emerging. In the first, the doctor still talks to the patient, takes the history and examines the body. A Harvard-Stanford study shows why this order matters: when AI tried to interview patients directly, its diagnostic accuracy fell from 82% to 63%, a proof that natural conversation and the art of knowing which follow-up question to ask remain human strengths. Once the clinical data have been gathered, the algorithm steps in, using rapid pattern recognition to suggest possible diagnoses. The second model reverses the sequence(顺序). AI screens the charts first, lists likely diseases and proposes treatments. OpenAI’s latest models scored highly on complex case studies in 2024, displaying an almost talent for linking symptoms to evidence. The physician then reviews the list, adjusts drug doses for kidney failure, chooses the inhaler the patient’s insurance will pay for, or decides a scan is unnecessary — tasks that demand social context and experience. The most extreme idea is complete separation. Algorithms read normal chest X-rays or low-risk mammograms alone; radiologists step in only when something looks suspicious. A Danish system correctly identified roughly half of all normal chest films, and a Swedish trial of 80,000 women boosted breast-cancer detection by 20% while cutting radiologist workload almost in half. Such setups could relieve the worldwide shortage of imaging specialists and bring rapid screening to rural clinics where no expert sets foot. Whichever model is chosen, hospitals must decide who carries legal responsibility, regulators must set safety thresholds(门槛) and medical schools must teach future doctors when to trust their own senses. If these questions are answered early, the promise of AI — earlier diagnosis, wider access, lower cost — can be delivered without compromising the human core of medicine. 12．What does the Harvard-Stanford study reveal? A．Doctors over-rely on AI to gather clinical data. B．AI is better than doctors at taking medical history. C．AI’s direct patient interviews lower diagnostic accuracy. D．AI’s pattern recognition works best in patient interviews. 13．What can we infer about the doctor’s role in the second model? A．Doctors are being replaced by AI. B．Doctors mainly collect initial patient data. C．Doctors double-check every AI suggestion. D．Doctors concentrate on tasks requiring human judgment. 14．Which best reflects the passage’s structure? A．Present an opinion → Introduce models → Offer solutions. B．Argue against AI → Give counter examples → Predict AI’s future. C．Introduce AI’s potential → Compare human-AI skills → Warn AI’s risks. D．Explain human-AI conflicts → Analyze AI’s limits → Call for doctor training. 15．What is the suitable title for this passage? A．AI Tools in Medical Care: Who Wins? B．AI Tools in Medicine: What Their Risks Are? C．AI in Hospitals: How to Improve Diagnostic Accuracy? D．AI in Healthcare: How to Find the Right Cooperation Model? 【答案】12．C 13．D 14．A 15．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了医疗领域对人工智能寄予厚望，但仅提供 AI 工具未必改善医疗，需明确人机分工。文章介绍三种协作模式，并提出需明确法律责任等，以实现 AI 医疗价值。 12．细节理解题。根据第二段中“A Harvard-Stanford study shows why this order matters: when AI tried to interview patients directly, its diagnostic accuracy fell from 82% to 63%, a proof that natural conversation and the art of knowing which follow-up question to ask remain human strengths.( 哈佛大学和斯坦福大学的一项研究揭示了为什么这个顺序很重要：当人工智能试图直接采访患者时，它的诊断准确率从82%下降到63%，这证明自然的对话和知道问哪个后续问题的艺术仍然是人类的优势。)”可知，哈佛-斯坦福的研究揭示了人工智能直接与患者面谈降低了诊断准确性。故选C项。 13．推理判断题。根据第三段“The second model reverses the sequence(顺序). AI screens the charts first, lists likely diseases and proposes treatments. OpenAI’s latest models scored highly on complex case studies in 2024, displaying an almost talent for linking symptoms to evidence. The physician then reviews the list, adjusts drug doses for kidney failure, chooses the inhaler the patient’s insurance will pay for, or decides a scan is unnecessary — tasks that demand social context and experience.( 第二个模型颠倒了顺序。人工智能首先筛选图表，列出可能的疾病，并提出治疗方案。OpenAI的最新模型在2024年的复杂案例研究中得分很高，显示出将症状与证据联系起来的近乎天赋。然后医生审查清单，调整治疗肾衰竭的药物剂量，选择由患者保险支付的吸入器，或者决定扫描是不必要的——这些任务需要社会背景和经验。)”可推知，第二种模式中，AI 先筛选病历、列出可能疾病并提出治疗建议，医生随后负责调整药物剂量、选择医保覆盖的吸入器、判断是否需要扫描等任务。这些任务均需结合社会背景和临床经验，属于人类判断的范畴。故选D项。 14．推理判断题。通读全文可知，文章开篇提出核心观点 —— 医疗 AI 需明确分工而非共同复核；接着介绍三种人机协作模式（医生先采集数据、AI 先筛选病历、完全分工）；最后提出解决方案 —— 医院明确法律责任、监管机构设定安全门槛、医学院培养医生的判断能力。由此可推知，提出观点→介绍模型→提供解决方案最能反映文章的结构。故选A项。 15．主旨大意题。根据文章大意以及第一段“Health care has high hopes for artificial intelligence, but new studies warn: simply handing doctors AI tools does not guarantee better care. In fact, the software is already beating physicians at some tasks, while doctors remain unsure how much to trust it. The way forward, researchers argue, is a clear division of labor instead of forcing man and machine to double-check every case together.( 医疗保健对人工智能寄予厚望，但新的研究警告说：简单地向医生提供人工智能工具并不能保证更好的护理。事实上，该软件在某些任务上已经击败了医生，而医生们仍不确定该在多大程度上信任它。研究人员认为，未来的发展方向是明确分工，而不是强迫人类和机器一起仔细检查每个案例。)”可知，文章核心围绕医疗 AI 的合理应用展开，先指出单纯提供 AI 工具不够，需明确分工，再介绍三种协作模式，最后提出保障协作的措施，核心是“寻找合适的人机协作模式”。由此可知，这篇文章合适的标题是“医疗领域的人工智能：如何找到合适的合作模式？”。故选D项。 七选五 In a recent conversation one person asked, “What are the characteristics of an effective teacher?” I had already read quite a few excellent remarks describing what such a teacher does to be effective. 16 I had an amazing psychology professor in college. He was on fire every class period and his enthusiasm was infectious. But what I remember most are the psychological experiments in which we participated. 17 I now realize his brilliance lay not in merely lecturing, but in designing learning experiences that created lasting understanding. Truly great teachers share this quality: They shape educational experiences that allow students to become active “leaders of their own learning”. 18 Whether through practical projects, emotional connection, or thinking for themselves, students learn best by being involved, but not by depending on teachers. For example, many excellent teachers use project-based learning, where students investigate real questions based on key knowledge. 19 Outstanding teachers also encourage curiosity, show care, and adjust to how different students learn. They build trust and let students ask questions and learn from errors. Their teaching belief is clear and important: Real learning happens when students take part. Good teachers know that they can’t make students learn just by talking. Students have to be willing to experience it themselves. So, good teachers do more than share knowledge. They build an environment that makes students want to learn — raising interest, helping them explore, and guiding them to think. 20 What students learn in this way is not only deep but also stays with them, often going beyond school and influencing how they deal with problems in life. A．I often ask myself why students like learning alone. B．Different teachers have different teaching approaches. C．Besides organizing tasks, they also know when to step back. D．Such an environment makes learning easier and more lasting. E．Now I still remember every detail and the supporting theories. F．However, I couldn’t help thinking about the best teacher I had. G．But helping students learn independently isn’t their only advantage. 【答案】16．F 17．E 18．C 19．G 20．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章指出真正高效的教师不只是传授知识，而是让学生成为学习的主导者，他们鼓励好奇、包容错误、因材施教，并懂得适时退后，激发学生主动探索的热情，使所学深入内心，终身受用。 16．前文“I had already read quite a few excellent remarks describing what such a teacher does to be effective. (我已经读过不少精彩的评论，描述了这样的老师如何做到有效)”提到读过很多关于有效教师的描述，后文“I had an amazing psychology professor in college. (我大学时有个很棒的心理学教授)”开始回忆自己的一位心理学教授，空处需要一个过渡句，连接理论描述和个人经历，因此F项“However, I couldn’t help thinking about the best teacher I had. (然而，我忍不住想起了我遇到过最好的老师)”符合语境，和前文构成转折，引出后文个人经历。故选F。 17．前文“But what I remember most are the psychological experiments in which we participated. (但我记得最清楚的是我们参加的心理实验)”提到记得最清楚的是心理实验，后文“I now realize his brilliance lay not in merely lecturing, but in designing learning experiences that created lasting understanding. (我现在意识到，他的才华不仅在于讲课，还在于设计学习体验，从而产生持久的理解)”指出心理学教授的高明之处，空处需要一个承接句，说明这些实验的深刻影响，因此E项“Now I still remember every detail and the supporting theories. (如今我仍记得每一个细节及其背后的理论)”符合语境，说明实验记忆深刻，引出后文的持久理解。故选E。 18．前文“Truly great teachers share this quality: They shape educational experiences that allow students to become active “leaders of their own learning”. (真正优秀的教师具有这样的品质：他们塑造教育体验，让学生成为积极的‘自己学习的领导者’。)”提到让学生成为自己学习的领导者，后文“Whether through practical projects, emotional connection, or thinking for themselves, students learn best by being involved, but not by depending on teachers. (无论是通过实践项目，情感联系，还是自己思考，学生通过参与而不是依赖于老师来学得最好)”说明让学生自己学习的方式以及得到的效果，空处需要一个过渡句，强调教师的角色是引导而非主导，因此C项“Besides organizing tasks, they also know when to step back. (除了组织任务，他们也知道何时退后)”符合语境，呼应学生主导学习，承前启后，其中的they指代前文的Truly great teachers。故选C。 19．上一段主要提到优秀的教师让学生成为自己学习的领导者，后文“Outstanding teachers also encourage curiosity, show care, and adjust to how different students learn. They build trust and let students ask questions and learn from errors. Their teaching belief is clear and important: Real learning happens when students take part. (优秀的教师也鼓励好奇心，表现出关心，并适应不同学生的学习方式。他们建立信任，让学生提出问题并从错误中学习。他们的教学理念清晰而重要：真正的学习发生在学生参与的时候)”补充优秀教师还鼓励好奇心、因材施教、建立信任等，空处需要一个递进句，说明优秀的教师还有其他特质，因此G项“But helping students learn independently isn’t their only advantage. (但帮助学生自主学习并非他们唯一的优点)”符合语境，引出后文对教师其他特质的描述。故选G。 20．前文“So, good teachers do more than share knowledge. They build an environment that makes students want to learn — raising interest, helping them explore, and guiding them to think. (所以，好老师不仅仅是分享知识。他们创造了一个让学生想要学习的环境——提高他们的兴趣，帮助他们探索，引导他们思考)”总结好教师营造有利的学习环境，后文“What students learn in this way is not only deep but also stays with them, often going beyond school and influencing how they deal with problems in life. (学生通过这种方式学到的东西不仅深刻，而且会一直伴随着他们，经常超出学校的范围，影响他们如何处理生活中的问题)”指出这种学习方式影响深远，空处需要一个过渡句，说明环境的作用，因此D项“Such an environment makes learning easier and more lasting. (这样的环境让学习更轻松、更持久)”符合语境，点明教师创设环境的价值，承前启后。故选D。 二、完形填空 Years ago, I joined a new company. In the beginning, I was always 21 . No one at work liked to talk to me, and my other coworker (同事) was always 22 me because she did the same job as me but got paid less. In a workplace mostly filled with middle-aged people, I often feel 23 as a new young employee. I’d come in mad, and leave even madder. Things 24 when my new coworker came. She was also in her twenties. She talked to me every morning, which gave me a chance to 25 my unhappiness at the time. She 26 we take walks to calm, so we walked for thirty minutes outside during the lunch break. Those 27 became my favorite part of the day. One day, she told me that she was struggling with her 28 at work, despite her experience. I told her how much I 29 her ability to handle complex tasks with 30 . She was surprised, and she said she should believe in herself. She also offered some practical tips on 31 my emotions as I always had trouble keeping myself cool. 32 , our bond deepened. We began to 33 each other in both personal and professional aspects. My 34 improved, and I never felt isolated (孤立的). I really 35 the friendship we built and how it transformed my experience at work. 21．A．unhappy B．excited C．focused D．unhealthy 22．A．seeing off B．looking after C．laughing at D．picking on 23．A．worried B．lonely C．welcomed D．nervous 24．A．arrived B．went C．changed D．remained 25．A．air B．water C．recognise D．receive 26．A．complained B．suggested C．ordered D．begged 27．A．walks B．conversations C．tips D．jokes 28．A．mistakes B．carelessness C．pressure D．confidence 29．A．ignored B．admired C．doubted D．tested 30．A．ease B．effort C．luck D．determination 31．A．expressing B．admitting C．managing D．recording 32．A．Recently B．Usually C．Gradually D．Immediately 33．A．believe B．challenge C．copy D．support 34．A．strength B．feeling C．learning D．memory 35．A．improved B．doubted C．valued D．realized 【答案】 21．A 22．D 23．B 24．C 25．A 26．B 27．A 28．D 29．B 30．A 31．C 32．C 33．D 34．B 35．C 【导语】这是一篇记叙文，文章主要讲述作者在一份新工作中因无法融入而感到不开心，一位新同事的到来改变了这一切，两人关系逐渐加深，并最终建立了深厚的友谊。 21．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：一开始，我总是不开心。A. unhappy不开心的；B. excited激动的，兴奋的；C. focused集中注意力的；D. unhealthy不健康的。根据下文“No one at work liked to talk to me”可知，工作中没有人喜欢和作者说话，因此作者应是不开心，第二段中“my unhappiness”也是提示，故选A。 22．考查动词短语辨析。句意：在工作中没有人喜欢和我说话，我的另一个同事总是挑我的茬，因为她和我做同样的工作，但薪水比我少。A. seeing off送别；B. looking after照顾；C. laughing at嘲笑；D. picking on故意刁难挑剔。根据下文“because she did the same job as me but got paid less”可知，另一个同事和作者的工作一样，报酬却比作者少，推知她心中应是不满，会处处挑剔刁难作者，故选D。 23．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在一个以中年人为主的工作场所，作为一名年轻的新员工，我经常感到孤独。A. worried担心的；B. lonely孤单的；C. welcomed受欢迎的；D. nervous紧张的。根据前文“In a workplace mostly filled with middle-aged people”和后文“as a new young employee”可知，在一个都是中年人的工作环境中，作者作为年轻人会感到格格不入，因此会感到孤单，故选B。 24．考查动词词义辨析。句意：我的新同事来了以后，情况就变了。A. arrived到达；B. went去；C. changed改变；D. remained保持。上文提到没有人喜欢和作者说话，结合下文“She talked to me every morning”可知，新来的员工每天早上和作者说话，因此情况发生了变化，故选C。 25．考查动词词义辨析。句意：她每天早上都和我说话，这给了我一个机会来发泄我当时的不快。A. air公开发表；B. water浇水；C. recognise认出，识别；D. receive收到。下文“…we take walks to calm”提到两人散步来让自己平静下来，推知作者公开表达自己的不快，故选A。 26．考查动词词义辨析。句意：她建议我们出去走走，让自己平静下来，于是我们在午休时间出去散步了30分钟。A. complained抱怨；B. suggested建议；C. ordered命令；D. begged恳求。根据下文“so we walked for thirty minutes outside during the lunch break”和空后宾语从句使用的虚拟语气可知，她建议出去散步，下文“She also offered some practical tips”也提到她向作者提建议，故选B。 27．考查名词词义辨析。句意：散步成了我一天中最喜欢的时光。A. walks散步；B. conversations对话；C. tips建议；D. jokes玩笑。根据上文“we take walks to calm, so we walked for thirty minutes”可知，两人散步成了作者最喜欢的时光，故选A。 28．考查名词词义辨析。句意：有一天，她告诉我，尽管她有这样的经历，但她在工作中的信心仍在挣扎。A. mistakes错误；B. carelessness粗心；C. pressure压力；D. confidence信心。根据下文“she said she should believe in herself”可知她缺乏自信，故选D。 29．考查动词词义辨析。句意：我告诉她，我非常钦佩她轻松处理复杂任务的能力。A. ignored忽视；B. admired钦佩；C. doubted怀疑；D. tested测试。根据空后“her ability to handle complex tasks”和下文“She was surprised, and she said she should believe in herself.(她很惊讶，她说她应该相信自己)”可知，她恢复了自信，推知此处作者应是鼓在励她，指“钦佩”她处理复杂任务的能力，故选B。 30．考查名词词义辨析。句意：同上。A. ease 自在，舒适；B. effort努力；C. luck运气；D. determination决心。根据前文“her ability to handle complex tasks”可知，作者应是在夸赞她的能力，能轻松处理复杂任务，with ease“轻松地，容易地”，固定短语，故选A。 31．考查动词词义辨析。句意：她还提供了一些实用的技巧来管理我的情绪，因为我总是很难保持冷静。A. expressing表达；B. admitting承认；C. managing管理；D. recording记录。根据下文“as I always had trouble keeping myself cool”可知，作者总是很难保持冷静，故她给作者一些管理情绪的建议，故选C。 32．考查副词词义辨析。句意：我们的关系逐渐加深。A. Recently最近；B. Usually通常；C. Gradually逐渐地；D. Immediately立即。上文提到两人工作上的交往，结合下文“in both personal and professional aspects”可知，两人的关系应是逐渐加深，故选C。 33．考查动词词义辨析。句意：我们开始在个人生活和工作方面相互支持。A. believe相信；B. challenge挑战；C. copy复制；D. support支持。根据上文“our bond deepened”和下文“friendship”可知，两人建立了友谊，故应是互相支持，故选D。 34．考查名词词义辨析。句意：我的感觉改善了，我从不感到孤立。A. strength力量；B. feeling感觉；C. learning学习；D. memory记忆力。根据下文“I never felt isolated (孤立的)”可知，此处是说作者的感觉，故选B。 35．考查动词词义辨析。句意：我真的很珍惜我们建立的友谊，以及它如何改变了我的工作经历。A. improved提高，改善；B. doubted怀疑；C. valued珍惜，重视；D. realized意识到。根据上文作者的经历以及“My ___14___ improved, and I never felt isolated (孤立的).”可知，新同事让作者在工作中不再感到孤单，两人互相支持，结下友谊，因此作者应是很珍惜这段友谊，故选C。 三、语法填空 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 With the morning light of early summer breaking over the 36 (mist) hills of Jiangkou County in southwest China’s Guizhou Province, tea farmers began their day among rows of tea trees, skillfully picking tender green buds. By way of more than 20 processes, these fresh 37 (leaf) are refined (精制) into premium matcha, destined for teacups around the world. Once 38 poverty-stricken mountainous region, Jiangkou made tea its key industry in 2007, taking advantage of its favorable tea-growing conditions, 39 (name) high altitude, low latitude, frequent fog and cloud cover, and limited sunlight. The drinking of matcha originated from ancient China, and 40 (introduce) to Japan later. Today, China has become the world’s largest matcha producer and consumer. So far this year, Jiangkou alone 41 (export) four tonnes of matcha to Japan, with another six tonnes scheduled for 42 (deliver). As matcha products gain popularity, the profound culture behind matcha continues to attract young consumers. In the city of Tongren in Guizhou, a matcha culture experience center showcases unique products such as matcha noodles, while 43 (invite) visitors to learn about the history of matcha and try their hand at Diancha, a traditional tea-making technique. “Over 80 percent of our visitors are young people, many 44 outside the region,” said Lu Qian, a tea master at the center, 45 she mixed matcha powder with hot water and used a bamboo whisk to create a rich, frothy brew. 【答案】 36．misty 37．leaves 38．a 39．namely 40．was introduced 41．has exported 42．delivery 43．inviting 44．from 45．as 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了中国贵州省江口县利用有利的茶叶种植条件，将茶叶作为其重点产业，精制出的抹茶出口到世界各地，同时介绍了抹茶文化体验中心的情况。 36．考查形容词。句意：随着中国西南部贵州省江口县晨雾缭绕的山丘上夏日的晨光初现，茶农们开始在一排排茶树间忙碌起来，熟练地采摘嫩绿的芽尖。提示词修饰名词“hills”，应用形容词misty作定语，意为“多雾的”。故填misty。 37．考查名词复数。句意：经过20多道工序，这些新鲜的茶叶被精制成优质的抹茶，销往世界各地的茶杯。可数名词leaf(叶子)作主语，由“these”可知，应用复数形式。故填leaves。 38．考查冠词。句意：江口曾经是一个贫困的山区，2007年，利用其有利的茶叶种植条件，即高海拔、低纬度、频繁的雾和云层覆盖以及有限的阳光，将茶叶作为重点产业。region(地区)是可数名词，在句中泛指“一个贫困山区”，应用不定冠词修饰，且poverty-stricken发音以辅音音素开头，应用不定冠词a。故填a。 39．考查副词。句意：同上。前面提到“favorable tea-growing conditions" (有利的茶叶种植条件)， 后面“high altitude, low latitude, frequent fog and cloud cover, and limited sunlight" (高海 拔、低纬度、多雾多云和阳光有限)是对这些条件的进一步具体说明，“namely” 作为副词，意为“即，也就是”，用于引出具体的解释内容。故填namely。 40．考查时态语态和主谓一致。句意：抹茶的饮用起源于古代中国，后来传入日本。introduce(引入)是并列谓语动词，与主语“The drinking of matcha”之间是被动关系，讲述过去发生的事情，应用一般过去时的被动语态，主语是不可数名词，谓语动词用单数形式。故填was introduced。 41．考查时态和主谓一致。句意：今年到目前为止，仅江口就向日本出口了4吨抹茶，另有6吨计划交付。export(出口)是谓语动词，与主语“Jiangkou”之间是主动关系，结合时间状语“So far this year”可知，描述从过去持续到现在的事情，应用现在完成时态，主语是专有名词，谓语动词用单数形式。故填has exported。 42．考查非谓语动词。句意：今年到目前为止，仅江口就向日本出口了4吨抹茶，另有6吨计划交付。for是介词，其后应用名词delivery作宾语，意为“递送，投递”。故填delivery。 43．考查非谓语动词。句意：在贵州铜仁市，一家抹茶文化体验中心展示了抹茶面条等独特产品，同时邀请游客了解抹茶的历史，并亲自尝试传统制茶工艺——点茶。“while 8 (invite) visitors to learn about the history of matcha and try...”作伴随状语，invite(邀请)用非谓语形式，与其逻辑主语“a matcha culture experience center”之间是主动关系，应用现在分词表示主动。故填inviting。 44．考查介词。句意：中心茶艺师陆倩说：“我们80%以上的游客都是年轻人，其中很多来自外地。”根据句意，表示“来自外地”，用介词from构成介词短语作后置定语。故填from。 45．考查状语从句。句意：中心茶艺师陆倩一边说着，一边将抹茶粉与热水混合，用竹制打茶器打出浓郁起泡的茶汤。根据句意和句子结构可知，空处引导时间状语从句，应用从属连词as引导时间状语从句，意为“一边……一边……”。故填as。 四、书信写作 46．假定你是李华，你校文学社(Literature Club)将举办一场国际中学生诗歌朗诵会。请给美国交换生Tom写一封信，邀请他参加并提供作品，内容包括： (1)主题：青春与梦想； (2)活动时间：12月31日； (3)提交作品的邮箱：poetryrecital@Hongxingschool.com. 注意： (1)写作词数应为80个左右； (2)请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。 Dear Tom, _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Yours, Li Hua 【答案】Dear Tom, I hope this letter finds you well. Our school's Literature Club is hosting an international secondary school students' poetry recital with the theme "Youth and Dreams” on December 31st, aiming to share poetic charm and connect young minds worldwide. We'd be thrilled to have you join us that we've been planning for months. Your unique perspective as an exchange student will surely add charm to the event. If you're interested, please submit your poetry to poetryrecital@Hongxingschool.com at your convenience. Looking forward to your wonderful performance and prompt reply! Yours, Li Hua 【导语】本篇书面表达属于应用文写作中的邀请信。要求考生给美国交换生Tom写一封信，邀请他参加学校文学社即将举办的一场国际中学生诗歌朗诵会并提供作品。 【详解】1.词汇积累 主题：theme→ topic 激动的：thrilled→ excited 肯定地：surely→ definitely 及时的：prompt→ timely 2.句式拓展 同义句转换 原句：Our school’s Literature Club is hosting an international secondary school students’ poetry recital with the theme “Youth and Dreams” on December 31st, aiming to share poetic charm and connect young minds worldwide. 拓展句：Our school’s Literature Club is hosting an international secondary school students’ poetry recital on December 31st, whose theme is “Youth and Dreams”, aiming to share poetic charm and connect young minds worldwide. 【点睛】【高分句型1】I hope this letter finds you well.（运用了省略that的宾语从句） 【高分句型2】If you’re interested, please submit your poetry to poetryrecital@Hongxingschool com at your convenience.（运用了if引导的状语从句） 五、书面表达 47．阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。 The engine made a weak noise like a sick dog. Thick smoke came out from under the hood (引擎盖), mixing with the yellow dust on the Montana grassland. I had driven for three hours to interview Jason, the local hero who had saved five people from a burning truck the previous Sunday. My car broke down on the road, and with my limited knowledge of cars, I really had no idea how to fix it. As the sun went down behind the faraway hills, painting the sky orange and purple, a rundown pickup truck stopped behind me. A big man got out. He was very tall and strong, with muscles showing through his dirty work jacket. His face looked weather-beaten, with a thick beard (胡须) and serious eyes. A metal badge (徽章) was shining on his chest, but I didn’t know what it meant — perhaps from a work team or a local group. “Need help, Miss?” the man asked. His voice was loud and worn out, as if he had been shouting a lot. In such a wilderness, I doubted his intentions. My heart raced so fast that I feared he might hear it. “My… my friend is coming,” I said, lying. I looked straight at the side mirror, hoping someone would appear there. The man noticed my hesitation. He took out a dirty notebook from his pocket and tore out a page. I heard his pen scratch (发出沙沙声) as he wrote. Then he knocked on my window with the paper. “This is my number,” he said, holding it up. “Call if you need help.” He drove away, leaving me alone in the dark with the wind blowing through my broken car. I called the official rescue service immediately. “You’ll wait two hours,” the operator said. “Or we can send a private team nearby.” After hesitating for a second, I made a quick reply, “Okay, send the private team.” The sky was getting darker, and I didn’t want to keep waiting in the dark wilderness. （1）续写词数应为150个左右； （2）请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。 Unexpectedly, it was the big man who came to the rescue. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Obviously, the man was the Jason I was going to interview. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】One possible version: Unexpectedly, it was the big man who came to the rescue. Without saying much, he walked to my car, lifted the hood, and started checking the engine. His rough hands moved carefully, as if he knew every little detail of the engine by heart. Sure enough, he completed the repair in just ten minutes. I thanked him repeatedly, then mentioned that I had actually driven there to interview Jason — a hero who had saved five people from a burning truck the previous week. Upon hearing my words, he glanced down at the metal badge on his chest and smiled softly. “You mean me? My name’s Jason,” he said. Obviously, the man was the Jason I was going to interview. I was so surprised that I quickly held up my notebook and conducted the interview on the side of the road. During our talk, Jason shared the story of saving people, adding that he just did what he thought was right. It was at that moment that I realized: he was not only a brave hero, but also a kind, down-to-earth man. That unplanned meeting, filled with warmth, felt like a lovely surprise — and it brought home the truth of the old saying: “Heroes are made in the hour of need.” 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了作者因汽车故障在蒙大拿荒野遇险，得到当地英雄Jason的意外帮助。Jason不仅修好了作者的车，还分享了自己救人的故事。这次相遇让作者深刻体会到英雄并非遥不可及，他们就在我们身边，平凡而伟大，印证了“英雄在危难时刻诞生”的道理。 【详解】1.段落续写： ①由第一段首句内容“出乎意料的是，是那个大块头男子挺身而出进行了救援。”可知，第一段可描写Jason意外出现并开始修理汽车的过程。他动作迅速，手法熟练，体现了他的专业能力。 ②由第二段首句内容“显然，这个人正是我原本打算采访的Jason。”可知，第二段可描写作者向Jason提及来意，Jason承认自己的身份，并分享了他的救人事迹。这段对话让作者对Jason有了更深的认识。 2.续写线索： 车抛锚——陌生人帮助——发现身份——采访——英雄事迹——感悟人生 3.词汇激活 行为类 ①.走进：walk to/walk over/get close to/approach ②.采访：interview sb/conduct an interview ③.分享：share the story / tell the experience / recount the incident 情绪类 ①感激：thank him repeatedly / express gratitude / show appreciation ②惊讶：be surprised / be astonished / be amazed 【点睛】[高分句型1]. I thanked him repeatedly, then mentioned that I had actually driven there to interview Jason — a hero who had saved five people from a burning truck the previous week.（that引导的宾语从句以及who引导限制性定语从句） [高分句型2]. It was at that moment that I realized: he was not only a brave hero, but also a kind, down-to-earth man.（运用了强调句的结构） / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $